The Karma of Vocation
GA 172
25 November 1916, Dornach
Lecture VIII
Our present considerations will impress us with their deeper and real meaning only if we do not take them in a merely theoretical way, since they are in the highest sense truths of life. Rather, we must draw from them certain consequences for our feelings and sentiments that may enable us to look upon life differently than is often done by those who have not been prepared to do so by an anthroposophical view. Our minds must be broadened through spiritual science to grasp the truth of life. This means that we must learn to compare the nature of truth as it meets us in life with the one-sided thinking about the truth that so easily befalls people. It is all too easy to get into the habit of forming opinions about this or that, not merely about everyday matters but also about the most important facts of life, and then fortifying our point of view with this opinion, paying no attention to the fact that the world may be viewed from the most varied standpoints. Thus, we can attain to the truth only when we feel and realize how everything, every single fact, can be viewed from many standpoints. I will relate the course of a certain life in order that I may give you an example, a kind of illustration of what I mean. We are now dealing with what we call karma, the passage of the human being through repeated earthly lives, the destiny of man, which is expressed in the course a human life takes. We can learn much through the examples of individual lives if we view them correctly in the light of repeated earthly lives.
In this example, we have to do with a person who was born in the sixteenth century. In order to consider the hereditary influences that people today like to emphasize, let us first look at his father. The father of this man who was born in the sixteenth century was a rather versatile person but also an extraordinarily obstinate one; this was characterized by a certain harshness in the expression of his life. He was well-acquainted with music, played the lute and other string instruments, was also familiar with geometry and mathematics, and his profession was that of a merchant. His harshness may be more readily understandable from the following. He had a certain music teacher who, at that time in the sixteenth century, was a highly respected man. As a pupil of this man, he wrote a book on music, but this did not please his teacher and he took issue with it in a book of his own. The pupil then became really quite angry and wrote another volume in which he included all possible contempt he could muster against the “ancient and rusty views” of his music teacher. Then he dedicated the book to him, saying expressly in the dedication, “Since you deigned to turn against me in such an obtrusive manner, I want to give you an opportunity to experience this pleasure more often. You obviously enjoy this sort of thing and that is why I dedicate this book to you.”
The son of this man is the person whose course of life I wish to tell you about in a slightly disguised way. As was the custom in those days, he at first pursued the study of Greek and Latin with a famous teacher in Italy because his father attached great importance to having him well-instructed. He studied the humanities with a monk, learned mathematics from his father and, in addition, learned drawing, perspective, and the like with other teachers. Possessing an extraordinary capacity for mathematics and mechanics, he continued to excel in these fields and became quite a versatile young man. Even as a boy he had made all sorts of models of machines that were useful at that time. Today, you know, boys make only airplanes, but then other ships were made. At eighteen, the young man went to the university, studying medicine at first—excuse this just after we have heard that passage from Faust.106 Prior to this lecture, a scene from Faust, Part I, had been performed: Mephisto and the freshman student. But he had a somewhat different experience than the student who has just been presented to you in that scene of “Mephisto and the Student.” He did not pass through his medical studies as if he were in a dream, nor did he say, “They're not so bad.” No, he really disliked studying medicine since he found that this discipline proceeded in an unsystematic way, one fact simply following after another with no true connection. Then he turned to philosophy. In those days it was the custom of some individuals to attack Aristotle, the Greek philosopher who had hitherto been so greatly honored. Having one of these critics as his teacher, our young man fell into the same habit of criticizing and hating Aristotle. Although his father was an extraordinarily competent man, he was not well-liked because of his various characteristics. So, after his son had studied for a few years, he did not have much money and tried to secure a scholarship for him. He did not succeed, however, and was compelled to provide further instruction for him with the money he earned with sweat and blood.
After the son had struggled through his medical and philosophical studies, he had reason to feel most fortunate. He became a professor at one of the most famous universities of his country, teaching mathematics and also practicing medicine, of which he had a good deal of knowledge from his student days. On the whole, he was a quite popular teacher. But at this university things got a little hot for him. This came about through a book that was published containing a description of a public project, a mechanical project. It was written by an eminent gentleman who was not too intelligent, but who was the son of an actual princely personality of that particular state. Our professor, although still relatively young, had little difficulty in proving it would be impossible to carry out this project. Much hostility was then aroused against him and, although he had already succeeded in attracting attention to himself through his accomplishments, he no longer felt entirely comfortable in that particular city and university. The opportunity arose to go to another university in a republican state. At this university also, he soon became well-known, had many students and, what was then a mere matter of course, gave many private lessons so that he had an excellent income. He needed a good deal of money because his father had died and he had to support his mother and sisters. In order that we may see a little more clearly into the karma of this person let me mention the following authenticated fact; it was related by a contemporary to whom it was told by the man himself. Moreover, no matter with what philological finesse the endeavor is made to get at the fact, it is demonstrably true. This man with whom we are dealing, now teaching in a republican university, once had a dream in which he saw himself walking over burning coals and ashes and knew that they must have come from the burning of the cathedral in the city where he had previously been a professor. He related this dream and also wrote of it in many letters. It was later revealed that the very same night he had this dream, the cathedral had actually burned down.
Now, he was most successful; indeed, he made significant scientific discoveries, for which others claimed part of the credit as was then the custom and is still so to some extent even now, without thanking him. He became fairly prosperous but not sufficiently so in his own mind, especially since he had to drive himself so hard. He had to give many private lessons, earning a little thereby, to be sure, but it required a good deal of work. Now, his Italian contemporaries and later others tell in an interesting way how he was a man so much occupied with his brain that—I simply repeat what was related—he had little time to pay attention to the impulses of his heart. He was, therefore, quite clever but somewhat less lovable. Thus, he never officially married but lived, as his contemporaries say, in a common-law marriage with a certain Marina Gamba by whom he had two daughters, whom he sent into a convent, and a son, whom he later legitimized. Although he became the instructor of many famous people—for example, he taught Gustav Adolf, who later became the king of Sweden—things were not entirely as he wished them. So he applied to the Grand Duke of his native land where he had previously been a professor. This was in 1610. The fact was that he was striving to gain more free time to devote to inventions and discoveries. It is interesting, therefore, to observe the man somewhat more carefully since he was really a sort of child of his age. For this reason I should like to read to you, in a pretty good translation, a letter that he wrote to obtain a more fitting position at the court of the Grand Duke. He writes to a friend about his correspondence with the Grand Duke:
Your grace's letter was heartily welcome, first, because it lets me know that his most serene Highness, the Grand Duke, my Lord, remembers me, and then because it assures me of the continued goodwill of the right honorable Signor Aeneas Piccolomini, infinitely highly treasured by me, as also of the love of your Grace, which causes you to perceive my interest and induces you to write me in such friendly fashion about circumstances of great importance. For this service I remain always under obligation both to the right honorable Signor Aeneas and also to your Grace, render you endless thanks, and consider it my duty, as evidence of the value I attach to such goodness, to speak with these gentlemen concerning thoughts and those life relationships in which it would be my desire to pass the years that still remain to me. I hope that an opportunity might present itself when the right honorable Aeneas, with his keenness and versatility, might give a more definite answer to our august Lord, toward whose Highness, in addition to that reverent relationship and most obedient subjection that is due him from every one of his loyal servants, I feel myself, moreover, inclined with such special devotion and, as I may be permitted to say, so much love. Even God does not require any other feeling of us than that we should love Him, but I would set aside every other interest, and there is no position whatever for which I would not exchange my own state if I should learn that this would please His Highness. This answer might then suffice to realize any decision it might please His Highness to form in regard to my person. But if, as we may assume, His Highness, full of humanity and goodness, which renders him worthy of fame among all others and will ever render him more and more worthy, will unite together with my service to him every other satisfaction for me, I will then not refrain from speaking my mind. For twenty years now, and indeed throughout the best part of my life, I have labored even to minute detail, as it is said, upon the demand of anybody and everybody, to share any small talent that had come into my possession from God or through my own endeavors in my vocation. But now I would really wish to attain sufficient leisure and peace to be able to bring to completion before my life ends three great works I have on my hands so that I may publish these. I would hope to do this perhaps to the honor of myself and also of everyone who might support me in such undertakings, through the fact that I would perhaps bring to those studying in this special field greater, more general, and more lasting service than I could otherwise do for the rest of my life. I do not believe that I could have greater leisure elsewhere than I have here as long as I am compelled to obtain the support of my family out of my official duties as a teacher and from private lessons. Moreover, I would not willingly do such work in another city than in this one, for various reasons that it would be too cumbersome to enumerate. Yet, the freedom I have here is not sufficient, since I must sacrifice, upon the demand of one person and another, many hours of the day and often the best. No matter how brilliant and generous a republic, to retain a remuneration from it without rendering service to its general community is not customary. As long as I am able to give lectures and to render service, no one in a republic can release me from this obligation without ending my income; in short, I cannot hope to receive such a favor from anyone else than an absolute prince. Yet I should not wish, after what I have said, to appear to make unjustified claims upon your Grace, as if I were seeking for support without a corresponding service and obligation. That is not my purpose; on the contrary. As concerns a corresponding service, I have various inventions of which even a single one would suffice to provide a support for my life, if I should meet a great prince who should take pleasure in it. Experience shows me that things that are, perhaps, of far less significant value have a great advantage for their discoverer, and it had always been my thought to place these things before my Prince and natural master rather than before others. He in turn could do with these things and with the inventor as he might see it, and to receive from them, if it should please him, not only the ore, but also the metal. I find new things of this kind every day and would find many more if I had the leisure and more favorable opportunities to secure skillful persons whose help I could utilize in various investigations. So far as concerns further the daily rendering of service—that is, public and private lectures—I have only a distaste against that venal servitude in which I must offer my work in exchange for whatever remuneration pleases any purchaser; but to render service to a Prince or a great Lord, and to anyone dependent upon him, would never cause me any feeling of repugnance. On the contrary, I would earnestly desire this and strive for it, and since your Grace wanted to know from me something about my income here, I will tell you that the compensation for my service amounts to 520 gold gulden, which will be changed to an equal number of scudi within a few months when I receive my new position, of which I am just as good as certain. This money I can in great part save, since I obtain a large supplementary assistance for the support of my household through having private students and through my earnings from private lessons, although I rather discourage than seek to give many such lessons. I have a far greater longing for more free time than for money, since I know that it would be much more difficult for me to acquire a sufficient sum of money to give me any distinction than a certain amount of fame through my scientific work.
This man was then really summoned to this court. The only requirement was that he deliver lectures on the occasions when there were unusual events, brilliant occasions, festival affairs at which the Grand Duke had to appear and where it was necessary to make a good impression on foreign visitors. As for the rest, he was simply to receive his support salary and devote himself entirely to his studies. For a time things went well, indeed. Even poets, noblemen, and princes honored him and held all kinds of festivities because they considered him a great man. He himself—it was on February 3, 1613—composed the text for a masquerade in which he represented himself as Jupiter enthroned on the clouds. He could easily be recognized in his disguise and since the four moons of Jupiter had just been discovered by Galileo107 Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). The letter is quoted from Angelo de Gubernatis, “Galileo Galilei,“ Deutsche Revue (March/April, 1909). and had been given the names of the four princes of the house, even these four princes appeared in the entourage. It was an altogether unusual, festive pageantry.
The kindness of the Prince, however, gradually subsided and after a certain time he actually betrayed this man of learning. The clergy found that his views did not agree with theirs. Moreover, he was impoverished at the close of his life and died in genuine disillusionment. He had thoroughly tasted the ingratitude and fickleness of fate. He had learned fully how some princes behave in the long run, and he had experienced the hatred of the clergy.
I have now given you a factual account of the life of a human being. But now I would like to relate this life story in a different way, from another perspective, as it were.
On February 18, 1564, the great Galileo was born. His father, Vincenzo Galileo, was extraordinarily well-acquainted with music, played the lute and other string instruments well, was occupied with geometry, and at first taught his son music himself. The boy pursued his studies in Latin and Greek with distinguished teachers; he learned the humanities with a monk and then went to the University of Pisa where he studied medicine without much satisfaction, then turned to philosophy, became an anti-Aristotelian under the influence of the contemporary anti-Aristotelian tendency. At that time he was already such a genius that one day as he sat in the Cathedral of Pisa watching the church lamp swing, he discovered the principle of the pendulum's isochronism, a most important discovery that has had significance ever since. This event was told by Galileo's contemporaries. I am constantly being told that this story is a myth, but I will continue to relate it because it is true.
In spite of the importance of Galileo's thoughts upon observing this swinging church lamp, his father could not obtain a stipend for him. Then, after he had pursued his geometrical studies, he became a professor at the University of Pisa. There he lectured on mathematics for sixty scudi a year and also practiced medicine. We know that he actually did practice medicine from a letter he wrote to his father in which he asked that the writings of the ancient physician Galen be sent him as a guide. He sharply criticized the writing of the highly placed but imprudent Cosimo I108 Cosimo I de'Medici (1519–74), Duke of Florence (1537–69) and Grand Duke of Tuscany (1569–74). that was published at that time. Then things became too hot for him in Pisa and since the Venetian Republic invited him to teach there, appreciating him more than his native state, he went to Padua in 1592. Galileo Galilei became a professor at the University of Padua and lectured with great distinction on mathematics and related subjects; he also constructed sun dials according to special principles and perfected the knowledge of mechanics. It was there that Giambattista Doni in his letters on dreams wrote that Galileo had the dream of which I have told you; this was the dream where he was walking over glowing coals and ashes. The Cathedral of Pisa burned at the time Galileo had his dream, and he wrote of this in letters to many contemporaries. About this time he invented the proportional circles and machines for raising water, made important discoveries in connection with the telescope and the thermoscope, and made observations regarding the barometer and other things, credit for which was claimed by other people, whereas in most cases it is to be attributed to him. I have already told you the story of his common-law marriage; it happened as I related it so I need not repeat it. Likewise, his letter was written in the way I have told you. Thus, he was actually transferred from Padua back to his native state and things happened to him there as I have said. It was Galileo who produced that masquerade in which he represented himself as Jupiter enthroned on the clouds, and it was he who gave the names of the Medici to the four satellites of Jupiter, which led to their representing them at this festival. The fact that he was not well-treated by the clergy, and that, in relation to it, he was betrayed by his prince, is known from history. Although all sorts of things in the story of his recantation are true, the assertion made by everybody that he said, “And yet it does move,” is certainly false. I have frequently pointed this out.
So this is the matter when it is reenacted from another point of view. You will observe that even though I did not relate false things the first time, your feelings for the man were probably not the same as when I related the story the second time. And you will also agree that your feelings the second time were definitely those that almost every person has when he or she thinks about Galileo, the astronomer. You will see from this that much knowledge is lacking in what many think. They certainly do not know much about Galileo but think and feel about him, not because of what they know, but because the name Galileo Galilei has a certain significance in history.
We must take into consideration, however, that what a man produces through his genius has meaning for the physical world. The fact that there are satellites around Jupiter was a discovery of immense importance for the evolution of the earth, but it has no significance for the concerns of the spiritual world, that is, for the beings of the higher hierarchies. So it is with the other discoveries of Galileo. They are such that they have a great significance for the earth. What, then, was the substance of what I first related? It was his personal fate. Apart from the fact that Galileo was an important man because of his earthly discoveries, it was his personal fate, the misery he experienced in his vocation, his—well, what shall I say—perhaps his loyalty toward the Prince, and so forth. In other words, I first told you what his daily affairs were, but because it concerns him personally it is also what has significance when he bears it through the portal of death and has to develop it between death and a new birth. We must go into such studies as this to educate ourselves regarding the question of human destiny, which cuts so deeply into life. It is precisely with significant, distinguished human lives that we must do this.
There is much talk about heredity nowadays and many questions are considered solely in connection with it. I first told you the story of the life of Galileo in such a way that you could observe it without any preconception. I related his life to that of his father, so that we perhaps might again have an example of right thinking about the question of heredity. It is certainly impossible to think correctly of it without taking into consideration the teaching of repeated earthly lives. In such a thought process, heredity does not prove to be without meaning, but is, on the contrary, most meaningful. There also appears, however, the connection between the inherited characteristics and what the human being brings down from the spiritual world through his own individuality as a result of his previous earthly life. When we wish to decide what is really inherited, we simply have to look at the facts of life.
On a previous occasion I called your attention to the fact that the period of puberty is not taken into consideration at all by science today, whereas it should be when heredity is discussed. Up to this period a person must carry with him all the impulses of heredity. What comes later must be referred to another point of time. I mentioned this a week ago. But what, then, really is inherited? The unprejudiced observation of the following facts is testimony for the arbitrary manner in which scientists interpret things in this field, but they are utterly incapable of understanding them. Since it is known to anybody who can observe life, it must be known to every psychiatrist that there may be two sons in a family who have the same inherited potentialities. Let us define the two sets of hereditary potentialities that may be similar. First, there is a certain tendency to think out concepts and connections and to apply them to external life; second, there is a certain—what shall we call it?—peppy or fashionable bearing such as a businessman must have. Once there were two sons who both had these traits; that is, a certain self-consciousness and from it a certain boldness in bringing to realization what occurred to them. These were simply inherited characteristics, and it is thus that they must, in general, be conceived. But the question now is: What did each of them become? What course did their karmas take? One of them became a poet whose achievements were pretty respectable. The other became a swindler. The inherited characteristics were applicable to both activities; in one individual, they could be applied to the art of poetry, and in the other, to all kinds of swindles. Whatever comes from physical life was similar in these brothers. These things must really be studied conscientiously and earnestly and not in the way contemporary science often studies them. Indeed, we often find that the people themselves register the facts quite correctly nowadays, but they cannot make anything of them because they do not possess the ability to connect them with the great law of repeated earthly lives.
Influenced by the currents of our time, people in a few regions have begun to think of how it may be possible to assist nature according to the physical line of heredity, the stream of heredity, as the materialist says—they do not say Divine Providence. The brilliant minds of many individuals are especially impelled to reflect on how offspring may be produced in our sad time. But in the minds of most people, this question is identical with that of how families may be assisted to have as many children as possible; that is, how the conditions conducive to producing the greatest number of descendants may be established scientifically. One who can see through things can readily foresee what will come about. Those who are displaying their scientific theories about the best possible conditions for producing future progeny will be completely fooled simply because they refuse to learn anything. All they would have to do would be to observe the results in instances where excellent conditions existed for the production of children. For example, there is the case of the well-known Johann Sebastian Bach,109 Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750). who was cantor in the Thomas School in Leipzig some two hundred years ago, and who played a great deal of music with his ten musical sons. No one can say that this family with ten sons was unfruitful. But you can go all the way back to the great grandfather of Johann Sebastian Bach. He also had sons. There were so many sons throughout the generations that almost the entire family was as prolific as Johann Sebastian himself. That is to say that what constitutes favorable conditions for having descendants was present in this family in the most eminent sense. Nevertheless, by 1850, a hundred years after the death of Johann Sebastian Bach, the entire family had died out; not a single descendant was left. There you have what needs to be studied. Thus, when people with their new method will have come up with their so-called favorable conditions, they will not be able to prevent the possible generation of ten-member families, but after fifty years such families may no longer exist.
We shall speak again tomorrow of how conditions arise under which humanity evolves and how these are quite different from those at which our natural philosophic world conception labors with its utter lack of all wisdom. But this scientific world conception is simply one of the outcroppings of materialism. I have already told you that those who are familiar with the fundamental laws of the occult conception of the world knew that in the middle of the nineteenth century we reached the lowest point—or, as the materialists might designate it, the highest point—of materialistic thinking, feeling, and willing. We have already learned to know much that is connected with this materialistic thinking, and we shall still have to learn much more. But what strikes us time and again is the fact that even well-meaning persons are by no means inclined to become acquainted with the materialistic impulses dominating the depths and heights regarding human perception and will. Here people are really astonishingly little inclined to submit to what has so often been discussed, that is, to seeing the world with open eyes. What will become of the world if the views that have spread over the entire earth in the second half of the nineteenth century continue to develop further? In the course of these lectures we shall have to speak about the deep inner reasons for these things in our time.
We must, however, confront our souls with the question of how far things have really gone in some fields. Indeed, the nineteenth century was the period in which the view was presented that a real scientist could not possibly accept the childish and absurd conceptions of the ancient religions. What has been preserved in them—and we shall later discuss how it has been preserved—was considered mere childishness. It was considered the mark of an enlightened person to have risen above the assumption of a spiritual-psychic organism in the human being and that he is to be especially distinguished from animals. Not only was the endeavor made to establish a physical connection between human beings and animals, but the endeavor was also made to prove that they are nothing but animals, that is, simply a little different from other animals just as other animals differ from one another. That is the very point these people wanted to make, and it was from this point of view that not only natural histories were written, but also psychological texts. Pick up at random what the dominant people of the nineteenth century have written, and you will find at what conceptions man has actually arrived.
I have a book here before me; it is, in a certain sense, a book representing profoundly decisive views of the nineteenth century for it deals with the human soul. Every possible effort is made in this book to prove that this soul is something simply talked about by stupid people of earlier and present times. It was written in 1865, but these views were disseminated, and though some people say today that we have passed beyond that, we have not, but are still deep within it in the life of feeling and of general culture. The book deals with the human soul, but a special effort is made to demonstrate that the animal soul is the same as that of humans. In particular, you will find in it a neat definition of women and men. The author says that women represent in their peculiar characteristics a greater tendency to spirituality, whereas men represent more the tendency to materialism. In other words, according to this statement, spirituality is a weakness of women! The author then finds that certain crazy psychologists still speak about an ego that distinguishes man from animal. But he says in a delicate way that the cat, for example, shows that it also says “I;” that it has the same kind of consciousness of the ego, so the author expresses it, as our vague and super-sensible psychologists because the ego consciousness of the cat is not in the least different from that of the human being. Then comes a passage that is quoted from another book with which, however, the author is in full agreement. I shall read this passage, and I beg you to excuse the fact that the language is a bit off-color, but this is not my fault. It is the fault of the philosophy that has developed under such influences and that proposes to project living impulses into the future, asserting that it is the only philosophy today worthy of the human being. The passage reads:
The theologians and metaphysicians of our age pretend that man is the only religious animal. This is utterly false and the error is entirely in keeping with that made by some travelers who conclude, from the absence of organized cults, that religion is absent among certain savage peoples. Among a great proportion of the entire succession of animals, including even the molluscs, indications are to be found of fetishism and star worship. [ So we find among the molluscs and other animals indications of fetishism and worship of the stars.] Those that most nearly approach the human being live in veritable polytheistic anthropolatry. Our domestic dog barks at the moon and howls in a particular way when it is at the seashore; it may also be seen on certain occasions making use of whatever lustral water is available and carrying out more or less obscure rites. Who would be able to prove that there have never been high priests among dogs? What could have degraded the poor animal to the point of causing him to lick the hand that strikes him if this was not done by religious and superstitious ideas? How is one to explain, except on the basis of a profound anthropolatry, the voluntary submission to man of so many animals stronger and more active than he? To be sure, it will be said that the animal frequently devours his god, but primus in orbo deos fecit timor (fear, first of all things on earth, created gods). ... Besides, the sectarians of most of the religions also eat theirs!
The book in which this view is approved is entitled Materialism and Spiritualism and was written by Leblais110 Alphonse Leblais, Matérialisme et Spiritualisme (Paris, 1865). with a preface by Littré,111 Maximilian Lime (1801–81) was a philosopher, linguist, and follower of the positivist Auguste Comte (1798–1857). a man who produced a whole series of writings. In 1871 he was elected to the National Assembly and in the same year was made a member of the Academy. This same Littré, a man known throughout the entire world, wrote the preface to this book. It deals with the human soul and simply expresses in an emphatic way what in essence is pulsing through many souls today. It is only because people are so little inclined to observe life that they fail to see the important bearing it has upon the course of human evolution, to the sorrow and pain of anyone who sees into these things.
Thus, I wanted to present to you a by no means isolated example of the presence of materialistic views in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Now let us ask whether such views are without significance for external life. Do they not gradually penetrate into this external life? Do they not mold and form this external life? Just yesterday I was sent a book by a member, the young Swiss Albert Steffen,112 Albert Steffen (1884–1963), Swiss poet and writer, became president of the Anthroposophical Society after the death of Rudolf Steiner. in which he could observe various currents of our time, because he is, in a certain sense, permeated by those impulses that are at play in spiritual science. Young Steffen describes a little of what can be experienced by a man who permits the influences of materialism on the molding of the social world to work upon him.
In his novel, which is called The True Lover of Destiny (Der rechte Liebhaber des Schicksals), there is a character named Arthur who records a fragment of his life for a certain purpose. It is, to be sure, a section taken from a novel, but it describes much of what pulses today in life. So this Arthur describes a fragment from that part of his life when materialism takes hold of humanity and forms the social order. Arthur says:
At twenty-one, I went to a metropolis for the first time—not the city in which I now live—in order to begin my studies.
One the day of my arrival I took a look at the streets. It was raining. Everything was murky and dirty.The people all showed the same indifferent but hurried pace, one just like another. I felt myself overcome immediately by an inner barrenness. I stopped in front of a billboard to see where I might spend the evening. I read one poster that called for a meeting in favor of prohibition. A man came with a pastepot and brush and pasted a beer bottle poster over it.
The very mark of our age—a poster in favor of anti-alcoholism with a beer bottle poster pasted over it!
Then suddenly I understood the significance of the mood that had taken possession of me since I arrived in this city: it was foolish to wish to improve human beings.
Disabled people stood to the right and left on the streets, yet no one had time to consider their misfortune. Women passed by and offered themselves and nobody showed pity or indignation. Suddenly it seemed to me almost astonishing that the shopkeepers did not come out of their shops to smash everything to pieces and shout, “What does it matter?” But then I perceived that the only reason that people did not despair was because they were already too commonplace, too cunning, too thievish. They were entirely too much at home in these alleys.
And did I then despair? I must confess that I greedily sucked up the mood of this alley. With a shuddering lust for death I took in the certainty that everything was on the way to destruction. The people who met me bore the unmistakable signs of degeneration. The houses reeked of corruption. Even the gray sky seemed to drop something heavy and inevitable from its clouds.
This feeling grew stronger in me. In this state of soul I sought out almost unconsciously darker and darker alleys. I went into courtyards full of refuse. I stared into windows and witnessed dreadful crimes. I read the notices that swindlers and procuresses thrust into my hands. Finally, I climbed aboard one of the buses that roared with terrific power through the streets. I closed my eyes. The thundering noise rumbled through me like a hymn of death.
Suddenly the vehicle stopped. I stooped over and heard a few indifferent words. A child had run across the street, had been caught under a wheel and was carried away dead. We continued our way.
From this moment on something within me was paralyzed. I could now see the horrible thing that this city was, and it no longer horrified, angered, or disgusted me. It seemed to me quite natural.
More: I had to laugh at anybody who wanted to change it.
Could a person move otherwise in this fever of hunger, thirst, and passions?
My father came from a family of pastors. He studied natural science and absorbed its results with great enthusiasm. It made him clear in thought, thorough, broad-minded and, in the truest sense of the word, human. He applied all his powers to the investigation of the sensory world. The super-sensible did not interest him. At least, I learned nothing of it from him.
In my childhood I adopted his view of the world without investigating whether its theories might be one-sided, just as an admiring child receives the truth from his father. But I did not yet possess his steadfastness of character that is acquired in the course of life, nor the religiousness he inherited from his ancestors, which he denied, but which was nonetheless in his nature. I did not have such a stock to live on. No pious practices were taught me in my youth that would have enriched and deepened my soul and could have worked on further in me.
Now bear in mind how often I have said—I have brought this to your attention for years—that the first generation will still be able to live with materialism because it lives under the spiritual influence received from its forefathers, but that the succeeding generation would degenerate under materialism and would go to ruin. It is gratifying—if such a thing can be gratifying—that this truth passes over now even into literature. Steffen's narrator continues:
Perhaps this is why the effect of scientific knowledge on me was different from what it was on my father. That inner inheritance prevented him from carrying over into life what he had attained as knowledge. In my case it was quite different; this single day had the effect of reversing, so to speak, the direction of my will.
My father confessed to an intellectual satisfaction when he reflected that the human being is dissipated after death and no longer exists. The certainty of this, and it seemed certain to me, evoked in me a sort of ecstatic impulse to self-destruction and, as a result, heartlessness and lust for crime.
I recently pointed out to you that modern humanity is cruel even in its use of concepts. Now we read here:
That evening I had become empty, void of feeling, and cruel, and I did not say No to these characteristics. In the succeeding time I lived entirely without scruple. And just because my action arose not from an impulse that I was unable to master, but from a certain logic and strength of will, the effect on me was twice as disastrous. I knew this. I was absolutely wicked.
He now relates how he fell into bad company, led another into bad company, and so forth. This you can read yourselves. But there is another brief passage to which I should like to call attention because it is symptomatic. A number of Arthur's acquaintances are together, all of them persons “worthy of honor,” who intended the best within their group. But Arthur has to slip away on one occasion, and he then sits alone at an empty table. Steffan narrates the incident as follows:
After a while a gentleman sat down opposite him whose face struck him because it bore an astonishing likeness to his own. It was pale, lean, smoothly shaven, but with somewhat more witch-like lines.
A peddlar came, put his glasses on his nose, untied a bundle of picture postcards and, with a sleight-of-hand rapidity, put them first before Arthur, then before the stranger all the while looking into the face of the one under whose nose he held them as if he might see his chances there. Arthur turned away in disgust. The stranger went through them carefully and selected about ten, which he put together and tore to pieces. “These persons should not be given the opportunity to earn anything,” he said to Arthur. “Of course, he will order a double supply of those I purchased. They were the most dreadful of all. But I saw so many decent working class couples here that I was afraid he would show these cards to them.”
“How can anyone look at such pictures?” asked Arthur.
“Surrender yourself for a moment, without resistance, to the fumes in here, and you will see that figures take form in your soul whose movements are just as ugly as is depicted on the postcards. What are our places of entertainment today other than hells? You need only test your feelings after you have left them—smoke, fumes, prostitutes. You do not take anything noble away with you.”
“Why are you, then, in this dangerous place?” asked Arthur.
“Because I consider it necessary that someone should be here who is disgusted. The thought of the necessity for disgust in our time came to me a few days ago at an exhibit of Greek vases. The Greeks did not need to be disgusted in order to attain to beauty. They lived in it from the beginning. But we need this disgust if we wish to stand completely in life, in order to value the world correctly, in order to come to the spirit within us, in order to protect the God within us. It was different with the Greeks. When they surrendered themselves to life, they fulfilled also the laws of the spirit. They did not need to constantly defend and arm themselves. The work of man everywhere made the human being beautiful—the buildings, the art, the customs, the utensils, even to the smallest thing. But we become ugly through everything that surrounds us—streets, posters, movies, popular music—everything makes us barren, everything destroys us ...”
Here is a question we must study: what lives at first in the thought world, and in the world of feeling, how does it flow into the social world? It is not good simply to sleep through life, not knowing what has been working at the bottom of it before it has come to its ultimate consequence. After all, the reason such a man, who has taken into himself something from spiritual science, describes this life well is because he has an eye for it.
Achter Vortrag
Die Betrachtungen, die wir jetzt anstellen, wir werden ihren eigentlichen tieferen Sinn, ihre Bedeutung nur auf uns wirken lassen können, wenn wir sie nicht bloß, da sie ja im eminentesten Sinne Lebenswahrheiten sind, theoretisch nehmen, sondern wenn wir aus ihnen gewissermaßen eine Gefühls- und Empfindungskonsequenz ziehen, durch welche wir die Möglichkeit erhalten, das Leben anders anzusehen, als dieses Leben oftmals angesehen wird, ohne daß man zu Lebensbetrachtungen vorbereitet ist durch die anthroposophische Weltanschauung. In einem gewissen Sinne müssen wir mit Bezug auf die Erfassung der Wahrheit des Lebens durch Geisteswissenschaft weitherziger werden. Das heißt für unsere jetzige Anwendung: Wir müssen den Charakter des Wahren, wie es uns im Leben entgegentritt, vergleichen lernen mit dem einseitigen Denken über die Wahrheit, das uns Menschen so leicht überfällt. Allzu leicht kommt der Mensch im Leben dazu, sich über dieses oder jenes, nicht nur über alltägliche Dinge, sondern auch über die höchsten Dinge Meinungen zu bilden; und wenn er sich eine Meinung gebildet hat, wenn er sich, wie man oftmals sagt, einen Standpunkt gewählt hat, dann baut er felsenfest auf diese Meinung, auf diesen Standpunkt, und bedenkt dabei nicht, daß sich die Dinge der Welt von den verschiedensten Gesichtspunkten, also Standpunkten aus, anschauen lassen und daß man zur Wahrheit nur kommen kann, wenn man wirklich dies fühlt und empfindet, wie ein jegliches Ding, eine jegliche Tatsache von vielen Standpunkten aus betrachtet werden kann. Ich will Ihnen, um gewissermaßen ein Beispiel, eine Art Illustration von dem zu geben, was ich meine, zunächst einmal den Lebenslauf eines Menschen erzählen. Wir befassen uns ja jetzt mit dem, was wir das Karma nennen, was wir den Durchgang nennen des Menschen durch wiederholte Erdenleben. Wir befassen uns mit dem Schicksal des Menschen. Dieses Schicksal drückt sich im Lebenslaufe des Menschen aus. Wir können daher an dem Beispiele einzelner Lebensläufe, wenn wir sie richtig im Lichte der wiederholten Erdenleben betrachten, sehr viel lernen.
Da haben wir es zu tun mit einem Menschen, der im 16. Jahrhundert geboren ist. Damit wir ins Auge fassen, was heute so gern ins Auge gefaßt wird, die Vererbungsverhältnisse, sehen wir uns seinen Vater zuerst einmal an. Der Vater dieses Menschen, der im 16. Jahrhundert geboren ist, war ein recht vielseitiger Mann, aber ein außerordentlich eigensinniger Mann, ein Mann, dem eine gewisse Herbigkeit in der Lebensäußerung eigen war. Er war ein guter Kenner der Musik, spielte die Laute und andere Saiteninstrumente, war auch ein guter Kenner von Geometrie und Mathematik und trieb dem äußeren Berufsleben nach Handelsgeschäfte. Daß ihm eine gewisse herbe Lebensäußerung eigen war, mag Ihnen daraus hervorgehen, daß dieser Vater einen Musiklehrer hatte, der damals, im 16. Jahrhundert, ein sehr angesehener Mann war. Da schrieb der Vater, der der Schüler dieses Mannes war, ein Buch über die Musik. Aber das gefiel dem Lehrer nicht, und der Lehrer wandte sich in einem anderen Buche gegen dieses Buch über Musik. Da war der Mann wirklich recht ungehalten geworden und schrieb ein anderes Buch, in dem er allen möglichen Spott, den er nur aufbringen konnte, über die alteingerosteten Ansichten seines Musiklehrers zusammenschrieb, und dann widmete er dieses Buch seinem Musiklehrer, indem er inder Widmung ausdrücklich sagte: Da Sie geruhten, sich an mich heranzumachen in aufdringlicher Weise, so will ich Ihnen Gelegenheit geben, daß Sie diese Befriedigung öfter verspüren können, denn sie muß Ihnen wohl tun und deshalb widme ich Ihnen dieses Buch. - Der Sohn also dieses Mannes, der ist es, von dem ich Ihnen zunächst, ich möchte sagen, wie ein bißchen maskiert den Lebenslauf erzählen möchte.
Der Sohn trieb zuerst griechisch-lateinische Studien in Italien, so wie es dazumal üblich war, bei einem sehr berühmten Lehrer sogar, denn der Vater hielt viel darauf, daß er ordentlich unterrichtet wurde; und seine Humaniora, wie man früher sagte, machte dieser junge Mann bei einem Mönch. Mathematik lernte er bei seinem Vater sehr gut. Außerdem lernte er noch bei anderen Zeichnen, Perspektive und Ahnliches, so daß er, der als Knabe schon eine außerordentlich starke Anlage für Mathematisches, für Mechanisches hatte, erstens ein vielseitiger und zweitens ein gerade in mathematisch-mechanischen Künsten durchaus versierter Jüngling wurde. Schon in seiner Jugend fertigte er allerlei Modelle von Maschinen an, die in die damalige Zeit hinein paßten. Jetzt machen die Jungens, nicht wahr, nur Luftschiffe; dazumal wurden andere Schiffe gemacht. Dann kam der Junge als achtzehnjähriger an die Universität, studierte zuerst — verzeihen Sie, nachdem wir das Stückchen «Faust» gehört haben — Medizin. Aber es erging ihm etwas anders als dem Schüler, dessen Darstellung Sie gerade jetzt gesehen haben. Er war während des medizinischen Studiums nicht wie im Traum und sagte auch nicht: «Das sieht schon besser aus», sondern es mißfiel ihm das medizinische Studium außerordentlich, weil er fand, daß es unsystematisch verlaufe und daß man nur eine Tatsache an die andere reihe, daß kein rechter Zusammenhang darinnen zu finden sei. Da wandte er sich denn der Philosophie zu. Es war in der damaligen Zeit Sitte bei einigen Menschen — und gerade einen solchen Menschen bekam unser junger Mann zu seinem Lehrer -, den Aristoteles, den alten griechischen Philosophen, der vorher sehr verehrt worden war, anzugreifen. Daher fand sich auch unser junger Mann hinein, den Aristoteles zu hassen, den Aristoteles nicht zu schätzen, über den Aristoteles loszuziehen. Der Vater war durch seine mancherlei Eigenschaften, obwohl er ein außerordentlich tüchtiger Mann war, nicht sehr beliebt, und deshalb hatte er, als der Sohn ein paar Jahre studiert hatte, nicht allzu viel Geld und bemühte sich, ein Stipendium für den Sohn zu bekommen, konnte es aber nicht erlangen, so daß er wirklich von seinem blutig erworbenen Gelde den Sohn weiter unterrichten lassen mußte.
Nachdem der Sohn sich durch die medizinischen und philosophischen Studien durchgewunden hatte, konnte er in gewisser Beziehung sogar sich glücklich fühlen, denn er wurde an einer der bedeutendsten Universitäten seines Landes Professor, trug Mathematik vor, pflegte auch die Heilkunde, von der er ja immer noch einiges mitgebracht hatte von der Universität, und war im Grunde ein recht beliebter Lehrer. Nur wurde ihm gerade an dieser Universität der Boden unter den Füßen etwas heiß. Das kam dadurch, daß in dem Staat, in dem er Universitätslehrer war, ein Buch erschien, das ein öffentliches Projekt enthielt, ein mechanisches Projekt, und dieses Buch hatte ein hoher Herr geschrieben, der sehr hoch stand, da er der Sohn einer geradezu fürstlichen Persönlichkeit des betreffenden Staates war, aber der weniger gescheit war. Und so konnte denn unser noch verhältnismäßig junger Professor sehr leicht nachweisen, daß sich dieses Projekt nicht werde ausführen lassen. Da wurde er denn sehr angefeindet, und obwohl es ihm gelungen war, eigentlich schon die Aufmerksamkeit auf sich zu ziehen durch das, was er geleistet hatte, so kam es doch dahin, daß sich in der betreffenden Stadt, an der betreffenden Universität unser junger Professor nicht mehr ganz wohl fühlte. Da bot sich ihm Gelegenheit, an eine andere Universität eines republikanischen Staates zu kommen. An dieser Universität war er auch bald wiederum sehr angesehen, hatte viele Schüler und, was dazumal noch eine Selbstverständlichkeit war, hatte viele Privatstunden zu geben, so daß er sehr gut verdiente. Er brauchte auch dazumal schon einiges Geld, denn der Vater war mittlerweile gestorben; die Mutter und auch Geschwister mußte er unterstützen. Zu seiner näheren Charakteristik, damit wir noch ein bißchen genauer in das Karma des betreffenden Menschen hineinschauen, erzähle ich noch dieses, was eine verbürgte Sache ist, denn sie wird von einem Zeitgenossen erzählt, dem der Betreffende selbst die Sache mitgeteilt hat, und man kann mit aller philologischen Kleinkunst der Sache beizukommen versuchen, sie erweist sich als wahr. Es hatte einstmals unser jetzt an einer republikanischen Universität befindlicher Mann einen Traum. Er sah sich im Traume über brennende Kohle und Asche gehen und wußte, daß diese brennende Kohle und Asche, über die er jetzt schritt, herrühren müsse von dem Brande des Domes in derjenigen Stadt, wo er vorher Professor gewesen war. Er erzählte diesen Traum und schrieb darüber in vielen Briefen, und es stellte sich nachher heraus, daß wirklich in derselben Nacht, in der er diesen Traum gehabt hatte, er, der fern von der Stadt war, in der er früher gewesen, der Dom abgebrannt war.
Nun hatte er sehr viel Erfolg, machte sogar gar nicht unbedeutende wissenschaftliche Entdeckungen, die zum Teil sogar, wie es dazumal schon Sitte war und heute noch nicht ganz Unsitte geworden ist, andere sich aneigneten, ohne ihm viel Dank zu sagen. Er wurde bis zu einem gewissen Grade wohlhabend, aber für seine Begriffe nicht genügend, namentlich aus dem Grunde, weil er sich dafür recht plagen mußte. Er mußte viele Stunden geben. Dadurch verdiente er ja einiges, aber das erforderte eben sehr viel Arbeit. Nun erzählen uns italienische Zeitgenossen von ihm, und solche, die eben die Traditionen hatten, in ganz interessanter Weise, daß er ein Mann war, beschäftigt mit dem Gehirn, der daher - ich wiederhole so, was erzählt wurde — wenig Möglichkeit hatte, auf die Impulse seines Herzens viel zu geben. Deshalb war er zwar gescheit, aber er war weniger liebefähig. Daher lebte er, so erzählen die Zeitgenossen, nicht in einer wirklichen Ehe, sondern in einer wilden Ehe mit einer gewissen Marina Gamba, hatte mit ihr zwei Töchter, die er beide ins Kloster schickte, und einen Sohn, den er später legitimierte. Dann, obwohl es ihm sogar gelang, sehr angesehene Menschen der damaligen Zeit in ihrer Jugend zu unterrichten an der republikanischen Universität, an der er war, zum Beispiel sogar Gustav Adolf in seiner Jugend, den späteren schwedischen König, und ähnliche Menschen, war ihm die Sache doch nicht so ganz recht, und da wandte er sich denn an den Großherzog, der jetzt Großherzog war desjenigen Landes, dem er durch Geburt angehörte, an dessen Universität er vorher gewesen war. Das war schon 1610. Und in der Tat, er strebte an, mehr freie Zeit zu gewinnen, um sich Erfindungen und Entdeckungen hingeben zu können. Es ist also interessant, den Mann etwas genauer zu betrachten, weil er, ich will jetzt vorläufig sagen, wirklich so eine Art Kind seiner Zeit war. Und deshalb möchte ich Ihnen in einer, wie es mir scheint, nicht schlechten Übersetzung den Brief vorlesen, welchen er geschrieben hat, damit er eine bequemere Stellung am Hofe dieses Großherzogs erhalten könne. Er schreibt an einen Freund über seine Korrespondenz mit dem Großherzog:
«Der Brief Eurer Gnaden ist mir sehr willkommen gewesen, erstens weil er mir ein Zeugnis dafür gibt, daß der durchlauchtigste Großherzog, mein Herr, sich meiner erinnert, dann, weil er mich des fortgesetzten Wohlwollens des von mir unendlich hochgeschätzten, hochwohlgebornen Herrn Aeneas Piccolomini wie auch der Liebe Eurer Gnaden versichert, welche, indem sie Sie meine Interessen wahrnehmen läßt, Sie veranlaßt, mir so freundlich über Umstände von großer Wichtigkeit zu schreiben, für welche Dienste ich sowohl dem hochwohlgebornen Herrn Aeneas wie Eurer Gnaden beständig verpflichtet bleibe und Ihnen unendlichen Dank abstatte und es für meine Pflicht halte, zum Zeichen dessen, wie sehr ich eine solche Güte zu schätzen weiß, mich mit den Herren über meine Gedanken und über jene Lebensverhältnisse auszusprechen, in welchen es mein Wunsch wäre, die Jahre, die mir noch bleiben, zu verbringen, damit bei einer weiteren Gelegenheit, welche sich mit dem hochwohlgebornen Herrn Aeneas bieten würde, er mit seiner Klugheit und Gewandtheit bestimmter unserm durchlauchtigsten Herrn antworten könne, gegen dessen Hoheit ich, außer jener ehrerbietigen Ergebenheit und gehorsamsten Untertänigkeit, welche ihm von jedem treuen Diener geschuldet wird, mich von einer so besonderen Hingebung und — wie mir zu sagen erlaubt sei — Liebe (denn sogar Gott selbst verlangt kein andres Gefühl von uns mehr, als daß wir ihn lieben) gebeugt fühle, daß ich jedes andre Interesse beiseite setzen würde und es keine Lage gibt, mit der ich nicht mein Los vertauschen würde, wenn ich vernähme, daß es seiner Hoheit so gefällt. So könnte diese Antwort allein genügen, jeden Entschluß zu verwirklichen, welchen seiner Hoheit gefallen würde, über meine Person zu fassen. Aber wenn, wie anzunehmen ist, Seine Hoheit voll jener Humanität und Güte, welche sie unter allen andern rühmenswert machen und immer mehr machen werden, mit Ihrem Dienst jede andre Befriedigung für mich verbinden ‚wollte, so werde ich nicht aufhören zu sagen, wie, nachdem ich jetzt zwanzig Jahre, und zwar die besten meines Lebens, dafür gearbeitet habe, bis ins einzelne, wie man sagt, auf Verlangen eines jeden jenes Wenige von Talent auszuteilen, was mir durch Gott und durch meine Anstrengungen in meinem Beruf zuteil geworden ist, es wirklich mein Gedanke wäre, so viel Muße und Ruhe zu erlangen, daß ich, ehe ich mein Leben endige, drei große Werke zu Ende führen könnte, die ich unter den Händen habe, um sie veröffentlichen zu können, und zwar vielleicht zu einigem Ruhm für mich und für jeden, der mich bei solchen Unternehmungen unterstützen würde, indem ich möglicherweise den Studierenden des Faches größeren und allgemeineren und länger dauernden Nutzen bringen würde, als ich sonst im Rest meines Lebens bringen könnte. Ich glaube nicht, daß ich größere Muße, als ich hier habe, anderswo haben könnte, solange ich gezwungen wäre, aus dem öffentlichen Lehramt und den privaten Lektionen den Unterhalt meines Hauses zu ziehen; auch würde ich solches nicht gern in einer andern Stadt tun als in dieser, aus verschiedenen Gründen, die aufzuführen zu umständlich wäre; indessen genügt mir die Freiheit nicht, die ich hier habe, da ich auf Verlangen von dem und jenem mehrere Stunden des Tages, und oft die besten, opfern muß. Von einer wenn auch glanzvollen und freigebigen Republik eine Besoldung zu erhalten, ohne dem Gemeinwesen zu dienen, ist nicht üblich, weil man, um Gewinn vom Gemeinwesen zu ziehen, dem Gemeinwesen Dienste erweisen muß und nicht einer einzigen Persönlichkeit, und solange ich imstande bin, Vorlesungen zu halten und Dienst zu leisten, kann mich niemand in einer Republik von dieser Obliegenheit befreien unter Belassung der Einkünfte; kurz und gut, ich kann eine derartige Vergünstigung von keinem andern erhoffen als von einem unumschränkten Fürsten, aber ich möchte nicht nach dem, was ich bisher gesagt habe, Eurer Gnaden unberechtigte Ansprüche zu haben scheinen, als ob ich nach Gehältern ohne Gegenleistung und Verpflichtung strebte, denn das ist nicht meine Absicht, vielmehr habe ich, was die Gegenleistung betrifft, verschiedene Erfindungen, von welchen schon eine einzige, wenn ich einem großen Fürsten begegne, der Gefallen daran finder, genügen kann, um mir Unterhalt in meinem Leben zu gewähren, da mir die Erfahrung zeigt, daß Dinge, die vielleicht bedeutend weniger wertvoll sind, für ihre Entdecker große Vorteile haben, und es ist immer mein Gedanke gewesen, sie eher als andern meinem Fürsten und natürlichen Herrn vorzulegen, damit es in dessen Gutdünken liege, über sie und den Erfinder nach seinem Belieben zu verfügen und von ihnen, wenn es ihm so gefallen sollte, nicht bloß das Gestein, sondern auch das Erz anzunehmen, da ich ja täglich deren neue finde und noch viel mehr finden würde, wenn ich mehr Muße hätte und mehr günstige Gelegenheiten, kunstfertige Leute zu bekommen, deren Hilfe ich mir durch verschiedene Versuche zunutze machen könnte. Was ferner die tägliche Dienstleistung (das heißt der öffentlichen und privaten Vorlesungen) betrifft, so habe ich nur einen Widerwillen gegen jene feile Knechtschaft, daß ich meine Arbeiten gegen beliebige Bezahlung jedes Käufers vorführen muß; doch einem Fürsten oder großen Herrn und jemandem, der von diesem abhängt, zu dienen, dagegen werde ich niemals Abscheu empfinden, sondern es vielmehr dringend wünschen und erstreben. Und weil Eure Gnaden einiges von mir wissen möchte über das Einkommen, das ich hier habe, so sage ich Ihnen, daß mein dienstliches Gehalt 520 Goldgulden beträgt, welche in nicht vielen Monaten, wenn meine Neuanstellung erfolgt, dessen bin ich so gut wie sicher, in ebenso viele Skudi werden umgewandelt werden, und diese kann ich zum großen Teile zurücklegen, da ich eine große Beihilfe für den Unterhalt meines Hauses dadurch, daß ich Schüler habe, und durch den Gewinn aus den privaten Lektionen erhalte, wiewohl ich es mehr vermeide als ich es suche, deren viele zu geben, da ich unendlich mehr nach freier Zeit als nach Gold Verlangen trage, weil ich weiß, daß ich eine Summe Goldes, die so groß wäre, daß sie mich angesehen machen könnte, viel schwerer zu erwerben vermöchte, als einigen Ruhm meiner wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten.»
Da wurde denn der Mann wirklich an diesen Hof berufen. Es wurde ihm nur aufgetragen, wenn es besondere Möglichkeiten, glanzvolle Möglichkeiten, festliche Gelegenheiten, wobei sich der Großherzog selber zu zeigen hatte, gab, und man zu glänzen hatte gegenüber - nun, sagen wir, dem Auslande, da Vorlesungen zu halten, aber im übrigen sollte er nur das Gehalt bekommen, Vorlesungen also nur bei festlichen Gelegenheiten halten, und er sollte sich ganz seinen Studien widmen können und so weiter. Eine Weile ging es auch recht gut. Sogar Dichter, Edelleute, Prinzen ehrten ihn, machten allerlei Festlichkeiten, weil sie ihn für einen sehr großen Mann hielten. Er selber, es war am 3. Februar 1613, dichtete ein Maskenfest; da stellte er sich selber dar als einen Jupiter, der auf den Wolken thronte; man konnte es durch die Vermummung sehr deutlich sehen. Und da dazumal durch Galilei die vier Jupiter-Monde entdeckt worden waren und die Namen der vier Fürsten des Hauses von dort erhalten hatten, so erschienen die vier Fürsten auch noch im Gefolge. Es war ein ganz besonders feierlicher Aufzug.
Aber nach und nach versiegte die Gnade des Fürsten; der Fürst verriet seinen Gelehrten nach einiger Zeit geradezu. DieKlerisei fand seine Ansichten nicht den ihrigen entsprechend. Er endete noch dazu in einer ziemlich elenden Lage, so daß er eigentlich in rechter Traurigkeit sein
Leben schloß. Voll hatte er den Undank und die Wendung des Schicksals ausgekostet, voll hatte er kennengelernt, wie Fürsten zuweilen auf die Dauer es machen. Voll hatte er den ganzen Haß der damaligen Klerisei kennengelernt.
Jetzt habe ich Ihnen ein Leben eines Menschen erzählt. Man kann dieses Leben so erzählen, denn das sind lauter wahre Sachen, die ich Ihnen erzählt habe. Aber ich will Ihnen jetzt dieses Leben noch anders erzählen, gewissermaßen von einem anderen Gesichtspunkt.
Am 18.Februar 1564 wurde der große Galilei geboren, und sein Vater, Vincente Galilei, war ein außerordentlich guter Musikkenner, spielte die Laute und andere Saiteninstrumente sehr gut, befaßte sich mit Geometrie, unterrichtete den Sohn zuerst selbst in Musik. Der Sohn machte bei berühmten Lehrern die lateinischen und griechischen Studien durch; er Jernte bei einem Mönche die Humaniora, ging dann an die Universität nach Pisa und studierte zuerst Medizin, die ihn wenig befriedigte, wandte sich dann der Philosophie zu, wurde Anti-Aristoteliker unter dem Einflusse der damals anti-aristotelischen Strömung und erwies sich schon als so genial, daß er, wie uns Zeitgenossen — mit voller Sicherheit können wir annehmen, daß es wahr ist — erzählen, als er eines Tages im Dom von Pisa saß und die Kirchenlampe schwingen sah, daraus die Gleichmäßigkeit des Pendelschwingens entdeckte, also eine der allerepochemachendsten Entdeckungen machte, die Bedeutung hatte für die ganze Zeit seither und noch große Bedeutung in der Zukunft haben wird. Ich werde immer wieder von einigen Seiten belehrt, daß das eine Legende sei, aber ich kann, trotzdem so viele Leute mich belehren, daß die Geschichte mit der schwingenden Kirchenlampe eine Legende sei, sie doch nur immer wieder und wieder erzählen, weil sie nämlich wahr ist.
Trotzdem er dazumal schon diese schwingende Kirchenlampe mit diesem Gedanken beobachtet hatte, konnte der Vater für ihn kein Stipendium erringen. Dann, nachdem er eine Weile noch geometrische Studien betrieben hatte, wurde er Professor an der Universität in Pisa. Da mußte er die Mathematik für sechzig Skudi jährlich vortragen und übte nebenbei die Heilkunst aus. Daß er das wirklich auch tat, dieHeilkunst ausüben, das wissen wir aus einem Briefe, den er dazumal an seinen Vater geschrieben hat, und in dem er ihn bat, ihm als Richtschnur den alten Mediziner Galen zu schicken. Er kritisierte scharf eineSchrift, die dazumal von dem hohen aber unweisen CosimoI. erschienen war. Da wurde es ihm in Pisa zu heiß, und da ihm die Republik Venedig, die ihn besser zu schätzen wußte, als man ihn in seinem Vaterstaate zu schätzen wußte, den Antrag machte, dort zu lehren, ging er 1592 nach Padua. Galileo Galilei wurde Professor an der Universität in Padua und trug mit großem Ruhm dort Mathematik und ähnliches vor, konstruierte Sonnenuhren nach besonderen Systemen, vervollkommnete die mechanischen Kenntnisse, und da war es, daß uns von dieser Zeit Giambattista Doni in seinen Briefen über die Träume schrieb, daß Galilei jenen Traum gehabt hat, von dem ich Ihnen erzählt habe: wie er über die glühenden Kohlen und über die Asche ging. Damals brannte der Dom von Pisa wirklich ab, zusammenfallend mit dem Traume, den Galilei damals gehabt hat. Galilei hat das in vielen Briefen an seine Zeitgenossen geschrieben. Er erfand dazumal den sogenannten Proportionalzirkel, Maschinen zum Wasserheben, machte wichtige Entdekkungen in bezug auf das Teleskop, Thermoskop, Beobachtungen über das Barometer und andere Dinge, die sich andere Leute auch aneigneten, während die Dinge zumeist auf Galilei zurückführen. Die Geschichte seiner sogenannten Ehe brauche ich nicht wieder zu erzählen, denn sie ist so, wie ich Ihnen schon vorhin erzählt habe. Dann trug sich dasjenige, was ich weiter erzählt habe, auch weiter so zu mit demBriefe. So wurde er wirklich von der Universität Padua nach seiner Vaterstadt versetzt, und es erging ihm dort so; und als Jupiter auf den Wolken thronend hat er sich selber dargestellt, denn es war Galilei, der dieses Maskenspiel gemacht hat. Er war es selber, der den vier Trabanten des Jupiter, die er jetzt auftreten ließ, die vier mediceischen Namen gegeben hat. Daß er von der Klerisei nicht gut behandelt worden ist, daß er von seinem Fürsten verraten worden ist gegenüber dieser Klerisei, das ist ja aus der Geschichte bekannt. Wenn auch alles mögliche wahr ist an der Geschichte, das, wovon alle Leute sagen, daß er es gesagt hat: Und sie bewegt sich doch - das ist sicher erlogen. Das habe ich ja schon öfter erwähnt.
Das also ist von einem anderen Gesichtspunkte die Sache erlebt. Sie werden finden, daß ich das erste Mal nicht falsche Tatsachen erzählt habe, daß aber wahrscheinlich Ihre Gefühle für den Mann das erste Mal nicht dieselben waren, wie sie waren, als ich zum zweiten Male die Geschichte erzählte, daß aber diese zweiten Gefühle, die Sie haben, ganz sicher diejenigen sind, die weitaus die meisten Menschen haben, wenn siean Galilei, den großen Astronomen Galilei denken. Daraus ersehen Sie, daß viel Unkenntnis ist bei demjenigen, was viele Menschen denken. Denn gar viel wissen die Menschen ja nicht von Galilei; also denken sie und fühlen sie nicht über ihn durch das, was sie wissen, sondern sie fühlen über ihn dadurch, daß der Name «Galileo Galilei» in einer gewissen Weise in der Geschichte signifiziert ist.
Nun müssen wir aber bedenken: Das, was ein Mensch durch sein Genie macht, hat Bedeutung für die physische Welt. Daß es JupiterTrabanten gab, war eine sehr wichtige Entdeckung für die Erdenentwickelung, aber es hat keine Bedeutung für dasjenige, was die geistigen Welten betrifft, für die Wesen der höheren Hierarchien. Ebenso ist es mit den anderen Entdeckungen des Galilei: es sind Dinge, die eine große Bedeutung für die Erde haben. Was habe ich Ihnen denn also im Grunde genommen zuerst erzählt? Die persönlichen Geschicke, abgesehen von dem, daß Galilei für die Erde ein großer Mann war, seine ganz persönlichen Geschicke, seine Berufsmisere, seine, nun ja, wie soll ich sagen, Loyalität gegenüber dem Fürsten, nicht wahr, und so weiter. Also dasjenige, was er zum täglichen Hausgebrauche hatte, das habe ich Ihnen zuerst erzählt. Das ist aber zugleich das, was Bedeutung hat, in dem er es durch die Pforte des Todes trägt und auszubilden hat zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, denn das geht ihn persönlich an. Man muß sich schon in solche Studien einlassen, wenn man über die ins Leben so einschneidende Frage des menschlichen Schicksals sich unterrichtet. Gerade an signifikanten, hervorragenden Menschenleben müssen wir das tun.
Von Vererbung spricht man heute ja ganz besonders, und viele Fragen betrachtet man lediglich im Zusammenhange mit der physischen Vererbungsfrage. Ich habe Ihnen das Leben des Galilei zuerst so vorgeführt, daß Sie es sogar ganz unbefangen betrachten konnten, im Zusammenhange mit seinem Vater, damit wir vielleicht wiederum ein Beispiel haben, wie wir richtig über die Vererbungsfrage denken. Ja, über diese Vererbungsfrage kann nur richtig gedacht werden, wenn man die große Lehre von den wiederholten Erdenleben dabei in Betracht ziehen kann. Da erweist sich dann die Vererbung nicht als bedeutungslos, sondern im Gegenteil als sehr bedeutend, aber es ergibt sich auch der Zusammenhang zwischen den vererbten Eigenschaften und demjenigen, was der Mensch aus der geistigen Welt durch seine Individualität herunterbringt als Ergebnis seines früheren Erdenlebens. Und man muß schon die Tatsachen des Lebens anschauen, wenn man die Frage entscheiden will: Was wird eigentlich vererbt?
Ich habe Sie das letzte Mal darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß der Zeitpunkt der Reife von der Wissenschaft heute noch gar nicht in Betracht gezogen wird, während er in Betracht gezogen werden sollte, wenn man von Vererbung redet. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt muß ein Mensch alle Impulse der Vererbung mit sich tragen. Was später kommt, muß auf einen anderen Zeitpunkt verweisen. Ich habe das letzthin, vor acht Tagen, ausgeführt. Aber was wird denn eigentlich vererbt? Wie willkürlich die heutigen Wissenschafter gerade auf diesem Gebiete konstruieren, das bezeugt die unbefangene Beobachtung der folgenden Tatsache. Die Leute reden sogar von dieser Tatsache, aber sie können sie ganz und gar nicht verstehen. Es muß jedem Psychiater bekannt sein, denn jedem ist es bekannt, der das Leben zu betrachten vermag, daß in einer Familie zwei Söhne da sein können, die beide gleiche Vererbungsanlagen haben. Definieren wir einmal die beiden Vererbungsanlagen, die ganz ähnlich sein können: eine gewisse Neigung, Begriffe auszusinnen, Zusammenhänge auszusinnen, und diese ausgesonnenen Begriffe anzuwenden auf das äußere Leben; zu gleicher Zeit ein gewisses, ja, wie sagt man — in Deutschland sagt man forsch, man kann auch sagen, ein gewisses fashionables Auftreten, so ein richtiges Auftreten, wie es ein Geschäftsmann haben muß, Das hatten sie beide, die Söhne: ein gewisses Selbstbewußtsein, und aus dem Selbstbewußtsein heraus eine gewisse Kühnheit, das auch zu verwirklichen, was ihnen einfiel. Es waren lauter vererbte Eigenschaften. So im allgemeinen muß man die vererbten Eigenschaften sich vorstellen. Nun handelt es sich darum: Was wurden die beiden? Wie verlief ihr Karma? — Der eine wurde ein Dichter, ein Dichter, der ganz Gutes leistete, und der andere wurde ein Hochstapler. Denn die vererbten Eigenschaften, die dienten zu beidem; das eine Mal ließen sie sich anwenden auf die Dichtkunst, das andere Mal auf allerlei Hochstapelei. So viel aus dem physischen Leben kommt, so viel hatten die beiden gleich. Diese Dinge muß man wirklich gewissenhaft und ernstlich studieren, nicht so, wie die heutige Wissenschaft sie oftmals studiert. Man findet zwar, daß die Leute selbst heute die Tatsache ganz richtig registrieren, aber nichts machen können aus den Tatsachen, weil ihnen die Möglichkeit fehlt, sie in Zusammenhang zu bringen mit den großen Gesetzen der wiederholten Erdenleben.
Die Leute haben angefangen in einzelnen Gegenden, unter mancherlei Zeiteinflüssen nachzudenken, wie man in bezug auf die physische Vererbungslinie, Vererbungsströmung, wie der Materialist sagt, der Natur - er sagt nicht: der göttlichen Vorsehung — nachhelfen könnte; und besonders in der gegenwärtigen Zeit wird das Genie mancher Leute sehr stark hingedrängt, nachzudenken, wie man für Nachwuchs sorgen kann in dieser traurigen Zeit. Aber die Frage, wie man für Nachwuchs sorgen kann, ist identisch für die meisten Leute damit, wie man den Leuten zu möglichst viel Kindern verhelfen kann, das heißt, wie man naturwissenschaftliche Bedingungen herstellen kann, daß eine möglichst reichliche Nachkommenschaft kommt. Derjenige, der die Dinge durchschaut, kann schon voraussehen, was kommen wird. Die Leute werden alle mit den denkbar längsten Nasen abzuziehen haben, die heute ihre naturwissenschaftlichen Theorien auskramen über die möglichst günstigen Bedingungen zukünftiger Nachkommenschaft, denn alle die Leute wollen nichts lernen. Sie brauchten nur anzusehen, wie es sich verhalten hat da, wo schon günstige Bedingungen für Nachkommenschaft vorhanden waren. Denn sehen Sie, es gibt den sehr bekannten Johann Sebastian Bach, der vor jetzt bald zwei Jahrhunderten in Leipzig an der Thomasschule Kantor war und der ja im Kreise seiner zehn musizierenden Söhne recht viel musizierte. Man kann nicht sagen, daß es eine unfruchtbare Familie war. Zehn musizierende Söhne hatte er, also zehn Söhne überhaupt. Aber man kann zurückgehen bis zum Urgroßvater des Johann Sebastian Bach; der hatte Söhne - es waren so vieleSöhne da, daß durch Generationen fast die ganze Familie so fruchtbar war wie diejenige des Johann Sebastian Bach selber. Also in dieser Familie war doch im eminentesten Sinne dasjenige vorhanden, was günstige Bedingungen für die Erlangung von Nachkommen sind. Im Jahre 1850, hundert Jahre nach dem Tode von Johann Sebastian Bach, war die ganze Familie ausgestorben, kein einziger Nachkomme mehr da. Da haben Sie dasjenige, was zu studieren ist. Wenn die Leute also ihre sogenannten günstigen Bedingungen ausgekramt haben werden nach ihrer Art, werden sie nicht verhindern können, daß sie vielleicht einmal auch zehngliedrige Familien haben werden, aber die können nach fünfzig Jahren ausgestorben sein.
Über solche Dinge werden wir noch morgen sprechen: wie sich Bedingungen ergeben, unter denen die Menschheit sich entwickelt, und wie das ganz andere Bedingungen sind als diejenigen, an welchen zunächst unsere, man kann sagen, aller Weisheit bare naturphilosophische Weltanschauung laboriert. Aber diese naturwissenschaftliche Weltanschauung, sie ist einer der Flügel des Materialismus. Und ich habe Ihnen gesprochen davon, wie diejenigen, die mit den Grundgesetzen der okkulten Weltanschauung bekannt sind, wußten, daß gerade in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts 'Tiefstand, oder wie es die Materialisten nennen könnten, Hochstand des materialistischen Denkens, Fühlens und Wollens vorhanden war. Und wir haben vieles mit diesem materialistischen Denken der Gegenwart Zusammenhängende schon kennengelernt, wir werden noch vieles kennenzulernen haben. Aber was man immer wieder finden muß, ist, daß selbst gutmeinende Menschen gar nicht so sehr die Neigung haben, sich bekanntzumachen mit demjenigen, was in den Tiefen und auf den Höhen an materialistischen Impulsen in bezug auf die Anschauung und in bezug auf das Wollen eigentlich herrscht. In dieser Beziehung sind wirklich die Menschen merkwürdig wenig dazu geneigt, sich zu dem zu bequemen, wovon hier öfter gesprochen worden ist: mit offenen Augen die Welt zu sehen. Denn was soll aus der Welt werden, wenn sich die Anschauungen so weiter entwickeln, wie sie sich im Lauf der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts über die ganze Erde hin verbreitet haben? Und wir werden in diesen Vorträgen zu sprechen haben über die tiefen inneren Gründe, warum alle diese Sachen so sind in unserer Gegenwart.
Aber wir müssen uns einmal recht vor die Seele stellen, wie weit es gekommen ist auf vielen Gebieten. Es ist ja dieses 19. Jahrhundert dasjenige gewesen, in dem man die Anschauung vertrat, daß ein rechter Wissenschafter unmöglich sich zu den kindisch absurden Vorstellungen der alten Religionen bekennen könne. Das, was die alten Religionen bewahrt haben — und wir werden noch davon sprechen, wie sie es bewahrt haben -, faßte man nur als eine Kinderei auf. Als das Zeichen eines aufgeklärten Menschen faßte man es auf, hinaus zu sein über die Annahme eines Seelenwesens, auch hinaus zu sein über die Annahme, daß die Menschen sich besonders unterscheiden von den Tieren. Man suchte nicht nur einen physischen Zusammenhang der Menschen mit den Tieren, sondern man suchte geradezu zu zeigen, daß die Menschen selber nichts anderes seien als Tiere, die sich nur wenig von den anderen Tieren unterscheiden, wie die anderen Tiere auch voneinander. Darauf kommt es den Leuten besonders an, und daraufhin schrieb man nicht nur Naturgeschichte, daraufhin schrieb man auch Psychologien, Seelenkunden. Man braucht nur etwas herauszugreifen, was von tonangebenden Menschen des 19. Jahrhunderts herrührt, und man wird finden, zu welchen Anschauungen es die Menschen eigentlich gebracht haben.
Da habe ich ein Buch vor mir; es ist gewissermaßen ein Buch, welches tief einschneidende Anschauungen des 19. Jahrhunderts repräsentiert. Es handelt nämlich über die Seele, und zwar über die Seele des Menschen. In dem Buch wird möglichst nachzuweisen versucht, daß diese Seele des Menschen etwas ist, wovon nur die dummen Leute der früheren Zeit gesprochen haben und heute noch sprechen. Das Buch ist 1865 geschrieben, aber diese Ansichten haben sich ja fortgepflanzt, und wenn auch heute einige sagen, man wäre darüber hinaus: man ist nicht darüber hinaus, sondern gerade im Gefühls- und allgemeinen Kulturleben ist man noch tief drinnen. Es handelt über die menschliche Seele, aber es wird vorzugsweise Wert darauf gelegt, zu zeigen, daß die Tierseele dieselbe ist wie die Menschenseele. Namentlich findet sich da auf Seite 185 eine niedliche Definition der Frauen und Männer. DieFrauen, sagt der Betreffende, stellen durch ihre eigentümlichen Eigenschaften mehr die Tendenz zum Spiritualismus dar, die Männer mehr die Tendenz zum Materialismus. Es ist also der Spiritualismus, wie da dargestellt wird, eine Schwäche der Frauen! Dann findet er, daß noch gewisse hirnverbrannte Psychologen von einem Ich reden, von einem Ich als den Menschen unterscheidend von den Tieren. Aber er sagt in niedlicher Weise: Die Katze zum Beispiel zeigt, daß sie auch Ich sagt. Sie hat ein ebensolches Bewußtsein von dem Ich — wie er sich ausdrückt —, wie unsere vagen und übersinnlichen Psychologen, denn das Ich-Bewußtsein der Katze unterscheidet sich gar nicht von dem IchBewußtsein der Menschen. — Und dann kommt eine Stelle, die zitiert wird aus einem anderen Buche, womit der Verfasser aber vollständig übereinstimmt. Diese Stelle lese ich Ihnen vor und bitte Sie, dabei zu entschuldigen, daß die Sprache in ihrer Ganzheit nicht ganz salonfähig ist. Aber es ist nicht meine Schuld, es ist die Schuld der Philosophie, die sich unter solchem Einflusse ausgebildet hat, und es ist durchaus die Philosophie, welche lebendige Impulse in die Zukunft hinüberschicken will, die Philosophie, welche behauptet, heute einzig und allein die eines Menschen würdige zu sein. Da wird gesagt: «Les théologastres et les métaphysicuistres de notre époque prétendent aussi que l’homme est le seul animal religieux; c’est on ne peut plus faux, et cette erreur est toute pareille à celle de ces voyageurs qui concluent de l’absence de culte organisé à l’absence de religion chez certaines peuplades sauvages; dans une grande partie de la série animale, même parmi les mollusques, on trouve des indices de fétichisme et d’astrolâtrie.» Also bei den Mollusken und bei den anderen Tieren findet man Indizien für Fetischismus und für Sternendienst. «Les plus rapprochés de l’homme se livrent à un véritable polythéisme anthropolâtrique. Notre chien domestique aboie à la lune et hurle d’une manière toute particulière au bord de la mer, et on le voit en mainte occasion faire usage de la seule eau lustrale qui soit à sa disposition et accomplir des rites plus ou moins obscurs. Qui pourrait prouver qu’il n’y a jamais eu de grand prêtre parmi les chiens? Qu’est-ce qui aurait pu dégrader ce pauvre animal au point de lui faire lécher la main qui le frappe, si ce n’étaient des idées religieuses et superstitieuses? Comment expliquer, sans une anthropolâtrie profonde, la soumission volontaire de tant d’animaux plus forts et plus agiles que l’homme? A la vérité, on nous dira que fort souvent l’animal croque son dieu; mais, primns in orbe deos fecit timor .... Et d’ailleurs, les sectateurs de plusieurs religions mangent bien le leur!»
«Die Theologaster und Metaphysisten unserer Epoche behaupten auch, daß der Mensch das einzig religiöse Tier sei. Das ist das Falscheste, was man behaupten kann, und dieser Irrtum ist ganz ähnlich demjenigen mancher Reisenden, welche aus der Abwesenheit eines organisierten Kultes schließen auf die Abwesenheit der Religion bei gewissen wilden Völkerschaften. Bei einer großen Partie der Tiere, selbst unter den Mollusken, findet man Indizien von Fetischismus und Sternenanbeterei. Die dem Menschen am nächsten stehenden Tiere bekennen sich zu einem wahren Polytheismus der Menschenverehrung. Unser Haushund bellt den Mond an und heult in einer besonderen Weise am Ufer des Meeres, und man sieht ihn, wenn er Gelegenheit dazu hat, von dem einzigen Reinigungswasser Gebrauch machen, das zu seiner Disposition da ist, und Riten erfüllen, welche mehr oder weniger obskur sind. Wer kann beweisen, daß es niemals einen Hohenpriester unter den Hunden geben könne? Heißt es nicht dieses arme Tier degradieren, wenn man von ihm die Hand lecken läßt, die es schlägt? Sind das nicht religiöse und übersinnliche Ideen? Wie kann man erklären ohne Annahme einer profunden Anthropolatrie - also einer profunden Menschenanbetung - die freiwillige Unterwerfung so vieler Tiere, die viel stärker und beweglicher sind als die Menschen? In Wahrheit, man sagt uns oftmals, das Tier fresse seinen Gott auf» — den Menschen nämlich. «Aber — jetzt zitiert er: «Die Furcht machte den ersten Gott der Erde; ... und überdies, gibt es nicht auch Sektierer in den verschiedenen Religionen, welche ihren Gott auffressen ?»
Dieses Buch, in dem dieser Anschauung zugestimmt wird, heißt: «Matérialisme et Spiritualisme» und ist von Leblais; aber eine Vorrede dazu hat einer geschrieben, welcher eine ganze Reihe von Schriften geschrieben hat, welcher 1871 in die Nationalversammlung berufen worden ist, in demselben Jahre berufen worden ist zum Mitglied der Académie; derselbe Littré, der wirklich als ein in der ganzen Welt bekannter Mann berufen worden ist, hat die Vorrede zu diesem Buch geschrieben. Dieses Buch handelt über die menschliche Seele, und es spricht nur in einer dezidierteren Weise dasjenige aus, was ja im Grunde genommen durch zahlreiche Seelen heute pulsiert. Und es liegt nur daran, daß man so wenig geneigt ist, das Leben zu beobachten, wenn man nicht sieht, um was es sich dabei in der Menschheitsentwickelung zum Leid und Schmerz desjenigen, der die Dinge durchschaut, handelt.
Ich wollte Ihnen ein keineswegs vereinzeltes Beispiel hinstellen von dem Vorhandensein materialistischer Anschauungen in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts.
Und nun fragen wir: Bleiben solche Anschauungen ohne Bedeutung für das äußere Leben? Dringen sie nicht nach und nach in das äußere Leben ein? Gestalten sie, formen sie nicht das äußere Leben? — Gerade gestern ist mir ein Buch des jungen Schweizers Albert Steffen geschickt worden, in dem gewissermaßen verschiedene Strömungen, die der Verfasser bemerken konnte in unserer Zeit — bemerken konnte, weil er in einer gewissen Weise durchdrungen ist von jenen Impulsen, die in der Geisteswissenschaft spielen, er ist ja auch unser Mitglied -, geschildert sind, wo der junge Steffen ein wenig schildert, was ein Mensch erleben kann, der die Wirkungen des Materialismus in der sozialen Weltgestaltung auf sich wirken läßt.
Da ist eine Figur in diesem Roman, der da heißt: «Der rechte Liebhaber des Schicksals», Artur mit Namen. Er schreibt ein Stückchen aus seiner Lebensgeschichte zu einem bestimmten Ziele auf. Es ist allerdings ein Romanabschnitt, aber dieser Romanabschnitt schildert sehr vieles von dem, was heute im Leben pulsiert. Also der betreffende Artur schildert ein Stückchen aus seinem Leben, aus jenem Leben, das eben verlaufen ist da, wo der Materialismus die Menschheit ergreift und das Soziale gestaltet:
«Mit 21 Jahren kam ich zum ersten Male in eine Großstadt (nicht in diese, worin ich jetzt wohne), um hier mein Studium zu beginnen.
Ich sah mir noch am gleichen Tag die Straßen an. Es regnete. Alles war trüb und schmutzig. Die Menschen hatten einer wie der andere denselben gleichgültig-hastigen Gang. Ich fühlte mich sofort von einer inneren Öde befallen. Bei einer Plakatwand stand ich still, zu sehen, wo ich den Abend zubringen könnte. Ich las einen Anschlag, der eine Versammlung gegen den Alkohol zusammenrief. Ein Mann mit Pinsel und Leimkessel kam und klebte eine Flaschenbiermarke darüber.» So richtig das Zeichen unserer Zeit! - ein Plakat für den Antialkoholismus, und darüber geklebt eine Flaschenbiermarke.
«Da wurde mir auf einmal die Bedeutung der Stimmung bewußt, die sich meiner bemächtigt hatte, seit ich mich in dieser Stadt befand: Es war töricht, die Menschen bessern zu wollen.
Invalide standen links und rechts der Straße. Doch niemand hatte Zeit, über das Unglück nachzudenken. Frauen gingen vorüber und boten sich an. Und niemand zeigte Mitleid noch Empörung. Es schien mir plötzlich fast wunderlich, daß die Krämer nicht vor ihre Läden traten, alles zerschlugen und schrien: Was liegt daran? Aber dann begriff ich, daß die Menschen nur deshalb nicht verzweifelten, weil sie schon zu gewöhnlich, zu gerieben, zu diebisch dazu waren. Sie kannten sich schon viel zu gut in dieser Gasse aus.
Und verzweifelte denn ich? — Ich muß gestehen, daß ich die Stimmung dieser Gasse gierig in mich sog. Ich nahm mit schaudernder’Todeswollust die Gewißheit in mich auf, daß alles dem Untergange zugeht. Die Menschen, die mir begegneten, trugen die deutlichen Zeichen der Degeneration. Die Häuser strömten Verwesung aus. Sogar der graue Himmel schien in seinen Wolken etwas Schweres, Unausweichliches herabzusenken.
Dieses Gefühl wurde immer mächtiger in mir. In diesem Seelenzustande suchte ich fast unbewußt stets dunklere Gassen auf. Ich geriet in Höfe mit allerlei Unrat. Ich spähte zu Fenstern hinein und sah schreckliche Verbrechen. Ich las die Zettel, die mir Betrüger und Kupplerinnen in die Hände drückten. Zuletzt stieg ich auf einen jener Kraftwagen, die mit wuchtiger Gewalt durch die Straßen sausen. Ich schloß die Augen. Das Gedonner durchrüttelte mich wie der Hymnus des Todes selbst.
Plötzlich stand das Fahrzeug still. Ich beugte mich hinunter und hörte ein paar Worte von gleichgültigem Klang. Ein Kind, das über die Straße gelaufen und vom Rad erfaßt worden war, wurde tot davongetragen. Die Fahrt ging weiter.
Von diesem Augenblicke an war etwas in mir gelähmt. Ich konnte nun das Entsetzlichste vernehmen, was in dieser Stadt geschah, es schreckte, empörte und ekelte mich nicht mehr. Es schien mir ganz selbstverständlich.
Mehr: ich mußte über jeden lachen, der es ändern wollte.
Konnte man sich anders in diesem Fieber von Hunger, Durst und Begierden bewegen?
Mein Vater stammt aus einer Pastorenfamilie. Er studierte Naturwissenschaft und nahm die Resultate derselben mit großer Begeisterung auf. Sie machte ihn klar, genau, weitherzig und im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes: human. Er setzte seine ganze Kraft auf die Erforschung der sinnlichen Welt. Die übersinnliche kümmerte ihn nicht. Wenigstens vernahm ich nichts von ihr durch ihn.
Ich eignete mir in der Knabenzeit seine Weltanschauung an, ohne zu prüfen, ob ihre Lehren nicht einseitig sein könnten, wie eben ein bewunderndes Kind die Wahrheit vom Vater empfängt. Aber ich besaß noch nicht seine durch das Leben erworbene Charakterfestigkeit und nicht mehr die von den Ahnen ererbte, wenn auch von ihm geleugnete, doch trotzdem in seinem Wesen vorhandene Religiosität. Ich hatte nicht an einem solchen Vorrat zu zehren. Es waren mir in der Jugend keine frommen Gebräuche gelehrt worden, die meine Seele bereichert und vertieft hätten und in mir weiter wirken konnten.»
Und nun erinnern Sie sich, wie ich oftmals gesagt habe - seit Jahren habe ich das ausgeführt: Die erste Generation wird mit dem Materialismus noch leben können, weil sie unter dem geistigen Eindruck von den Vorfahren her steht; aber die folgende Generation würde unter dem Materialismus degenerieren, verkommen. - Es ist erfreulich - wenn so etwas überhaupt erfreulich sein kann -—, daß das nun auch in die belletristische Literatur übergeht.
«Deshalb vielleicht» - so sagt er nun weiter - «war die Wirkung der naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse auf mich eine andere als auf den Vater. Jenes innere Erbe hinderte diesen, auf das Leben zu übertragen, was er sich als Wissen erworben hatte. Bei mir war es anders. Bei mir vermochte dieser eine Tag das ganze Wollen sozusagen umzudrehen.
Dem Vater bereitete es, wie er sagte, eine intellektuelle Befriedigung, wenn er bedachte, daß der Mensch nach dem Tode sich auflöst und nicht mehr existiert. In mir rief diese Gewißheit, denn eine solche schien es, eine Art ekstatischen Selbstvernichtungstrieb und als Folge davon Herzlosigkeit und Verbrechergelüste hervor.
Ich war an jenem Abend leer, gefühllos und grausam geworden und sagte nicht nein zu diesen Eigenschaften.»
Ich habe Ihnen neulich gezeigt, daß selbst in den Begriffen die moderne Menschheit grausam ist. Nun lesen wir hier:
«Ich war an jenem Abend leer, gefühllos und grausam geworden und sagte nicht nein zu diesen Eigenschaften. Ich lebte in der folgenden Zeit ganz skrupellos. Und gerade deshalb, weil das, was ich tat, nicht einem Trieb entsprang, den ich nicht bemeistern konnte, sondern einer gewissen Konsequenz und Stärke meines Wollens, wirkte mein Beispiel doppelt verderblich. Ich wußte dies. Ich war rein böse.»
Nun erzählt er, wie er in böse Gesellschaft gekommen, einen anderen Menschen in böse Gesellschaft führt und so weiter. Das können Sie ja selber nachlesen. Nur noch ein anderes kleines Stückchen ist es, worauf ich aufmerksam machen möchte, weil es bezeichnend ist. Da ist eine Anzahl von Bekannten des Artur beisammen, durchaus Leute, die «aller Ehren wert» sind, die sogar in ihren Kreisen sehr Gutes wollen. Aber Artur muß sich einmal wegschleichen und sitzt dann an einem leeren Tisch allein da.
«Kurz darauf setzte sich ein Herr ihm gegenüber, dessen Gesicht ihn frappierte, weil es erstaunliche Ähnlichkeit mit seinem eigenen hatte. Es war bleich, mager, glatt rasiert, nur etwas hexenhafter geschnitten.
Ein Hausierer kam, setzte seinen Kneifer auf, spreizte mit Taschenspielerschnelligkeit ein Bündel Ansichtskarten auseinander, erst vor Artur, dann vor dem Fremden, wobei er nicht auf die Karten, sondern in das Gesicht dessen schaute, dem er sie vor die Nase hielt, als sähe er dort seine Chancen. Artur wandte sich voll Ekel ab. Der Fremde aber musterte sie eingehend durch und wählte etwa zehn, die er zusammenschob und zerriß. «Man sollte diesen Menschen nichts zu verdienen geben», sagte er hierauf zu Artur. «Gewiß wird er die Karten, die ich kaufte, in doppelter Auflage bestellen. Es waren die abscheulichsten. Aber ich sah so viele anständige Arbeiterpärchen hier, daß ich Angst bekam, er würde sie diesen zeigen.»
Wie kann man solche Bilder anschauen›, sagte Artur.
‹Geben Sie sich einen Augenblick, ohne sich zu wehren, dem Dunste hin, der hier herrscht, und Sie werden sehen, daß sich in Ihrer Seele Gestalten bilden, die sich gerade so unschön bewegen, wie die auf den Postkarten. Was sind unsere Vergnügungsorte heutzutage anderes als Höllen? Man braucht nur seine Gefühle zu prüfen, wenn man fortgeht, Rauch, Dunst, Metzen. Man nimmt nichts Edles mit.›
‹Warum sind Sie denn an diesem «gefährlichen Orte»?› fragte Artur.
‹Weil ich es für eine Notwendigkeit halte, daß jemand hier ist, der sich ekelt. Der Gedanke von der Notwendigkeit des Ekels für unsere Zeit kam mir vor einigen Tagen in der griechischen Vasensammlung. Die Griechen hatten den Ekel nicht notwendig, um zur Schönheit zu gelangen. Sie lebten von vornherein in ihr. Wir aber brauchen ihn, wenn wir voll im Leben stehen wollen, um die Welt richtig zu werten, um zum Geist in uns zu kommen, um den Gott in uns zu schützen. Bei den Griechen war es anders: Wenn sie sich dem Leben hingaben, so erfüllten sie zugleich die Gesetze des Geistes. Man hatte nicht nötig, sich beständig zu wehren und zu wappnen. Das Menschenwerk ringsum machte schön: die Gebäude, die Kunst, die Sitten, die Geräte bis ins Kleinste. Wir aber werden häßlich durch alles, was uns umgibt: Straßen, Plakate, Kinematographen, Operettenmusik, alles verödet uns, alles zerstört.›...»
Man muß studieren: Wie strömt dasjenige, was zuerst in der Gedankenwelt lebt, in der Empfindungswelt lebt, in die soziale Welt hinein? Und es ist nicht gut, wenn wir das Leben verschlafen, wenn wir nicht wissen, was eigentlich auf dem Grund dieses Lebens gespielt hat, bevor es zu den äußersten Konsequenzen gekommen ist. Denn schließlich schildert ein solcher Mann, der aufgenommen hat etwas von Geisteswissenschaft, dieses Leben schon gut, weil er ein Auge dafür hat.
Wir wollen über diese Dinge morgen weitersprechen.
Eighth Lecture
We will only be able to grasp the true, deeper meaning of the considerations we are now making if we do not take them merely theoretically, since they are truths of life in the most eminent sense, but draw from them, as it were, a consequence of feeling and sensation that enables us to view life differently than it is often viewed, without being prepared for such observations of life by the anthroposophical worldview. In a certain sense, we must become more open-minded with regard to grasping the truth of life through spiritual science. For our present application, this means that we must learn to compare the character of truth as it appears to us in life with the one-sided thinking about truth that so easily overtakes us as human beings. All too easily in life, human beings form opinions about this or that, not only about everyday things, but also about the highest things; and once they have formed an opinion, when they have, as is often said, chosen a standpoint, they build themselves up on this opinion, on this standpoint, and do not consider that the things of the world can be viewed from the most diverse points of view, that is, from different standpoints, and that one can only arrive at the truth if one really feels and senses how every thing, every fact, can be viewed from many standpoints. To give you an example, a kind of illustration of what I mean, I will first tell you the life story of a person. We are now concerned with what we call karma, what we call the passage of human beings through repeated earthly lives. We are concerned with the destiny of human beings. This destiny is expressed in the life story of human beings. We can therefore learn a great deal from the example of individual lives if we view them correctly in the light of repeated earthly lives.
Here we are dealing with a person who was born in the 16th century. In order to understand what is so often considered today, namely hereditary factors, let us first look at his father. The father of this person, who was born in the 16th century, was a very versatile man, but also an extremely stubborn man, a man who had a certain harshness in his manner of expression. He was very knowledgeable about music, played the lute and other stringed instruments, was also well versed in geometry and mathematics, and pursued a career in trade. That he had a certain harshness in his manner of expression may be evident from the fact that this father had a music teacher who was a very respected man at that time, in the 16th century. The father, who was this man's pupil, wrote a book about music. But the teacher did not like it, and in another book he turned against this book on music. This made the man really angry, and he wrote another book in which he wrote down all the mockery he could muster about the old-fashioned views of his music teacher, and then he dedicated this book to his music teacher, saying explicitly in the dedication: Since you deigned to attack me in such an intrusive manner, I will give you the opportunity to experience this satisfaction more often, for it must do you good, and therefore I dedicate this book to you. The son of this man is the one whose life story I would like to tell you first, in a somewhat disguised form, so to speak.
The son first studied Greek and Latin in Italy, as was customary at the time, even with a very famous teacher, because his father thought it important that he receive a proper education; and this young man received his humanities education, as it was called in those days, from a monk. He learned mathematics very well from his father. He also learned drawing, perspective, and similar subjects from others, so that he, who already had an extraordinary aptitude for mathematics and mechanics as a boy, became first a versatile and secondly a thoroughly accomplished young man in the mathematical and mechanical arts. Already in his youth, he made all kinds of models of machines that were appropriate for the time. Nowadays, boys only build airships, don't they? Back then, other ships were built. Then, at the age of eighteen, the boy went to university and first studied—forgive me, after we have heard the excerpt from Faust—medicine. But his experience was somewhat different from that of the student whose portrayal you have just seen. During his medical studies, he was not living in a dream world and did not say, “Things are looking up,” but rather he disliked medical studies extremely because he found them unsystematic, stringing one fact after another with no real connection between them. So he turned to philosophy. At that time, it was customary for some people — and our young man happened to have just such a person as his teacher — to attack Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher who had previously been greatly revered. So our young man also found himself hating Aristotle, not appreciating Aristotle, and railing against Aristotle. His father, despite being an exceptionally capable man, was not very popular due to his various characteristics, and so, after his son had studied for a few years, he did not have much money and tried to obtain a scholarship for his son, but was unable to do so, meaning that he really had to use his hard-earned money to continue his son's education.
After his son had struggled through his medical and philosophical studies, he could even consider himself happy in a certain respect, for he became a professor at one of the most important universities in his country, lectured on mathematics, also practiced medicine, of which he had still retained some knowledge from university, and was basically a very popular teacher. However, it was precisely at this university that the ground beneath his feet began to get a little hot. This was because a book was published in the state where he was a university teacher that contained a public project, a mechanical project, and this book had been written by a high-ranking gentleman who was very highly regarded because he was the son of a princely figure in the state in question, but who was not very intelligent. And so our relatively young professor was able to prove very easily that this project could not be carried out. He was then treated with great hostility, and although he had actually succeeded in attracting attention through his achievements, it came to the point where our young professor no longer felt entirely comfortable in the city and at the university in question. Then an opportunity arose for him to move to another university in a republican state. At this university, he soon became highly respected again, had many students and, as was still a matter of course at that time, gave many private lessons, so that he earned very well. He also needed quite a bit of money at that time, because his father had died in the meantime and he had to support his mother and siblings. To give a more detailed description of his character, so that we can look a little more closely into the karma of the person in question, I will recount the following, which is a verified fact, as it was told by a contemporary to whom the person himself had confided the matter, and one can try to get to the bottom of it with all the philological sleight of hand available, but it proves to be true. Once upon a time, our man, who is now at a republican university, had a dream. In his dream, he saw himself walking over burning coals and ashes and knew that these burning coals and ashes he was now stepping on must have come from the fire in the cathedral in the city where he had previously been a professor. He recounted this dream and wrote about it in many letters, and it later turned out that on the very night he had had this dream, he, who was far away from the city where he had previously been, the cathedral had burned down.
Now he was very successful, even making some significant scientific discoveries, some of which, as was customary at the time and is still not entirely uncommon today, were appropriated by others without much thanks to him. He became wealthy to a certain extent, but not enough for his liking, mainly because he had to work very hard for it. He had to work long hours. This earned him a fair amount, but it required a great deal of work. Now, Italian contemporaries and those who were familiar with the traditions tell us in a very interesting way that he was a man who was preoccupied with his mind and therefore—I repeat what was said—had little opportunity to give much attention to the impulses of his heart. That is why he was intelligent, but less capable of love. Therefore, according to his contemporaries, he did not live in a real marriage, but in a wild union with a certain Marina Gamba, with whom he had two daughters, both of whom he sent to a convent, and a son, whom he later legitimized. Then, although he even succeeded in teaching highly respected people of the time in their youth at the republican university where he was, including even Gustav Adolf in his youth, the later King of Sweden, and similar people, he was not entirely satisfied with his situation, and so he turned to the Grand Duke, who was now Grand Duke of the country to which he belonged by birth and whose university he had previously attended. That was back in 1610. And indeed, he wanted to gain more free time to devote himself to inventions and discoveries. It is therefore interesting to take a closer look at this man because, I would say for the time being, he was truly a child of his time. And that is why I would like to read to you, in what I think is a fairly good translation, the letter he wrote in order to obtain a more comfortable position at the court of this Grand Duke. He writes to a friend about his correspondence with the Grand Duke:
“Your Grace's letter was very welcome to me, firstly because it proves that His Serene Highness the Grand Duke, my lord, remembers me, and secondly because it assures me of the continued goodwill of the highly esteemed and noble Lord Aeneas Piccolomini, whom I hold in the highest esteem, as well as of Your Grace's love, which, in allowing you to look after my interests, prompts you to write to me so kindly about matters of great importance, for which services I remain eternally indebted to both the most noble Lord Aeneas and Your Grace, and I offer you my infinite gratitude and consider it my duty, as a sign of how much I appreciate such kindness, to express to you my thoughts and the circumstances in which I would wish to spend the years that remain to me, so that on another occasion that may arise with the highly noble Lord Aeneas, he may, with his wisdom and skill, give a definite answer to our most illustrious lord, to whose highness I owe, besides the reverent devotion and most obedient subjection which every faithful servant owes him, with such special devotion and—if I may say so—love (for even God himself demands no other feeling from us than that we love him) that I would set aside every other interest and there is no situation in which I would not exchange my lot if I heard that it pleased His Highness. This answer alone would suffice to carry out any decision His Highness might wish to make concerning my person. But if, as is to be assumed, His Highness, full of that humanity and kindness which make him praiseworthy among all others and will make him so more and more, wishes to combine your service with every other satisfaction for me, I will not cease to say how, after having worked for twenty years, and indeed the best years of my life, to distribute, as they say, down to the last detail, at everyone's request, that little talent which God and my efforts have given me in my profession, it would truly be my wish to obtain so much leisure and peace that, before I die, I might finish the three great works I have in hand, so that they might be published, perhaps to some fame for myself and for everyone who would support me in such undertakings, by possibly bringing greater, more general, and longer-lasting benefit to students of the subject than I could otherwise bring in the rest of my life. I do not believe that I could have greater leisure than I have here elsewhere, as long as I am forced to earn my living from public teaching and private lessons; nor would I wish to do so in any other city than this, for various reasons which would be too long to explain; however, the freedom I have here is not enough for me, since I am obliged to sacrifice several hours of the day, and often the best, at the request of this or that person. It is not customary to receive a salary from a republic, even if it is a splendid and generous one, without serving the community, because in order to benefit from the community, one must serve the community and not a single individual, and as long as I am able to give lectures and perform my duties, no one in a republic can release me from this obligation while allowing me to retain my income; in short, I can hope for such a privilege from no one other than an absolute prince, but I do not wish, after what I have said, to appear to Your Grace to be making unjustified demands, as if I were seeking a salary without giving anything in return and without any obligation, for that is not my intention. On the contrary, as far as giving something in return is concerned, I have various inventions , any one of which, if I should encounter a great prince who finds favor in it, would be sufficient to grant me a livelihood for the rest of my life, since experience has shown me that things which are perhaps of considerably less value have great advantages for their discoverers, and it has always been my intention to present them first to my prince and natural lord, so that it may be at his discretion to dispose of them and their inventor as he sees fit and, if he so pleases, to accept not only the stone but also the ore, since I find new ones every day and would find many more if I had more leisure and more favorable opportunities to obtain skilled people whose help I could make use of through various experiments. As for the daily service (that is, public and private lectures), I have only a reluctance against that servile bondage of having to present my work for whatever payment any buyer is willing to give; but to serve a prince or a great lord, or someone who is dependent on him, I will never feel aversion, but rather desire and strive for it earnestly. And since Your Grace would like to know something about the income I have here, I will tell you that my official salary is 520 gold guilders, which, in a few months, when my new appointment takes effect, I am almost certain will be converted into as many skudi, and I can put most of this aside, since I receive a large allowance for the maintenance of my house I have pupils and receive income from private lessons, although I avoid giving many of these, as I desire free time infinitely more than gold, because I know that I would find it much more difficult to acquire a sum of gold so large that it could make me respected than to gain some fame for my scientific work.
The man was then actually summoned to the court. He was only instructed to give lectures when there were special occasions, glamorous occasions, festive occasions at which the Grand Duke himself had to appear and one had to shine in front of—well, let's say, foreign dignitaries—but otherwise he was to receive only his salary, give lectures only on festive occasions, and be able to devote himself entirely to his studies, and so on. For a while, things went quite well. Even poets, noblemen, and princes honored him and held all kinds of festivities because they considered him a very great man. He himself, on February 3, 1613, wrote a masked ball; there he portrayed himself as Jupiter enthroned on the clouds; one could see it very clearly through the disguise. And since Galileo had just discovered the four moons of Jupiter and named them after the four princes of the house, the four princes also appeared in the procession. It was a particularly solemn procession.
But little by little, the prince's favor waned; after some time, he betrayed his scholar. The clergy did not find his views in line with their own. He ended up in a rather miserable situation, so that he actually died in true sadness.
He had fully experienced ingratitude and the vicissitudes of fate, and he had fully learned how princes sometimes behave in the long run. He had fully experienced all the hatred of the clergy of that time.
Now I have told you the life of a man. This life can be told in this way, for everything I have told you is true. But now I want to tell you this life in a different way, from a different point of view, so to speak.
On February 18, 1564, the great Galileo was born. His father, Vincente Galilei, was an exceptionally knowledgeable musician who played the lute and other stringed instruments very well, studied geometry, and initially taught his son music himself. His son studied Latin and Greek with famous teachers; he learned the humanities from a monk, then went to the University of Pisa and first studied medicine, which did not satisfy him, then turned to philosophy, became an anti-Aristotelian under the influence of the anti-Aristotelian movement of the time, and already proved so brilliant that, as his contemporaries tell us—and we can assume with complete certainty that this is true—one day when he was sitting in Pisa Cathedral and saw the church lamp swinging, he discovered the regularity of the pendulum swing, thus making one of the most epoch-making discoveries that has had significance for the entire period since then and will continue to have great significance in the future. I am repeatedly told by some people that this is a legend, but no matter how many people tell me that the story of the swinging church lamp is a legend, they only repeat it over and over again because it is true.
Even though he had already observed the swinging church lamp with this thought in mind, his father was unable to obtain a scholarship for him. Then, after studying geometry for a while, he became a professor at the University of Pisa. There he had to lecture on mathematics for sixty skudi a year and practiced medicine on the side. We know that he really did practice medicine from a letter he wrote to his father at the time, in which he asked him to send him the old physician Galen as a guide. He sharply criticized a treatise that had been published at the time by the high-ranking but unwise Cosimo I. Things became too hot for him in Pisa, and when the Republic of Venice, which appreciated him more than his native state did, offered him a teaching position, he moved to Padua in 1592. Galileo Galilei became a professor at the University of Padua and lectured there with great renown on mathematics and related subjects, constructed sundials according to special systems, perfected mechanical knowledge, and it was there that Giambattista Doni wrote to us in his letters about dreams that Galilei had had the dream I told you about: how he walked over glowing coals and ashes. At that time, the cathedral of Pisa actually burned down, coinciding with the dream that Galileo had had at that time. Galileo wrote about this in many letters to his contemporaries. At that time, he invented the so-called proportional compass, machines for lifting water, made important discoveries relating to the telescope, thermoscope, observations on the barometer, and other things that other people also appropriated, although most of these things are attributed to Galileo. I do not need to recount the story of his so-called marriage, for it is as I have already told you. Then what I have recounted further also happened as described in the letter. So he was indeed transferred from the University of Padua to his native city, and there he fared as I have told you; and when Jupiter is depicted enthroned on the clouds, he portrayed himself, for it was Galileo who created this masquerade. It was he himself who gave the four Medici names to the four satellites of Jupiter, whom he now brought on stage. That he was not well treated by the clergy, that he was betrayed by his prince to the clergy, is well known from history. Even if everything else in the story is true, what everyone says he said: “And yet it moves” is certainly a lie. I have already mentioned this several times.
So this is how the matter was experienced from a different point of view. You will find that I did not tell you any false facts the first time, but that your feelings for the man were probably not the same the first time as they were when I told the story the second time, but that these second feelings you have are certainly those that most people have when they think of Galileo, the great astronomer Galileo. From this you can see that there is a great deal of ignorance in what many people think. For people do not know very much about Galileo; so they do not think and feel about him on the basis of what they know, but they feel about him because the name “Galileo Galilei” has a certain significance in history.
Now we must remember: What a person does through his genius has significance for the physical world. The discovery that Jupiter had moons was very important for the development of the Earth, but it has no significance for the spiritual worlds, for the beings of the higher hierarchies. The same is true of Galileo's other discoveries: they are things that have great significance for the Earth. So what did I tell you first, basically? The personal vicissitudes, apart from the fact that Galileo was a great man for the Earth, his very personal vicissitudes, his professional misery, his, well, how shall I put it, loyalty to the prince, and so on. So what I told you first was about his everyday life. But that is also what is significant, in that he carries it through the gates of death and has to develop it between death and a new birth, because it concerns him personally. One must engage in such studies if one wants to learn about the question of human destiny, which has such a profound impact on life. We must do this especially with significant, outstanding human lives.
Today, people talk a lot about heredity, and many questions are considered solely in connection with the question of physical heredity. I first presented the life of Galileo to you in such a way that you could view it quite impartially, in connection with his father, so that we might have another example of how to think correctly about the question of heredity. Yes, this question of heredity can only be thought about correctly if one takes into account the great teaching of repeated lives on earth. Then heredity does not prove to be meaningless, but on the contrary, very significant, but the connection also arises between the inherited characteristics and what the human being brings down from the spiritual world through his individuality as the result of his previous earthly life. And one must look at the facts of life if one wants to decide the question: What is actually inherited?
Last time, I drew your attention to the fact that the moment of maturity is not yet taken into account by science today, whereas it should be taken into account when talking about heredity. Up to this point, a person must carry all the impulses of heredity with them. What comes later must refer to another point in time. I explained this recently, eight days ago. But what is actually inherited? The impartial observation of the following fact testifies to how arbitrarily today's scientists construct theories in this very field. People even talk about this fact, but they cannot understand it at all. Every psychiatrist must be aware of this, for it is known to anyone who is capable of observing life, that there can be two sons in a family who have the same hereditary predispositions. Let us define the two hereditary dispositions, which can be very similar: a certain tendency to conceive concepts, to conceive connections, and to apply these conceived concepts to external life; at the same time, a certain, yes, how shall we say—in Germany we say “forsch,” one could also say a certain fashionable demeanor, a proper demeanor, as a businessman must have. Both sons had this: a certain self-confidence, and out of this self-confidence a certain boldness to realize whatever came into their heads. These were all inherited characteristics. This is how one must generally imagine inherited characteristics. Now the question is: What did the two become? How did their karma unfold? One became a poet, a poet who did very good work, and the other became a con artist. For the inherited characteristics served both purposes; in one case they were applied to poetry, in the other to all kinds of con artistry. As far as physical life is concerned, the two had the same. These things must be studied conscientiously and seriously, not as modern science often studies them. One finds that even today people register the facts quite correctly, but cannot do anything with them because they lack the ability to relate them to the great laws of repeated earthly lives.
In individual regions, under various influences of the times, people have begun to think about how, in relation to the physical line of inheritance, the current of inheritance, as the materialist says, nature — he does not say: divine providence — and especially in the present time, the genius of some people is strongly urged to think about how to provide for offspring in these sad times. But the question of how to provide for offspring is identical for most people with how to help people have as many children as possible, that is, how to create scientific conditions that will result in as many offspring as possible. Those who see through things can already foresee what is to come. People will all have to hang their heads in shame who today are trotting out their scientific theories about the most favorable conditions for future offspring, because none of them want to learn anything. They need only look at what happened where favorable conditions for offspring already existed. For you see, there is the well-known Johann Sebastian Bach, who was cantor at St. Thomas School in Leipzig almost two centuries ago and who played a great deal of music in the circle of his ten musical sons. One cannot say that it was an infertile family. He had ten sons who were musicians, ten sons in total. But you can go back to Johann Sebastian Bach's great-grandfather; he had sons—there were so many sons that, for generations, almost the entire family was as fertile as Johann Sebastian Bach's own family. So, in this family, there were, in the most eminent sense, favorable conditions for producing offspring. In 1850, a hundred years after Johann Sebastian Bach's death, the entire family had died out, not a single descendant remained. There you have something to study. So when people have exhausted their so-called favorable conditions in their own way, they will not be able to prevent themselves from perhaps having families with ten members, but those families may be extinct after fifty years.
We will talk about such things tomorrow: how conditions arise under which humanity develops, and how these conditions are completely different from those under which our, one might say, purely natural-philosophical worldview labors. But this scientific worldview is one of the wings of materialism. And I have told you how those who are familiar with the basic laws of the occult worldview knew that precisely in the middle of the 19th century there was a low point, or what the materialists might call a high point, of materialistic thinking, feeling, and willing. And we have already learned much that is connected with this materialistic thinking of the present; we will have much more to learn. But what one finds again and again is that even well-meaning people do not have much inclination to acquaint themselves with what actually prevails in the depths and heights of materialistic impulses in relation to perception and in relation to the will. In this respect, people are really strangely reluctant to do what has often been spoken of here: to see the world with open eyes. For what will become of the world if views continue to develop as they have spread throughout the world in the second half of the 19th century? And in these lectures we will have to talk about the deep inner reasons why all these things are as they are in our present time.
But we must take a good look at ourselves and see how far things have come in many areas. It was in the 19th century that people held the view that a true scientist could not possibly profess the childishly absurd ideas of the old religions. What the old religions had preserved — and we will talk more about how they preserved it — was regarded as mere childishness. It was considered a sign of an enlightened person to have gone beyond the belief in a soul being, and also beyond the belief that human beings are particularly different from animals. People sought not only a physical connection between humans and animals, but also sought to show that humans themselves were nothing more than animals, differing only slightly from other animals, just as other animals differ from one another. This is what matters most to people, and it is for this reason that not only natural history was written, but also psychology and studies of the soul. One need only pick out something that originated with influential people of the 19th century to see what views people actually arrived at.
I have a book in front of me that, in a sense, represents the deeply influential views of the 19th century. It is about the soul, specifically the human soul. The book attempts to prove, as far as possible, that this human soul is something that only stupid people of earlier times talked about and still talk about today. The book was written in 1865, but these views have persisted, and even if some people today say that we have moved beyond them, we have not moved beyond them; rather, we are still deeply immersed in them, particularly in our emotional and general cultural life. It deals with the human soul, but it places particular emphasis on showing that the animal soul is the same as the human soul. Specifically, on page 185, there is a cute definition of women and men. Women, says the author, have a greater tendency toward spiritualism due to their peculiar characteristics, while men have a greater tendency toward materialism. Spiritualism, as presented here, is therefore a weakness of women! He then finds that certain brainless psychologists still talk about an ego, an ego that distinguishes humans from animals. But he says in a cute way: Cats, for example, show that they also say “I.” It has the same consciousness of the ego—as he puts it—as our vague and supernatural psychologists, because the ego-consciousness of the cat is no different from the ego-consciousness of humans. And then comes a passage quoted from another book, with which the author, however, completely agrees. I will read this passage to you and ask you to excuse the fact that the language is not entirely suitable for polite company. But it is not my fault, it is the fault of philosophy, which has developed under such influence, and it is precisely philosophy that wants to send living impulses into the future, philosophy that claims to be the only one worthy of man today. It says: “Theologians and metaphysicians of our time also claim that man is the only religious animal; this is completely false, and this error is very similar to that of those travelers who conclude from the absence of organized worship that certain savage peoples have no religion; in a large part of the animal kingdom, even among mollusks, there are indications of fetishism and astrolatry.” So among mollusks and other animals, there are indications of fetishism and star worship. ”Those closest to man engage in a veritable anthropolatric polytheism. Our domestic dog barks at the moon and howls in a very particular way at the seashore, and we often see him making use of the only lustral water available to him and performing more or less obscure rites. Who could prove that there has never been a high priest among dogs? What could have degraded this poor animal to the point of licking the hand that strikes it, if not religious and superstitious ideas? How can we explain, without a deep anthropolatry, the voluntary submission of so many animals stronger and more agile than man? In truth, we will be told that very often animals bite their gods; but, primns in orbe deos fecit timor .... And besides, the followers of many religions eat theirs!
Theologasters and metaphysicians of our age also claim that man is the only religious animal. This is the most false thing that can be claimed, and this error is very similar to that of some travelers who conclude from the absence of an organized cult that certain wild peoples have no religion. In a large number of animals, even among mollusks, one finds evidence of fetishism and star worship. The animals closest to humans profess a true polytheism of human worship. Our domestic dog barks at the moon and howls in a special way on the seashore, and when it has the opportunity, it can be seen making use of the only water available to it for cleansing and performing rituals that are more or less obscure. Who can prove that there can never be a high priest among dogs? Is it not degrading to this poor animal to let it lick the hand that strikes it? Are these not religious and supernatural ideas? How can one explain, without assuming a profound anthropolatry—that is, a profound worship of man—the voluntary submission of so many animals that are much stronger and more agile than humans? In truth, we are often told that animals devour their god—namely, humans. “But,” he now quotes, “fear created the first god on earth; ... and besides, are there not sectarians in various religions who devour their god?”
This book, which agrees with this view, is called “Matérialisme et Spiritualisme” and is by Leblais; but the preface was written by someone who has written a whole series of works, who was appointed to the National Assembly in 1871 and became a member of the Académie in the same year; the same Littré, who was truly a man known throughout the world, wrote the preface to this book. This book deals with the human soul, and it only expresses in a more decisive manner what is pulsating in the hearts of many people today. And it is only because people are so little inclined to observe life that they do not see what is at stake in the development of humanity, with all the suffering and pain of those who see things as they are.
I wanted to give you a by no means isolated example of the existence of materialistic views in the second half of the 19th century.
And now we ask: Do such views remain meaningless for external life? Do they not gradually penetrate into external life? Do they not shape and form external life? Just yesterday, I received a book by the young Swiss author Albert Steffen, in which he describes various currents that he has observed in our time—which he has been able to observe because he is, in a certain sense, imbued with the impulses that play a role in spiritual science (he is also a member of our society). In this book, the young Steffen describes a little of what a person can experience who allows the effects of materialism in the social world to influence him.
There is a character in this novel called “The Right Lover of Destiny,” whose name is Arthur. He writes a piece of his life story with a specific goal in mind. It is, of course, a section of a novel, but this section describes much of what is pulsating in life today. So, this Arthur guy describes a bit of his life, the life he's lived in a world where materialism has taken hold of humanity and shaped society:
“When I was 21, I came to a big city (not the one I live in now) for the first time to start my studies.
I explored the streets that same day. It was raining. Everything was gloomy and dirty. The people all had the same indifferent, hurried gait. I immediately felt overcome by an inner desolation. I stood still at a billboard, looking for somewhere to spend the evening. I read a notice calling for a meeting against alcohol. A man with a brush and a pot of glue came and stuck a beer bottle label over it.” How true of our times! - a poster for anti-alcoholism, with a beer bottle label stuck over it.
Suddenly I realized the meaning of the mood that had taken hold of me since I had arrived in this city: it was foolish to want to reform people.
Invalids stood on the left and right sides of the street. But no one had time to think about their misfortune. Women walked by and offered themselves. And no one showed pity or outrage. It suddenly seemed almost strange to me that the shopkeepers did not step out of their stores, smash everything, and shout, “What's going on?” But then I realized that the only reason people did not despair was because they were already too accustomed to it, too worldly, too thieving. They knew this alley far too well.
And did I despair? — I must confess that I greedily absorbed the mood of this alley. With a shuddering death wish, I accepted the certainty that everything was heading for destruction. The people I encountered bore the clear signs of degeneration. The houses reeked of decay. Even the gray sky seemed to be lowering something heavy and inevitable in its clouds.
This feeling grew stronger and stronger within me. In this state of mind, I almost unconsciously sought out darker alleys. I found myself in courtyards littered with all kinds of rubbish. I peered into windows and saw terrible crimes. I read the notes that swindlers and procuresses pressed into my hands. Finally, I got into one of those motor vehicles that race through the streets with tremendous force. I closed my eyes. The thunder shook me like the hymn of death itself.Suddenly, the vehicle came to a halt. I leaned down and heard a few indifferent words. A child who had run across the street and been hit by a car was carried away, dead. The journey continued.
From that moment on, something inside me was paralyzed. I could now hear the most horrific things happening in this city, but they no longer frightened, outraged, or disgusted me. They seemed completely natural to me.
What's more, I had to laugh at anyone who wanted to change things.
How could anyone act differently in this fever of hunger, thirst, and desire?
My father came from a family of pastors. He studied natural science and embraced its findings with great enthusiasm. They made him clear, precise, broad-minded, and, in the truest sense of the word, humane. He devoted all his energy to exploring the sensory world. The supernatural did not interest him. At least, I never heard him mention it.
As a boy, I adopted his worldview without questioning whether its teachings might be one-sided, just as an admiring child accepts the truth from his father. But I did not yet possess his strength of character, acquired through life, nor the religiosity inherited from his ancestors, which he denied but which was nevertheless present in his nature. I had no such reserves to draw on. In my youth, I had not been taught any pious customs that would have enriched and deepened my soul and continued to have an effect on me.”
And now remember how I have often said—I have been saying this for years: The first generation will still be able to live with materialism because it stands under the spiritual influence of its ancestors; but the following generation will degenerate and go astray under materialism. It is gratifying—if such a thing can be gratifying—that this is now also finding its way into fiction.
“Perhaps that is why,” he continues, “the effect of scientific discoveries on me was different from that on my father. That inner heritage prevented him from applying to life what he had acquired as knowledge. With me it was different. For me, that one day was enough to turn my whole will around, so to speak.”
My father said that it gave him intellectual satisfaction to think that after death, human beings disintegrate and cease to exist. In me, this certainty, for that is what it seemed to be, gave rise to a kind of ecstatic urge for self-destruction and, as a consequence, to heartlessness and criminal desires.
That evening I had become empty, insensitive, and cruel, and I did not reject these qualities.”
I showed you recently that even in its concepts modern humanity is cruel. Now we read here:
”That evening I had become empty, insensitive, and cruel, and I did not reject these qualities. In the period that followed, I lived completely unscrupulously. And precisely because what I did did not spring from an impulse that I could not control, but from a certain consistency and strength of will, my example had a doubly corrupting effect. I knew this. I was purely evil."
Now he tells how he fell into bad company, led another person into bad company, and so on. You can read that for yourself. There is just one other small passage I would like to draw your attention to because it is significant. A number of Artur's acquaintances are gathered together, people who are “worthy of all honor” and who even want to do good in their circles. But Arthur has to sneak away and then sits alone at an empty table.
“Shortly thereafter, a gentleman sat down opposite him, whose face struck him because it bore a striking resemblance to his own. It was pale, thin, clean-shaven, only slightly more witch-like in appearance.”
A peddler came, put on his pince-nez, and with sleight of hand spread out a bundle of picture postcards, first in front of Arthur, then in front of the stranger, looking not at the cards but at the face of the person in front of whom he held them, as if he saw his chances there. Arthur turned away in disgust. But the stranger examined them closely and selected about ten, which he pushed together and tore up. “You shouldn't give these people any money,” he said to Arthur. “He'll certainly order twice as many cards as I bought. They were the most hideous ones. But I saw so many decent working couples here that I was afraid he would show them to them.“
“How can anyone look at such pictures?” said Arthur.
“Give yourself a moment, without resisting, to the haze that prevails here, and you will see that figures are forming in your soul that move just as unattractively as those on the postcards. What are our places of entertainment today but hell? One need only examine one's feelings when one leaves: smoke, haze, prostitutes. You take nothing noble with you.”
“Why are you in this 'dangerous place'?” asked Arthur.
”Because I consider it necessary that someone be here who is disgusted. The idea of the necessity of disgust for our time came to me a few days ago in the Greek vase collection. The Greeks did not need disgust to attain beauty. They lived in it from the outset. But we need it if we want to live life to the full, to judge the world correctly, to find the spirit within us, to protect the God within us. It was different for the Greeks: when they devoted themselves to life, they also fulfilled the laws of the spirit. There was no need to constantly defend and arm oneself. The work of human hands all around made everything beautiful: the buildings, the art, the customs, the tools, down to the smallest details. But we are made ugly by everything that surrounds us: streets, posters, movies, operetta music, everything desolates us, everything destroys us.
We must study: How does that which first lives in the world of thought, in the world of feeling, flow into the social world? And it is not good if we sleep through life, if we do not know what actually played out at the bottom of this life before it came to its extreme consequences. After all, such a man, who has absorbed something of the humanities, already describes this life well because he has an eye for it.
We will continue talking about these things tomorrow.