Karma of Untruthfulness I
GA 173a
4 December 1916, Dornach
Lecture I
An unbroken thread has run through all the discussions held here over many years: It is vitally important that those who are moved by the impulses of spiritual science should develop a sense, a feeling for the extent to which this spiritual science enters into everything that mankind has brought to the surface during the course of human evolution—I mean to the surface of spiritual life or, indeed, all life, for it is absurd to maintain that spiritual life can exist in isolation. In fact, everything that seemingly belongs to materialistic life is nothing other than an effect of spiritual life.
To begin with, the connections between material life and spiritual life are little understood because spiritual life is frequently seen today as nothing more than the sum of abstract philosophical, abstract scientific, and abstract religious ideas. From what has been said on other occasions you will have grasped that religious ideas are today often most strongly afflicted by abstraction, by ideas and feelings which can quite well be developed without any direct, real spiritual life. An abstract culture of this kind cannot enter into material life; only a truly spiritual culture can do this, a culture whose source lies in the life of the spirit. If man's future evolution is to avoid being swept into total degeneracy, a true spiritual culture will have to enter ever more strongly into external life. Very few people realize this today because very few have any feeling for what spiritual life really is. I have stressed frequently that just now it is extremely difficult to speak about the position spiritual science holds in the many painful events of our time.
A number of years ago we chose as our motto these words by Goethe: ‘Wisdom lies solely in truth’. Our choice was not dictated by the superficial whims that often govern such decisions these days. We chose this motto bearing in mind that the human being needs to be prepared in his entire soul, in his whole nature, if he intends to absorb spiritual science into his soul in the right way, making it the real driving force of his life. The wide preparation he needs if he wants to penetrate in the proper way into spiritual science today is encapsulated in this motto: ‘Wisdom lies solely in truth’. Of course the word ‘truth’ must be seen as something serious and dignified in every connection. Even superficially we find that the level of culture we have reached today—highly praised though it is—both in Europe and the world at large, shows how little souls are moved by what is expressed in this motto.
Please do not assume that I mean our anthroposophical circles in particular! This would be a total misunderstanding. Spiritual science, certainly to begin with, must, in an ideal sense, recognize its relationship to modern culture as a whole. Inevitably I have to mention many things belonging to today's culture which make it well-nigh impossible to relate in a proper way to spiritual science. But in this I refer least of all to our anthroposophical circle which seeks to penetrate consciously into the spiritual needs of our time, and endeavours to find whatever might bring healing to it without disparaging anything that it has brought into being.
There are, of course, fundamental inner necessities which were not unforeseen. But leaving these aside, we have outwardly entered upon a time in which, within that spiritual life which rises to the surface to the extent that anyone can see it in his soul, people are not in the least inclined to take truth in its truest sense, in its most fundamental meaning. In no way, not even for the sake of the inmost impulses of their soul, not even in those joyful moments of inner sensitivity, do people illuminate with the full light of truth what interests them most of all. Instead they illuminate it—especially at the present time—with the light that derives from their membership of a particular national or other community. Consciously and unconsciously people today form judgements in accordance with this type of viewpoint. The quicker the judgement, that is, the fewer the true insights that go to make up this judgement, the more comfortable it is for the souls of today. That is why there are so many utterly impossible judgements today pertaining both to the wider issues and to individual events. These judgements are not based on any kind of intimate knowledge; indeed there is no wish to base them on any such knowledge. People strive to distract attention from what is really at issue and look instead at some other matter which is not at all the point.
In this vein people speak today about the differences between nations; judgements are made about nations. Amongst ourselves this obviously ought not to take place, but in order to gain a proper yardstick we sometimes have to be clear about what is going on around us. So, judgements are made about nations, and yet there is no understanding for someone who does not make such judgements but, instead, judges what is real. Those judgements about nations never touch on what is real. Yet when someone judges those things that are realities and in the course of doing so has to say one thing or another about some government or other, or about a particular person, or about something that has taken place in politics,—whether about everyday happenings or more far-reaching matters—then he himself is judged as though his intentions were quite other than is in fact the case. How easy it is for someone to pass a judgement about some statesman who is involved in what is going on today. If this comes to the ears of a person who belongs to the same nation as the statesman in question, then this person immediately feels himself affronted. This is because he takes something that is said about a reality and relates it, not to this reality but to something that is quite indefinable if it is not viewed in the light of spiritual-scientific reality; he relates it to his nation, as he says, or to some other nation.
Thus the oddest judgements buzz about in the world today. People belonging to a particular nation form judgements about other nations without realizing that such judgements carry no content whatever; they consist of no more than the words that express them and contain nothing that has been in any way experienced. Just consider what is entailed in forming a judgement about a whole nation—and are not judgements about whole nations scattered around in all directions these days! And not only that. People are fervently committed to their judgements without having the slightest inkling of even the most scanty evidence on which such a judgement should be based. Of course you cannot expect everybody to be in possession of such evidence. But you can expect of every single individual that he pronounce his judgements with a certain modicum of reserve, refraining from placing them in the world as absolute statements. Even if we do not go as far as this, we must be quite clear about the difference between a judgement that carries content, a sentence that carries content, and a sentence that is empty of all content. We could say: The great sin of our culture today lies in the fact that it lives in sentences that bear no content, without realizing how empty these sentences are. More than at any other time we can experience today: ‘Then words come in to save the situation. They'll fight your battles well if you enlist'em, or furnish you a universal system.’
Indeed, we are experiencing even more; we are experiencing how history is being made and politics carried on with words that have no content. What is depressing is that there is so little inclination to realize this very thing. Only rarely have I met a genuine sense for what is really going on in this field. But in the last few days I did come across some passages which do show a sense for this great deficiency in our time:
‘With astonishment we hear from the prophets of our time that the old words, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity were no more than “tradesmen's ideals” due to be replaced by something new. Professor Kjellén said this ...’
I must point out—this is necessary nowadays—that the professor is not a German but a Swede; he belongs to a neutral country.
‘in his paper on “The Ideas of 1914” in which he compared the old slogan of 1789 with the new one of 1914: Order, Duty, Justice! Looking more closely we find that these so-called new words are in fact quite old and pretty threadbare. Comparison between the two reveals the ancient conflict that characterizes human spiritual life, the conflict between an inner world of free personal activity and an outer world of rigid laws, coercive measures. Even as long ago as the time of Christ, justice as the fulfilment of the law was balanced by mercy, duty by love, and the legal order by voluntary imitation of Christ.
To give him his due, Professor Kjellén does not advocate the unconditional abolition of the words Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, even though they have become superfluous upon the demise of the "ancien regime". He suggests a synthesis beween them and those new ones of 1914: Order, Duty, Justice. But there is nothing new in this synthesis either. It was enough of a reality in the England of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to allow for the imperfection of every human institution.
The fact that this synthesis has now become ineffecive only goes to prove that all values and counter-values, together with whatever temporary synthesis may be current, become empty phrases as soon as the divine spark that gave them life is extinguished. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity signify one formula that gains its power from a social conscience. Order, Duty and Justice, on the other hand, must presuppose the suggestive power of a higher authority if they are to become effective. Herein, and not in the predominance of one or another formula, is revealed the deficiency that is so decisive for the destiny of modern mankind: The force of a social conscience is lacking in too great a majority for the liberating values to dominate, and the force of authority is too much lacking for those values that bind from outside to dominate. Values which are not deeply rooted in evolution can rapidly turn to empty phrases and fall prey to misuse ...’ and so on.
Thus, occasionally a chord is struck that reveals a genuine sense of what is going on. I need not be surprised at these words which stand out for me like an oasis in today's desert of empty phrases. They were written, after all, by my old friend Rosa Mayreder. They are to be found in the November 1916 issue of the Internationale Rundschau and they point to much about which we spoke together many years ago. So I need not have been surprised to find these words standing out for me; but in many ways I was delighted to hear how the thoughts of such a personality have developed over the years. Though she cannot bring herself to rise to a view of the world based on spiritual science and has ever taken a standpoint of unfruitful criticism, yet she has to say:
‘All the problems found in the external structure of the world can be traced back to one single source-the power problem.’
If only we could take heed of this, we should be far less inclined to live our lives in empty phrases!
‘At the centre of all the quarrels and disturbances that dominate the human condition stands the battle of groups and individuals for power. This battle for power between whole groups of nations or states is, beyond all empty phrases, the true cause of every war. War cannot be separated from power-seeking; those who desire to combat war must first devalue the principle of power—just as, quite logically, the early Christians did. The guise in which the power principle now appears is worse than any it may have donned in the past; for now it threatens the human soul in all its most beautiful and noble traits. It could be called the mechanization of life through the technical and economic mastery of nature. It is the tragic destiny of man forever to become the slave of his own creations because he is incapable of calculating their consequences in advance. Thus it has happened that even where he has used his ingenuity and inventiveness to coerce the elemental forces into his service, he has once again become the slave of the unforeseeable effects they assume through their combination with the power principle. Modern technology, which makes human life so much easier in so many ways, and modern economics, which so infinitely increases man's material wealth, having now become the tools of modern imperialism, turn against the essential being of the individual. Massed together in a soulless multitude, human beings are ground up by the machinery of party interests that drives today's civilization. The individual becomes a spare part, a cog; he can hold his own only to the extent to which he has the strength. But the values of soul quality established by past cultures perish in the process ... At present such cultural values survive only in countries which lie outside the realm of imperialistic competitiveness, or in rural areas and small towns where there is still a degree of leisure and repose, where the demands made on the individual do not exceed his capacity to fulfil them. These are the indispensable preconditions for a harmonious art of living; but they are sucked under by the murderous maelstrom of excesses prevailing at the centres of modern civilization ...’
Voices such as this prove that there are some—not very many—who understand what is lacking today. Yet these people recoil from grasping the living impulse of spiritual science. The very thing most able to grasp reality is kept at arm's length. The main reason for this is that there is a fundamental impulse lacking in their striving, and that is the fundamental impulse for truth. There is an urge to seek for the truth in empty phrases. But however enthusiastically they fill their being with these phrases, this urge will never lead them to the truth. To find the truth it is necessary to have a sense for the facts, regardless of whether these are to be found on the physical plane or in the spiritual world.
Let us look at life as it is today: Has the urge for truth kept pace with the sagacity and with the immensely admirable progress that are embodied in external culture? No. We can even say that in a certain sense people have lost the good will to look properly and see whether what is there in reality is rooted in any way in the truth. But it is essential to develop this feeling for truth in daily life, for otherwise it will be impossible to raise it up to an understanding of the spiritual worlds.
To show you what I mean, let me give you an example, not only of the lie of the empty phrase but also of how actual lies surge and billow on the waves of present-day civilization, influencing real life. There are many events we can now look back on which have shaken Europe to its foundations. It is necessary to go back many decades and to recognize over these decades the essential characteristics of these events if we want to form a judgement about what is today causing the whole world to quake; but we must have an eye for the realities.
I have told you before that in certain secret brotherhoods in the West—I have proof of this—there was talk in the 1890s about the present war. The pupils of these brotherhoods were given instruction by means of maps which showed how Europe was to be changed by this world war. The English brotherhoods in particular discussed a war that was to take place—indeed, that was to be guided into being and properly prepared. I am speaking of facts, but there are certain reasons why I have to refrain from drawing maps for you, though I could quite easily draw for you the maps which figured in the teachings of those western secret brotherhoods.
These secret brotherhoods, together with everything affiliated to them, were counting on tremendous revolutions which were to take place between the Danube and the Aegean Sea and between the Black Sea and the Adriatic in connection with the great European war they were discussing—every sentence I say here is quite deliberate. One of the sentences which figured in their discussions, and which I shall quote more or less literally, went: As soon as the dreams of Pan-Slavism have developed just a little further, a good deal will take place in the Balkans which is in accord with the developments in Europe. They meant in accord with the secret brotherhoods.
This is one great network that I want to bring to your awareness. The dreams of Pan-Slavism were discussed over and over again by these secret brotherhoods. They spoke of political dreams, of political revolutions, not of cultural dreams which would have been fully justified; have not we in our spiritual-scientific movement discussed more thoroughly than anyone else what lives in the soul of the East! Having seen what kind of role the dreams of Pan-Slavism played, let us now turn for a while to the realities of the physical plane. I will give one example. For many decades there existed, under the protection of the Russian government, a ‘Slav Welfare Committee’. What could be nicer than a ‘Slav Welfare Committee’ under the protection of a mighty government? I will now read you a short letter that has to do with this Committee, dated 5 December 1887. It says the following:
‘The President of the Petersburg Committee of the Slav Welfare Society has approached the Foreign Minister with a request for weapons and ammunition for the Nabokov expedition.’
The request was not for warm underwear for little children, it was for ammunition for a certain expedition connected with stirring the revolution in the different Balkan countries! You may perhaps see from this how something that is a lie, a conscious lie, can float about in public life. A ‘welfare committee’,—how innocuous, indeed worthy!—carries on the business of the various revolutionary committees connected with the Russian government who have the task of stirring up the Balkan states.
I could easily quote you ten, even twenty, such little notes. Let me add one more: In the fateful year of 1914 a certain Mr Pasic occupied a high position in the government of a certain Balkan country. No doubt you remember the name. While the Obrenovich dynasty were still the rulers of Serbia, this Mr Pasic was exiled to another Balkan country. You might ask what he was doing there. I do not want to criticize this gentleman but I would like to read you another short letter. It starts: ‘Secret communication from the President of the Committee of the Slav Welfare Committee in Petersburg to the Consular Administrator in Rustshuk, dated 3 December 1885, Nr. 4875.’ I quote the file number so that you don't think I am making this up or merely recounting an anecdote:
‘On the instruction of the Director of the Asiatic Department I have pleasure in sending to Your Honour herewith 6000 roubles with the humble request that this sum be paid to the Serbian emigrant Nicola Pasic through the kind offices of the widow Natalya Karavelov who resides at Rustshuk. Please be so good as to confirm receipt and further disposal of this sum.’
You see how even those who worked for the innocuous ‘Slav Welfare Society’ played a certain part in the fateful events in Europe. Would it not be a good thing to develop an instinct for truth by not being so careless as to take things at their face value according to a name or a phrase and, instead, cultivating the will to examine them a little? Unless this is done, conclusions are reached entirely thoughtlessly, and thoughtlessness in forming judgements is what takes us further and further away from the truth. The fact that thoughtlessness in judgement takes us away from the truth can never be countered by the excuse that we did not know this or that. The judgements we carry in our soul are facts that work in the world; we should never forget that what we carry in our soul works in the world, though on the whole it is subject to what is at work governing the whole wide range of life.
To digress for a moment, the strangest judgements about the relationships between the various states can be heard these days. The words for this—an empty phrase in the place of the truth—are ‘international relations’. Judgements are reached by people who make not the slightest effort to consult the evidence, even though this would sometimes be quite easy to find. I do not refer, of course, to those who are united with us here in the Anthroposophical Society. Nevertheless, we do stand in the world and it does influence us via at least one fatal indirect route, for we always allow ourselves to be influenced by what some people have called a major power: the Press! The effect of the Press really is most disastrous, for it falsifies and blurs virtually everything. How little would be written if those who write were really called upon to write properly! Who does not write today about the relationship of Romania to Russia, or Romania to any of the other states? It does not even occur to them that a fundamental prerequisite for saying anything about these relationships is to read the memoirs of the late King Carol of Romania. Those who write without having done this only write things which are not worth reading, even by the simplest people.
Times are grave; therefore only grave and earnest views of the world and of life can serve in these times. So it is important to sense something of a feeling that I have often described as essential: above all not to judge rashly but, instead, to look at things side by side and wait for them to speak. In the course of time they will say a good many things to us. To acquaint oneself with as many aspects as possible is the best preparation for penetrating thoroughly into the difficult and complicated conditions of life today.
Without wishing to express any judgement I should like to tell you something which will demonstrate the proper way to place the kind of thing I have to tell side by side with other things that happen. The important part played by the Romanian army in the Russo-Turkish war is well known. After the Russians had demanded permission to march through Romania, and after they had been refused, a moment arrived in this war when Grand Duke Nikolai, who was already playing an important part at that time, wrote to Romania as follows: ‘Come to our assistance, cross over the Danube however you wish and under whatever conditions you wish. But come quickly, for the Turks are about to finish us off.’ As a result, as we know, the intervention of the Romanian army led to a favourable outcome for Russia.
After this, King Carol of Romania wanted to take part in the peace negotiations. He was not admitted. So he took up quite a vehement position vis-á-vis the Russian government, in consequence of which he underwent rather a peculiar experience. There were Russian troops stationed in Bucharest and it was quite easy to be convinced that the intention was to remove the King; the situation being as I have just hinted, you can easily understand that such intentions might indeed exist. So King Carol demanded the withdrawal of the Russian troops, whereapon he received an exceedingly brusque, indeed quite atrocious reply from Gorchakov, the then Foreign Minister. He thought for a while—such people do think from time to time—and comforted himself with the notion that at least Tsar Alexander would not agree and that it was only Gorchakov who was taking such liberties. So he wrote to the Tsar and received a reply from which I quote verbatim the main sentences:
‘The embarrassing situation brought about by your ministers has not in any way altered the cordial interest I feel for you; I regret having had to hint at the possible measures which the attitude of your government would force me to take.’
I am telling you these things only as an example of how to place the events of recent decades side by side, so that out of these events one judgement or another may present itself. Only the events themselves can help us to form judgements with real content. And the events of recent decades are such that they cannot be judged summarily because far too many threads lead to each one. Furthermore, it is necessary with every judgement to bear in mind the proper motivation, the proper perspective. In this connection the most painful experiences can be had. I must admit that in the face of the great accumulation of unkindness I am now meeting in just this connection I cannot but reach the painful conclusion that there is very little inclination in the world to give judgements their proper perspective and also very little will to understand someone who tries to judge things in this way, thus finding the right perspective for his judgements.
Without stating my own opinion one way or the other, I must admit that outside Germany I have hardly met a single judgement about Germany that is really understanding and friendly. Judgements have been pronounced with immense confidence, yes, but not with genuine understanding. On the other hand, there are innumerable extraordinarily benevolent judgements about everything in the periphery. Nobody need believe that this surprises me. It certainly does not. I am not in the least surprised, but I do try to understand why it is so. The reason is that there is absolutely no will to gain a proper perspective. People do not even suspect that a judgement about what lives today in Central Europe has to be made from a perspective that differs utterly from that needed to judge what lives in the periphery. They have no idea what it means that with everything contained in Central Europe each single individual is vulnerable and threatened, and therefore that the scale of affairs is at a human level, whereas in the periphery the scale is that of state and political affairs which require to be judged from an entirely different perspective. Each is judged on the same basis, but this is meaningless in this case.
As I have already said, I am not stating an opinion but speaking about the form in which judgement is passed. Nowhere in the world is account taken of the fact that something that is not meant to relate to a particular nation is, nevertheless, inappropriately seen in relation to that nation. Nobody takes into account that the British Empire covers one quarter of the earth's land surface, Russia one seventh, France and her colonies one thirteenth. Together this amounts to about half of the total land surface of the earth! I can well understand that the benevolence directed towards this side can be quite easily accounted for, simply mathematically. Obviously one is dependent on what dominates one half of the earth! I quite understand. But the terrible thought to be considered is that this is not admitted and, instead, all kinds of moral statements and empty phrases are used. If only people would say: We cannot help but go along with one half of the earth! At that moment everything would be almost alright. But people will do anything to avoid saying this. By the way, I might as well just mention that Germany, with all the colonies she has ever possessed, covers one thirty-third of the earth's land surface.
These things must definitely be taken into account, and I ask you: Is it not essential to include such things in one's judgement? What was meant by ‘imperialism’ in the essay quoted earlier was, of course, the spread of domination over the territories of the world. The British Empire is obviously the largest. This is indisputable. I am not speaking of opinions but of facts. Please do not think that my remarks are aimed at any particular person belonging to any particular nation.
Bearing in mind what has just been said, it is not surprising to learn that the British Empire had, and still has, the highest export figures. We have to know this and take it into account. However, a remarkable circumstance arose: Germany's exports started to catch up with the British. Not very many years ago a comparison showed that Germany's export figures were very low and those of Britain very high. Now let me write on the blackboard the figures for January to June 1914. For this period Germany's export figure was £1,045,000,000 and that of Britain £1,075,000,000. If another year had passed without the coming of the World War, it is possible that the German export figure might have been larger than the British. This was not to be allowed to happen!
These things can be seen without any need to let feelings come into play in one direction or another. What individual people, who strive for objecivity, think about the events of the present day is far more important than any subjective sympathies or antipathies and, above all, far more important than what throbs through the daily press in such a disastrous way. I shall go into these things more deeply from a spiritual point of view quite soon. But I would be failing in my duty if I were to throw spiritual light on these matters without pointing to the realities of the physical plane. I cannot make everything comfortable for you and avoid hurting anyone's feelings by lifting the forming of judgements up into cloud-cuckoo-land. It is essential that I let the light of what can be said about the spiritual situation shine also on what one can and ought to know about the physical plane. So let me draw your attention to something which may interest you and which will not cause too much offence now, since I believe that all our friends here present are obviously entirely free of any prejudice. I have to carry out my duty conscientiously and this involves creating a proper basis.
There are some people today who strive to look at things clearly and see them for what they really are. Though it might seem that everyone is biased there are, in fact, varying degrees of prejudice and we should not lose sight of this. Without recommending or praising it in any way, I want to mention an article which, interestingly enough, has been published here in Switzerland: On the History of the Outbreak of the War Based on the Official Records of His Majesty's British Government by Dr Jakob Ruchti. This article diverges considerably from what is heard everywhere across half the world these days about the so-called guilt of the Central Powers. The style of the article is formally scientific, even rather pedantic, after the manner of historical seminars. And the records quoted are chiefly those of the British Government. Out of consideration for people's feelings I shall not repeat the conclusion reached, since it diverges greatly from the judgement usually heard in the periphery about Central Europe. At the end of the article we read:
‘But history cannot be permanently falsified; the myth cannot stand up to the scrutiny of scientific research; the sinister web will be brought into the light and torn to pieces, however artfully it has been spun.’
This article, the fruit of a historical seminar at a Swiss university, was even awarded a prize by the University of Berne. So there exists today an article that has been awarded a prize by a Swiss university, an article which endeavours to reveal the facts in a light that differs from that found at the periphery very frequently nowadays. This is worth taking into consideration, for no one would dare to accuse the historical faculty of the University of Berne of having perhaps been bribed.
There is yet another fact I want to mention. For some time a discussion has been going on between Clemenceau, Mr. Archer and Georg Brandes. Georg Brandes is a Dane, a Danish writer. Most of you will know of him, since he is one of the most celebrated European writers. Do not think that I am mentioning him today because I have any particular liking for him; indeed he is a writer I particularly dislike, for whom I have very little sympathy.
Without any further introduction, let me now read to you the article Brandes wrote recently, following an argument with Grey, Mr. Archer and Clemenceau. I must repeat, though, that I am counting on my earlier statement about our present circle proving true: namely, that discrimination will be exercised and that no one will believe that it is my purpose to pick holes in any particular nation. I am not giving my opinion, I am merely reading to you an article by Georg Brandes. He writes:
‘Since I have met with personal insinuations both in foreign newspapers and in those anonymous letters through which the flower of the Danish gutter airs its perfumes, I must say the following once and for all: I have the honour of being a member of three distinguished London clubs, and was president of one, vice-president of another; I am an honorary member of three learned societies and an honorary doctor of a Scottish university. Thus, strong links attach me to Great Britain. I owe England's literary and artistic world a debt of deep gratitude and I have ever been strongly attracted to British life and letters. The German Reich and Austria-Hungary, in contrast, have never awarded me the slightest honour of any kind, not even the tiniest Little Red Bird Fourth Class; I have never been a member of any German club or learned society and have never received even the smallest award from a German university.’
I, too, have never heard of any inclination on the part of a German society to award any honour to Georg Brandes, but they do heartily abuse him!
‘Because of my remarks about Northern Schleswig I have been regularly and violently slandered in the German press for the last twenty years. It cannot, therefore, truly be claimed that I have been bribed to take up cudgels for Germany.’
Very true! This, dear friends, by way of a brief introduction. I might add that Brandes was a most intimate friend of Clemenceau. I myself have seen in Austria on the estate of friends of theirs, a bench on which—so I was told—Clemenceau and Brandes once sat in the most beautiful and affectionate concord and on which the names ‘Clemenceau and Brandes’ had been carved. Since then this bench in that beautiful Silesian hermitage has been known as the Clemenceau-Brandes Seat. Lecturing in Budapest, Georg Brandes once said:
‘Since I cannot speak Hungarian I shall not be able to speak to you in Hungarian, and since I dislike the German language every bit as much as you do, I shall not speak to you in German either. I shall give this lecture in French.’
As you see, there is not the slightest reason why any German should have a particular affection for Georg Brandes. His article continues:
‘It cannot, therefore, truly be claimed that I have been bribed to take up cudgels for Germany. If I have spoken without taking sides about what I see to be the truth, I have done so for reasons other than those so stupidly hinted at by Mr Clemenceau when he suggested that I was currying favour with the Kaiser.’
I do not know whether one or the other name has been eradicated from that seat since the appearance of these words! Brandes continues:
‘Mr Archer bases his argument on the premise that the Central Powers alone (namely, certain persons) are to blame for the war and made preparations for it. This same premise turns up repeatedly among the Allies: the assumption that incomplete preparation for the war proves one side to be the lamb and the other wolf.
In my opinion the unpreparedness for war of a certain country on the Continent in the summer of 1914 proves nothing more than a certain carelessness, negligence, sloppiness and lack of foresight among the appropriate authorities. A certain nation might therefore very well have hoped, by means of war, to regain possession of some confiscated provinces. It is quite easy to imagine that public opinion has all along considered such a war to be a holy duty but that, even so, negligence meant that the military forces were unprepared.
And what applies to a land force applies just as much to a sea force.
I.
On 27 November 1911 a question was asked in the English Parliament as to whether the April 1904 Anglo-French agreement about Morocco could be interpreted, either by the French or the English Government, to include military support by land or sea, and under what circumstances. The answer amounted to a statement that diplomatic support did not commit to either military or maritime support. On the same day Sir Edward Grey said: “Let me try to put an end to some of the suspicions with regard to secrecy ... We have laid before the House the secret Articles of the Agreement with France of 1904. There are no other secret engagements ... For ourselves we have not made a single secret article of any kind since we came into office.” On 3 August 1914 Sir Edward Grey read out in Parliament, among other things, the following passage from a document that he had sent to the French ambassador in London on 22 November 1912: “You have pointed out that if either Government had grave reason to expect an unprovoked attack by a third Power, it might become essential to know whether it could in that event depend upon the armed assistance of the other. I agree that, if either Government had grave reason to expect an unprovoked attack by a third Power, or something that threatened the general peace, (an exceedingly vague expression) it should immediately discuss with the other whether both Governments should act together to prevent aggression and to preserve peace, and, if so, what measures they would be prepared to take in common.” In the same speech, Grey says: “We are not parties to the Franco-Russian Alliance. We do not even know the terms of that Alliance.” ’
Brandes adds, in brackets: ‘A really extraordinary statement.’
‘On 10 March 1913 Lord Hugh Cecil said in the Debate on the Address: “There is a very general belief that this country is under an obligation, not a treaty obligation, but an obligation arising out of an assurance given by the Ministry in the course of diplomatic negotiations, to send a very large armed force out of this country to operate in Europe ...” Here Mr Asquith interrupted the speaker with the words: “I ought to say that this is not true.”
On 24 March 1913 the Prime Minister was asked again whether under certain circumstances British troops could be mustered in order to land them on the continent. He replied: “As has been repeatedly stated, this country is not under any obligation not public and known to Parliament which compels it to take part in any war.” Does this reply conform to the truth? When rumours surfaced again in the following year, Sir Edward Grey answered on 28 April 1914: “The position now remains the same as stated by the Prime Minister in answer to a question in this House on 24 March 1913.” To yet another question on 11 June 1914 Sir Edward Grey replied: “There are no unpublished agreements which would restrict or hamper the freedom of the Government or of Parliament to decide whether or not Great Britain should participate in a war.” Without any exaggeration this can be called sophistry.
After all, there existed the letter of 22 November 1912 to Monsieur Cambon which, in the dreadful bureaucratic style of diplomatic language, unequivocally committed England to participation in any military recklessness into which Russia might lure France.’
The style is indeed excruciating.
‘Even more extraordinary was the conclusion of the speech by the Foreign Minister: “But if any agreement were to be concluded that made it necessary to withdraw or modify the Prime Minister's statement of last year, it ought, in my opinion, to be, and I suppose that it would be, laid before parliament.”
The whole world knows that this did not happen.
II.
These passages from parliamentary speeches prove that Great Britain was not unprepared for a war with Germany. Mr Archer regards it as quite definite that Germany passionately longed for a war with Great Britain.
It has been proved that England's declaration of war was so unexpected by the German government that it caused consternation. It is possible to call the German government naive in this connection, but there is absolutely no doubt that they were painfully surprised. As C. H. Norman conclusively proves, Kaiser Wilhelm had good reason to hope for England's neutrality. In the years 1900-1901 he had prevented a European coalition that would have forced England to grant favourable peace terms to the South African republics. He had shown his friendship for England by refusing to receive in Berlin a deputation of Boers who were being fêted throughout Europe. In the well-known interview in the Daily Telegraph he expressly publicized the fact that he had refused the invitation of Russia and France to join them in taking steps to force England to bring the Boer War to an end. Neither France nor Russia have ever dared to deny this.’
I could add a good deal out of that letter in the Daily Telegraph which would speak far more clearly than Georg Brandes is doing; but I don't want to add anything myself!
‘So the Kaiser was not all that keen on a war with England at that time. And it will not be easy to convince any thoughtful person that six years after the publication of that interview he was all of a sudden eagerly planning to go to war with the whole globe. It is obvious, of course, that his Government made a false calculation. But they did not want war with England in 1914, and the uncontrollable hate of the German people against the English which burst out so repulsively was obviously the result of the surprise of discovering in Great Britain an unexpected and uncommonly powerful enemy.
To the last minute, Germany sought through her diplomats to win England's neutrality. They worked cautiously. The German Chancellor proposed to Sir Edward Goschen (the British Ambassador in Berlin) that he would stand for the inviolability of French territory if Germany should happen to conquer France and Russia. But Sir Edward Grey's attitude was negative because Germany would not extend this guarantee to include the French colonies.
Now Prince Lichnowsky, the German Ambassador in London, asked whether England would agree to remain neutral if Germany refrained from violating Belgium's neutrality. Sir Edward Grey refused. He wanted to retain a free hand. (“I did not think we could give a promise of neutrality on that condition alone.”) Would he agree if Germany were to guarantee the integrity of both France and her colonies? No. (“The Ambassador pressed me as to whether I could formulate conditions on which we would remain neutral. He even suggested that the integrity of France and her Colonies might be guaranteed. I said that I felt obliged to refuse definitely any promise to remain neutral on similar terms, and I could only say that we must keep our hands free.”)
Sir Edward Grey afterwards maintained that Prince Lichnowsky had certainly over-stepped his authority in making these offers. Surely he could only say such a thing because he was, and still is, convinced that Germany had an invincible urge to do battle simultaneously with Russia, France, England and Belgium.’
Please forgive me for adding something here. From what I have just read to you we may see that a single sentence from Grey would have sufficed to prevent the violation of Belgium's neutrality. However, I do not blame Grey in any way, for he is the puppet of quite other forces about which I shall speak later. On the contrary, I regard him as a perfectly honest but exceptionally stupid individual; but I do not know how far it is permitted today to express such judgements! Anyway, one sentence from Grey would have sufficed to prevent the violation of Belgian neutrality, and it is possible to add: A single sentence and the war in the West would not have taken place. Some day the world will hear about these things.
I think that these things weigh quite heavily, for they are facts. Brandes continues:
‘As I said earlier, and this is obvious to common sense, Germany was prepared for a German-Russian war, should this arise from the invasion of Serbia by Austria. But Germany did not want to molest France (or Belgium) if she remained neutral. France, however, was determined to go to the aid of Russia. The wisdom of this policy will be judged by future generations, but meanwhile its consequence is that ten million people are spending seven days every week miserably murdering one another. Without the knowledge of Parliament, the English Foreign Ministry had committed Great Britain to assisting France in the event of a European war. Given the new and strong sympathy for France, public opinion in England might even have approved of this commitment had it been public knowledge. But if all the details had been known it would certainly not have approved of the constraint under which England was placed, for England was to be forced to go to war because of France's relationship with Russia, the only power with nothing to lose in the case of a war. Russia's population is so enormous that the loss of life occasioned by a war would hardly be worth considering, and if national passions were aroused and if the war were to lead to a victory, then this could only serve to strengthen the position of the conservative Government.
If the political position had been fully known, public opinion in Great Britain would have recognized that the consequences of a conflict could contain nothing good for the freedom or the well being of mankind. If the Allies were to win, this would only lead to an immense increase in the might of Russia, the victory of a governmental system opposed to that of Great Britain. For the Russian people, who as a people have won the heart of Europe, such a victory would bring no progress.
III.
I do not believe that my esteemed opponent, Mr Archer, can detest Prussian militarism more than I do. It is caused by the two long and threatened borders, that between Germany and Russia on the one side and that between Germany and France on the other.’
Note that this is said by a person who has never been awarded even the tiniest Little Red Bird, not even fourth class!
‘It is excusable vis-á-vis France by the fact that the French have occupied Berlin twenty times or so, whereas the Germans have only taken Paris twice. It is obnoxious because of its caste system and its arrogance. But it can hardly be said to be worse than the militarism of other countries.’
Says Georg Brandes, who does not possess even the tiniest Little Red Bird, not even fourth class!
‘Europe, including England, was worried to note during the Dreyfus Affair what forms French militarism was capable of taking.’
Of course I agree whole-heartedly with Georg Brandes!
‘As for Russian militarism, in the year 1900 our idyllic and amiable Russians, about whom my esteemed friend Wells is so enthusiastic, and who have captured the hearts of the rest of us too, cold-bloodedly slaughtered the total Chinese population of Blagoveshchensk and surroundings. The Cossacks tied the Chinese together by their pigtails and launched them on the river in boats which sank. When the women threw their children on the beach and begged that they at least might be spared they slaughtered them with their bayonets. “Even the Turks have never been guilty of anything worse than this mass murder in Blagoveshchensk,” wrote Mr F E Smith, the former English press censor, in 1907, the very year of the Anglo-Russian agreement which guaranteed and at the same time undermined the independence of Persia.
The same English writer confirmed the description of Japanese militarism by the correspondent of The Times. On 21 November 1894 the Japanese army stormed Port Arthur and for four days a rabble of soldiers slaughtered the civilian population, men, women and children, with the utmost barbarity: “From dawn till far into the night the days passed with murder, plunder and mutilation, with every imaginable kind of nameless cruelty, until the place presented such a picture of horror that any survivor will shudder at the memory to the day he dies.” ’
These things which Georg Brandes says, even though he does not possess even the tiniest Little Red Bird fourth class, were of course well known to someone who wrote: ‘War brings with it the horrors of war and it is not surprising if the most modern methods are used in war.’ Yet I heard the other day that particularly this sentence in my pamphlet has been taken amiss. It can only be taken amiss by people who know nothing about history and have no idea of the cause of such a thing. Georg Brandes continues:
‘So we see that militarism, whatever its nationality, is much the same everywhere. I wish Mr Archer would read a lecture which Dr Vöhringer gave about German Africa on 30 January 1915 in Hamburg. He would learn from this what the German inhabitants of the Cameroons, about fifty men and women, suffered when, surprised by the declaration of war, they were locked up by English officers and handed over to black guards who mistreated them. They suffered hunger and thirst. If they begged for water they were given slop buckets, and a British officer said, “It doesn't matter whether the German swine have anything to drink or not.” On the journey from Lagos to England they were not even given water for washing.’
I did not bore anyone reading my pamphlet by telling things like this; yet it has been taken amiss that I do not join in the tune that is being sung everywhere. It is not what the pamphlet says that has been criticized but the fact that it does not say what is being said everywhere. It has been taken amiss because it does not scold in the way everyone else is scolding. Georg Brandes continues:
‘This is what English militarism looks like. Is it any better than Prussian militarism when English nationalism, as with any other nation, is stoked up to the point of madness?
IV.
Let Mr Archer and other eminent gentlemen in and outside Great Britain bring to an end the eternal discussion, into which I too have been dragged, about who is guilty of having started the war and about who ought to bear the consequences of its outcome! Let them turn instead to the only important and crucial question, namely how to find the way out of this hell of which we can in truth say, as in Macbeth:
Oh horror, horror, horror! Tongue nor heart
Cannot conceive nor name thee ...
The appetite of those who wage war is insatiable. Has it not been decided in Paris to carry on the trade war even after the cessation of hostilities? Is there never to be an end to this madness?
In any case the war will have to end with an agreement; and since the war is of an economic nature, the agreement will have to be an economic one. As a free trade power, England has shown the way to the whole world. Tariff agreements will be unavoidable; governments will be forced to make mutual concessions and it will be necessary to strive for greater freedom of trade so that finally world free trade can be achieved.
A citizen of the country which has suffered the most from the war right from the start, a Belgian manufacturer from Charleroi, Monsieur Henri Lambert, has spoken the redeeming word that can smooth the way for peace: The only intelligent and farseeing policy, in this case tariff policy, is a just policy which does not begrudge life to the other party. He has pointed out that a permanent improvement of the European situation can only be reached if the country seeking peace is obliged to abolish or at least reduce tariffs, of course only under an arrangement that is totally just to both sides. The abolition of tariffs seems to be the only sensible and effective means of preventing the economic tactic known by the English as “dumping”, of which they so passionately accuse the Germans.
Tariff agreements will also be unavoidable in the unlikely event that the war is fought to the point of a crushing victory for one side or the other. If this were to happen, millions and more millions of human beings would be sacrificed on the battlefields or would perish at home of wounds, sickness and deprivation. Supposing the victors were to decide (in accordance with the economic conference in Paris) to discriminate against the conquered to such an extent by means of tariffs that they were brought down to a lower economic level, this would be a relapse for mankind as a whole to the system of national slavery.
The underdog would, as a matter of course, make every effort to rise up again; he would utilize any dissension among the conquerors and be free again within half a century. Alliances never last as long as fifty years.
So, a peaceful future for Europe depends on free trade. As Cobden says, free trade is the best peacemaker. Indeed, it seems to be even more: it is the only peacemaker. In olden times, horses whose task it was to go round and round on a treadmill had their eyes put out. Similarly, blind to the reality around them, the unfortunate nations of Europe are going round and round on the treadmill of war, voluntarily and yet under compulsion.’
This is the judgement of a neutral citizen, but one who does not base his judgement on empty phrases; he includes a number of facts in his judgement, showing how it is possible to measure these facts against one another in the right way. My endeavour has been not to express an opinion but to indicate something that is needed in our time if we are to seek the truth. Why should it not be possible to suspend judgement, at least in one's own soul, if one has neither the time nor the will to bother about the facts in a suitable way? Spiritual science can show us that judgements made today, and so frequently clothed in such words as: ‘We are fighting for the freedom and the rights of the small nations’, are indeed the most irresponsible empty phrases. Someone who knows even the least part of the truth must realize that such talk is comparable to that of the shark negotiating for a peace treaty with the little fishes who are going to be his prey. It will naturally not be understood immediately, perhaps not until some meditation has taken place, that much of today's talk resembles the suggestion: Why don't the sharks enter into an inter-fish agreement (international is a word much used today) with the little fishes they want to eat?
People who today speak about the coming of peace say that the murder will not cease until there is a prospect of eternal peace. It is virtually impossible to imagine anything more crazy than the notion that murder must continue until, through murder, a situation has been created in which there will be no more war. It is hardly necessary to have knowledge of spiritual matters today in order to know that once this war in Europe has come to an end only a few years will pass before a far more furious, far more devastating war will shake the earth outside Europe. But who bothers today about things that are a part of reality? People prefer to listen to statesmen who declame that this or that must be achieved in the interest of freedom and the rights of small nations. People even listen when lawyers, quite competent lawyers, who have become presidents appear in the toga of a Moslem prince to conduct cases in Romania ... only this is not noticed because in this instance we speak of a ‘republic’. What more is there to be said if people are still willing to go to lectures given by such people about artistic and literary matters, about the relationships between the myths and sagas and literary materials of West and Central Europe, quite apart from other facts such as the one I mentioned to you the other day: that Maeterlinck was applauded loudly for calling Goethe, Schiller, Lessing and others ‘mediocre intellects’. But I do not wish to influence your judgement in any way; I merely draw your attention to the fact that for the forming of judgements perspectives have to be sought, as well as quite other things, if the judgement is to become truth.
We must realize that the population crowded together in Central Europe has to be judged from an entirely different viewpoint because, here, human values are under threat. For the peripheral countries, on the other hand, the viewpoint can be that of state and political values, at least for some time to come, until certain other conditions are brought about by the prolongation of the war for many years. In Central Europe we have to do with the treasure of the spirit, with the development of the soul and with everything that has been created over the centuries. It would be utter nonsense to believe that we have to be similarly concerned about the periphery; it would be thoughtless to express any such thing. Of course there is much everywhere with which fault can be found. But it is one thing—comparing greater with lesser matters—to find fault with things that take place inside a closed fortress and another to find fault with what occurs among the besieging army. I have as yet heard no judgement from the periphery that takes any kind of account of these things.
In order not to be onesided, I shall now, in conclusion, turn to something else. In order to be just, it is always thought to be a good thing to judge both sides by saying: Here it is like this and there it is like that, and so on. But the question is never asked: Is it really so? A Swiss newspaper recently published articles which, in order to be just to both sides, pointed out in quite an abstract way that lies were told in both camps. But supposing what is said there is not true? The article was about untruthfulness in the world war, but the article is, in itself, because of the way it is written, totally untruthful. Now I want to read to you—in fear and trembling, I might add—something out of a German magazine, selected at random, in order to show you the difference. What is written all around Germany is well enough known, and it is also well known that it is surely not written out of any benevolence towards the nations of Central Europe. Even in articles expressing judgements that are a little less vitriolic there are still plenty of very unkind statements against the nation who, after all, brought forth Goethe, Schiller, Lessing and others.
I came by chance across this article on human dignity by Alexander von Gleichen-Russwurm. The article is motivated by the fact that the Germans have been called barbarians, and are indeed still called barbarians in the periphery. Gleichen-Russwurm—he is Schiller's grandson—is not particularly offended that the word ‘barbarian’ is used. On the contrary, he shows rather nicely what the ancient Greeks and Romans meant by ‘barbarian’, which was certainly nothing dreadful. I shall not go into this aspect. He then goes on to discuss the various nations. The article is like many others we may find today written by people in Central Europe who are equivalent, say, to Maeterlinck. Pardon me! Gleichen-Russwurm distinguishes between nations and governments and in some cases he does so in words—I am only passing them on to you, they are not my words—that may seem terrible if a reader or listener feels offended because he is a member of that nation. I am confident there is no one among us here who will feel thus; we are all anthroposophists and can understand such things. It is not because of the words used to describe governments that I want to read you this article, but to show you how Gleichen-Russwurm—not a very famous man but one who is roughly on a par with Maeterlinck as far as intelligence goes—in no way recoils from saying to his own people within the fortress what a courageous, thoughtful and honest man has to say if he does not intend to throw sand in their eyes. Obviously, though, what is said inside the fortress ought not to impinge on the periphery because basically it has nothing to do with that. Think tactfully and you will understand what I mean. Gleichen-Russwurm says:
‘The Russian people are good natured and gentle, whatever the Cossacks, who are not related to them, might do. The criminal Tsarist Government has brought about the war, yet the greatest poet of the nation, Tolstoi, who will ever retain our respect, has preached abhorrence of war in most moving words.
The atrocities committed by the French mob, the stupidity of their ministers and the uncultured remarks of Paris journalists and writers, cannot undo the fact that France is the country of that saint of charitable love, Vincent de Paul, who still has many followers, nor that the majority of French people are hardworking and peaceful by nature.
England remains the birthplace of Shakespeare and has given the world gentle poets, selfless philanthropists and philosophers of the highest worth. Yet the country is ruled by liars and tricksters and the English people, who are proudest of their own culture, have brought into being the worst kind of modern barbarism through their manner of conducting the war.
Italy's characterless bandit Government is despicable. Everything connected with Italy recently has been disagreeable and repulsive even to her friends. Yet since Goethe we have received such rich treasures of culture, artistic sense and natural beauty from her that we shall keep her in our hearts, unforgotten and still fruitful.
The hate our enemies bear towards us has perhaps preserved what is most valuable in our nature. The bitterness shown us nowadays, our recognition of the unprecedented antipathy facing us on all sides, is like the warning whispered by the slave to the victor: “Memento mori!”
Even if spoken by vile mouths it ensures that noble-mindedness does not become overbearing, that triumphal jubilation does not degenerate into arrogance or hubris—the presumptuousness the Greek poets warned their heroes to guard against.
Schiller, concerned for the dignity of man, considered that noble human beings pay not only by what they do but also by what they are.’
You see, it is possible to form very derogatory opinions about those who are participating in current events, without falling into the trap of scorning whole nations. Judgements of this kind may be found by the hundred and if, one day, statistics are drawn up from 1914 onwards showing the way other nations are judged by Central Europe and by the periphery, the result will be a revelation of a remarkable cultural and spiritual nature! But nothing is further from anybody's mind meanwhile. At present Mr Leadbeater is compiling statistics comparing the criminal records of Germany and England, and recently announced in large print in the Theosophical Review how many more criminals Germany has than England. Then, in the next issue someone else pointed out that a certain figure had been inserted under the wrong heading and that a rectification would show the situation to be quite different. I seem to remember that he put down twenty-nine thousand criminals for England, forgetting a hundred and forty-six thousand; for Germany he included them all. But whereas the table showing Germany as the country with the greatest number of criminals is printed in large letters in the Theosophical Review, the refutation appears in minute print right at the end of the next issue.
Statistics like this will one day be superseded by others and then something of what is said in that article ‘On the History of the Outbreak of the War’, which was awarded a prize by the University of Berne, will be found to be true:
‘But history cannot be permanently falsified; the myth cannot stand up to the scrutiny of scientific research; the sinister web will be brought into the light and torn to pieces, however artfully it has been spun.’
It has been necessary to say these things in preparation for speaking next time on matters which a number of people are greatly looking forward to hearing about but which, I must repeat, may not be made as comfortable as some might imagine. I myself have no need to express one opinion or another. As a spiritual scientist I am used to looking at facts purely as they really are, without any falsification, and to speaking about them as such. I know very well what objections some people—though of course nobody from this circle—are likely to make with regard to certain atrocities and other things which are told and stirred up over and over again without any proper perspective. I know these objections, but I also know how shortsighted it is to make them and how small a notion someone who makes them can have about how matters really stand and how the blame is really distributed.
When we had our dispute—if I can call it that—with Mrs Besant, she managed to load all the blame on to us. According to someone who until that time had been her devotee but who then withdrew his esteem, she acted according to the principle: If a person attacks another person, and if the one who is being attacked cries for help, then the attacker can tell the one who is crying for help that he is wrong not to let himself be slaughtered. Many judgements made today are of a similar nature. The strangest situations can be met in this respect. Kind-hearted, well-meaning people who would never form such a judgement in everyday life, nevertheless do so with regard to political matters about which they know nothing. These people lack clarity in their judgements. But clarity is the fundamental prerequisite for the formation of any judgement, though it is not a justification for the delivery of this or that judgement in one or another direction.
Erster Vortrag
Meine lieben Freunde! Da wir heute einen einzelnen Vortrag haben, so darf es wohl auch eine Art eingeschobener sein - mit Betrachtungen, die vielleicht herausfallen aus dem fortlaufenden Gange, die aber als episodische immer auch wiederum eingeschoben werden müssen. Wir werden ja dann am nächsten Sonnabend mit unseren fortlaufenden Betrachtungen weiterfahren.
Durch all die Auseinandersetzungen, die wir hier schon seit Jahren pflegen, ging als ein roter Faden hindurch, wie sehr es darauf ankommt, daß der einzelne, der in der Lage ist, von den Impulsen der Geisteswissenschaft ergriffen zu werden, dies auch insofern werde, als er ein Empfinden, ein Gefühl dafür bekommt, wie sich diese Geisteswissenschaft in alles das hineinstellt, was die Menschheit bisher in ihrer Entwicklung an die Oberfläche befördert hat - an die Oberfläche des Geisteslebens, im Grunde aber allen Lebens, denn es ist nur eine triviale Anschauung, daß das Geistesleben eine Sache für sich sein könne. In Wahrheit ist alles scheinbar materialistische Leben in der Welt nichts anderes als eine Wirkung des geistigen Lebens.
Zunächst sieht man den Zusammenhang des materiellen Lebens mit dem geistigen Leben wenig ein, wenn man, wie es heute so vielfach der Fall ist, das geistige Leben nur in einer Summe von abstrakt-philosophischen, abstrakt-wissenschaftlichen und abstrakt-religiösen Vorstellungen sieht. Denn das wird Ihnen ja aus den bisherigen Betrachtungen hinlänglich hervorgegangen sein, daß auch die religiösen Vorstellungen der Gegenwart in alleräußerstem Maße betroffen sind von der Abstraktion, von demjenigen, was an Vorstellungen und an Empfindungen entfaltet wird, ohne daß unmittelbar wirklich spirituelles Leben darinnen pulsiert. Solche abstrakte Geisteskultur kann nicht in das wirkliche, äußere Leben eingreifen. Nur diejenige Geisteskultur, [die aus dem Spirituellen schöpft], kann in das äußere Leben eingreifen. Und sie wird immer stärker und stärker eingreifen müssen in der zukünftigen Entwicklung der Menschheit, wenn diese nicht völlig in die Dekadenz kommen will. Das sehen heute noch die wenigsten Menschen ein, weil die wenigsten ein Empfinden dafür haben, was das Geistige eigentlich ist. Nun habe ich ja öfter betont, daß es außerordentlich schwierig ist, gerade in diesen Tagen darüber zu sprechen, wie sich Geisteswissenschaft hineinstellt in die verschiedensten, uns heute ja so schmerzlich berührenden Erscheinungen der Gegenwart.
Wir haben vor einigen Jahren gewissermaßen zu unserem Geleitspruch das Goethe’sche Wort gewählt: «Die Weisheit ist nur in der Wahrheit.» Wir haben es wirklich nicht aus so oberflächlichen Impulsen heraus gewählt, wie man heute oftmals solche Wahlen trifft, sondern wir haben diesen unseren Leitspruch gewählt aus dem Bewußtsein heraus, daß der Mensch in seiner ganzen Seele, in seinem ganzen Gemüte in einer gewissen Weise vorbereitet sein muß, wenn er Geisteswissenschaft in der richtigen Art in seine Seele aufnehmen und wirklich zum Impulse seines Lebens machen will. Die gesamte Vorbereitung, die ein Mensch braucht, um gerade heute in der richtigen Weise in die Geisteswissenschaft einzudringen, kann umfaßt werden mit dem Ausspruche: «Die Weisheit liegt nur in der Wahrheit.» Man muß dann allerdings das Wort «Wahrheit» ernst und würdig in jeder Beziehung nehmen. Nun sind wir ja - zunächst rein äußerlich gesehen - mit dem, was sich charakterisiert durch diesen Leitspruch, hineingekommen in eine Entwicklung namentlich des europäischen, aber auch des gesamten Erdenlebens, die gezeigt hat, wie wenig die Seelen ergriffen sind gerade in unserer heutigen, so vielgepriesenen Zeitkultur von dem, was eigentlich in diesem Geleitspruche ausgedrückt werden soll.
Was ich in solcher Art sage, meine lieben Freunde, bitte, fassen Sie das durchaus nicht so auf, als ob es gemünzt wäre gerade auf unsere anthroposophischen Kreise. Das ist ganz und gar nicht der Fall - damit würden Sie mich ganz mißverstehen. Geisteswissenschaft ist ja etwas, was, wenigstens zunächst, in ideeller Weise sein Verhältnis zu der gesamten Zeitkultur erkennen muß. Und wenn von mancherlei gesprochen wird, was es in dieser Zeitkultur gar sehr unmöglich macht, sich in richtiger Weise zur Geisteswissenschaft zu stellen, so ist natürlich damit am allerwenigsten jener Kreis gemeint, der als anthroposophischer ja in bewußter Art versucht, in die spirituellen Bedürfnisse der Gegenwart, in das, was der Gegenwart heilsam sein muß, einzudringen — bei rechter Würdigung alles dessen, was diese Gegenwart hervorgebracht hat.
Wir sind hineingeraten - rein äußerlich betrachtet selbstverständlich, es liegen ja innere Notwendigkeiten zugrunde, die durchaus nicht etwa unvorhergesehen gekommen sind -, wir sind hineingeraten in ein Zeitalter, in dem die Menschen im allgemeinen innerhalb des jetzigen Geisteslebens, das an die Oberfläche dringt und jedem vor die Seelenaugen tritt, keineswegs geneigt sind, Wahrheit katexochen, Wahrheit in ihrer allerursprünglichsten und reinsten Bedeutung, zu nehmen. Was die Menschen heute ganz selbstverständlich am allermeisten interessiert, das rücken sie ja keineswegs - auch nicht für die innersten Impulse ihrer eigenen Seele, auch nicht oder zumeist nicht einmal in Feiertagsaugenblicken ihres Empfindens - in das Licht der Wahrheit, sondern sie sehen es, gerade heute, in unserer Gegenwart, unter dem Blickwinkel der Zugehörigkeit zu irgendeiner Volks- oder sonstigen Gemeinschaft. Bewußt und unbewußt urteilen die Menschen heute nach solchen Gesichtspunkten, und je kürzer ihr Urteil gebildet wird, das heißt, je weniger an wirklichen Einsichten in ein solches Urteil einbezogen wird, desto bequemer ist das der heutigen, der unmittelbar heutigen Seele. Daher trifft man so vielfach auf ganz unmögliche Beurteilungen des Großen und des Einzelnen in der Gegenwart, weil diese Urteile auf keine Sachkenntnis gegründet sind - auch gar nicht gegründet sein wollen - und weil diese immer danach streben, abzulenken von demjenigen, worum es sich eigentlich handelt, und auf etwas ganz anderes hinzulenken, worum es sich eben gar nicht handelt.
Man spricht heute - unter uns sollte es ja selbstverständlich sein, daß wir uns zunächst zur Klarheit bringen müssen, was einen richtigen Beurteilungsmaßstab abgibt für das, was um uns herum vorgeht -, man spricht heute zum Beispiel von den Gegensätzlichkeiten der Völker; man fällt also Urteile über die Völker. Wenn man als der Angehörige eines Volkes spricht, fällt man Urteile über die andern Völker, und man versteht denjenigen nicht, der kein solches Urteil fällt, sondern einfach das beurteilt, was real ist. Und wenn man solche Urteile über die Völker fällt, trifft man ja niemals etwas Reales niemals! Wer aber das Reale beurteilt - nämlich die Wirklichkeiten und dabei dies oder jenes sagen muß über diese oder jene Regierung, über diesen oder jenen Mann in der Regierung, über etwas, was sich innerhalb dieser oder jener Politik abgespielt hat, ob er es nun in einem mehr alltäglichen Zusammenhang sagt oder ob er es auf einen höheren Beurteilungsstandpunkt hinaufrückt - man beurteilt ihn so, als ob er etwas ganz anderes im Sinn hätte, als er tatsächlich hat. Wie leicht kann man es antreffen, daß jemand ein Urteil abgibt über irgendeinen Staatsmann der Gegenwart, der verwickelt ist in die gegenwärtigen Angelegenheiten. Wenn dieser Staatsmann einem bestimmten Volk angehört und ein Urteil über ihn abgegeben wird gegenüber jemanden, der nun auch diesem Volk angehört, dann fühlt sich der Betreffende getroffen, denn er bezieht das, was auf die Wirklichkeit gemünzt ist, nicht auf diese Wirklichkeit, sondern auf - ja irgend etwas, was nicht zu definieren ist, was überhaupt keine Definition hat, wenn man es nicht in geisteswissenschaftlicher Wirklichkeit betrachtet —, er bezieht es auf sein Volk, wie er sagt, oder auf irgendein anderes Volk.
Und so kommt es denn, daß merkwürdige Urteile heute durch die Welt schwirren: Leute aus bestimmten Völkern beurteilen andere Völker, ohne einzusehen, daß ein solches Urteil überhaupt keinen Inhalt hat, daß es gar nicht hinausgeht über die Worte und es dadurch nicht zu irgendeinem erlebten Inhalte kommt. Bedenken Sie doch nur, was alles notwendig ist, um ein Urteil über ein ganzes Volk abzugeben! Und wieviel wird heute über ganze Völker geurteilt, meine lieben Freunde! Nicht nur das, sondern man engagiert sich innerlich mit seinem Urteil, ohne daß man die nötigen Unterlagen kennt, selbst von den allernotdürftigsten Unterlagen auch nur eine Ahnung hat. Nun ist es ja richtig, daß man nicht von jedem verlangen kann, daß er die Unterlagen kennt, aber man kann von jedem verlangen, daß er dann, wenn er urteilt, seine Urteile bewußt mit einer gewissen Reserve abgibt, daß er sie nicht als absolute Urteile in die Welt hineinstellt. Aber selbst wenn man nicht so weit geht, so muß man sich klar darüber sein, welcher Unterschied besteht zwischen einem inhaltsvollen Urteile, einem inhaltsvollen Satze, und einem inhaltsleeren Satze. Und man kann sagen: Heute besteht die große Sünde unserer Kultur darin, in inhaltslosen Sätzen zu leben, ohne sich klarzumachen, wie inhaltslos diese Sätze sind. Mehr als zu irgendeiner anderen Zeit erleben wir heute, daß gilt: Mit Worten läßt sich trefflich streiten, mit Worten ein System bereiten. - Aber wir erleben mehr, wir erleben, daß mit Worten, die inhaltslos sind, Geschichte gemacht wird, Politik gemacht wird, und das ist gerade das Betrübliche, daß so wenig Neigung besteht, dieses einzusehen. Nur selten trifft man auf eine wirkliche Empfindung dafür, worum es sich eigentlich handelt auf diesem Gebiet.
Auf eine solche Empfindung kann man schon heute treffen, aber man trifft sie selten. So konnte ich in diesen Tagen auf Sätze stoßen, die ein Empfinden für das große Manko unserer Zeit enthalten:
Aber mit Staunen hören wir nun von den Propheten der neuen Zeit, daß die alten Worte Freiheit, Gleichheit, Brüderlichkeit nur «Händlerideale» waren und durch neue ersetzt werden sollen. So neulich von Professor Kjellen, [...]
—ich bemerke ausdrücklich, weil das schon in der Gegenwart so notwendig ist: der Professor ist kein Deutscher, sondern ein Schwede, also ein Neutraler—
[...]der in seiner Schrift über «Die Ideen von 1914» den alten Worten von 1789 die neuen von 1914 entgegenhält. Er nennt sie: Ordnung, Pflicht, Gerechtigkeit. Genau besehen sind diese angeblich neuen Worte allerdings auch recht alte, abgebrauchte Worte. Was sich in dieser Gegenüberstellung offenbart, ist der uralte Kampf, der das menschliche Geistesleben charakterisiert, der Kampf zwischen einer inneren Welt freier persönlicher Betätigung und der äußeren Welt des starren Gesetzes, der Zwangsmaßregeln. Schon zur Zeit Christi hat die Gerechtigkeit als Gesetzeserfüllung ihr Gegenwort in der Barmherzigkeit gefunden, so wie die Pflicht in der Liebe, wie die gesetzliche Ordnung in der freiwilligen Nachfolge.
Allerdings denkt auch Professor Kjellen nicht an eine unbedingte Abschaffung der mit dem Absterben des «Ancien Régime» überflüssig gewordenen Worte Freiheit, Gleichheit und Brüderlichkeit, sondern an eine Synthese zwischen ihnen und den neuen Worten von 1914: Ordnung, Pflicht und Gerechtigkeit. Auch diese Synthese wäre aber nichts Neues, denn sie hat doch wohl in dem England des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts schon so weit eine Verwirklichung erfahren, als es die Unvollkommenheit aller menschlichen Einrichtungen zuläßt.
Daß in der Gegenwart diese Synthese nicht mehr wirksam ist, beweist nur, daß alle Werte und Gegenwerte mitsamt ihrer zeitweiligen Synthese zur Phrase werden, sobald der göttliche Funke erlischt, der sie wahr und lebendig macht. Freiheit, Gleichheit und Brüderlichkeit bedeuten eine der Formeln, die durch das soziale Gewissen ihre wirkende Kraft erhalten Ordnung, Pflicht und Gerechtigkeit hingegen setzen, um wirksam zu sein, die suggestive Macht einer Autorität voraus. Und da erst, nicht in der Herrschaft einer bestimmten Formel, offenbart sich der Mangel, der das Schicksal der modernen Menschheit im Tiefsten entscheidet: für die Herrschaft der befreienden Werte fehlt bei der Mehrzahl die Kraft des sozialen Gewissens, für die Herrschaft der von außen bindenden Werte die Autorität.
Werte, die nicht tief in der Entwicklung verankert sind, können sehr rasch zur Phrase werden und dem Mißbrauch verfallen.
Und so weiter.
Ich sage, man trifft manchmal ganz nah eine solche Empfindung. Aber ich selber brauche ja nicht besonders erstaunt zu sein, daß mir solche Worte sozusagen wie aus einer Oase in der Wüste des gegenwärtigen Phrasenlebens entgegentreten, denn die Worte sind von einer alten Freundin von mir, von Rosa Mayreder, niedergeschrieben und finden sich in der «Internationalen Rundschau» im Novemberheft 1916 und weisen auf vieles hin, was ich mit dieser Persönlichkeit vor vielen Jahren gesprochen habe. Daher brauche ich nicht besonders überrascht zu sein, daß mir dies entgegentritt, aber in einer gewissen Beziehung war ich doch erfreut zu hören, wie eine solche Persönlichkeit weiterdenkt, wenn sie sich auch nicht aufschwingen kann zu einer geisteswissenschaftlichen Auffassung der Welt. Selbst wenn sie bei der unfruchtbaren Kritik stehenbleibt, so muß sie doch sagen:
Alle Probleme der äußeren Weltgestaltung lassen sich auf eines zurückführen - auf das Machtproblem.
Würde man dies nur beachten, meine lieben Freunde, so würde man heute viel weniger in Phrasen leben, als man es tut.
Im Zentrum aller Händel und Wirren, die in den menschlichen Zuständen herrschen, steht der Kampf einzelner Gruppen und Personen um die Macht. Dieser Kampf um die Macht zwischen ganzen Völkergrup‚pen oder Staatsgebilden ist jenseits aller Phrasen die wahre Ursache jedes Krieges. Krieg ist von dem Streben nach Macht nicht zu trennen; wer den Krieg als solchen bekämpfen will, müßte vorher das Prinzip der Macht entwerten - wie es ja sehr logisch das Urchristentum getan hat. Die Gestalt aber, unter welcher das Machtprinzip in der Gegenwart auftritt, ist schlimmer als je eine zuvor, denn sie bedroht die menschliche Seele in ihren schönsten und edelsten Eigenschaften. Man kann sie als die Mechanisierung des Lebens durch die technisch-öconomische Naturbeherrschung bezeichnen. Es ist das tragische Schicksal des Menschen, daß er immer der Sklave seiner eigenen Schöpfungen wird, weil er deren Folgen nicht im voraus zu berechnen vermag. Und so geschieht es, daß er auch dort, wo er mit seinem Scharfsinn und seiner Erfindung die elementaren Gewalten, denen er hilflos gegenüberstand, in seinen Dienst zwingt, nur wieder der Sklave der unberechenbaren Wirkungen wird, die sie durch ihre Verbindung mit dem Machtprinzip gewinnen. Die moderne Technik, die das menschliche Leben um so vieles erleichtert, wie die moderne Ökonomik, die seine materiellen Mittel so unendlich vermehrt, kehren sich als Werkzeuge des modernen Imperialismus gegen das Wesen der Person, indem sie die Menschen, zur seelenlosen Masse zusammengeballt, in das Räderwerk der Interessen stoßen, die das zivilisierte Leben treiben. Auch der Mensch wird Material und Maschinenbestandteil; soweit er sich dazu eignet, soweit kann er sich behaupten. Was die verflossene Kulturepoche an seelischen Werten aufbaute, muß aber dabei zugrunde gehen.
[...]Gegenwärtig ist diese Kultur nur mehr in den Staaten lebendig, die außerhalb der imperialistischen Konkurrenz liegen oder auf dem Lande und in kleinen Städten, wo es noch Muße und Ruhe gibt, Proportion zwischen Leistungsfähigkeit und Beanspruchung, jene unerläßlichen Voraussetzungen einer schönen Lebenskultur, die in den Zentren der modernen Zivilisation von dem mörderischen Wirbel des Übermaßes zerstampft werden.
Nun, meine lieben Freunde, solche Stimmen sind doch wiederum ein Beweis dafür, daß das, was der Gegenwart fehlt, von manchen eingesehen wird - viele sind es ja nicht gerade! Aber wenn es sich darum handelt, den lebendigen Impuls der Geisteswissenschaft zu ergreifen, dann schreckt man davor zurück. Man will das nicht, was vor allem geeignet ist, die Wirklichkeit, wie sie ist, zu erfassen; man will das nicht an sich herankommen lassen. Das aber hängt im wesentlichen damit zusammen, daß ein gewisser Grundimpuls des Strebens fehlt, und das ist schon in mancher Beziehung, meine lieben Freunde, der Grundimpuls nach der Wahrheit hin. Der Trieb, die Wahrheit zu suchen in Phrasen, die man aufnimmt und mit denen man sich - meinetwillen noch so enthusiasmiert - durchdringt: damit kann man niemals die Wahrheit finden. Um die Wahrheit zu finden, muß man den Sinn für die Tatsachen haben, gleichgültig, ob diese auf dem physischen Plan oder in der geistigen Welt zu suchen sind. Aber man beobachte nur das Leben, man beobachte, ob heute der Trieb nach Wahrheit Schritt gehalten hat mit dem Scharfsinn, der in die äußere Kultur eingeflossen ist, mit den ungeheuer bewundernswerten Fortschritten, in denen sich diese äußere Kultur verkörpert. Man kann im Gegenteil sagen: In gewisser Beziehung haben die Menschen den guten Willen verloren hinzuschauen, ob das, was in der Wirklichkeit da ist, auch irgendwie im Wahren wurzelt. Man muß sich aber dieses Gefühl für die Wahrheit im alltäglichen Leben aneignen, sonst wird man es nicht hinauftragen können in das Begreifen der geistigen Welten.
Damit Sie sehen, was ich meine, möchte ich Ihnen an einem Beispiel begreiflich machen, daß auf den Wogen der gegenwärtigen Zivilisation nicht nur die phrasenhafte Lüge, sondern die tatsächliche Lüge wallt und wogt und als Lüge ins Leben eingreift. Sehen Sie, meine lieben Freunde, man kann jetzt zurückblicken auf mancherlei Geschehnisse, die ganz Europa durchbeben. Man muß Jahrzehnte zurückgehen und in diesen Jahrzehnten genau die Ereignisse in ihren wesentlichen Charakterzügen kennen, wenn man überhaupt ein Urteil haben will über das, was gegenwärtig die Welt durchbebt. Man muß Jahrzehnte zurückgehen, aber man muß ein Auge haben für Wirklichkeiten.
Ich habe Sie darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß in gewissen okkulten Bruderschaften des Westens — für mich nachweisbar in den neunziger Jahren - von dem gegenwärtigen Weltenkriege die Rede war und daß dazumal die Schüler dieser okkulten Bruderschaften unterrichtet wurden durch Landkarten, durch die man ihnen gezeigt hat, wie Europa verändert werden sollte durch diesen Weltkrieg. Auf diesen Weltkrieg hat man insbesondere in englischen okkulten Bruderschaften hingewiesen als auf einen solchen, der kommen muß, den man förmlich heranlotste, den man vorbereitete. Dabei weise ich durchaus auf Tatsachen hin; und nur aus gewissen Gründen, die ich schon angedeutet habe, sehe ich davon ab, Ihnen Landkarten aufzuzeichnen, die ich Ihnen leicht aufzeichnen könnte und die in den okkulten Bruderschaften des Westens durchaus figuriert haben.
Nun rechneten diese okkulten Bruderschaften und alles, was sich an sie angliederte, durchaus mit großen Umwälzungen, welche vorzugehen haben - ich sage jeden Satz mit vollem Bedacht -, welche vorzugehen haben zwischen der Donau und dem Ägäischen Meere und dem Schwarzen Meere und der Adria, vorzugehen haben im Zusammenhang mit dem großen europäischen Krieg, auf den sie hindeuteten. Und einer der Sätze, den ich in gewissem Sinne wörtlich zitieren will, einer der Sätze, der da figuriert hat, das ist der: Wenn nur ein wenig weiter sein werden die Träume der Panslawisten, dann wird sich zunächst auf dem Balkan mancherlei verwirklichen, was und man meinte im Sinne dieser okkulten Bruderschaften —, was im Sinne der europäischen Entwicklung ist.
Das ist ein großes Netz [von Verflechtungen], möchte ich sagen, auf das ich zunächst Ihre Seele hinweisen will. Von den panslawistischen Träumen wurde in diesen okkulten Bruderschaften immer und immer wieder gesprochen. Nicht von Kulturträumen, die selbstverständlich voll begründet wären - und wer hätte denn gründlicher hingewiesen auf dasjenige, was in der Seele des Ostens ist, als gerade wir in unserer geisteswissenschaftlichen Bewegung -, nicht von Kulturträumen, aber von politischen Träumen sprach man, von politischen Umwälzungen. Nun, sehen Sie, da diese panslawistischen "Träume eine solche Rolle gespielt haben, so kann man sich gewiß ein wenig ansehen die Wirklichkeiten des physischen Planes, die da gewirkt haben und von denen ich nur ein Beispiel anführen will.
Es gab durch Jahrzehnte hindurch - wirklich durch Jahrzehnte hindurch - ein «Slawisches Wohltätigkeitskomitee», welches unter dem Protektorate der russischen Regierung stand. Nicht wahr, was kann es denn Schöneres geben als ein «Slawisches Wohltätigkeitskomitee» unter dem Protektorate einer mächtigen Regierung — was kann es Schöneres geben? Nun, meine lieben Freunde, ich möchte Ihnen, da ich dieses Komitee erwähnt habe, ein kleines Briefchen vorlesen, das mit diesem Komitee zu tun hat und das datiert ist vom 5. Dezember 1887. In diesem Briefchen steht folgendes:
Der Präsident des Petersburger Komitees der Slawischen Wohltätigkeitsgesellschaft hat sich an den Minister des Äußeren mit der Bitte um Waffen und Munition für die Expedition Nabokov gewendet.
Also nicht um Hemdchen und Höschen für Kinder, sondern um Munition für eine gewisse Expedition, die dazumal zusammenhing mit der Erregung von Revolutionen in den einzelnen Balkanländern! Daraus sehen Sie vielleicht, wie das, was wahrlich Lüge ist, schwimmt im öffentlichen Leben - die realisierte Lüge schwimmt im öffentlichen Leben. Ein Wohltätigkeitskomitee - harmlos selbstverständlich, ja anerkennenswert! Aber dieses betreibt die Geschäfte der verschiedenen mit der russischen Regierung zusammenhängenden revolutionären Komitees, die die Aufgabe haben, in einer gewissen Weise die Balkanstaaten zu durchwühlen. Vielleicht darf ich noch eine kleine Notiz, ein Notizchen hinzufügen - es wäre mir leicht, diese Notiz zu verzehnfachen, zu verzwanzigfachen.
An der Spitze einer gewissen Regierung des Balkans stand im Jahre 1914, in dem verhängnisvollen Jahre 1914, ein gewisser Herr Pašič - man wird sich an den Namen wohl noch erinnern. Jener Herr Pašič war etwas früher, als noch die Obrenoviči in Serbien regierten, verbannt aus Serbien in einen andern Balkanstaat. Man kann fragen, was tat er denn da? Nun, ich will keine eigene Kritik über diesen Herrn geben, aber ich möchte Ihnen wiederum ein kleines Briefchen vorlesen. Da heißt es so:
Geheime Mitteilung des Präsidenten des Komitees der Slawischen Wohltätigkeitsgesellschaft in Petersburg an den Konsulatsverweser in Ruščuk, de dato 3. Dezember 1885 Nr. 4875.
Damit Sie nicht glauben, ich erfinde oder erzähle eine Anekdote, gebe ich Ihnen auch die Nummer aus dem Aktenfaszikel - Nr. 4875. Also:
Auf die Mitteilung des Direktors des Asiatischen Departements habe ich die Ehre, Ew. Hochwohlgeboren hierbei 6000 Rubel zu übersenden, mit der ergebenen Bitte, diesen Betrag dem serbischen Emigranten Nicola Pašič durch Vermittlung der in Ruščuk lebenden Witwe Natalie Karavelov zu zahlen. Von dem Empfange und der Übergabe der Summe wollen Sie uns gütigst benachrichtigen.
Sie sehen, wie auch diejenigen in den verhängnisvollen Ereignissen Europas eine gewisse Rolle spielten, die als die harmlose «Slawische Wohltätigkeitsgesellschaft» wirkten. Wäre es nicht gut, einen Instinkt für die Wahrheit insofern zu haben, als man nicht überall gleich leichtsinnig auf Namen hin - das heißt auf Phrasen hin - die Dinge so nimmt, wie sie sich geben, sondern den Willen entwickelt, sie ein wenig zu untersuchen? Andernfalls urteilt man in höchst leichtfertiger Weise, und Leichtfertigkeit in der Beurteilung ist etwas, was einen immer mehr von der Wahrheit abbringen muß. Gegenüber dieser Tatsache, daß einen Leichtfertigkeit des Urteils von der Wahrheit abbringt, gibt es nie die Entschuldigung, man habe dies oder jenes nicht gewußt, denn das, was wir in unseren Seelen tragen als ein Urteil, ist eine Tatsache und wirkt in der Welt. Und ein jeder sollte sich bewußt sein, daß das, was er in der Seele trägt, in der Welt wirkt. Zumeist ist es ja nur der Widerglanz dessen, was, über den breiten Horizont des Lebens hin wirkend, das Dasein beherrscht.
Man kann heute - das erwähne ich nur nebenbei - mancherlei Urteile hören über die verschiedenen Beziehungen zwischen den Staaten, was man heute aber, um eine Phrase an die Stelle der Wahrheit zu setzen, «Beziehungen der Völker» nennt. Man kann heute Urteile hören über die Beziehungen der Staaten untereinander, ohne daß derjenige, der diese Beziehungen beurteilt, sich auch nur ein wenig die Mühe macht, sich die Unterlagen dafür zu holen, trotzdem sie manchmal leicht zu finden wären. Selbstverständlich gilt gerade für solche Dinge das, was ich sage, nicht als eine Charakteristik jener, die mit uns hier in der Anthroposophischen Gesellschaft vereinigt sind. Aber wir stehen ja mitten drinnen in der Welt, oder mindestens stehen wir durch einen höchst verhängnisvollen Umstand mitten drinnen in der Welt, indem wir nämlich immer dasjenige auf uns wirken lassen, was gewisse Leute eine Großmacht genannt haben: die Presse! Und diese Wirkung der Presse ist wirklich die verhängnisvollste, die es heute geben kann, denn sie verfälscht und trübt im Grunde genommen alles. Wie wenig würde geschrieben, wenn diejenigen Leute, die schreiben, wirklich berufen wären zu schreiben. Wie viele Leute schreiben heute über das Verhältnis von Rumänien zu Rußland oder von Rumänien zu den andern Staaten! Und es fällt ihnen gar nicht ein, daran zu denken, daß die einfachste Voraussetzung für einen heutigen Menschen, um über dieses Verhältnis etwas Vernünftiges zu sagen, wäre zum Beispiel, die Memoiren des verstorbenen Königs Carol durchzulesen. Wer schreibt, ohne dies getan zu haben, schreibt einfach Dinge, die nicht wert sind, überhaupt gelesen zu werden, auch nicht von den primitivsten Menschen. Die Zeiten sind ernst, deshalb können auch nur ernste Welt- und Lebensanschauungen diesen Zeiten in Wirklichkeit dienen. Und da handelt es sich gerade darum, das ein wenig zu empfinden, was ich schon oftmals als eine notwendige Empfindung charakterisiert habe: vor allen Dingen nicht rasch urteilen, sondern die Dinge nebeneinander stellen und sie betrachten, damit sie uns etwas sagen - sie werden uns im Laufe der Zeit allerlei sagen. Sich bekannt machen mit möglichst vielem — das ist es, was am besten vorbereitet, um wirklich in die schwierigen und verwickelten Verhältnisse des gegenwärtigen Lebens einzudringen.
Sehen Sie, ohne daß ich damit ein Urteil aussprechen will, möchte ich etwas erzählen, einfach erzählen - ich will damit nicht ein Urteil aussprechen, sondern eben gerade andeuten, wie man so etwas, wie ich es jetzt erzählen will, hinstellen sollte neben anderes, was geschieht. Es ist ja bekannt, welche bedeutungsvolle Rolle die rumänische Armee gespielt hat in dem Russisch-Türkischen Kriege. Es trat in diesem Kriege ein Moment ein, in dem der Großfürst Nikolaus — er spielte damals, in diesem Kriege, [wie sein gleichnamiger Sohn heute], eine wichtige Rolle - ungefähr so nach Rumänien schrieb, nachdem man vorher gefordert hatte, durch Rumänien durchmarschieren zu können:
Kommt uns zu Hilfe, überschreitet die Donau, wie Ihr wollt, unter welchen Bedingungen Ihr wollt; aber kommt rasch, denn die Türken machen uns den Garaus.
Dann ist durch das Eingreifen der rumänischen Armee, wie ja bekannt ist, für Rußland eine günstige Entscheidung herbeigeführt worden. Danach wollte König Carol von Rumänien auch an der Festlegung der Friedensentscheide teilnehmen. Das ließ man nicht zu, und da er eine ziemlich energische Haltung gegenüber der russischen Regierung einnahm, so konnte man eine sehr merkwürdige Erfahrung machen. In Bukarest hielten sich noch russische Truppen auf, und man konnte sich sehr leicht überzeugen, daß die Absicht bestand - bei solchen Zusammenhängen, wie ich sie Ihnen jetzt angedeutet habe, werden Sie begreifen, daß solche Absichten bestehen konnten -, daß die Absicht bestand, den König zu entfernen. Und als er verlangte, daß die russischen Truppen abziehen, hat ihm der damalige Minister Gor&akov eine außerordentlich brüske, eigentlich scheußliche Antwort gegeben. Da hat er nachgedacht - zuweilen denken solche Menschen auch nach - und hat sich damit getröstet, daß wenigstens der Zar Alexander mit so etwas nicht einverstanden sein werde und daß dieses nur auf Übergriffen des Gor£akov beruhe. So schrieb er denn an den Zaren und bekam von ihm die Antwort, die ich Ihnen in den entscheidenden Sätzen wörtlich vorlesen will:
Die peinlichen Verhältnisse, die das Verfahren Ihrer Minister geschaffen, konnten das herzliche Interesse nicht ändern, das ich für Sie empfinde; ich bedaure, daß ich die eventuellen Maßregeln andeuten mußte, zu denen mich die Haltung Ihrer Regierung nötigen würde.
Ich erzähle solch ein Faktum nur, um ein Beispiel zu geben, wie man die Ereignisse der letzten Jahrzehnte nebeneinander stellen sollte, damit einem aus den Ereignissen heraus dieses oder jenes Urteil entgegenspringen kann, denn die Ereignisse allein können zu einem wirklich inhaltsvollen Urteile verhelfen, und es sind schon einmal gerade die Ereignisse der letzten Jahrzehnte von solcher Art, daß sie sich gar nicht summarisch beurteilen lassen, weil viel zu viele Fäden zusammenlaufen. Aber bei jedem Urteil muß man ferner ins Auge fassen, woher die Beurteilungsimpulse kommen, ob gewissermaßen die Perspektive in der richtigen Weise eingestellt ist. In dieser Beziehung kann man die allerschmerzlichsten Erfahrungen machen. Und ich muß gestehen, daß ich selber gegenüber den vielen Unfreundlichkeiten, denen ich in der Gegenwart gerade mit Bezug auf diese Tatsache so häufig begegne, die schmerzliche Empfindung habe, wie wenig Neigung vorhanden ist in der Welt, Urteile perspektivisch einzustellen, in der richtigen Weise perspektivisch einzustellen. Wie wenig wird man verstanden, wie wenig ist auch nur der Wille vorhanden, einen zu verstehen, wenn man versucht, die Dinge so zu beurteilen, daß man für sein Urteil die richtige perspektivische Einstellung zu gewinnen sucht.
Ich muß gestehen, ohne daß ich jetzt meine eigene Meinung nach der einen oder andern Seite hin aussprechen will: Ich bin außerhalb Deutschlands kaum einem freundlichen Urteile, einem wirklich verständnisvoll-freundlichen Urteil über Deutschland begegnet — wohl Urteilen, die mit einer ungeheuren Sicherheit abgegeben werden, aber einem wirklich verständnisvollen Urteile nicht. Dagegen [begegnete ich] ungeheuer vielen außerordentlich wohlwollenden Urteilen über jene Gebiete, die rings um Deutschland liegen - ich erwähne das nur als Tatsache! Selbstverständlich wundert mich das nicht - niemand soll glauben, daß ich dies als eine Tatsache nehme, über die ich mich wundere. Das ist durchaus nicht der Fall - im Gegenteil, ich wundere mich gar nicht darüber, sondern ich versuche nur zu begreifen, warum es so ist. Aber es handelt sich darum zu bemerken, daß der Wille, sich perspektivisch einzustellen, gar nicht vorhanden ist, daß man nicht einmal ahnt, daß das Urteil eine ganz andere, eine perspektivische Einstellung braucht, wenn man heute zum Beispiel dasjenige, was ringsherum wohnt, beurteilen will - das ahnt man gar nicht einmal. Man ahnt gar nichts davon, was es heißt, daß in dem, was Mitteleuropa umschließt, jeder einzelne Mensch als Individuum angegriffen oder bedroht ist, so daß es sich da um menschliche Angelegenheiten handelt, währenddem es sich ringsherum um staatliche Angelegenheiten, um politische Angelegenheiten handelt; man ahnt gar nichts davon, daß das eine ganz andere Beurteilungsperspektive abgeben muß.
Man urteilt so auf gleich und gleich, möchte ich sagen, was gar keinen Sinn hat in diesem Falle. Denn man zieht zum Beispiel - wie gesagt, ich will nur über das Formale der Urteile sprechen, ohne eine Meinung abzugeben -, man zieht zum Beispiel nicht in Rechnung bei dem, was man als Urteil in der Welt überall faßt - und jetzt bitte ich durchaus zu berücksichtigen, damit nicht auch hier das eintritt, daß man auf ein Volk bezieht, was gar nicht in bezug auf das Volk gemeint ist —, man zieht nicht in Betracht, daß dasjenige, was man das Britische Reich nennt, ein Viertel der ganzen gegenwärtigen trockenen Erde in seinen Herrschaftsbereich einbezogen hat - ein Viertel, Rußland ein Siebentel - ich nehme die Zahl nicht zu groß -, Frankreich ein Dreizehntel. Das gibt addiert ungefähr die Hälfte der nicht vom Meere bedeckten, trockenen Erde! Ich begreife es, meine lieben Freunde, daß sich das Wohlwollen, das sich dieser Seite zuwendet, selbstverständlich berechnen läßt, indem man es, wie der Mathematiker sagt, mit einem gewissen Quotienten multipliziert, nämlich mit der Größe. Man ist ja selbstverständlich abhängig von dem, was die Hälfte der Erde beherrscht. Ich begreife es. Aber daß man sich das nicht gesteht, sondern daß man allerlei moralische Formeln, das heißt Phrasen braucht, das ist es, was als schlimmer Gedanke in Betracht kommt. In dem Augenblicke, wo man sagen würde, man kann doch nicht anders, als mit der Hälfte der Erde zu gehen, in dem Augenblicke wäre ja alles ganz gut, aber man wird sich wohl hüten, dies zu sagen. Nur nebenbei will ich erwähnen, daß Deutschland ein Dreiunddreißigstel des Bodens der Erde besitzt mit allen seinen Kolonien, die es besessen hat. Diese Dinge sind durchaus zu berücksichtigen.
Und nun frage ich Sie, meine lieben Freunde: Muß man in das Urteil so etwas nicht einbeziehen? Was vorhin in dem Aufsatze «Imperialismus» genannt worden ist, das kommt ja natürlich in Betracht als Ausbreitung der Herrschaft über die Territorien der Erde. Der größte Imperialismus ist selbstverständlich der britische Imperialismus - ich meine, darüber kann es keinen Streit geben. Ich rede jetzt nicht von meinen Meinungen, ich rede nur von dem, was auf Tatsachen hinweisen soll. Ich bitte, mich durchaus nicht so zu verstehen, als ob ich irgend jemanden, der einem Volk angehört, in irgendeiner Weise treffen wollte.
Nimmt man dies zusammen, so braucht es uns nicht zu wundern, daß das Britische Reich - man muß das doch auch wissen und in Erwägung ziehen - den größten Export gehabt hat und selbstverständlich noch hat. Nun trat ein merkwürdiger Umstand ein: Es trat ein Aufholen Deutschlands gegenüber dem britischen Export ein. Wenn man in gar nicht sehr weit zurückliegenden Jahren die Exportzahlen Deutschlands und die Exportzahlen des Britischen Reiches miteinander vergleicht, so war der deutsche Export sehr klein, der britische sehr groß. Aber ich will Ihnen die Exportzahlen für Januar bis Juni 1914 einmal hier auf die Tafel schreiben. Also vom Januar bis Juni 1914, da betrug:
der deutsche Export £1’045’000’000
der britische Export £1’075’000’000
Denken Sie, es wäre, ohne daß der Weltkrieg gekommen wäre, noch ein Jahr hingeflossen über die europäische Entwicklung, dann würde vielleicht beim deutschen Export eine größere Zahl gestanden haben als da unten beim britischen. Das durfte nicht sein!
Sie sehen, ohne daß man sich mit seinem Gefühl da oder dorthin engagiert, kann man aber doch die Dinge ins Auge fassen. Und viel wichtiger als die subjektiven Sympathien und Antipathien, viel wichtiger aber vor allen Dingen als dasjenige, was durch die Tagespresse pulsiert in so verheerender Weise, ist das, was einzelne immerhin sich um Objektivität bemühende Menschen über die Ereignisse der Gegenwart denken. Sehen Sie, ich will auch vom okkultistischen Standpunkt in der nächsten Zeit noch etwas tiefer auf diese Dinge eingehen, aber ich würde meine Pflicht versäumen, wenn ich einfach so die Dinge okkultistisch beleuchten würde, ohne daß ich auch auf dasjenige hinweisen würde, was auf dem physischen Plan eine Realität ist. So bequem, meine lieben Freunde, kann ich es Ihnen schon nicht machen, daß ich das Urteil sozusagen nur in ein Wolkenkuckucksheim hinaufhebe, damit niemandem ein Leid geschehe, sondern was über geistige Verhältnisse gesagt wird, muß schon ein wenig auch das beleuchten, was man wissen kann und wissen sollte vom physischen Plan. Und so lassen Sie mich denn auf etwas hinweisen, was Sie ja doch vielleicht interessieren wird und was ja bei der nunmehr, wie ich glaube, selbstverständlichen Vorurteilslosigkeit der hier befindlichen Freunde nicht allzu starken Anstoß erregen wird. Sie werden sehen - ich muß eben meine Pflicht gewissenhaft erfüllen und schon auch solche Unterlagen schaffen. Lassen Sie mich jetzt auf etwas hinweisen.
Es gibt natürlich innerhalb der Gegenwart durchaus Leute, die sich bemühen, scharf auf die Dinge hinzuschauen, sie so in das Blickfeld zu rücken, wie sie sich zugetragen haben. Man könnte zunächst meinen, na ja, alle Leute seien befangen. Aber sehen Sie, es gibt doch Unterschiede in der Befangenheit, und das sollte man doch auch etwas ins Auge fassen, diese Unterschiede in der Befangenheit. Ich möchte - ohne daß ich die Schrift empfehlen oder ein Lob über diese Schrift sagen will - doch nur erwähnen die immerhin interessante Tatsache, daß ein Schriftchen erschienen ist hier in der Schweiz: «Zur Geschichte des Kriegsausbruches, nach den amtlichen Akten der Königlich Großbritannischen Regierung dargestellt» von Dr. Jacob Ruchti. Diese Schrift weicht gar sehr von dem ab, was man heute überall rundherum auf der halben Erde findet über die sogenannte Schuld der Mittelmächte. Sie tritt in streng wissenschaftlicher Form auf - sogar etwas pedantisch wissenschaftlich, wie man es in historischen Seminarien macht - und benützt als Dokumente vorzugsweise diejenigen der britischen Regierung. Sie kommt zu einem Schlusse, den ich nun doch aus Rücksicht nicht hier wiederholen will, weil er sehr abweicht von dem, was man ringsherum um die europäische Mitte überall sonst als Urteil hat. [Aber einen Satz aus dieser Schrift will ich Ihnen doch vorlesen.] Am Schluß steht:
Aber die Geschichte läßt sich auf die Dauer nicht fälschen, die Legende vermag vor der wissenschaftlichen Forschung nicht standzuhalten, das dunkle Gewebe wird ans Licht gebracht und zerrissen, auch wenn es noch so kunstvoll und fein gesponnen war.
Diese Schrift, die also im Historischen Seminar einer schweizerischen Universität entstanden ist, wurde sogar von der Universität Bern preisgekrönt. Es gibt also heute eine von einer schweizerischen Universität preisgekrönte Schrift, welche versucht, die Dinge anders darzustellen, als man sie heute sehr häufig von der Peripherie aus dargestellt findet. Das ist immerhin doch eine Tatsache, die berücksichtigenswert ist, denn niemand wird wagen, das Historische Seminar der Berner Universität anzuklagen, etwa bestochen zu sein oder dergleichen.
Ich will noch eine andere Tatsache anführen. Es gibt seit einiger Zeit eine sehr interessante Diskussion zwischen Monsieur Clemenceau, Mister Archer und Georg Brandes - wie jetzt die Leute schreiben, mit einem Akzent [auf der letzten Silbe]; man war es früher vor dem Kriege nicht gewohnt. Georg Brandes ist Däne, dänischer Schriftsteller. Den meisten von Ihnen wird er bekannt sein, weil er einer der gefeiertsten europäischen Schriftsteller ist. Daß ich ihn heute aus besonderer Vorliebe erwähne, meine lieben Freunde, glauben Sie ja nicht, denn er gehört für mich zu den allerunsympathischsten Schriftstellern; er gehört zu den Schriftstellern, die ich am allerwenigsten leiden kann. Nun will ich ohne weitere Einleitung Ihnen den letzten Artikel, den Brandes in Anknüpfung an eine Auseinandersetzung mit Grey, Archer und Clemenceau geschrieben hat, vorlesen, aber, wie gesagt, ich rechne darauf, daß sich das bewahrheite, was ich mit Bezug auf unseren Kreis vorausgesetzt habe, daß man unterscheiden kann und nicht glauben soll, daß ich irgendeinem Volke etwas am Zeuge flicken will - ich sage ja auch nicht meine Meinung, sondern ich lese Ihnen nur vor. Da schreibt Georg Brandes - Brandes mit Akzent, Clemenceau hat [als erster] angefangen, diesen Akzent zu gebrauchen:
Da ich teils in ausländischen Zeitungen, teils in jenen anonymen Briefen, aus denen die Blüte der dänischen Plebs ihren Duft emporsendet, auch persönlichen Insinuationen begegnet bin, so sei nur folgendes ein für alle Mal bemerkt: Ich habe die Ehre, Mitglied dreier angesehener Londoner Klubs zu sein, war Präsident des einen, Vizepräsident des andern, bin Ehrenmitglied dreier wissenschaftlicher Gesellschaften und Ehrendoktor einer schottischen Universität. Ich bin mithin durch starke Bande an Großbritannien geknüpft, ich bin Englands literarischer und künstlerischer Welt zu tiefem Dank verpflichtet und habe mich stets von britischem Leben und Geist mächtig angezogen gefühlt.
Von seiten des Deutschen Reiches und Österreich-Ungarns habe ich niemals auch nur die kleinste Ehrenbezeugung irgendwelcher Art erhalten, auch nicht das kleinste rote Vögelchen vierter Klasse, ich war weder je Mitglied irgendeines deutschen Vereins noch einer wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft und habe nie von einer deutschen Universität die kleinste Auszeichnung empfangen.
Ich habe auch nie gehört, obwohl ich vieles in dieser Richtung gehört habe, daß je irgendeine deutsche Gesellschaft geneigt gewesen wäre, dem Georg Brandes eine Auszeichnung zu geben, wohl aber wacker über ihn zu schimpfen!
Infolge meiner Auslassungen über Nordschleswig schmäht man mich seit fast zwanzig Jahren in der deutschen Presse nach Kräften.
Daß ich also bestochen wäre, Deutschlands Sache zu verfechten, läßt sich eigentlich nicht behaupten.
Das stimmt durchaus, das stimmt! Nun, meine lieben Freunde, das ist eine kleine Einleitung. Ich füge noch hinzu: Brandes war ein intimster Freund von Clemenceau. Ich selber habe in Österreich einmal eine Bank gesehen, auf der - wie man mir erzählte - Clemenceau und Brandes, als die beiden auf dem Landsitz einer befreundeten Familie waren, in schönster, liebevollster Eintracht gesessen haben und auf welcher die beiden Namen «Clemenceau und Brandes» eingegraben waren. Man nennt seit dieser Zeit in dieser schönen schlesischen Einsiedelei jene Bank die «Clemenceau-Brandes-Bank». Georg Brandes hat einmal in Budapest einen Vortrag gehalten, bei dem er sagte:
Ich werde, da ich die ungarische Sprache nicht handhaben kann, nicht in ungarischer Sprache zu Ihnen sprechen können, und da ich die deutsche Sprache ebensowenig liebe wie Sie selber, so werde ich auch nicht in deutscher Sprache zu Ihnen sprechen, also in französischer Sprache Ihnen den Vortrag halten.
Sie sehen, es ist nicht die geringste Veranlassung vorhanden für einen Deutschen, irgendwelche besondere Liebe zu Georg Brandes zu entwickeln. Georg Brandes sagt:
Daß ich also bestochen wäre, Deutschlands Sache zu verfechten, läßt sich eigentlich nicht behaupten. Wenn ich unparteiisch ausgesprochen habe, was ich für Wahrheit ansehe, so dürfte das doch auf andern Eigenschaften beruhen als darauf, daß ich - wie Herr Clemenceau mir läppischer weise insinuiert— nach Kaisergunst schiele.
Ich weiß nicht, ob jetzt, nachdem dieser Satz geschrieben worden ist, der eine oder andere Name gestrichen ist von dieser Bank! Brandes weiter:
Mr. Archer geht von dem Grundgedanken aus, daß einzig die Zentralmächte (gewisse Männer dieser Mächte) an dem Krieg schuld seien und sich auf ihn vorbereitet hätten. Es ist derselbe Grundgedanke, dem man immer wieder bei den Alliierten begegnet: die unvollkommene Vorbereitung auf den Krieg beweise, daß der eine Teil das Lamm, der andere der Wolf sei.
Meiner Ansicht nach beweist der Mangel an Kriegsbereitschaft einer Festlandsmacht im Sommer 1914 an sich nichts anderes als eine gewisse Sorglosigkeit, Nachlässigkeit, Unordentlichkeit und mangelnde Voraussicht der verantwortlichen Stellen. Deshalb kann eine Nation sehr wohl darauf gehofft haben, durch Krieg in den Besitz gewaltsam entrissener Provinzen zu gelangen. Man kann sich sehr wohl vorstellen, daß solch ein Krieg schon längst als eine heilige Pflicht von der öffentlichen Meinung bezeichnet wurde und daß man trotzdem saumselig genug gewesen wäre, sein Militärwesen nicht in Ordnung zu halten.
Und was von einer Landmacht gilt, gilt nicht minder von einer Seemacht.
I.
Am 27. November 1911 wurde im englischen Parlament die Anfrage gestellt, ob das Marokko-Übereinkommen zwischen England und Frankreich vom April 1904, sei es von der französischen oder englischen Regierung, so ausgelegt werden könne, als begreife es unter Umständen militärische Unterstützung zu Lande oder zur See in sich und welches eventuell diese Umstände seien. Die Antwort lief darauf hinaus, daß diplomatische Unterstützung keine militärische oder maritime bedinge. Am selben Tag äußerte Sir Edward Grey: Versuchen wir all den Argwohn in bezug auf heimliche Abmachungen loszuwerden. Wir haben dem Unterhaus alle nicht veröffentlichten Artikel des Übereinkommens mit Frankreich von 1904 vorgelegt. Es bestehen keinerlei andere Verpflichtungen. Wir selbst haben seit Antritt der Regierung nicht eine einzige heimliche Abmachung irgendwelcher Art getroffen. Am 3. August 1914 verlas Sir Edward Grey im Parlament unter anderem folgenden Passus eines Dokuments, das er am 22. November 1912 an den französischen Botschafter in London gesendet hatte: «Sie haben darauf hingewiesen, daß im Falle eine der Regierungen ernsten Grund haben sollte, einen nicht herausgeforderten Angriff einer dritten Macht zu erwarten, es für sie von Gewicht sein könnte zu wissen, ob die betreffende Regierung in diesem Falle auf den bewaffneten Beistand der andern rechnen dürfe. Ich bin darin mit Ihnen einig, daß, sofern eine der Regierungen ernsten Grund haben sollte, einen unprovozierten Angriff einer dritten Macht oder etwas («something») den allgemeinen Frieden Bedrohendes (eine äußerst dehnbare Bestimmung) zu erwarten, sie augenblicklich mit der andern erörtern solle, ob beide Regierungen gemeinschaftlich vorgehen sollen, um dem Angriff vorzubeugen und den Frieden zu erhalten, und welche Maßregeln sie in einem solchen Falle gemeinsam zu treffen hätten.» In derselben Rede heißt es: «Wir sind an der französisch-russischen Allianz nicht beteiligt. Wir kennen nicht einmal die Ausdrücke, in denen sie abgefaßt ist.»
Brandes setzt in Klammern hinzu:
(Eine höchst merkwürdige Aussage.)
Im Februar 1913 sagte Lord Hugh Cecil in der Adreßdebatte: Es ist der Glaube ziemlich allgemein verbreitet, daß das Land eine Verpflichtung eingegangen sei, nicht gerade einen Traktat, aber eine Verpflichtung, die sich auf eine vom Ministerium gegebene Versicherung gründe, mit einer bedeutenden bewaffneten Macht in Europa zu operieren. Mr. Asquith unterbrach hier den Redner mit den Worten: «Ich fühle mich zu der Erklärung gezwungen, daß dies unwahr sei.»
Am 24. März 1913 wurde der Premierminister abermals befragt, ob britische Truppen unter gewissen Umständen einberufen werden könnten, um sie am Kontinent zu landen. Er erwiderte: «Wie schon wiederholt hervorgehoben wurde, hat dieses Land keinerlei der Öffentlichkeit und dem Parlament unbekannt gebliebenen Verpflichtungen, die es zur Teilnahme an irgendeinem Kriege treiben könnten.»
Stimmte [...]
- so fragt Georg Brandes —
[...] diese Antwort mit der Wahrheit überein? Als im folgenden Jahr neuerlich Gerüchte auftauchten, antwortete Sir Edward Grey am 28. April 1914: «Die Sachlage ist jetzt dieselbe, wie sie der Premierminister in seiner Antwort am 24. März 1913 festgestellt hat.» Auf eine abermalige Anfrage am 11. Juni 1914 erwiderte Sir Edward Grey: «Es bestehen keine unveröffentlichten Abmachungen, die das Parlament oder die Regierung in der Freiheit ihrer Entschließungen, ob Großbritannien an einem Kriege teilnehmen solle, hindern oder einschränken würden.»
Und Georg Brandes fügt hinzu:
Das kann man wohl ohne Übertreibung Sophisterei nennen.
Es bestand doch der Brief an M. Cambon vom 22. November 1912, der in dem schrecklichen Kanzleistil der diplomatischen Sprache, aber unzweideutig England zur Teilnahme an jedem militärischen Wagestück verband, zu dem Rußland Frankreich zu bewegen vermöchte.
Der Stil ist in der Tat etwas, das einem fürchterlich wehtut.
Und noch merkwürdiger war der Schluß der Rede des Ministers des ÄuBern, der Jautete: «Wenn jedoch irgendeine Verabredung getroffen werden müßte, die es notwendig machen sollte, die Erklärung des Premierministers vom Vorjahr zurückzunehmen oder abzuändern, so müßte sie meiner Meinung nach dem Parlament vorgelegt werden, und ich nehme es als gegeben an, daß dies auch geschehen würde.»
Und da fügt Brandes hinzu:
Die ganze Welt weiß, daß es nicht geschah.
II.
Diese aus Parlamentsreden angeführten Stellen beweisen, daß Groß britannien auf einen Krieg mit Deutschland nicht unvorbereitet war.
Mr. Archer betrachtet es als ausgemacht, daß von Deutschlands Seite ein Krieg mit Großbritannien leidenschaftlich herbeigewünscht wurde.
Bekanntlich ist es erwiesen, daß Englands Kriegserklärung von der deutschen Regierung so wenig vorausgeschen war, daß sie Bestürzung erregte. Man mag die deutsche Regierung in diesem Punkt naiv nennen, aber daß sie peinlich überrascht wurde, steht außer Zweifel. Kaiser Wilhelm hatte, wie C. H. Norman schlagend nachgewiesen hat, einigen Grund, auf Englands Neutralität zu hoffen. Er hatte in den Jahren 1900-1901 einer europäischen Koalition vorgebeugt, die England zwingen wollte, den südafrikanischen Republiken unter günstigen Bedingungen Frieden zu gewähren. Er hatte England seine Freundschaft bewiesen, indem er sich weigerte, die Deputation des Burenvolkes, die in ganz Europa gefeiert wurde, in Berlin zu empfangen; er hatte, wie er ausdrücklich in dem bekannten Interview im «Daily Telegraph» 1908 veröffentlichen ließ, die ‚Aufforderung Rußlands und Frankreichs abgelehnt, mit ihnen gemeinsam bei England Schritte zu tun, um dem Burenkriege ein Ende zu machen.
Weder Frankreich noch Rußland haben dem je zu widersprechen gewagt.
Ich könnte noch manches aus dem Interview jenes «Daily Telegraph» hinzufügen, was noch viel eklatanter sprechen würde als dasjenige, was Georg Brandes hier spricht; aber ich will ja selber nichts hinzufügen!
Besonders erpicht auf einen Krieg mit England war also der Kaiser damals nicht. Und daß er sechs Jahre nach der Veröffentlichung jenes Interviews eifrig darauf bedacht gewesen sein sollte, auf einmal mit dem ganzen Erdball in Krieg zu geraten, davon einen denkenden Menschen zu überzeugen, dürfte nicht leicht sein. Seine Regierung hat falsch gerechnet, hatte die Rechnung ohne den Wirt gemacht, das ist klar. Aber gewollt hat sie 1914 den Krieg mit England nicht, und der unbeherrschte Volkshaß gegen die Engländer, der in so abstoßender Weise in Deutschland zum Ausbruch kam, entsprang eben der Überraschung, in Großbritannien einem unerwarteten, einem ungemein starken Feind zu begegnen.
Die deutsche Diplomatie tat, was in ihrer Macht stand, um Englands Neutralität noch im letzten Augenblick zu erringen. Sie ging tastend zu Werke. Der deutsche Kanzler bot Sir Edward Goschen an, für die Unverletzlichkeit des französischen Landgebiets einzustehen für den Fall es Deutschland beschieden sein sollte, Frankreich und Rußland zu überwinden. Sir Edward Grey verhielt sich ablehnend, da Deutschland die Zusicherung nicht auch auf die französischen Kolonien ausdehnen wollte.
Nun fragte Fürst Lichnowsky, der deutsche Gesandte in London, ob England zusagen wolle, neutral zu bleiben, wenn die Deutschen die Neutralität Belgiens nicht verletzten. Diese Zusage wollte Sir Edward Grey nicht geben, er wollte freie Hand bewahren. («I did not think, we could give a promise of neutrality on that condition alone.») Ob er diese Zusage geben würde, falls Deutschland die Integrität sowohl Frankreichs als seiner Kolonien zusicherte? Nein, er wolle sich nicht binden. Ob er also selbst die Bedingungen angeben wolle, unter denen er zum Versprechen der Neutralität geneigt wäre? Auch das nicht. («The ambassador pressed me as to whether I could formulate conditions on which we would remain neutral. He even suggested that the integrity of France and her colonies might be guaranteed. I said that I felt obliged to refuse definitely any promise to remain neutral on similar terms, and I could only say that we must keep our hands free.»)
Wenn Sir Edward Grey hinterher behauptete, Fürst Lichnowsky hätte bei diesen Anerbietungen sicherlich seine Vollmacht überschritten, so doch eben nur, weil der britische Minister des Äußern überzeugt ist und bleibt, daß Deutschland damals eine unbezwingliche Lust hatte, sich gleichzeitig mit Rußland, Frankreich, England und Belgien zu schlagen.
Nun, meine lieben Freunde, verzeihen Sie, daß ich hier doch eine kleine Einschaltung mache. Es geht Ihnen ja aus dem, was eben gelesen worden ist, hervor, daß es nur eines einzigen Satzes von Grey, eines einzigen Satzes von ihm bedurft hätte, um die Neutralitätsverletzung Belgiens zu verhindern - eines einzigen Satzes! Ich gebe aber Grey keinerlei Schuld, denn er ist der Hampelmann von ganz andern Mächten, von denen ich noch später einmal sprechen möchte - im Gegenteil, ich betrachte ihn als einen ganz ehrlichen, aber außerordentlich stumpfsinnigen Menschen, aber ich weiß nicht, wie weit es gestattet ist, heute solche Urteile abzugeben. Hinzugefügt werden könnte: Es hätte nur eines einzigen Satzes bedurft, so wäre der Krieg im Westen überhaupt unterblieben. Das sind Dinge, die die Welt einmal erfahren wird.
Ich denke, daß diese Dinge doch einigermaßen schwer ins Gewicht fallen, denn sie sind Tatsachen. Brandes fährt fort:
Wie schon früher ausgeführt und wie es dem gesunden Menschenverstand einleuchtet, war Deutschland auf einen deutsch-russischen Krieg gefaßt, falls ein solcher aus dem Einfall Österreichs in Serbien entstehen sollte. Es wollte Frankreich (und auch Belgien) unbehelligt lassen, falls dieses sich neutral verhielte. Allein Frankreich war bekanntlich fest entschlossen, Rußland zu Hilfe zu kommen, eine Politik, über deren Weisheit die Zukunft ihr Urteil fällen wird, die aber vorläufig dahin geführt hat, daß zehn Millionen Menschen die sieben Tage der Woche damit verbringen, einander kläglich hinzumorden.
Das englische Ministerium des Äußern hatte heimlich - ohne Wissen des Parlaments - Großbritannien verpflichtet, Frankreich im Falle eines europäischen Krieges zu Hilfe zu kommen. Englands öffentliche Meinung hätte vielleicht, infolge der neuen, aber starken Sympathien für Frankreich, diese Verpflichtung, wenn sie bekannt gewesen wäre, gebilligt. Doch sicher würde sie den Zwang nicht gebilligt haben, in den England versetzt wurde, wenn sie alles gewußt hätte, sollte doch durch das Verhältnis Frankreichs zu Rußland, der einzigen Macht, die bei einem Krieg nichts zu verlieren hatte, England zum Kriege gezwungen werden. Rußlands Menschenmaterial ist so groß, daß die Verluste an Menschenleben im Krieg nur wenig in Betracht kommen, und würden die nationalen Leidenschaften entfesselt und führte der Krieg zum Siege, so konnte die konservative Regierung dadurch nur befestigt werden.
III
Die öffentliche Meinung in Großbritannien würde, wenn sie um die politische Lage, wie sie war, Bescheid gewußt hätte, erkannt haben, daß der Ausgang des Streites für die Freiheit oder das Heil der Menschheit nichts Gutes verheißen könne. Siegten die Alliierten, so bahnte dies nur eine ungeheure Steigerung der Macht Rußlands an, den Sieg eines Regierungssystems, das dem Großbritanniens entgegengesetzt ist. Für das russische Volk, das als Volk Europas Herz gewonnen hat, würde dieser Sieg keinen Fortschritt verheißen. I. Ich glaube nicht, daß mein geschätzter Widersacher, Mr. Archer, den preußischen Militarismus mehr verabscheuen kann als ich. Er wird bedingt durch die zwei langen und gefährdeten Grenzlinien zwischen Deutschland und Rußland auf der einen und Deutschland und Frankreich auf der anderen Seite.
Bitte, das sagt ein Mensch, der niemals den kleinsten «roten Vogel» bekommen hat, auch nicht vierter Güte!
Was ihn Frankreich gegenüber entschuldbar macht, ist die Tatsache, daß die Franzosen Berlin wohl an zwanzigmal besetzten, während die Deutschen nur zweimal in Paris waren. Er wirkt abschreckend durch sein Kastenwesen und seinen Hochmut. Doch viel schlimmer als der Militarismus anderer Länder ist er wohl kaum.
Sagt Georg Brandes, der nicht den geringsten «roten Vogel» hat, nicht einmal vierter Güte!
Europa, auch England, beobachtete seinerzeit in der Dreyfus-Affäre mit Besorgnis, welche Formen der französische Militarismus anzunehmen vermag. Was den russischen Militarismus betrifft, so [...]
-ich sage das wie Georg Brandes selbstverständlich auch mit vollem Herzen —
[...] schlachteten die idyllischen und liebenswürdigen Russen, für die mein geehrter Freund Wells so schwärmt und die es auch uns andern angetan haben, im Jahre 1900 kaltblütig die ganze chinesische Bevölkerung in Blagovesensk und Umgebung. Die Kosaken banden die Chinesen an ihren Zöpfen zusammen und trieben sie auf Booten, die sie nicht zu tragen vermochten, auf den Strom hinaus. Wenn die Frauen ihre Kinder an den Strand warfen und flehten, wenigstens diese zu retten, spießten sie die Kleinen auf ihre Bajonette.
«Ärgeres wie diesen Massenmord in Blagovesöensk haben sich auch die Türken niemals zuschulden kommen lassen», schrieb Mr. FE. E. Smith, der vormalige englische Pressezensor im Jahre 1907, in eben dem Jahr, in dem England und Rußland den Traktat vereinbarten, der Persiens Unabhängigkeit gewährleistete und untergrub.
Derselbe englische Schriftsteller hat die Schilderung bestätigt, die der Korrespondent der «Times» seinerzeit vom japanischen Militarismus gab. Am 21. November 1894 stürmte das japanische Heer Port Arthur und vier Tage lang schlachtete die Soldateska die Zivilbevölkerung, Männer, Frauen und Kinder, mit äußerster Barbarei: «Vom Morgengrauen bis in die Nacht hinein vergingen die Tage mit Mord, Plünderung und Verstümmelungen, mit jeder denkbaren Art namenloser Grausamkeit, bis der Ort ein solches Bild des Entsetzens war, daß jeder Überlebende mit Schaudern bis an seinen Todestag daran denken wird.»
Diese Dinge, die der Georg Brandes sagt, der nicht den geringsten «roten Vogel» vierter Güte hat, die sind natürlich demjenigen wohlbekannt gewesen, der geschrieben hat: Der Krieg bringt selbst die Schrecken des Krieges, und man soll sich nicht wundern, wenn in dem Krieg die modernen Mittel eben gebraucht werden. - Aber ich hörte neulich, gerade dieser Satz in meiner Broschüre würde mir ganz besonders verübelt. Er kann einem nur verübelt werden von Menschen, die gar nichts wissen von der Geschichte und die nicht wissen, wovon eine solche Sache die Folge ist. Georg Brandes sagt weiter:
Es kommt also nicht so sehr darauf an, von welcher Nationalität der Militarismus seine Färbung erhält. Er ist sich überall ziemlich gleich. Ich wünschte, Mr. Archer läse einen Vortrag, den Dr. Vöhringer am 30. Januar 1915 in Hamburg über Deutsch-Afrika hielt. Er würde daraus erfahren, was die deutschen Bewohner von Kamerun, etwa fünfzig Damen und Herren, die von der Kriegserklärung überrascht wurden, zu leiden hatten, als englische Offiziere sie einsperren ließen und dem Befehl von Schwarzen unterstellten, die sie mißhandelten. Sie litten Hunger und Durst. Baten sie um Wasser, so reichte man es ihnen in Unratkübeln, und ein britischer Offizier sagte: «Gleichviel, ob die deutschen Schweine zu trinken haben oder nicht.» Nicht einmal Waschwasser erhielten sie auf der Reise von Lago[s] bis England.
Ich habe niemanden gelangweilt in meiner Broschüre mit der Erzählung solcher Tatsachen, aber man hat es mir übelgenommen, daß ich nicht in denselben Ton einstimme, in den überall eingestimmt wird. Nicht das, was ich in der Broschüre gesagt habe, wurde angefochten das ging auch aus dem «sauberen» Brief von Edouard Schur6 hervor —, sondern das, was nicht in der Broschüre steht, was ringsherum gesagt wird. Das ist es, was dieser Broschüre übelgenommen worden ist, daß nicht so geschimpft worden ist, wie ringsherum überall geschimpft wird! Georg Brandes sagt weiter:
So sieht der englische Militarismus aus. Ist er um vieles besser als der preußische, wenn das Nationalgefühl bei den Engländern wie bei den anderen Völkerschaften der Erde bis zum Wahnwitz überhitzt ist?
IV.
Möchte[n] nun Mr. Archer und andere hervorragende Männer in und außerhalb Großbritanniens endlich von der ewigen Untersuchung, in die auch ich hineingezerrt wurde, lassen, wer die Schuld an dem Krieg trage und an wem sie durch seinen Ausgang gesühnt werden müsse, und sich lieber der einzig wichtigen und entscheidenden Frage zuwenden, nämlich, wie man den Ausweg aus dieser Hölle finde, von der man in Wahrheit sagen kann, wie es in «Macbeth» heißt:
O horror, horror, horror! Tongue nor heart
Cannot conceive nor name thee.Die Kriegführenden sind unersättlich. Wurde doch in Paris beschlossen, den Handelskrieg bis aufs äußerste fortzuführen, auch wenn der Krieg der Waffen beendet sei. So soll denn die Tollheit nie ein Ende nehmen?
Der Krieg muß ja doch auf alle Fälle mit einer Übereinkunft schließen; und da der Krieg wirtschaftlicher Natur war, muß auch die Übereinkunft eine wirtschaftliche sein. England hat als Freihandelsmacht der ganzen Welt den Weg gewiesen. Abmachungen hinsichtlich der Zollfragen werden unausweichlich sein, und man wird notgedrungen gegenseitige Zugeständnisse machen, größere Freiheit für den Handel anstreben müssen, um schließlich zum Weltfreihandel zu gelangen.
Ein Mann aus dem Lande, das von Anfang an am schwersten unter dem Krieg gelitten hat, ein belgischer Fabrikant aus Charleroi, Mr. Henri Lambert, hat das erlösende, das dem Frieden den Weg bahnende Wort gesprochen, nämlich, daß die einzige kluge und vorausschende Politik, in diesem Fall Zollpolitik, die ist, gerecht zu sein, auch dem Gegenpart das Leben zu gönnen. Er hat darauf hingewiesen, daß eine dauernde Besserung der europäischen Zustände sich nur dann erreichen ließe, wenn der den Frieden suchende Teil zur Abschaffung oder mindestens Herabsetzung der Zölle genötigt würde, doch unter dem Zugeständnis voller gerechter Gegenseitigkeit. Die Abschaffung des Zolls scheint das einzig vernünftige und wirksame Mittel, um die im ökonomischen Wettstreit bekannte Kampfmethode, die die Engländer «dumping» nennen und den Deutschen so leidenschaftlich vorwerfen, auszuschließen.
Zollkonventionen werden auch in dem unwahrscheinlichen Fall unausweichlich sein, daß der Krieg fortgeführt würde bis zu einem den Gegner vernichtenden Sieg, für den noch Millionen und aber Millionen Menschen draußen auf den Walplätzen geopfert werden oder daheim an Wunden, Krankheiten und Entbehrungen zugrunde gehen müßten. Gesetzt, der Sieger beschlösse (wie es die Pariser Wirtschaftskonferenz verlangt) eine solche Benachteiligung des. Überwundenen in bezug auf die Zölle, daß er wirtschaftlich hierdurch auf eine niedrigere Stufe herabgedrückt würde, so wäre dies ein Rückfall der Menschheit zum System der Völkersklaverei!
Der Unterdrückte würde dann selbstverständlich mit aller Kraft danach streben, sich wieder aufzurichten, jeden Zwist zwischen den Siegern ausnützen und sich binnen einem halben Jahrhundert befreit haben. Allianzen halten ja doch kein halbes Jahrhundert vor.
Europas friedliche Zukunft beruht demnach auf dem Freihandel. Der Freihandel ist, wie Cobden sagte, der beste Friedensstifter. Er scheint noch mehr: der einzig mögliche Friedensstifter.
In früheren Zeiten stach man alten Pferden, die eine Tretmühle zu drehen hatten, die Augen aus. So, mit geblendeten Augen gegenüber der Wirklichkeit rings um sie her, drehen nun die unglücklichen Völker Europas notgedrungen und freiwillig die Tretmühle des Krieges.
Dies ist ein neutrales Urteil, aber das Urteil eines Menschen, der nicht urteilt nach Phrasen, sondern der in seinem Urteile eine Anzahl von Tatsachen gibt und die Möglichkeit zeigt, diese Tatsachen aneinander in der richtigen Weise abzumessen. Nicht eine Meinung auszusprechen, sondern hinzuweisen auf das, was nottut in unserer Zeit, wenn Wahrheit gesucht werden soll - das war mein Bestreben. Warum sollte es unmöglich sein, das Urteil zu suspendieren, wenigstens in der eigenen Seele, wenn man nicht die Zeit oder nicht den Willen hat, sich in der entsprechenden Weise um die Tatsachen zu kümmern? Geisteswissenschaft kann uns zeigen, daß die Urteile, die heute gefällt werden, die man so häufig in die Worte eingekleidet findet: Wir kämpfen für die Freiheit und das Recht auch der kleinen Nationen -, daß das wirklich die unverantwortlichsten Phrasen sind. Sie sind es allein schon durch ihre Natur, denn wer nur ein wenig die Wirklichkeit kennt, der weiß, daß solches Gerede dasselbe ist, wie wenn ein Haifisch einen Friedensvertrag eingehen wollte mit jenen Seefischchen, die bestimmt sind, von ihm gefressen zu werden. Es wird selbstverständlich nicht gleich verstanden werden - vielleicht erst nach einiger Meditation -, daß vieles Reden von heute ganz genau so ist, wie wenn man sich hinstellen und sagen würde: Warum gehen die Haifische mit den kleinen Fischen, die sie fressen wollen, nicht einen Kontrakt ein über ein «zwischenfischliches» - zwischenstaatlich sagt man nämlich heute -, über ein «zwischenfischliches» Fischrecht? - Jene Leute, die heute davon sprechen, daß ein Friede kommen soll, sagen, daß man mit dem Morden erst aufhören werde, wenn man Aussicht habe, daß nun immer Friede sei. Man kann sich eigentlich nichts Tolleres als diese Anschauung vorstellen: so lange zu morden, bis man es durch das Morden dahin gebracht hat, daß es keinen Krieg mehr geben kann! Man braucht heute kaum mehr ein Okkultist zu sein, um zu wissen: Wenn auf die eine oder andere Weise dieser Krieg in Europa aufgehört haben wird, so wird nur eine geringe Anzahl von Jahren vergehen, und es wird ein viel wütenderer, viel verheerenderer Krieg außerhalb Europas die Welt durchzittern.
Aber wer kümmert sich heute um diejenigen Dinge, die auf Wirklichkeit gründen? Man hört sich lieber an, wenn Staatsmänner deklamieren, man müsse dies oder jenes erreichen zur Freiheit und zum Rechte auch der kleinen Nationen. Man hört es sich sogar an, wenn dem Titel nach zum Präsidenten gewordene Advokaten - die ja zwar ganz geschickte Advokaten sein mögen, um auf «rumänische» Art Prozesse zu führen -, [wenn solche Advokaten] reden und dabei [prächtig] wie ein Osmanen-Fürst in der Toga auftreten, was man nur nicht bemerkt, weil man in diesem Falle von «Republik» spricht. Was soll man dazu sagen, wenn die Menschen sich Vorlesungen anhören, die solche Leute halten über künstlerische und literarische Dinge wie zum Beispiel über die Beziehungen der Sagen und Mythen und der literarischen Stoffe von West- und Mitteleuropa - ganz abgesehen von solchen Tatsachen, wie ich sie schon neulich erwähnte, nämlich, daß jener Maeterlinck unter lautem Beifall Goethe, Schiller, Lessing und noch einige andere - ich weiß schon nicht, wen alles -«mittelmäßige Geister» genannt hat! Aber, meine lieben Freunde, ich will Ihr Urteil nicht im geringsten beeinflussen; nur aufmerksam machen will ich, daß zu Urteilen Perspektiven notwendig sind und daß zu einem Urteil, wenn es Wahrheit sein soll, wirklich ganz andere Dinge dazu gehören, als man heute vielfach anwendet.
Man muß sich darüber doch klar sein- darauf sei nochmals hingewiesen -, daß die in Mitteleuropa zusammengedrängte Bevölkerung unter einem ganz andern Gesichtswinkel zu beurteilen ist, weil da die Menschen existentiell bedrängt sind, während dasjenige, was ringsherum ist - nur soweit es kriegführende Mächte sind selbstverständlich - für eine lange Zeit noch, wenigstens bis gewisse Zustände eintreten, falls der Krieg noch jahrelang dauert - nur staatlich und politisch beurteilt werden muß. Für Mitteleuropa handelt es sich um das Geistesgut, um die Seelenentwicklung, um das, was in Jahrhunderten produziertes Geistesgut ist. Es wäre der purste Unsinn zu glauben, daß es sich ringsherum um ein Ähnliches handeln könnte; das würde nur eine Gedankenlosigkeit darstellen, wenn man so etwas aussprechen würde. Gewiß, überall ist mancherlei zu tadeln, aber es ist etwas anderes, ob man — um jetzt Großes mit Kleinem zu vergleichen - die Dinge tadelt, die sich in einer eingeschlossenen Festung oder bei einem Belagerungsheer ringsherum zutragen. Aber ich habe noch kein Urteil gehört aus der Peripherie, das auf solche Dinge irgendwie Rücksicht nehmen würde.
Und um nicht einseitig zu sein, möchte ich zum Schlusse doch noch auf etwas hinweisen. Man tut sich da, wo man gerecht sein will, immer etwas darauf zugute, beide Seiten gleich zu beurteilen, indem man sagt: Na ja, da ist es so, da ist es so und so weiter. Aber man stellt sich nie die Frage: Ist es denn da und da auch wirklich so? Eine schweizerische Zeitung hat neulich Artikel veröffentlicht, welche in einer ganz abstrakten Weise darauf hinwiesen, da und dort werde dies und das gesagt, da und dort werde gelogen und so weiter, um nach beiden Seiten gerecht zu sein. Wenn aber das nicht wahr wäre, was da gesagt worden ist? Da wurde über die Verlogenheit im Weltkrieg gesprochen, aber dieser Artikel ist selbst ganz verlogen - gerade durch die Art und Weise, wie in ihm gesprochen wird. Ich will Ihnen nun etwas vorlesen — ich möchte sagen, ich tue es mit Angst und Beben -, was herausgegriffen ist aus einer beliebigen deutschen Zeitschrift, um den Unterschied zu charakterisieren, denn das, was ringsherum geschrieben wird, ist ja hinlänglich bekannt, und es ist hinlänglich bekannt, daß dies wahrhaftig nicht aus einem Wohlwollen gegen die Völker Mitteleuropas geschrieben wird. Denn selbst dort, wo man, ich möchte sagen weniger gepfefferte Urteile findet, da findet man noch immer hinlänglich viel von mehr als Unfreundlichem gegenüber dem Volkstum, das ja doch Goethe, Schiller, Lessing und so weiter hervorgebracht hat.
Da ist mir also «zufällig» ein Artikel über Menschenwürde von Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm in die Hände gefallen. Er ist dadurch veranlaßt, daß man - Sie werden ja vielleicht davon gehört haben - die Deutschen Barbaren genannt hat, sogar in der Peripherie jetzt noch Barbaren nennt. Von Gleichen-Rußwurm nimmt keinen besonderen Anstoß daran, daß man das Wort Barbaren gebraucht — im Gegenteil, er zeigt ganz nett, was die Griechen, die Römer unter «Barbaren» verstanden haben und sicher nicht einmal so etwas Schlimmes meinten. Aber darauf will ich nicht eingehen. Er spricht sich über die verschiedenen Völker aus; es ist wirklich ein Artikel, wie man ihn zahlreich heute finden kann, geschrieben von Leuten in Mitteleuropa, die äquivalent wären zum Beispiel mit Maeterlinck — Sie verzeihen! Gleichen-Rußwurm unterscheidet zwischen Völkern und Regierungen, und er tut das zuweilen mit Worten - ich teile sie nur mit, ich spreche sie nicht selber aus -, er tut das mit Worten, die ja schon schrecklich sind, wenn der Betreffende sich als Mitglied des Volkes beleidigt fühlt, aber ich glaube, es ist niemand unter uns, der so fühlt; wir sind alle Anthroposophen und können so etwas verstehen.
Ich lese ja auch nicht die Worte vor, die der Betreffende über die Regierungen spricht, sondern ich lese den Artikel vor-ich würdeihn sonst nicht vorlesen, wenn er mir nicht gerade in die Hände gekommen wäre -, ich lese ihn vor, um zu zeigen, daß Gleichen-Rußwurm, der kein so berühmter Mann, aber an Intelligenz etwa gleichwertig wie Maeterlinck ist, nicht davor zurückschreckte, innerhalb der Festung den eigenen Leuten wahrhaftig nicht Sand in die Augen zu streuen, sondern auszusprechen, was ein mutiger und ernsthaft denkender Mensch zu sagen hat. Nur ist es selbstverständlich, daß dasjenige, was innerhalb der Festung gesagt wird, eigentlich den Umkreis nicht berühren sollte, weil es ihn im Grunde genommen gar nichts angeht. Wenn man einigermaßen taktvoll denkt, so wird man einsehen, was ich damit sagen will. Nun, Gleichen-Rußwurm sagt:
Durch traurige Ausnahmegeschöpfe und deren Taten, wo und wie sie der Krieg entfesselt haben mag, läßt sich nicht ohne weiteres auf das psychische Allgemeinbefinden einer ganzen Nation schließen.
Das russische Volk ist gutmütig und sanft, was auch die ihm stammesfremden Kosaken begehen mögen. Die verbrecherische Regierung des Zarentums hat den Krieg heraufbeschworen, aber der größte Dichter des Landes, Tolstoj, der uns immer verehrungswürdig bleiben wird, hat in ergreifenden Worten Abscheu vorm Krieg gepredigt.
Die Greueltaten des französischen Pöbels, die Torheit seiner Minister und die bildungsfernen Äußerungen der Pariser Journalisten und Schriftsteller machen nicht ungeschehen, daß Frankreich das Vaterland des Heiligen der Nächstenliebe ist, Vincent de Paul, der heute noch manche Nachfolger hat, und verhindern keineswegs, daß der größere Teil des Volkes ebenso arbeitsam wie friedlich gesinnt ist.
England bleibt Shakespeares Heimat, es hat der Welt zarte Dichter, opfervolle Philanthropen, Philosophen von höchstem Wert geschenkt, trotzdem wird es von Lügnern und Falschspielern regiert, und die Engländer, die am selbstbewußtesten von ihrer Kultur denken, haben durch ihre Art der Kriegsführung die Krone scheußlichsten modernen Barbarentums gezeitigt.
Italiens charakterlose Banditenregierung verdient Verachtung. Auch den Freunden des Landes war alles, was mit dem dritten Italien zusammenhing, unangenehm und widerlich, aber von der alten Kultur, dem künstlerischen Sinn und der Schönheit des Landes haben wir seit Goethe so reiche Schätze erhalten, daß wir sie unvergessen und weiter fruchtbringend in unserem Herzen bewahren.
Der Haß unserer Feinde hat vielleicht das Wertvollste an unserem Wesen gerettet. Die Bitternis, die uns jetzt zuteil wurde, die Erkenntnis einer unerhörten Abneigung von allen Seiten her, gleicht der Warnung, die der Sklave dem Triumphator zuraunen mußte: «Gedenke, daß du sterblich bist!»
Sie bewahrt uns davor, auch wenn niedriger Mund sie ausspricht, daß Hochherzigkeit nicht zur Überhebung führt, schöne Siegesfreude nicht zur «Hybris» entartet, zu der Vermessenheit, vor der griechische Dichter ihre Helden warnen.
Schiller, um die Würde der Menschen besorgt, meinte, daß adlige Menschen nicht nur mit dem zahlen, was sie tun, sondern mit dem, was sie sind.
Ein adliges Volk tut aber desgleichen.
Sie sehen, man kann sehr abfällige Urteile haben über diejenigen, die beteiligt sind an den gegenwärtigen Ereignissen, und braucht nicht darauf zu verfallen, ganze Völker zu schmähen. Aber Urteile von solcher Art - sie könnten verhundertfacht werden -, sie sind einfach vorhanden! Und wenn man einmal statistisch vergleichen wird, wie vom August 1914 an über andere Völker geurteilt worden ist in Mitteleuropa und wie im Umkreise, dann wird sich eine merkwürdige geistesgeschichtlich-kulturgeschichtliche Erkenntnis ergeben - mittlerweile ist man ja weit davon entfernt.
Mr. Leadbeater beschäftigt sich mittlerweile damit, die Verbrecherstatistik von Deutschland und England miteinander zu vergleichen und schreibt mit großen Buchstaben im «Theosophist», wie vielmal mehr Verbrecher Deutschland als England hat. Dann weist ihm ein Leser in einer der nächsten Nummern nach, daß er bei seiner Statistik vergessen hat, eine Zahl einzusetzen - sie ist einfach unter einer andern Rubrik angeführt -, eine Zahl, welche das alles aus der Welt schlägt. Ich glaube, er berücksichtigt für England nur 12000 Verbrecher und vergißt 146000; für Deutschland führt er aber alle an. Aber während der Artikel mit dieser Statistik, die er angibt, um Deutschland als das Land der größeren Zahl der Verbrecher hinzustellen, mit ganz großen Buchstaben im «Theosophist» ist, steht die Widerlegung ganz hinten mit sehr kleinen Buchstaben, mit winzig kleinen Buchstaben. Solche Statistiken werden einmal durch andere Statistiken ersetzt werden, und dann wird sich doch einiges von dem bewahrheiten, was diese bernische Preisschrift «Zur Geschichte des Kriegsausbruchs» sagt:
Aber die Geschichte läßt sich auf die Dauer nicht fälschen, die Legende vermag vor der wissenschaftlichen Forschung nicht standzuhalten, das dunkle Gewebe wird ans Licht gebracht und zerrissen, auch wenn es noch so kunstvoll und fein gesponnen war.
Meine lieben Freunde, ich mußte schon solche Dinge vorausschikken, wenn ich über manches von dem ein nächstes Mal sprechen will, was ja einige erschnen und was, wie ich nochmals bemerke, eben durchaus nicht so bequem gemacht werden darf, wie man es sich vielleicht vorstellt. Ich habe ja nicht nötig, diese oder jene Meinung abzugeben; der Okkultist gewöhnt sich daran, rein, unverfälscht die Tatsachen anzusehen und sie hinzustellen. Und ich weiß sehr gut, was - selbstverständlich niemand aus diesem Kreise, denke ich - aber mancher Außenstehende besonders heute gleich erwidern würde wegen Greueltaten und so weiter - allerlei Dinge, die man billigerweise, eben ohne die nötige Perspektive, immer wieder und wiederum erzählt und aufgreift. Ich kenne und weiß diese Einwände, aber ich weiß auch, wie kurzsichtig es ist, sie zu machen, und wie wenig derjenige, der sie macht, eine Ahnung hat, wie die Dinge eigentlich liegen und wie sich die verschiedenen Schuldfragen verteilen.
Sehen Sie, meine lieben Freunde, als wir den Streit hatten - wenn man es so nennen kann — mit Mrs. Besant, da brachte es diese fertig, uns alle Schuld zuzuweisen. Sie hat dazumal - nach der Angabe eines ihr bis dahin Ergebenen, aber nun von ihr Abgefallenen - nach dem Prinzip gehandelt: Wenn jemand von einem andern angefallen wird und der Angefallene schreit «zu Hilfe, zu Hilfe», so sagt man dem nach Hilfe Schreienden, er tue etwas Unberechtigtes, denn er lasse sich nicht freiwillig abschlachten. - So etwa war der Einwand, den dazumal Mrs. Besant gemacht hat. Aber von ähnlicher Qualität sind auch manche Urteile, die in der Gegenwart gefällt werden; sie sind nicht mehr wert als diese. Man kann in dieser Beziehung die allermerkwürdigsten Erfahrungen machen. Gutwillige, wohlwollende Menschen, die im gewöhnlichen Leben nie ein solches Urteil fällen würden, wie sie es über das fällen, wovon sie - pardon! - nichts wissen, nämlich über politische Dinge - diesen Menschen fehlt Klarheit in ihren Urteilen. Und darum handelt es sich, meine lieben Freunde: um die Grundbedingung für eine Urteilsfindung überhaupt, nicht um die Abgabe dieses oder jenes Urteils in dieser oder jener Richtung.
Nächsten Sonnabend werden wir uns also wiederum um 7 Uhr hier treffen.
First Lecture
My dear friends! Since we have only one lecture today, it may well be a kind of interlude—with reflections that may fall outside the usual course of events, but which, as episodic remarks, must always be inserted from time to time. We will then continue with our ongoing reflections next Saturday.
Throughout all the discussions we have been having here for years, a common thread has run through them, namely how important it is that the individual who is capable of being seized by the impulses of spiritual science should also become so insofar as he gains a feeling a feeling for how this spiritual science fits into everything that humanity has brought to the surface in its development so far—to the surface of spiritual life, but basically to the surface of all life, because it is only a trivial view that spiritual life can be a thing in itself. In truth, all seemingly materialistic life in the world is nothing other than an effect of spiritual life.
At first, it is difficult to see the connection between material life and spiritual life if, as is so often the case today, spiritual life is seen only as a sum of abstract philosophical, abstract scientific, and abstract religious ideas. For it will have become clear to you from the previous considerations that even the religious ideas of the present day are affected to the utmost degree by abstraction, by that which is developed in ideas and feelings without any real spiritual life pulsating directly within them. Such abstract intellectual culture cannot intervene in real, external life. Only that spiritual culture [which draws from the spiritual] can intervene in outer life. And it will have to intervene more and more strongly in the future development of humanity if humanity does not want to fall completely into decadence. Very few people realize this today because very few have a sense of what the spiritual actually is. Now, I have often emphasized that it is extremely difficult, especially in these days, to speak about how spiritual science fits into the most diverse phenomena of the present, which are so painful for us today.
A few years ago, we chose Goethe's words as our motto: “Wisdom is only in truth.” We did not choose it out of superficial impulses, as is often the case today, but out of the awareness that human beings must be prepared in a certain way, with their whole soul and their whole mind, if they want to take spiritual science into their souls in the right way and truly make it the impulse of their lives. The entire preparation that a person needs in order to penetrate spiritual science in the right way, especially today, can be summed up in the statement: “Wisdom lies only in truth.” However, the word “truth” must then be taken seriously and with dignity in every respect. Now, from a purely external point of view, we have entered into a development, particularly in Europe but also in the whole of earthly life, which has shown how little souls are touched, especially in our much-praised modern culture, by what this motto actually expresses.
What I am saying in this way, my dear friends, please do not take it as if it were directed specifically at our anthroposophical circles. That is not the case at all — you would misunderstand me completely. Spiritual science is something that, at least initially, must recognize its relationship to the entire culture of the times in an ideal way. And when we speak of various things which make it very impossible to take the right attitude toward spiritual science in this culture, this is of course least of all meant to refer to those circles which, as anthroposophists, consciously try to penetrate the spiritual needs of the present, into what must be healing for the present — while rightly appreciating everything that the present has brought forth.
We have entered — purely from an external point of view, of course, for there are inner necessities underlying this which are by no means unforeseen — we have entered an age in which people in general, within the present spiritual life that is coming to the surface and presenting itself to everyone's soul's eye, are by no means inclined to take truth, katexochen, truth in its most original and purest meaning. What interests people most today, they do not bring to the light of truth, not even for the innermost impulses of their own souls, not even, or at least not usually, in moments of holiday feeling. Instead, they view it, especially today, in our present time, from the perspective of belonging to some national or other community. Consciously and unconsciously, people today judge according to such criteria, and the shorter their judgment is formed, that is, the less real insight is included in such a judgment, the more comfortable it is for the soul of today, the soul of the immediate present. This is why we so often encounter completely impossible judgments of the great and the individual in the present, because these judgments are not based on any expertise—nor do they want to be—and because they always strive to distract from what is actually at stake and to direct attention to something completely different, something that is not at stake at all.
Today, people speak—among ourselves, it should be self-evident that we must first clarify what constitutes a correct standard of judgment for what is happening around us—people speak, for example, of the contradictions between peoples; they pass judgment on peoples. When one speaks as a member of a people, one passes judgment on other peoples, and one does not understand those who do not pass such judgments, but simply judge what is real. And when one passes such judgments on peoples, one never hits anything real! But those who judge what is real — namely, realities — and in doing so must say this or that about this or that government, about this or that man in government, about something that has happened within this or that policy, whether he says it in a more everyday context or whether he elevates it to a higher level of judgment—one judges him as if he had something completely different in mind than he actually does. How easy it is to encounter someone passing judgment on a contemporary statesman who is involved in current affairs. If this statesman belongs to a particular people and a judgment is passed on him in front of someone who also belongs to this people, then the person concerned feels affected, because he relates what is based on reality not to this reality, but to something that cannot be defined, that has no definition at all if one does not consider it in the reality of the spiritual sciences — he relates it to his people, as he says, or to some other people.
And so it comes about that strange judgments are flying around the world today: people from certain nations judge other nations without realizing that such a judgment has no content whatsoever, that it does not go beyond words and therefore does not lead to any experienced content. Just consider what is necessary in order to pass judgment on an entire people! And how much judgment is passed on entire peoples today, my dear friends! Not only that, but people commit themselves inwardly to their judgments without knowing the necessary background, without even having the slightest idea of the most basic facts. Now, it is true that one cannot expect everyone to be familiar with the background information, but one can expect everyone, when passing judgment, to do so consciously and with a certain reserve, not to present their judgments as absolute truths. But even if one does not go that far, one must be clear about the difference between a meaningful judgment, a meaningful statement, and a meaningless statement. And one can say that today the great sin of our culture is to live in meaningless statements without realizing how meaningless they are. More than at any other time, we experience today that words are excellent for arguing and for constructing systems. But we experience more than that; we experience that words that are empty of content are used to make history and to make politics, and it is precisely the sad fact that there is so little inclination to recognize this. Only rarely does one encounter a real sense of what is actually at stake in this area.
One can already encounter such a sense today, but it is rare. In recent days, for example, I came across sentences that express a sense of the great deficiency of our time:
But now we hear with astonishment from the prophets of the new age that the old words freedom, equality, and brotherhood were only “merchants' ideals” and should be replaced by new ones. Recently, for example, Professor Kjellen [...]
—I emphasize this because it is so necessary in the present day: the professor is not German, but Swedish, and therefore neutral—
[...]who, in his writing on “The Ideas of 1914,” contrasts the old words of 1789 with the new ones of 1914. He calls them: order, duty, justice. On closer inspection, however, these supposedly new words are also quite old, worn-out words. What is revealed in this juxtaposition is the age-old struggle that characterizes human intellectual life, the struggle between an inner world of free personal activity and the outer world of rigid laws and coercive measures. Even in the time of Christ, justice as the fulfillment of the law found its counterpart in mercy, just as duty found its counterpart in love, and legal order in voluntary obedience.
However, Professor Kjellen does not envisage the unconditional abolition of the words liberty, equality, and fraternity, which became superfluous with the demise of the “Ancien Régime,” but rather a synthesis between them and the new words of 1914: order, duty, and justice. But this synthesis would not be anything new, for it was already realized to the extent that the imperfection of all human institutions allowed in 18th- and 19th-century England.
The fact that this synthesis is no longer effective in the present day only proves that all values and countervalues, together with their temporary synthesis, become mere phrases as soon as the divine spark that makes them true and alive is extinguished. Freedom, equality, and fraternity are one of the formulas that derive their effective power from the social conscience. Order, duty, and justice, on the other hand, require the suggestive power of an authority in order to be effective. And it is only here, not in the rule of a particular formula, that the deficiency that determines the fate of modern humanity at its core is revealed: the majority lacks the power of social conscience for the rule of liberating values, and the authority for the rule of values that are binding from outside.
Values that are not deeply rooted in development can very quickly become empty phrases and fall prey to abuse.
And so on.
I say that one sometimes comes very close to such a feeling. But I myself need not be particularly surprised that such words strike me as coming from an oasis in the desert of contemporary phraseology, for they were written by an old friend of mine, Rosa Mayreder, and can be found in the “Internationale Rundschau” in the November 1916 issue and refer to many things I discussed with this person many years ago. So I need not be particularly surprised that this comes to me, but in a certain sense I was pleased to hear how such a person continues to think, even if she cannot rise to a spiritual scientific view of the world. Even if they remain stuck in sterile criticism, they must still say:
All problems of shaping the external world can be traced back to one thing—the problem of power.
If only we would take this into account, my dear friends, we would live much less in phrases than we do today.
At the center of all the strife and turmoil that prevail in human affairs is the struggle of individual groups and individuals for power. This struggle for power between entire groups of peoples or states is, beyond all rhetoric, the true cause of every war. War cannot be separated from the pursuit of power; anyone who wants to fight war as such must first devalue the principle of power—as early Christianity did, quite logically. But the form in which the principle of power appears today is worse than ever before, because it threatens the human soul in its most beautiful and noble qualities. It can be described as the mechanization of life through technical and economic domination of nature. It is the tragic fate of man that he always becomes a slave to his own creations because he is unable to calculate their consequences in advance. And so it happens that even where he uses his ingenuity and inventiveness to subjugate the elemental forces that once stood helplessly before him, he becomes once again the slave of the unpredictable effects that these forces acquire through their connection with the principle of power. Modern technology, which makes human life so much easier, and modern economics, which increases its material resources so infinitely, turn against the essence of the person as tools of modern imperialism by pushing people, huddled together into a soulless mass, into the machinery of interests that drive civilized life. Man himself becomes material and a component of machinery; to the extent that he is suited to this, he can assert himself. But what the past cultural epoch built up in spiritual values must perish in the process.
[...] At present, this culture is only still alive in countries that are outside the sphere of imperialist competition, or in the countryside and small towns, where there is still leisure and peace, a balance between productivity and demands, those indispensable prerequisites for a beautiful culture of life, which are being crushed in the centers of modern civilization by the murderous whirlwind of excess.
Well, my dear friends, such voices are proof that what is lacking in the present is recognized by some—though not many! But when it comes to seizing the living impulse of spiritual science, people shy away from it. They do not want what is most suitable for grasping reality as it is; they do not want to let it come near them. But this is essentially connected with the fact that a certain basic impulse of striving is lacking, and in many respects, my dear friends, this is the basic impulse toward truth. The urge to seek truth in phrases that one picks up and imbues oneself with—however enthusiastically, for my sake—can never lead to the discovery of truth. To find the truth, one must have a sense of the facts, regardless of whether they are to be found on the physical plane or in the spiritual world. But just observe life, observe whether today the urge for truth has kept pace with the acumen that has flowed into the outer culture, with the enormously admirable advances in which this outer culture is embodied. On the contrary, one can say that in a certain sense people have lost the good will to look and see whether what is really there is somehow rooted in truth. But one must acquire this sense for truth in everyday life, otherwise one will not be able to carry it up into the understanding of the spiritual worlds.
To show you what I mean, I would like to give you an example to illustrate that it is not only empty phrases that surge and swell on the waves of present-day civilization, but actual lies that intervene in life as lies. You see, my dear friends, we can now look back on many events that have shaken the whole of Europe. One must go back decades and know the essential characteristics of the events of those decades if one wants to have any judgment at all about what is currently shaking the world. One must go back decades, but one must have an eye for realities.
I have drawn your attention to the fact that in certain occult brotherhoods in the West — which I was able to verify in the 1890s — there was talk of the present world war and that at that time the students of these occult brotherhoods were taught using maps that showed them how Europe was to be changed by this world war. This world war was referred to in particular in English occult brotherhoods as one that must come, that was being formally brought about, that was being prepared. I am pointing to facts here, and it is only for certain reasons, which I have already indicated, that I refrain from drawing maps for you, which I could easily do and which have certainly figured in the occult brotherhoods of the West.
Now, these occult brotherhoods and all those affiliated with them were fully expecting great upheavals to take place—I say this with full deliberation—between the Danube and the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea and the Adriatic, in connection with the great European war to which they were referring. And one of the sentences that I would like to quote verbatim, in a certain sense, one of the sentences that appeared there, is this: If the dreams of the Pan-Slavists go just a little further, then many things will first come to pass in the Balkans that were intended by these occult brotherhoods — that are in the spirit of European development.
This is a vast network [of interconnections], I would say, to which I would first like to draw your attention. The Pan-Slavic dreams were discussed over and over again in these occult brotherhoods. Not of cultural dreams, which would of course be fully justified — and who could have pointed more thoroughly to what is in the soul of the East than we in our spiritual-scientific movement — not of cultural dreams, but of political dreams, of political upheavals. Now, you see, since these Pan-Slavic “dreams” played such a role, we can certainly take a look at the realities of the physical plane that were at work there, of which I will give just one example.
For decades—really, for decades—there was a “Slavic Charitable Committee” under the protection of the Russian government. Isn't that wonderful? What could be better than a “Slavic Charitable Committee” under the protection of a powerful government? What could be better? Well, my dear friends, since I have mentioned this committee, I would like to read you a short letter that has to do with this committee and is dated December 5, 1887. This letter says the following:
The president of the Petersburg Committee of the Slavic Charitable Society has approached the Minister of Foreign Affairs with a request for weapons and ammunition for the Nabokov expedition.
So not for shirts and pants for children, but for ammunition for a certain expedition, which at that time was connected with the agitation of revolutions in the individual Balkan countries! From this you can perhaps see how what is truly a lie floats in public life—the realized lie floats in public life. A charity committee—harmless, of course, even commendable! But this committee conducts the business of various revolutionary committees connected with the Russian government, whose task is to stir up trouble in the Balkan states in a certain way. Perhaps I may add a small note, a little note—it would be easy for me to multiply this note tenfold, twentyfold.
At the head of a certain Balkan government in 1914, in that fateful year of 1914, stood a certain Mr. Pašič – you will probably remember the name. Some time earlier, when the Obrenoviči were still ruling in Serbia, this Mr. Pašič was banished from Serbia to another Balkan state. One might ask what he was doing there. Well, I do not wish to criticize this gentleman myself, but I would like to read you a short letter. It says:
Secret communication from the President of the Committee of the Slavic Charitable Society in St. Petersburg to the Consul General in Ruščuk, dated December 3, 1885, No. 4875.
So that you don't think I'm making this up or telling you an anecdote, I'll also give you the number from the file – No. 4875. So:
Upon notification from the director of the Asian Department, I have the honor of sending you 6,000 rubles, with the humble request that this amount be paid to the Serbian emigrant Nicola Pašič through the widow Natalie Karavelov, who lives in Ruščuk. Please kindly inform us of the receipt and transfer of the sum.
You can see how even those who appeared to be harmless members of the “Slavic Charitable Society” played a certain role in the fateful events in Europe. Would it not be good to have an instinct for the truth, inasmuch as one does not take things at face value everywhere, i.e., based on phrases, but develops the will to examine them a little? Otherwise, one judges in a highly frivolous manner, and frivolity in judgment is something that must increasingly lead one away from the truth. There is never any excuse for recklessness in judgment, because recklessness leads one away from the truth. One cannot say that one did not know this or that, for what we carry in our souls as a judgment is a fact and has an effect in the world. And everyone should be aware that what they carry in their souls has an effect in the world. Most of the time, it is only the reflection of what dominates existence, acting across the broad horizon of life.
Today, one hears all sorts of judgments about the various relationships between states, which are now called “relations between peoples,” to use a phrase that replaces the truth. Today, one hears judgments about the relationships between states without those who judge these relationships making even the slightest effort to obtain the relevant information, even though it is sometimes easy to find. Of course, what I am saying does not apply to those who are united with us here in the Anthroposophical Society. But we are right in the middle of the world, or at least we are in the middle of the world through a most unfortunate circumstance, namely that we always allow ourselves to be influenced by what certain people have called a great power: the press! And this influence of the press is truly the most disastrous that can exist today, for it fundamentally distorts and clouds everything. How little would be written if those who write were truly called to write. How many people write today about the relationship between Romania and Russia, or between Romania and other countries! And it does not even occur to them to think that the simplest prerequisite for a person today to say anything sensible about this relationship would be, for example, to read the memoirs of the late King Carol. Anyone who writes without having done so is simply writing things that are not worth reading, even by the most primitive people. These are serious times, and therefore only serious worldviews and attitudes toward life can truly serve these times. And this is precisely why it is important to feel a little of what I have often characterized as a necessary sentiment: above all, do not judge quickly, but rather place things side by side and observe them so that they can tell us something—they will tell us all sorts of things over time. Familiarizing oneself with as much as possible—that is the best preparation for truly penetrating the difficult and complicated circumstances of contemporary life.
Look, without wanting to pass judgment, I would like to tell you something, simply tell you—I don't want to pass judgment, but just suggest how something like what I am about to tell you should be viewed alongside other things that are happening. It is well known what a significant role the Romanian army played in the Russo-Turkish War. There came a moment in that war when Grand Duke Nicholas — who played an important role in that war, [as his son of the same name does today] — wrote something like this to Romania after a demand had been made to be allowed to march through Romania:
Come to our aid, cross the Danube as you wish, on whatever terms you wish; but come quickly, for the Turks are finishing us off.
Then, as is well known, the intervention of the Romanian army brought about a favorable decision for Russia. After that, King Carol of Romania also wanted to participate in the determination of the peace decisions. This was not allowed, and since he took a rather energetic stance toward the Russian government, a very strange experience was had. Russian troops were still stationed in Bucharest, and it was very easy to see that there was an intention—given the circumstances I have just outlined, you will understand that such intentions could exist—to remove the king. And when he demanded that the Russian troops withdraw, the then Minister Gor&akov gave him an extremely brusque, actually hideous answer. He thought about it—sometimes such people do think—and consoled himself with the thought that at least Tsar Alexander would not agree to such a thing and that this was merely the result of Gorchakov's excesses. So he wrote to the Tsar and received the reply, which I will read to you verbatim in the decisive passages:
The embarrassing circumstances created by your ministers' actions have not altered the cordial interest I feel for you; I regret that I had to hint at the measures your government's attitude would force me to take.
I relate this fact only to give an example of how the events of the last decades should be juxtaposed so that one can arrive at this or that judgment from the events themselves, for events alone can help us arrive at a truly meaningful judgment, and the events of the last decades are precisely of such a nature that they cannot be judged summarily, because far too many threads come together. But with every judgment, one must also consider where the impulses for judgment come from, whether the perspective is, so to speak, correctly adjusted. In this regard, one can have the most painful experiences. And I must confess that I myself, in view of the many unkind remarks I encounter so frequently at present in connection with this fact, have the painful feeling that there is little inclination in the world to put judgments into perspective, to put them into the right perspective. How little one is understood, how little there is even the will to understand one when one tries to judge things in such a way as to gain the right perspective for one's judgment.
I must confess, without wishing to express my own opinion one way or the other: Outside Germany, I have hardly encountered any friendly judgments, any truly understanding and friendly judgments about Germany—judgments that are made with tremendous certainty, but not truly understanding judgments. On the other hand, I encountered an enormous number of extremely benevolent judgments about the areas surrounding Germany—I mention this only as a fact! Of course, this does not surprise me—no one should believe that I take this as a fact that surprises me. That is not the case at all—on the contrary, I am not surprised by it at all, but I am simply trying to understand why it is so. But the point is to note that there is no desire to take a broader perspective, that people do not even suspect that a completely different, broader perspective is needed when, for example, one wants to judge what is happening around us today – they do not even suspect this. One has no idea what it means that in what surrounds Central Europe, every single human being is attacked or threatened as an individual, so that these are human affairs, while all around them are state affairs, political affairs; one has no idea that this requires a completely different perspective of judgment.
One judges equally, I would say, which makes no sense in this case. For example, one does not take into account—as I said, I only want to talk about the formal aspects of judgments without expressing an opinion—one does not take into account, for example, in what is generally accepted as judgment throughout the world—and now I ask you to take this into consideration so that we do not end up referring to a people which is not meant in relation to the people—one does not take into account that what is called the British Empire has included a quarter of the entire dry land in its sphere of influence—a quarter, Russia a seventh—I am not exaggerating the figures—France a thirteenth. Added together, that is about half of the dry land not covered by the sea! I understand, my dear friends, that the goodwill directed toward this side can, of course, be calculated by multiplying it, as mathematicians say, by a certain quotient, namely, by size. One is, of course, dependent on what rules half the earth. I understand that. But the fact that one does not admit this, but instead resorts to all kinds of moral formulas, that is, phrases, is what comes into consideration as a bad idea. The moment one would say that one cannot help but go along with half the earth, everything would be fine, but one would be careful not to say so. I would just like to mention in passing that Germany owns one thirty-third of the earth's land with all the colonies it has possessed. These things must be taken into account.
And now I ask you, my dear friends: must one not take such things into account in one's judgment? What was called “imperialism” earlier in the essay is, of course, to be considered as the expansion of domination over the territories of the earth. The greatest imperialism is, of course, British imperialism—I mean, there can be no dispute about that. I am not talking about my opinions, I am only talking about what points to facts. Please do not understand me as wanting to offend anyone who belongs to a particular people in any way.
Taking all this together, it is not surprising that the British Empire – and this must also be known and taken into consideration – had the largest exports and, of course, still does. Then a strange circumstance arose: Germany began to catch up with British exports. If you compare the export figures for Germany and the British Empire in the not too distant past, German exports were very small and British exports very large. But let me write the export figures for January to June 1914 on the board. So, from January to June 1914, the figures were as follows:
German exports £1,045,000,000
British exports £1,075,000,000
Just imagine, if the world war had not broken out and European development had continued for another year, German exports might have been higher than British exports. That could not be allowed to happen!
You see, without getting emotionally involved in one side or the other, it is still possible to look at things objectively. And much more important than subjective sympathies and antipathies, much more important than what is pulsating so devastatingly through the daily press, is what individuals who strive for objectivity think about the events of the present. You see, I want to go into these things in more depth from an occult point of view in the near future, but I would be neglecting my duty if I simply shed light on things from an occult perspective without also pointing out what is a reality on the physical plane. I cannot make it so easy for you, my dear friends, by lifting the judgment up into a cloud cuckoo land, so to speak, so that no one is hurt. Rather, what is said about spiritual conditions must also shed some light on what can and should be known from the physical plane. And so let me point out something that may interest you and that, given the impartiality of the friends here present, which I believe is now self-evident, will not cause too much offense. You will see—I must conscientiously fulfill my duty and provide such documentation. Let me now point out something.
There are, of course, people today who strive to look sharply at things, to bring them into focus as they have happened. One might initially think, well, all people are biased. But you see, there are differences in bias, and one should also take these differences in bias into account. Without wishing to recommend or praise this publication, I would just like to mention the interesting fact that a short book has been published here in Switzerland: “Zur Geschichte des Kriegsausbruchs, nach den amtlichen Akten der Königlich Großbritannischen Regierung dargestellt” (On the history of the outbreak of war, based on the official records of the Royal British Government) by Dr. Jacob Ruchti. This paper differs greatly from what is found everywhere today across half the world about the so-called guilt of the Central Powers. It is presented in a strictly scientific form—even somewhat pedantically scientific, as is done in historical seminars—and uses primarily documents from the British government. It comes to a conclusion which, out of consideration, I do not wish to repeat here, because it differs greatly from the opinion held everywhere else around the European center. [But I would like to read you one sentence from this document.] At the end it says:
But history cannot be falsified in the long run; legend cannot stand up to scientific research; the dark web is brought to light and torn apart, no matter how artfully and finely it was woven.
This paper, which was written in the history department of a Swiss university, was even awarded a prize by the University of Bern. So today there is a paper, awarded a prize by a Swiss university, which attempts to present things differently from how they are very often presented today from the periphery. This is, after all, a fact that should be taken into account, because no one would dare accuse the History Department of the University of Bern of being bribed or anything of the sort.
I would like to mention another fact. For some time now, there has been a very interesting discussion between Monsieur Clemenceau, Mister Archer, and Georg Brandes—as people now write, with an accent [on the last syllable]; this was not customary before the war. Georg Brandes is Danish, a Danish writer. Most of you will be familiar with him because he is one of the most celebrated European writers. Do not think, my dear friends, that I mention him today out of any particular fondness, for he is one of the writers I find most unsympathetic; he is one of the writers I can least tolerate. Without further introduction, I will now read to you the last article Brandes wrote in connection with a dispute with Grey, Archer, and Clemenceau, but, as I said, I am counting on what I have assumed with regard to our circle proving to be true, namely that you can distinguish and should not believe that I want to disparage any people—I am not expressing my opinion, but merely reading to you. Georg Brandes writes—Brandes with an accent, Clemenceau was [the first] to start using this accent:
Since I have encountered personal insinuations in foreign newspapers and in those anonymous letters from which the flower of the Danish plebs sends forth its fragrance, let me say the following once and for all: I have the honor of being a member of three distinguished London clubs, was president of one, vice president of another, am an honorary member of three scientific societies, and hold an honorary doctorate from a Scottish university. I am therefore bound to Great Britain by strong ties, I am deeply indebted to England's literary and artistic world, and I have always felt powerfully attracted to British life and spirit.
I have never received even the slightest honor of any kind from the German Empire or Austria-Hungary, not even the smallest red bird of the fourth class. I have never been a member of any German association or scientific society and have never received the slightest distinction from a German university.
I have also never heard, although I have heard much to that effect, that any German society has ever been inclined to award Georg Brandes an honor, but rather to rail against him!
As a result of my omissions regarding North Schleswig, I have been vilified in the German press for almost twenty years.
So it cannot really be claimed that I was bribed to defend Germany's cause.
That is absolutely true! Well, my dear friends, that is a brief introduction. I would like to add that Brandes was a close friend of Clemenceau. I myself once saw a bench in Austria on which, as I was told, Clemenceau and Brandes sat in the most beautiful, loving harmony when the two were at the country estate of a family friend, and on which the two names “Clemenceau and Brandes” were engraved. Since that time, this bench has been called the “Clemenceau-Brandes bench” in this beautiful Silesian hermitage. Georg Brandes once gave a lecture in Budapest in which he said:
As I do not speak Hungarian, I will not be able to address you in Hungarian, and as I love the German language as little as you yourselves do, I will not speak to you in German either, but will give my lecture in French.
You see, there is not the slightest reason for a German to develop any particular love for Georg Brandes. Georg Brandes says:
So it cannot really be claimed that I have been bribed to defend Germany's cause. If I have spoken impartially what I consider to be the truth, this must be based on other qualities than the fact that I—as Mr. Clemenceau insinuates in a rather ridiculous manner—am seeking the favor of the emperor.
I do not know whether, now that this sentence has been written, one or two names have been removed from this bench! Brandes continues:
Mr. Archer proceeds from the basic idea that only the Central Powers (certain men of these powers) are to blame for the war and that they prepared for it. It is the same basic idea that one encounters again and again among the Allies: the imperfect preparation for war proves that one side is the lamb and the other the wolf.
In my opinion, the lack of preparedness for war on the part of a continental power in the summer of 1914 proves nothing more than a certain carelessness, negligence, disorderliness, and lack of foresight on the part of those responsible. Therefore, a nation may well have hoped to gain possession of provinces violently wrested away through war. It is quite conceivable that such a war had long been regarded by public opinion as a sacred duty and that, despite this, the authorities had been sluggish enough not to keep their military affairs in order.
And what applies to a land power applies no less to a sea power.
I.
On November 27, 1911, a question was raised in the English Parliament as to whether the Morocco Agreement between England and France of April 1904 could be interpreted by either the French or English government as including military support on land or at sea under certain circumstances, and what those circumstances might be. The answer was that diplomatic support did not imply military or maritime support. On the same day, Sir Edward Grey said: “Let us try to dispel all suspicion of secret agreements. We have submitted to the House of Commons all the unpublished articles of the 1904 agreement with France. There are no other obligations. We ourselves have not entered into a single secret agreement of any kind since the government took office. On August 3, 1914, Sir Edward Grey read out in Parliament, among other things, the following passage from a document he had sent to the French ambassador in London on November 22, 1912: “You have pointed out that, should either government have serious grounds for expecting an unprovoked attack by a third power, it might be important for it to know whether it could count on the armed assistance of the other. I agree with you that if one of the governments should have serious grounds for expecting an unprovoked attack by a third power or something (“something”) threatening the general peace (an extremely elastic provision), it should immediately discuss with the other whether both governments should take joint action to prevent the attack and preserve peace, and what measures they would take jointly in such a case.” The same speech states: “We are not party to the Franco-Russian alliance. We do not even know the terms in which it is couched.”
Brandes adds in brackets:
(A most curious statement.)
In February 1913, Lord Hugh Cecil said in the address debate: It is a fairly widespread belief that the country has entered into an obligation, not exactly a treaty, but an obligation based on an assurance given by the Ministry to operate with a significant armed power in Europe. Mr. Asquith interrupted the speaker at this point, saying, “I feel compelled to state that this is untrue.”
On March 24, 1913, the Prime Minister was again asked whether British troops could be called up under certain circumstances to be landed on the continent. He replied: “As has been repeatedly emphasized, this country has no obligations unknown to the public and Parliament that could compel it to participate in any war.”
Was [...]
- asks Georg Brandes —
[...] this answer correspond to the truth? When rumors resurfaced the following year, Sir Edward Grey replied on April 28, 1914: “The situation is now the same as that stated by the Prime Minister in his reply on March 24, 1913.” In response to a further inquiry on June 11, 1914, Sir Edward Grey replied: “There are no unpublished agreements that would prevent or restrict Parliament or the Government in their freedom of decision as to whether Great Britain should participate in a war.”
And Georg Brandes adds:
This can be called sophistry without exaggeration.
There was, after all, the letter to M. Cambon dated November 22, 1912, which, in the terrible bureaucratic style of diplomatic language, but unambiguously committed England to participate in any military venture that Russia might persuade France to undertake.
The style is indeed something that hurts terribly.
And even more remarkable was the conclusion of the speech by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, who said: “However, if any agreement were to be reached that would make it necessary to withdraw or amend the Prime Minister's statement of last year, it would, in my opinion, have to be submitted to Parliament, and I take it for granted that this would be done.”
And Brandes adds:
The whole world knows that this did not happen.
II.
These passages from parliamentary speeches prove that Great Britain was not unprepared for war with Germany.
Mr. Archer considers it a foregone conclusion that Germany passionately desired a war with Great Britain.
It is well known that England's declaration of war came so unexpectedly to the German government that it caused consternation. One may call the German government naive in this regard, but there is no doubt that it was taken by surprise. As C. H. Norman has convincingly demonstrated, Kaiser Wilhelm had some reason to hope for England's neutrality. In 1900-1901, he had prevented a European coalition that wanted to force England to grant peace to the South African republics on favorable terms. He had proven his friendship to England by refusing to receive the delegation of the Boer people, which was celebrated throughout Europe, in Berlin; he had, as he expressly stated in the well-known interview published in the Daily Telegraph in 1908, he had rejected the request of Russia and France to join them in taking steps against England to end the Boer War.
Neither France nor Russia ever dared to contradict him.
I could add many more things from that Daily Telegraph interview that would speak even more clearly than what Georg Brandes says here, but I do not wish to add anything myself!
The Kaiser was therefore not particularly eager for war with England at that time. And it would be difficult to convince any thinking person that, six years after the publication of that interview, he was suddenly intent on going to war with the whole world. His government miscalculated, it didn't take all factors into account, that much is clear. But it did not want war with England in 1914, and the uncontrolled hatred of the English people, which erupted in such a repulsive manner in Germany, arose precisely from the surprise of encountering an unexpected and extremely powerful enemy in Great Britain.
German diplomacy did everything in its power to secure England's neutrality at the last moment. It proceeded cautiously. The German chancellor offered Sir Edward Goschen to guarantee the inviolability of French territory in the event that Germany should be forced to defeat France and Russia. Sir Edward Grey rejected this offer, as Germany did not want to extend the assurance to the French colonies.
Prince Lichnowsky, the German ambassador in London, then asked whether England would agree to remain neutral if the Germans did not violate Belgium's neutrality. Sir Edward Grey did not want to give this promise; he wanted to keep his hands free. (“I did not think we could give a promise of neutrality on that condition alone.”) Would he give this promise if Germany guaranteed the integrity of both France and its colonies? No, he did not want to commit himself. Would he then state the conditions under which he would be inclined to promise neutrality? No, he would not. (“The ambassador pressed me as to whether I could formulate conditions on which we would remain neutral. He even suggested that the integrity of France and her colonies might be guaranteed. I said that I felt obliged to refuse definitely any promise to remain neutral on similar terms, and I could only say that we must keep our hands free.”)
When Sir Edward Grey claimed afterwards that Prince Lichnowsky had certainly exceeded his authority in making these offers, it was only because the British Foreign Minister was and remains convinced that Germany at that time had an irresistible desire to fight simultaneously against Russia, France, England, and Belgium.
Now, my dear friends, forgive me for interrupting here. It is clear from what has just been read that all it would have taken was a single sentence from Grey, a single sentence from him, to prevent Belgium's violation of neutrality – a single sentence! However, I do not blame Grey in any way, for he is the puppet of entirely different powers, of which I would like to speak later. On the contrary, I consider him to be a very honest but extremely dull man, but I do not know to what extent it is permissible to make such judgments today. It could be added that a single sentence would have been enough to prevent the war in the West altogether. These are things that the world will one day learn.
I think that these things carry some weight, because they are facts. Brandes continues:
As already explained earlier and as common sense dictates, Germany was prepared for a German-Russian war if such a war should arise from Austria's invasion of Serbia. It wanted to leave France (and Belgium) unmolested if they remained neutral. But France was known to be determined to come to Russia's aid, a policy whose wisdom the future will judge, but which has for the time being led to ten million people spending seven days a week miserably killing each other.
The British Foreign Office had secretly—without the knowledge of Parliament—committed Great Britain to come to France's aid in the event of a European war. Public opinion in England, as a result of its new but strong sympathies for France, might have approved this commitment if it had been known. But it would certainly not have approved of the constraint placed on England if it had known everything, since England would be forced into war by France's relationship with Russia, the only power that had nothing to lose in a war. Russia's human resources are so great that the loss of life in war is of little consequence, and if national passions were unleashed and the war led to victory, the conservative government could only be strengthened as a result.
III
If public opinion in Great Britain had been aware of the political situation as it was, it would have recognized that the outcome of the conflict could not bode well for the freedom or salvation of mankind. Victory for the Allies would only have paved the way for an enormous increase in Russia's power and the victory of a system of government opposed to that of Great Britain. For the Russian people, who have won the hearts of Europe, this victory would promise no progress. I. I do not believe that my esteemed opponent, Mr. Archer, can detest Prussian militarism more than I do. It is conditioned by the two long and endangered borders between Germany and Russia on the one side and Germany and France on the other.
Please, this is said by a man who has never received even the smallest “red bird,” not even fourth class!
What makes him excusable in France's eyes is the fact that the French occupied Berlin probably twenty times, while the Germans were only in Paris twice. He has a deterrent effect due to his caste system and his arrogance. But he is hardly worse than the militarism of other countries.
Says Georg Brandes, who has not received the slightest “red bird,” not even fourth grade!
At the time of the Dreyfus affair, Europe, including England, watched with concern to see what forms French militarism might take. As for Russian militarism, [...]
-I say this, like Georg Brandes, of course, with all my heart—
[...] the idyllic and amiable Russians, whom my esteemed friend Wells raves about and who have also charmed the rest of us, cold-bloodedly slaughtered the entire Chinese population of Blagovesensk and the surrounding area in 1900. The Cossacks tied the Chinese together by their braids and drove them out onto the river in boats that they could not carry. When the women threw their children onto the beach and begged them to at least save them, they impaled the little ones on their bayonets.
“Even the Turks never committed such atrocities as this mass murder in Blagovesöensk,” wrote Mr. FE. E. Smith, the former English press censor, in 1907, the very year in which England and Russia agreed on the treaty that guaranteed Persia's independence and undermined it.
The same English writer confirmed the account given by the correspondent of The Times at the time of Japanese militarism. On November 21, 1894, the Japanese army stormed Port Arthur and for four days the soldiers slaughtered the civilian population, men, women, and children, with extreme barbarity: “From dawn until nightfall, the days passed with murder, looting, and mutilation, with every conceivable form of unspeakable cruelty, until the place was such a picture of horror that every survivor will remember it with horror until the day they die."
These things, said by Georg Brandes, who does not have the slightest “red bird” of the fourth degree, were of course well known to the person who wrote: War brings with it the horrors of war, and one should not be surprised if modern means are used in war. - But I heard recently that it was precisely this sentence in my brochure that was particularly resented. It can only be resented by people who know nothing about history and who do not know what such a thing is the result of. Georg Brandes goes on to say:
It is therefore not so important what nationality gives militarism its coloring. It is pretty much the same everywhere. I wish Mr. Archer would read a lecture given by Dr. Vöhringer on January 30, 1915, in Hamburg on German Africa. He would learn what the German inhabitants of Cameroon, about fifty ladies and gentlemen who were taken by surprise by the declaration of war, had to suffer when English officers had them imprisoned and placed under the command of blacks who mistreated them. They suffered hunger and thirst. When they asked for water, it was given to them in buckets of filth, and a British officer said, “It doesn't matter whether the German pigs have anything to drink or not.” They were not even given water to wash themselves on the journey from Lago[s] to England.
I have not bored anyone in my brochure with the account of such facts, but I have been reproached for not joining in the chorus that is being sung everywhere. It was not what I said in the brochure that was contested—that was also clear from the “clean” letter from Edouard Schur—but what is not in the brochure, what is being said all around. That is what this brochure has been criticized for: that it did not rant and rave as everyone else is doing all around! Georg Brandes continues:
This is what English militarism looks like. Is it really so much better than Prussian militarism, when national sentiment among the English, like among other peoples of the world, is heated to the point of madness?
IV.
Would Mr. Archer and other distinguished men in and outside Great Britain now finally abandon the endless investigation, into which I too have been dragged, of who is to blame for the war and who must atone for it through its outcome, and instead turn their attention to the only important and decisive question, namely, how to find a way out of this hell, from which one can truly say, as in “Macbeth”:
O horror, horror, horror! Tongue nor heart
Cannot conceive nor name thee.The belligerents are insatiable. It was decided in Paris to continue the trade war to the bitter end, even if the war of arms were to end. So is this madness never to end?
The war must in any case end with an agreement; and since the war was of an economic nature, the agreement must also be an economic one. England, as a free-trade power, has shown the way to the whole world. Agreements on customs issues will be inevitable, and mutual concessions will have to be made, greater freedom for trade will have to be sought, in order to finally achieve world free trade.
A man from the country that has suffered most from the war from the outset, a Belgian manufacturer from Charleroi, Mr. Henri Lambert, has spoken the redeeming words that pave the way for peace, namely that the only wise and forward-looking policy in this case, customs policy, is to be fair and to allow the other side to live. He pointed out that a lasting improvement in European conditions could only be achieved if the party seeking peace were compelled to abolish or at least reduce customs duties, but on the basis of full and fair reciprocity. The abolition of customs duties seems to be the only reasonable and effective means of eliminating the method of competition known in economic rivalry, which the English call “dumping” and which they so passionately reproach the Germans for.
Customs conventions will also be inevitable in the unlikely event that the war were to continue until a victory that destroys the enemy, for which millions and millions of people would have to be sacrificed on the battlefields or die at home from wounds, disease, and deprivation. Suppose the victor decided (as the Paris Economic Conference demands) to disadvantage the vanquished in terms of customs duties to such an extent that they would be economically reduced to a lower level. This would be a relapse of humanity into the system of slavery of nations!
The oppressed would then naturally strive with all their might to rise again, exploit every dispute between the victors, and liberate themselves within half a century. Alliances do not last half a century anyway.
Europe's peaceful future therefore rests on free trade. Free trade is, as Cobden said, the best peacemaker. It seems even more than that: the only possible peacemaker.
In earlier times, old horses that had to turn a treadmill had their eyes gouged out. Thus, with their eyes blinded to the reality around them, the unhappy peoples of Europe are now turning the treadmill of war, out of necessity and of their own free will.This is a neutral judgment, but it is the judgment of a person who does not judge by phrases, but who gives a number of facts in his judgments and shows how these facts can be weighed against each other in the right way. My aim was not to express an opinion, but to point out what is necessary in our time if truth is to be sought. Why should it be impossible to suspend judgment, at least in one's own soul, if one does not have the time or the will to deal with the facts in the appropriate manner? Spiritual science can show us that the judgments that are made today, which are so often clothed in words such as: We are fighting for the freedom and rights of even the smallest nations — that these are truly the most irresponsible phrases. They are so by their very nature, for anyone who knows even a little about reality knows that such talk is the same as if a shark wanted to enter into a peace treaty with those little sea fish that are destined to be eaten by it. Of course, it will not be immediately understood—perhaps only after some meditation—that much of what is said today is exactly like standing up and saying: Why don't the sharks enter into a contract with the little fish they want to eat about an “interfish”—today we say “interstate”—about an “interfish” fishing right? Those people who talk today about peace coming say that the killing will only stop when there is a prospect of peace being permanent. It is hard to imagine anything more absurd than this view: to kill until, through killing, you have achieved a state where war can no longer exist! Today, one hardly needs to be an occultist to know that when this war in Europe ends in one way or another, only a few years will pass before a much more furious and devastating war outside Europe will shake the world.
But who cares today about things that are based on reality? People prefer to listen to statesmen declaiming that this or that must be achieved for the freedom and rights of even the smallest nations. People even listen when lawyers who have become presidents by virtue of their titles—who may well be very skilled lawyers when it comes to conducting trials in the “Romanian” manner—speak and appear [magnificently] like Ottoman princes in togas, which one does not notice because in this case one speaks of a “republic.” What can one say when people listen to lectures given by such people on artistic and literary matters, such as the relationship between legends and myths and the literary material of Western and Central Europe—not to mention such facts as I mentioned recently, namely that Maeterlinck, to loud applause, called Goethe, Schiller, Lessing, and several others—I don't know who all—as “mediocre spirits”! But, my dear friends, I do not wish to influence your judgment in the slightest; I only wish to point out that perspectives are necessary for judgment and that, if a judgment is to be true, it must include things that are quite different from what is commonly applied today.
It must be clear—and this should be emphasized once again—that the population crowded together in Central Europe must be judged from a completely different perspective, because the people there are under existential pressure, while everything around them—except, of course, the warring powers themselves—can, for a long time to come, at least until certain conditions arise, if the war lasts for years. For Central Europe, it is a question of intellectual property, of spiritual development, of what has been produced over centuries. It would be pure nonsense to believe that the same could be true of the surrounding areas; to say so would be thoughtless. Certainly, there is much to criticize everywhere, but it is something else entirely—to compare the great with the small—to criticize things that happen in a fortified town or in an army surrounding it. But I have not yet heard any judgment from the periphery that would take such things into consideration in any way.
And in order not to be one-sided, I would like to point out one more thing in conclusion. Where one wants to be fair, one always gives oneself credit for judging both sides equally by saying: Well, it is this way, it is that way, and so on. But one never asks oneself: Is it really like that here and there? A Swiss newspaper recently published articles which pointed out in a very abstract way that this and that was being said here and there, that lies were being told here and there, and so on, in order to be fair to both sides. But what if what was said was not true? The articles talked about the mendacity of the World War, but the articles themselves were completely mendacious – precisely because of the way they were written. I would now like to read you something—I must say, I do so with fear and trembling—which I have taken from a random German magazine in order to characterize the difference, for what is written around it is well known, and it is well known that this is truly not written out of goodwill toward the peoples of Central Europe. For even where one finds, I would say, less harsh judgments, there is still more than enough unfriendliness toward the folk culture that produced Goethe, Schiller, Lessing, and so on.
So I happened to come across an article on human dignity by Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm. It was prompted by the fact that, as you may have heard, the Germans have been called barbarians, and are still called barbarians, even in the periphery. Von Gleichen-Rußwurm takes no particular offense at the use of the word barbarians—on the contrary, he nicely shows what the Greeks and Romans understood by “barbarians” and certainly did not mean anything so bad. But I don't want to go into that. He talks about the different peoples; it's really an article like many you can find today, written by people in Central Europe who would be equivalent, for example, to Maeterlinck — forgive me! Gleichen-Rußwurm distinguishes between peoples and governments, and he sometimes does so with words — I'm just passing them on, I do not express them myself — he does so with words that are already terrible if the person concerned feels offended as a member of the people, but I believe that none of us feels that way; we are all anthroposophists and can understand such things.
I am not reading out the words that the person in question speaks about governments, but I am reading out the article—I would not read it out if it had not just come into my hands—I am reading it out to show that Gleichen-Rußwurm, who is not such a famous man but is about equal in intelligence to Maeterlinck, did not shy away from telling his own people the truth within the fortress, but instead said what a courageous and serious-minded person has to say. It goes without saying that what is said within the fortress should not actually reach the outside world, because it is basically none of its business. If you think about it tactfully, you will understand what I mean. Now, Gleichen-Rußwurm says:
Sad exceptions and their actions, wherever and however they may have been unleashed by the war, cannot be used to draw conclusions about the general psychological state of an entire nation.
The Russian people are good-natured and gentle, whatever the Cossacks, who are not of their tribe, may do. The criminal government of the tsarist regime brought the war upon itself, but the country's greatest poet, Tolstoy, who will always remain worthy of our admiration, preached his abhorrence of war in moving words.
The atrocities of the French mob, the folly of its ministers, and the uneducated remarks of Parisian journalists and writers do not undo the fact that France is the homeland of the saint of charity, Vincent de Paul, who still has many followers today, and in no way prevent the majority of the people from being as hard-working as they are peaceful.
England remains Shakespeare's homeland; it has given the world tender poets, self-sacrificing philanthropists, and philosophers of the highest order. Nevertheless, it is ruled by liars and cheats, and the English, who think most highly of their culture, have, through their manner of warfare, earned the crown of the most hideous modern barbarism.
Italy's unprincipled bandit government deserves contempt. Even the friends of the country found everything connected with the third Italy unpleasant and repugnant, but since Goethe we have received such rich treasures from the ancient culture, artistic sensibility, and beauty of the country that we keep them unforgotten and fruitful in our hearts.
The hatred of our enemies has perhaps saved the most valuable thing about our nature. The bitterness that has now been bestowed upon us, the realization of an unprecedented aversion from all sides, is like the warning that the slave had to whisper to the victor: “Remember that you are mortal!”
It prevents us, even when uttered by lowly mouths, from allowing high-mindedness to lead to arrogance, beautiful joy in victory to degenerate into “hubris,” the presumption against which Greek poets warned their heroes.
Schiller, concerned about human dignity, believed that noble people pay not only with what they do, but with what they are.
A noble people does the same.
You see, one can have very disparaging opinions about those involved in current events without resorting to vilifying entire peoples. But opinions of this kind – and they could be multiplied a hundredfold – simply exist! And once a statistical comparison is made of how other peoples in Central Europe and the surrounding area were judged from August 1914 onwards, a remarkable insight into intellectual and cultural history will emerge – we are now, of course, a long way from that.
Mr. Leadbeater is now busy comparing crime statistics for Germany and England and writes in large letters in “The Theosophist” how many times more criminals Germany has than England. Then, in one of the next issues, a reader points out that he has forgotten to include a figure in his statistics – it is simply listed under a different heading – a figure that completely invalidates his argument. I believe he only takes 12,000 criminals into account for England and omits 146,000; for Germany, however, he lists them all. But while the article with these statistics, which he cites to portray Germany as the country with the higher number of criminals, is printed in very large letters in The Theosophist, the refutation is printed at the very back in very small letters, in tiny letters. Such statistics will one day be replaced by other statistics, and then some of what this Bernese prize-winning essay “On the History of the Outbreak of War” says will prove to be true:
But history cannot be falsified in the long run; legends cannot stand up to scientific research; the dark fabric is brought to light and torn apart, no matter how artfully and finely it was woven.
My dear friends, I had to preface things in this way if I am to speak next time about some of the things that are coming to light and which, I repeat, cannot be presented in such a convenient manner as one might imagine. I have no need to express this or that opinion; the occultist is accustomed to looking at the facts purely and unadulterated and presenting them as they are. And I know very well what—no one in this circle, of course, I think—but many outsiders, especially today, would immediately respond with atrocities and so on—all sorts of things that, without the necessary perspective, are repeated and taken up again and again. I know and understand these objections, but I also know how short-sighted it is to raise them, and how little those who do so have any idea of how things actually stand and how the various questions of guilt are distributed.
You see, my dear friends, when we had the dispute—if you can call it that—with Mrs. Besant, she managed to assign all the blame to us. At that time, according to someone who had been devoted to her until then but had now fallen away, she acted according to the principle: If someone is attacked by another and the victim cries out, “Help, help,” then you tell the person crying for help that he is doing something unjust, because he is not allowing himself to be slaughtered voluntarily. That was more or less the objection raised by Mrs. Besant at the time. But some judgments made in the present day are of a similar quality; they are no more valuable than those. One can have the most remarkable experiences in this regard. Well-meaning, benevolent people who would never in ordinary life make such a judgment as they do about what they – pardon me! — namely, about political matters — these people lack clarity in their judgments. And that is what it is all about, my dear friends: the basic condition for making a judgment at all, not the passing of this or that judgment in this or that direction.
Next Saturday, we will meet here again at 7 o'clock.