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Karma of Untruthfulness I
GA 173a

11 December 1916, Dornach

Lecture IV

Before continuing with the discussion we started a week ago, I wish to say once again that, if misunderstandings are to be avoided, on no account are judgements which are based on facts to be taken as something aimed at a nation as a whole or a nation as such. It is a total misunderstanding when again and again generalizations are made by applying to whole nations something that has been said about actual, real factors, such as personalities. Something is said about a personality who stands, or seems to stand, as a representative for a particular nation; then others identify with this personality by saying: I, too, belong to this nation. Most people have no idea what is going on when they do this. They are talking in pitch darkness. What is to happen with people's judgements if they make them on the basis of empty phrases without being able to pinpoint anything, because such judgements do not touch on any kind of actual reality?

I intend, so far as is possible, to direct the eye of your soul to three things. First I want to give you some understanding—of course it can only be some understanding—of the great spiritual streams that underlie current events. Then I want to show how these streams are working in different places and how they either work through people with the help of associations, brotherhoods or whatever, or more or less consciously through individuals. Finally, I shall indicate how to discern those characteristic elements which are crucial for an understanding of how the events of the physical plane can be explained out of a wider context.

Let us first adopt a somewhat higher standpoint so that we can encompass in our view that wider context. We find that many things have changed in proportion, now that we no longer see them as a chance patchwork of odd facts. For the history of mankind—even in its most painful events—is guided and led by spiritual impulses. But these spiritual impulses also work against each other and people stand within streams which often contradict one another. It is too easy to think that the wisdom-filled world order will sort everything out. If this were so, there would not exist in the entire wide sweep of the physical world something that in fact does exist: human freedom. On the other hand, however, there do exist impulses of necessity, great karmic impulses which work in everything, and in our present considerations we shall particularly take into account the working of these karmic impulses. At the same time, though, we have to deal with the details and pay attention to the way in which affairs develop when there is a particularly great contrast at work which is significant for the continuing evolution of mankind. One such contrast is that which exists between the West and the East in European culture, and I have described to you what has developed in the West and also what lives in the East as a folk element for the future. These are real forces that are at work. It is true that most people know nothing of these real forces, but certain individuals have always been able to learn something about them.

Two things are possible. Either people know nothing of these real forces; in such cases it can easily happen that, through lack of awareness, without being able to do much about it in the ordinary sense, they become unconscious tools by letting themselves be used by others who, in their turn, are more or less swept away in the current and whose working is a kind of combination between the regular streams and their own egoism, their own ambition. These people are able to influence, by suggestion, those who are unobservant.

Or the opposite can happen; something that has been so important and significant in European life during recent decades: that there are individuals who, by some means or other, learn through the secret brotherhoods about the spiritual forces that exist and consciously misuse this knowledge for some other ends. Perhaps their goal is not even an end that deserves a morally damning judgement. Yet it is like playing with fire when people, who do not know how to treat spiritual impulses, work to turn these impulses in a particular direction. Such a situation arose in the second half of the nineteenth century, when various more or less secret brotherhoods, who were strongly influenced by the European periphery, formed themselves in Central Europe. They worked to a high degree with occult means. One of these was the ‘Omladina’, which achieved a great deal through the impulses living in it.

The Omladina was an association that worked amongst its members through the means of certain rites such as are used in the different degrees of these secret brotherhoods. In Central Europe the Omladina formed several extremely secret brotherhoods which were spread particularly over the various Slav areas, but also the Balkan states, and which actually worked with occult means in their ceremonial rites. They achieved a great deal until by chance, as is said—but only as is said—the whole matter came out into the open through a court case in Bohemia. These societies, all of whom maintained links with one another, burrowed and stirred a great deal under ground, and behind masks they continued in existence. One such mask was the much-mentioned ‘Narodna Odbrana’ in Serbia, which was named so frequently at the beginning of today's painful events. This stream, which had already flowed through something that worked with occult means and which encompassed people who knew about such things and others who knew nothing, gave the impetus for much that has taken place in south-eastern Europe during recent decades. In the western, particularly in the English brotherhoods, there was much talk, during the last decades of the nineteenth century, of the coming world war, and it was always pointed out how important would be the events that were to take place in the Balkan countries.

Let me say something more to introduce this subject. For if we investigate only the spiritual aspect of things we lack the basis on which to frame the right questions, and we then do not know how the spiritual happenings are mirrored below, on the physical plane. This is the important question I now wish to develop further for you, after having yesterday called upon you to ponder deeply about the great contradiction of the Mystery of Golgotha. What I have to describe as an introduction will serve as a basis for a number of topics, and I want to stress yet again that I beg you not to believe that what I have to say is in any way aimed at a particular nation as such. Nobody can have more sympathy than I feel for the unfortunate Serbian people. Not only have they endured so much that is painful in recent times but, above all, they have for decades been the plaything of the most varied elements which have made use of what lives in this nation, for purposes of which it can surely be said: They are behind a misuse which is intended to turn those real impulses of mankind's evolution, which live in the fifth post-Atlantean period, in a particular direction.

I shall not go further back than the second half of the nineteenth century. Little is discussed nowadays which can really throw light on these matters. I shall give only a sketch, and in a sketch some things are described only in outline. I know how little inclination there is to go into the real facts, but some of them at least must be made known. So I shall go back only as far as Michael Obrenovich, who played an important part as the ruler of Serbia in the second half of the nineteenth century. He was an attractive personality of whom it can truly be said that he did not try to steer in an evil way those forces which are, of course, seen above all by one who belongs to a particular people. It is possible, out of national or individual egoism, to steer the impulses of a people in such a way that these impulses become grossly overstrained; in other words the individual folk impulse is pushed beyond the point at which it can remain in harmony with the impulses of mankind as a whole. It is extremely difficult to hit upon the right measure in this matter. In the case of Michael Obrenovich it was so that, on the whole, his ideas ran concurrently with the good European impulses. But he needed these good European impulses only so far as he could go as a good Serbian patriot. In order to understand a certain one-sidedness in Michael, you have to put yourself in Serbia's position. You could say that if a man like Michael Obrenovich lives out his patriotism in such a way, this way would certainly be comprehensible for others whose birth, inheritance and education have given them a similar patriotism for a different country. I need only quote a few words about the ideal of Michael Obrenovich written by one who knew him well. Milan Pirotsanatz says:

‘His political aim was not the creation of Greater Serbia but the formation of a confederation of southern Slavs under the hegemony of Serbia.’

So Michael was thinking of a Balkan confederation. This confederation was also discussed by those western European occultists who were informed and working in the very best way during the good period of western European occultism. And even though this ideal was opposed to those of many, it must be said that it was an ideal which was connected with certain real impulses of the fifth post-Atlantean period. Against this ideal of Michael Obrenovich there now rose up a greater part of Serbia's intelligentsia under the leadership of Jovan Ristic. From this Serbian intelligentsia there flowed an element that was different from that of Michael. Whereas his aim was to create a Balkan confederation out of the Slav forces of the Balkan countries without any assistance from Austria and Russia, that of the group led by Jovan Ristic and others was, at all costs, to place Serbia at the service of what came out of Russia, infiltrating the Serbian soul by means of suggestion and with the help of the testament of Peter the Great, in order to create a framework for Russianism.

The group influenced by the Omladina originated the slogan which claimed that a movement must be started which would work against Michael's efforts, and also that, at all costs, Russia must play the same role in connection with Serbia that France had played for Piedmont when the new Italy was created. Just as France had given her assistance when Piedmont was transformed into modern Italy, so Russia should serve Serbia, so that out of Serbia on the other side of the Adriatic could emerge something new, but only under the guidance of what was to be included in the mysterious impulses of the testament of Peter the Great.

There are altogether about six million Serbs. Only three-and-a-half million of these live in Serbia and Montenegro; two-and-a-half million migrated to Austria earlier on. All these are surrounded and mixed with four million Catholic and half a million Mohammedan southern Slavs. Obviously clashes were inevitable. Just imagine the spiritual chaos surging and mingling there, and what it must have been like in this chaos to guide a particular movement such as that of the Omladina. Various things can be done if the possibilities are utilized properly. And those who use such means in the way the Omladina did, always pit one stream against another so that something else emerges.

Thus it came about that Michael Obrenovich met with terrible opposition, and that this opposition found an effective way of working against him by organizing a hostile movement with the corresponding hostile press outside Serbia, in Hungary. Since the Omladina existed not only within Serbia but also maintained connections in all the states of Central Europe, it is easy to understand how it was possible to silence it within Serbia if necessary and instead organize all sorts of things from the outside. In this way, in case anything should leak out, the possibility remained to be able to say: That other country organized it. This possibility always had to be maintained.

In addition to all this, Michael Obrenovich was deeply loved by his people; they loved him with elemental force. Such a force is also an occult power. To counter this love of the people it was necessary either to set up an equally strong love in another direction—but this was not all that easy to do—or to bring about something revolutionary. So it came about that to all the endeavours mounted by the Omladina was added the dynastic dispute between the Obrenovich and the Karageorgevich families. The Karageorgevich faction were based in Geneva, were in debt in a number of places all over Europe, and coveted the Serbian throne for themselves. They had the opportunity of making the acquaintance of all sorts of societies in Europe—there were many—and also of finding out what their impulses were. By working hand in hand, especially when you have at your disposal the means I have described, you can achieve a great deal. You organize things in such a way that different things can be brought about from various different places which have to be situated in different countries. Thus Alexander Karageorgevich set up an administrator for his affairs in Szegedin in Hungary. This administrator was—shall we say—a banker. There was nothing much for him to administer, but one day he exercised his influence on a group of convicts—these things are done with the help of convicts or other such elements—and on 10 June 1868 these convicts murdered Michael. On 10 June 1868 Michael Obrenovich was murdered.

His only male heir, a nephew, was a very wretched fellow and hardly more than a boy, so now all the power fell into the hands of Jovan Ristic, who was very much a certain type of politician, a great politician from one point of view. Since he represented all these things in everything he did, it is possible to retrace the external paths he trod in order to achieve his internal aims. First and foremost he established, as a supreme principle, that Serbia was now to follow only those impulses which came from Russia, but that this need not necessarily always be done openly. If the Russian impulses could be better served by making concessions and establishing friendly neighbourly relations with the Habsburg monarchy, then there was no harm in undertaking some project together with Austria against Russia once in a while. In reality, though, everything was to be done in the service of Russia and this meant, on occasions, going along with the others. This was the supreme principle for Ristic.

At first his main concern was to establish himself and gain supporters. This was difficult, since the Serbs did not love Milan Obrenovich, and of course no one must be allowed even to guess at the secret threads which connected Ristic himself with the murder of Michael Obrenovich. One can put a great distance between oneself and events and yet be very close to them. Then the tracks have to be obliterated. He did this by bringing it about in some way that rumours were spread throughout Serbia claiming that the murder of Michael Obrenovich had been plotted in Hungary and the Magyars were the guilty party. This was believed without question in the circles which were important to him.

Into the stream about which we have just been speaking flowed yet another, founded by ten people in the year 1880. The intention was that it should work in harmony with other European streams, so it was was numbered, drafted the manifesto of this ‘Brotherhood of Ten’. It included the words:

‘A confederation of all the Serbs presupposes the destruction of Turkey and the destruction of Austria-Hungary, the removal of statehood from Montenegro and the freedom of the peoples of Serbia.’

This, then, was the quite definite manifesto of these ‘Ten’, worked out in 1880. The subsequent plan was to weave this manifesto more and more closely together with the radical stream of Ristic, for he was now the right person at the right place: Since Milan was a minor, Ristic held the power. The two fitted very well together. Certain streams always worked to win the right man at the right place in order to achieve as much as they could.

The university professor Jovan Skerlic, who was also connected with this radical stream wrote, for instance: ‘The freedom of the Serb people and the existence of Austria-Hungary are mutually exclusive.’ I wish to speak only of facts and do not deny that a manifesto such as this is perfectly possible for a Serb from his own point of view. When Milan Obrenovitch attained his majority, circumstances brought it about that he wanted to free himself from this radical stream. He wanted to carry on with Serb patriotism, but in agreement with Austria-Hungary. So as time went on these two streams proceeded to weave in and out of each other: On the one hand the rather weak, though definitely existing impulses which emanated from Milan Obrenovich, and on the other everything that was connected with the pretendership of the Karageorgevich family. It is worth noting that while nobody from the Obrenovich dynasty was invited to the coronation of Alexander III of Russia, Peter Karageorgevich, the pretender who later occupied the throne of Serbia, was present.

The bonds between Russia and the Balkans were to be tied even more tightly through the marriage of Peter Karageorgevich with the eldest daughter of Nikita of Montenegro who, however, did not particularly relish this plan since he himself wanted to assume the Serbian throne after the departure of the Obrenovich. However, the Russians offered a million as dowry. Of course old Nikita pocketed this; he was rather partial to such little tricks.

I shall not trouble you further with external history at this point, except to mention that, after Serbia had lost the unfortunate war with Bulgaria which took place at this time, her realm was only preserved by the decisive intervention of Austria-Hungary. The Omladina party could not have cared less about this. Their sole aim was to support the stream which was working to imprison the Slav element in Russianism. This party worked very well indeed. Some remarkable statistics were compiled by Serbs, not foreigners. Statistics can, of course, be made to say what you want them to say, but in this case even if half the claims are disregarded they are still significant enough. It was maintained that this Omladina party had been able to spread far and wide because they had carried out 364 political assassinations between 1883 and 1887 in order to rid themselves of those who would have acted as troublemakers if they had been on the physical plane while the party was expanding. As I said, this claim is made by Serbs, not foreigners: 364 political murders between 1883 and 1887. Even if only half is true, it is surely enough.

In the nineties this party underwent a further considerable expansion. After a long period of systematic work it took a mighty step forward when, on a certain day during the nineties, every Serbian town suddenly blossomed with flags. This caused great concern in Austria. What had happened? It was the day on which the alliance between Russia and France had been sealed! During the same week, behind the backs of the Obrenovich dynasty, one hundred thousand rifles had been ordered from France for the radical party.

It was during this period that a personality appeared on the scene through whom a great many influences worked, but for whose position it was extremely difficult to gain agreement from leading quarters. She had been singled out by Russia for certain purposes. However, the party which was the continuation of the Omladina was embarrassed to use, as an important tool, a personality of this type and in this kind of position. This was really going too far for the Serbs. I am speaking of Draga Masin whom Alexander Obrenovich was allowed to elevate to the position of his mistress in 1886. This person appeared on the scene at this time, and a friend of the Obrenovich dynasty, Vladan Georgevich, wrote a very significant and beautiful book from which a great deal can be learned: The End of the Obrenovich Dynasty. I recommend particularly the chapter which describes the remarkable weaving of the threads of world history, even though Georgevich half unconsciously only hints at this. He tells of an extraordinary visit he had to make to Draga Masin who was, of course, an important personage. He shows how the enchantment with which she had to inveigle those whom it was necessary for her to inveigle emanated from a particular blend of perfumes, which was suitably adjusted to the individuality of the person who was to be influenced by suggestion. If you read with understanding this chapter in Vladan Georgevich's thick book you will gain from his veiled description many hints—in the occult sense, too—regarding the field of lesser magic. You will be astonished to discover how much can be achieved, when those who want to achieve something remain in the background and leave what has first to be done to the seductive charms of a woman skilled in the art of perfume blending. Even in the seventeenth century this played a considerable part in the politics of many a royal court. The history of some periods cannot really be written except by someone who is an expert on the effects of perfumes in history at different times and periods.

Then an event took place which throws some light on a number of strange karmic connections. The party I have described to you continued to work. A point was reached when, once more, by means of a plot such as that mentioned earlier, an attempt was made to assassinate Milan, who had long since abdicated but still played a role, and through whom, moreover, a number of roles were indeed still played. One of those condemned to death in consequence was Nikola Pasic; you know the name. He owed his deliverance solely to the fact that Emperor Franz Josef intervened on his behalf. You remember, Pasic is the name of the man who was Prime Minister of Serbia when the war broke out.

All these events took place because it was necessary for something to happen. The desired goals could not be achieved while the Obrenovich dynasty remained. So Karageorgevich would have to be established on the throne under Russian protection. But Draga Masin, who had meanwhile married Alexander, also stood under Russian protection. She had in the meantime become a thorn in the flesh of the radical party, because they had come to regard her as a disgrace. All this had been reckoned with, because those who had put her in this position in the first place were not concerned with establishing this charming person, gifted in the art of perfume-blending, upon the throne of Serbia, but rather with making the Obrenovich dynasty look impossible through its representative Alexander. So she had to be made to look ridiculous and impossible. Draga Masin had to be made Queen so that she could be murdered. Those whose purposes were to be served were those for whom, outwardly, Draga Masin was extremely awkward. The whole comedy had to be played in order to get rid of her, and it was Draga who had to play it. I shall not mention details except to say that they even included the pretended imminent birth of a future heir to the throne, though such a one was, in fact, never on the way. There should be mention, though, of the fact that the most extraordinary personalities were taken on, whose task it was to set up connections between Geneva, where the Karageorgevich family dwelt, and the Balkans, and also various other connections.

Peter Karageorgevich had been instructed to remain quietly in Geneva, without stirring. In contrast, there existed in various places a whole series of intermediaries whose task it was to run the affair in accordance with Russia's wishes, and also to give it a face. I should like to point out here that there is often no need to attach any special significance to those who work in connection with these things. For example, there was an important intermediary from Montenegro who played a large part in the various activities undertaken jointly by Russia and Karageorgevich. He himself was not in the least interested in serving the radical Serbian party, or anyone else if it comes to that. He showed this later, in particular by offering for sale in Vienna in 1907 the numerous letters he had exchanged with Peter Karageorgevich in this fateful matter. So poor old Karageorgevich himself had to cough up 150,000 francs in order to buy them back.

I only want to touch on these things. When one day the history of these events is written—and it will be written—much light will be thrown on many matters by the chapter which mentions what took place then in the Hopfner Restaurant in Vienna, in Linz on 22 January 1903, and in the Biegler Hotel in Mödling in April; then it will be made known how the document came into being in which Karageorgevich committed himself not to punish the murderers of Alexander Obrenovich and Draga Masin, if he should come to the throne. Particularly important will be the revelation of what it was that Peter Karageorgevich signed on 22 January 1903, and of what was discussed by certain officers serving this cause when they met in the Kolaratz Restaurant in Belgrade.

After all these preliminaries the murder was committed in Belgrade in July 1903; it became known to the world in a different way. An important part was played in this murder by a certain Lieutenant Voja Tankosic. It is not without significance that the leader of one of the groups who were distributed in various places, in order to carry out the murders of numerous supporters of Alexander Obrenovich and Draga Masin, was Lieutenant Voja Tankosic. For perhaps you know that, according to an enquiry carried out in Austria, a certain Major Tankosic is named as one of those who organized the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. It is the same Voja Tankosic, now promoted to the rank of major, who then had the task of murdering the two Lunjevitza brothers, the brothers of Draga Masin and then, as a major, played the role now known to the world in connection with the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. It is important to see in this way, by means of real examples, how events are interconnected, and to indicate how they continue to work in subsequent events.

Once the dynasty of Obrenovich was out of the way, it was a matter of finding a means of putting Karageorgevich on the throne of Serbia. Pasic, for instance, though he had his finger in every pie, was not yet ready to agree to the ascent of Karageorgevich to the throne; at that time he wanted to put an Englishman on the Serbian throne. Even in eastern Europe there were differences of opinion. It is historically documented, for instance, that when the death of the last Obrenovich became known, the Grand Duchess Militza was heard to say: Let us drink to the health of King Nikita of Serbia. So there was an inclination in this circle to put Nikita of Montenegro on the Serbian throne. But when the time came to make the final decision Tcharikoff, the Russian attaché in Belgrade, said, literally: I have come in order to inform you that my government will only give its consent if Prince Karageorgevich is elected unanimously as King of Serbia at tomorrow's election.

I have now pointed out a number of facts in order to show you how things work when they are channelled into particular streams. It is necessary to have a concrete idea of what is going on in the world. Now let me proceed by what might be called the symptomatic method. We have to look into all sorts of things in order to gain a complete picture which can lead us a step up to the fundamental truths. Once again in connection with all this I must stress: You may have a standpoint, and any standpoint is understandable; but you must then be aware that this or that standpoint is the one you have chosen; you cannot then form judgements as though your standpoint were higher.

Recently I have often had to ask myself what might be the origin of certain judgements which crop up again and again. When I began these lectures I told you how painful it was for me to meet in a certain direction only unfriendly or at best uncomprehending judgements, and I said that the very people who make these unfriendly judgements with a particular bias are the ones who ascribe to themselves the capacity to judge things objectively. There is no need to look far to find the unfriendly judgements I mean. I must stress that I can understand every standpoint; but I cannot understand it when certain judgements which are anything but objective are claimed to be founded on an objective basis.

For instance, if it is stated that the diplomatic documents already known are of crucial value for deciding who is to blame for the outbreak of the war, then there can be no objection. But there must be every objection to the conclusions so often drawn from them. It is necessary to study these documents far more thoroughly than is usually done if a valid judgement is to be reached. I might tell you that I have closely studied all the Blue, Red and White Papers many more than a dozen times and yet I could still justify any number of judgements based on what they tell me. If only it had been possible to make proper use of the actual facts! All in all, I must say that the judgements I hear remind me of long discussions which end with the words: Never mind, the Jew will be burnt! Whether people are more or less intelligent, the voice that always sounds the loudest says: Never mind, the German will be burnt! And since an objective foundation can never be found for such grave allegations as these, the only thing to do is to accept that we are faced with a most important question: Why is it that such a large proportion of people forms judgements which can be summarized, if not literally then from their general content, in the words: Never mind, the German will be burnt?

Many elements flow together in this judgement, especially because it is pointless to bring out one or another aspect which allows the basis on which this judgement is founded to speak for itself. And still the question I am asking is in the deepest sense of the word a question of the heart and a question of the soul. I am aware of all the notions that arose when from a certain necessity I wrote my pamphlet Gedanken während der Zeit des Krieges (Thoughts during Wartime), which was intended, as it says in the subtitle, for Germans and those who do not believe they have to hate them. I know that it expresses thoughts—do not think me immodest when I say this—which some day, however far distant, will be recognized by history as those thoughts which ought to be taken into consideration. But I also know that for inner spiritual reasons certain things will not be possible until, at least in certain quarters, there grows a sense for the rightness of these thoughts. Those who do not wish to be convinced by the inner gravity of such thoughts will find themselves facing lessons from many sides.

One important lesson will be shared with the world when the manifestos of such people as Lloyd George come to be realized. Possibly many other lessons will be needed as well. Certain people in the periphery will also be faced with such lessons. Much could be carried out differently if only people would not allow themselves to be so very stupefied by the judgements I have described. What I am telling you is really true. Many a solution will come about because the judgement reached in certain quarters will be steered towards the direction just mentioned. What purpose is served if an Englishman gives his support to a particular personality through whom certain influences are working, and if this Englishman is then personally offended when that personality is characterized in an objective way? English culture itself has brought it about that political thinking can be formed in a particular way, and it is because of this that much that serves certain purposes can be concealed behind this thinking. The extraordinary situation is: that for certain impulses which stem from western Europe the political thinking of English culture must be regarded as the least suitable instrument.

It really is so that, on the one hand, there exists the task which the English people are called upon to perform during the fifth post-Atlantean period, and yet this purpose is constantly being thwarted from quite another direction. And though there are indeed beautiful voices in the orchestra, as I described the day before yesterday, there are also a good many others to be heard as well. Let me draw your attention to some remarks made by Lord Rosebery in 1893, not because they are particularly important but because they are a symptomatic expression of something that does actually exist. Lord Rosebery said:

‘It is said that our Empire is large enough and that we possess sufficient territories ... We must, however, examine not only what we need today but also what we shall need in the future ... We must not forget that it is a part of our duty and our heritage to ensure that the world bears the stamp of our people and not that of any other ...’

It is important to know that such voices, too, join in the orchestra of the world. Lord Rosebery himself was not particularly important in this direction, but the way he spoke in this tone was a good example of what I wanted to point out. It is important that a pretension of this kind should ring forth, not from a people but from an individual who is backed by various concealed groups, a pretension that the whole world must be stamped with the mark of the English spirit. It is nothing other than an echo of what had always been taught in some secret brotherhoods in words such as the following: The Latin element is now decadent; it may be left to itself and it will trouble us no more. The fifth post-Atlantean period belongs to the English-speaking peoples alone; it is for them to make the world into something which stems from them.

The firm doctrine which had come into being in the secret brotherhoods must be heard resounding in the words of Lord Rosebery; for we must learn to look in the right places. What happens outwardly might be quite a comedy. But we have to see through the comedy and not regard it as something that can bring blessing to the world.

If somebody defends the standpoint of Lord Rosebery, there is no need to enter into any discussion with him, for discussion is quite unnecessary in such matters. Neither is it possible to say that no one has the right to such a standpoint. Everyone has the right to take up Lord Rosebery's standpoint. But he ought then to say: My aim is to make the world English; and not: I am fighting for the freedom and rights of the small nations. This is what matters. It is not difficult to understand Lord Rosebery from his own standpoint. But someone who does not share this standpoint must, instead, take up another. In consequence, there is no agreement between these two standpoints, and the matter has to be balanced out by the means the world has at its disposal for such matters. Under certain circumstances such standpoints of necessity even lead to the outbreak of war. This is perfectly obvious, since it would otherwise be possible to demand that the opposition subject itself voluntarily to one's own standpoint. But if their standpoint prevents them from doing this, conflicts arise. So I am describing here only standpoints, for we are dealing not with objective judgements but simply with choosing between two possibilities.

I can, for instance, very well comprehend the standpoint of the French Minister Hanotaux expressed in his book on Fachoda and the partition of Africa. He says:

‘It is ten years since the work was completed; France has defended her position among the four world powers. She is at home in all quarters of the world. French is spoken, and will ever be spoken, in Africa, Asia, America and Oceania ... The seeds of mastery have been sown in every part of the globe. They will flourish under the protection of heaven.’

This standpoint, too, is perfectly comprehensible, yet obviously there could be collisions with other possible standpoints.

Now let us take another objective point into consideration. Bismarck never intended to follow a policy of colonialism. Germany had to be won over to adopt a colonial policy. She did not carry it on of her own accord but was induced to do so in a very peculiar manner from quite another side. I may go into this later. Anyway, it was certainly not in accordance with the character of the German people to bring about collisions in this respect. Fichte, in his famous speeches to the German nation, said expressly: Germany will never argue with a nation who speaks about the freedom of the seas while actually meaning that it intends to defend the seas against all comers. Above all it was known in France that the tendency was not to oppose the aim expressed by Hanotaux but to let France pursue in peace her path as a colonizing nation. In Minister Hanotaux's book there is also the following passage:

‘It will be a matter for history to decide what was the leading idea of Germany and her Government during the complicated dispute which accompanied the partition of Africa and the final phase of French colonial policy. It may be assumed that, to begin with, Bismarck and his politicians watched with satisfaction as France entered into distant and difficult enterprises which for years ahead would fully occupy the attention of country and Government alike. However, it is not certain that this calculation proved to be right in the long run, since Germany for her part eventually followed the same path, though rather too late, and attempted to win back the time lost. If this country, at her own discretion,’

Note that he says ‘at her own discretion’.

‘left the colonial initiative to others, she should not now be surprised that they took the best territories for themselves.’

Of course this standpoint is perfectly comprehensible, but it also contains the admission that Germany, at her own discretion, left the best territories to the colonial policy of France.

Please do not base any judgements on the details I am giving you, for not until I have gathered them all together will a total picture emerge.

Now let us ask how it is possible to construe—as is often done so utterly irresponsibly—any connection between the events of 24 and 25 July 1914 and those of the days that followed. You have no idea how excessively irresponsible it is to seek a simple continuity in these events, thus believing that without more ado the great World War came about, or had to come about, as a result of Austria's ultimatum to Serbia. There was a lot more to it than that; a great many things had to be in preparation for decades. It is necessary to develop an eye for all kinds of things that happened, and to pay attention to them. I should like to advise those gentlemen who simply make judgements about all the many books, as in the example I gave you, to do their reading, not in the way it is often done today but in such a way that they notice what things were at work. To do this, as you probably know, particular attention must be paid to a number of things. For the present I do not mind laying myself open to the accusation that I am making all sorts of statements that cannot easily be proved. But I can prove all these things quite well.

Read the reports of the conversations that took place in July 1914 and take note of how these conversations proceeded. In real life people's expressions also contribute to the actual words. In the case of politicians it is their expressions and gestures more than their words which sometimes really tell us what is meant; indeed often their words only serve to disguise what is actually being communicated. Moreover, reports are often more accurate as regards these incommunicables than they are in respect of the words.

So let me ask: Why did a personality such as Sasonov so obviously play two roles during all the negotiations? During the negotiations with the representatives of the Central Powers he plays the part of an extraordinarily agitated person who has to hold onto himself with all his might in order to remain calm, so that he gives the impression of one who has been rehearsed. Why does he play the part of apparently not listening and only saying what he has prepared beforehand, which never provides an answer to the questions he is actually asked?

Why does he play this part in the negotiations with the representatives sent by Austria, and why does he appear totally different when negotiating with the representatives of the Entente? Why does he listen to them? Why do we find, in the reports of what he said, sentences which were obviously first spoken by the representative of the Entente? Only compare the two! Why does he listen to the representatives of the Entente, and why does he know in advance what he is going to say when he is speaking with the representatives of Austria? With the latter he even went somewhat too far. During the visit of 24 July he said after the Austrian ambassador had only spoken a few preliminary words: There is no need for you to tell me all that; I know what you are going to say! He was embarrassed by what the ambassador wanted to say because his answer was already prepared. And why in this rehearsed speech did he emphasize so strongly that Austria must on no account demand the dissolution of the Narodna Odbrana—which, of course, continues the earlier endeavours of the Omladina? Just bear these questions in mind! Often it is necessary to ask negative questions.

Another example: The blame for the war is laid at the door of the German government. Against that, the question can be asked: What would have happened if what the German government had desired had come to pass, namely the localization of the war between Austria and Serbia? For even a child could tell by following the negotiations that it was the aim of the German government to localize the war between Austria and Serbia, and not to allow it to spread beyond the conflict between Austria and Serbia. So we can ask: What would have happened if events had gone as the German government wished? We should all answer this question conscientiously.

There is another question which also requires a conscientious answer. In order to localize the war, one thing was necessary: Russia should have kept quiet; she should have refrained from interfering. If Russia had not interfered, the war could have been localized. Of course, other constraints play into this from other directions, but these constraints have nothing to do with the will of human beings or with the question of apportioning blame. Why, in the discussions between Sir Edward Grey and all the others, does the viewpoint of localization never put in an appearance, at least not seriously? Why, instead, even as early as 23 July, does the viewpoint arise: Russia must be satisfied? We never hear the viewpoint that Austria might be left alone with Serbia; always we hear that Russia cannot possibly be expected to leave Serbia alone. The viewpoint of localization was not brought up, even when Austria gave her binding promise not to attack the territorial integrity of Serbia. Is it possible to say that this was not believed? Even then they could have waited! It has happened before—only think of earlier events—that countries have been left to get on with their quarrel, and afterwards a conference has been called. Why does it immediately become the task of those with whom Sir Edward Grey speaks to keep on defining the problem as a Russian one? This is another question that must be answered by those who want to examine this affair conscientiously.

This now brings us to the important point of the relationship between Central Europe, England, America, and so on—in other words to everything that is connected with the words of Lord Rosebery, everything that proceeds from them and also what lies concealed behind them. We also come to the fear nations had of one another, that I described yesterday.

It would be going too far to explain this fully today; but I shall certainly have to go into it before bringing this discussion to the culmination it ought to reach. Let me merely remark that certain things happened from which the only sensible conclusion to be drawn later turned out to be the correct one, namely that behind those who were, in a way, the puppets there stood in England a powerful and influential group of people who pushed matters doggedly towards a war with Germany and through whom the way was paved for the world war that had always been prophesied. For of course the way can be paved for what it is intended should happen. So there arose in the minds of a number of people in Central Europe, particularly in Germany, the firm conviction which was connected with a strong fear, that a war in which Germany and England would confront each other would definitely be brought about at a suitable moment by a certain group in England. This had nothing to do with a longing to start a war with England at all costs. From the German standpoint such a longing would have been utter nonsense. Yet it was the case that even those who only saw things superficially recognized, as a result of various events, that a war was threatening to break out.

So let me draw your attention to another point that is important for the formation of judgements: Until 1908, or even 1909, there existed in England extensive circles quite close to King Edward VII, who considered it an impossibility that Russia should ever be allowed to approach Constantinople or enjoy free passage through the Dardanelles in the way she desired. But then an event took place which changed much during the course of only a few months. Two people spoke to one another one of whom understood a very great deal about interpreting the signs. This was the attempt to gain Austria's agreement to free Russian passage through the Dardanelles in compensation for the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This was Russia's aim, and Izvolski, who is an intelligent man but thought himself even more intelligent than he really is, really believed at that time that he had in his hands Austria's agreement to this Russian demand, despite English endeavours to the contrary. But this was not the case, so another course had to be taken.

This was one of the important events. There were many others. Everything that has happened in recent years is full of deceptions, and many of these are to be found in the periphery. There is no escaping this fact. And when you have struggled honestly and fairly with the various papers, which of course only describe the final phases of the tragedy, when you have studied them, as I have, twelve, fifteen or even twenty times, it is impossible to avoid realizing how powerful was the group who, like an outpost for mighty impulses, stood behind the puppets in the foreground. These latter are, of course, perfectly honest people, yet they are puppets, and now they will vanish into obscurity so that Europe can start to convince herself of what is still to come.

Still, a situation had now been reached in Central Europe that prompted the question: Will it be possible for enough honest people to come to the surface through selection in order to overcome that powerful group, or not? Also, there were people who were worried because they foresaw that there would be a coalition between Russia, France and England if a war were to break out. I really wonder whether there is any need for surprise that these people were worried. There is much about which one may be surprised, but this particular thing really is not surprising. Those wise gentlemen who study all the official papers could, it seems to me, at least discover something that was even discovered by the author of that celebrated article which was awarded a prize by the University of Berne, namely, that for England's part the war was made absolutely unavoidable when Belgium's neutrality was violated. Absolutely everything points to the fact that there was no reason that could have been candidly presented to the English people. For the reasons that did exist could not on any account be mentioned! If any English minister had presented Parliament with the real reasons, he would have been swept away by public opinion. That is why Sir Edward Grey, for instance, had to give such peculiar speeches.

It is easy and reasonable to maintain that the English people did not want a war. Indeed it hardly needs saying, for it is obvious and everybody knows it. No one who really points to the true facts can maintain that the English people wanted such a war. On the contrary, anyone voicing the real reasons would have been swept away by public opinion. Something quite different was needed—a reason which the English people could accept, and that was the violation of Belgian neutrality. But this first had to be brought about. It is really true that Sir Edward Grey could have prevented it with a single sentence. History will one day show that the neutrality of Belgium would never have been violated if Sir Edward Grey had made the declaration that it would have been quite easy for him to make, if he had been in a position to follow his own inclination. But since he was unable to follow his own inclination but had to obey an impulse which came from another side, he had to make the declaration which made it necessary for the neutrality of Belgium to be violated. Georg Brandes pointed to this. By this act England was presented with a plausible reason. That had been the whole point of the exercise: to present England with a plausible reason! To the people who mattered, nothing would have been more uncomfortable than the non-violation of Belgian territory! Of course this does not apply to the people, nor to the majority in Parliament, but—well!—parliaments are parliaments!

All this had been in preparation for a long time, and some of it had leaked out after all. There were some people who had the most extraordinary experiences; for instance in April 1914 a German had a conversation in England in which he was given some strange information. I shall bring this up again in another connection. Since all this was going on it is understandable that some people were saying: We shall have to be prepared to find that what is worst for Germany will come from England.

Naturally these people then also began to discuss these things publicly in Germany, especially after the beginning of the new century. I shall now quote one of these voices. You will have to forgive me for quoting this particular voice, but nowadays one has to ask for forgiveness for so many things because so much that is peculiar is buzzing about in the world that one quite often has to speak in paradoxes in order to express the truth. I want to read you a passage from a book that was written in 1911 and has since become well-known. It discusses what threats Germany might have to face from England:

‘Nevertheless, English policies could also go in another direction so that, instead of a war, an agreement might be sought with Germany. Such a solution would certainly be preferable to us.’

These words appear in a well-known book by Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War. You know that, together with Treitschke, Bernhardi has achieved a certain renown abroad. He is less well-known in Germany, but there it is. Let me read you another passage from his book:

‘To increase her power by territorial gains in Europe itself is probably totally out of the question for Germany under the present circumstances. The eastern territories lost to Russia could only be regained as a consequence of an extensive war which we would have to win; and even then they would continue to be a cause of further wars.’

In other words the author considers that to seek territorial gains from Russia is the least desirable of all possible courses of action!

‘Even to regain what was once southern Prussia, which was amalgamated with Prussia when Poland was partitioned for the second time, would be a highly doubtful exercise on account of the Polish population.’

This is quoted from a book written in 1911 which states that among all the things Germany ought to do should be included the firm determination not to start any territorial wars in Europe. This passage is from the book by Bernhardi, and for people on the periphery who speak about him it would be more sensible if they would look without prejudice at what the book actually says and, above all, seek to discover the context in which things are said. Though much is clumsily expressed in this book, a closer study of it would at least reveal that it would be more sensible to take things as they are, rather than in the way in which they are taken today.

Vierter Vortrag

Meine lieben Freunde! Indem ich mit den Betrachtungen fortfahre, welche ich heute vor acht Tagen hier begonnen habe, möchte ich noch einmal bemerken, daß - wenn nicht Mißverständnisse entstehen sollen - die Dinge, die ich sage, so aufzunehmen sind, daß in keiner Weise das eine oder andere Volk als ganzes oder das Volk als solches durch ein Urteil, wie es aus den Tatsachen heraus abgegeben werden soll, getroffen zu denken ist. Man würde mich vollständig mißverstehen, meine lieben Freunde, wenn man immer wieder und wieder in der Weise generalisieren würde, daß mit dem, was ich in bezug auf die wirklichen, realen Elemente, also zum Beispiel über gewisse Persönlichkeiten, sage, Völker gemeint seien. Die meisten Menschen wissen ja auch gar nicht, um was es sich handelt, wenn sie sich mit der einen oder andern Persönlichkeit, die gewissermaßen repräsentativ für das eine oder andere Volk dasteht oder wenigstens dazustehen scheint, identifizieren, indem sie sagen: Ich gehöre diesem Volk an! Sie wissen ja gar nicht, um was es sich eigentlich handelt; sie reden im Grunde vollständig aus dem Finstern heraus. Und wohin soll es denn kommen mit dem Urteilen der Menschen, wenn so geurteilt wird, daß das Urteil eigentlich nur mit der bloßen Phrase, nur dem Worte nach, etwas trifft, während in Wirklichkeit gar nichts getroffen werden kann, weil man bei einem solchen Urteilen durchaus nicht auf die realen, auf die wirklichen Tatsachen stößt.

Ich habe vor, soweit das möglich ist, meine lieben Freunde, Ihre Blickrichtung, Ihre seelische Sehrichtung auf dreierlei zu lenken. Erstens möchte ich einiges Verständnis erwecken - es kann ja natürlich nur ein gewisses Verständnis sein - für dasjenige, was als große geistige Strömungen den Zeitereignissen zugrunde liegt. Dann will ich ihre Aufmerksamkeit lenken darauf, wie diese Strömungen sich betätigen an dem einen oder andern Orte, wie sie, sei es mit Hilfe von Vereinigungen, Bruderschaften, gewissermaßen durch die Menschen hindurchwirken, sei es, daß sie mehr oder weniger bewußt oder unbewußt durch die einzelnen Menschen selber wirken. Und dann möchte ich zeigen, wie man auf die charakteristischen Dinge schauen muß, auf diejenigen Dinge, auf die es ankommt, wenn man verstehen will, wie sich das, was auf dem physischen Plan geschieht, erklären läßt aus den großen Zusammenhängen.

Wenn man seinen Standpunkt so hoch wählt, daß man die großen Zusammenhänge ins Auge faßt, dann nimmt sich manches anders aus, als wenn man nur die einzelnen zusammengewürfelten Tatsachen anschaut, die sich einem gerade darbieten, denn die Geschichte der Menschheit wird auch in ihren schmerzlichsten Ereignissen schon gelenkt und geleitet von geistigen Impulsen. Aber diese geistigen Impulse wirken auch gegeneinander, und die Menschen sind in vielfach einander widerstrebende Impulse hineingestellt. Jene, die immer nur denken, die weisheitsvolle Weltenordnung wird es schon machen, die machen es sich allzu leicht. Wenn das der Fall wäre, gäbe es im weiten physischen Weltumfange nirgends das, was es doch gibt: eine menschliche Freiheit. Auf der andern Seite aber sind durchaus Impulse der Notwendigkeit vorhanden - große karmische Impulse, die in allem wirken. Und wir wollen gerade bei diesen Betrachtungen ein wenig Rücksicht darauf nehmen, wie die karmischen Impulse wirken. Nur muß man sich eben mit den Einzelheiten dann schon abgeben, muß zum Beispiel sein Augenmerk zunächst darauf richten, wie die Dinge sich gestalten, wenn eine bestimmte große Gegensätzlichkeit vorliegt, die im fortlaufenden Entwicklungsgang der Menschheit von Bedeutung ist. Eine solche Gegensätzlichkeit ist diejenige, die nun einmal besteht zwischen dem Westen und dem Osten des europäischen Kulturraumes, und ich habe charakterisiert, was sich im Westen ergeben hat und was im Osten als Zukunftsvölkisches lebt. Das sind reale Kräfte, die vorhanden sind. Gewiß, die meisten Menschen wissen nichts von diesen realen Kräften, aber es gab immer einzelne Menschen, die etwas von diesen Kräften kennenlernten.

Nun ist zweierlei möglich. Entweder die Menschen wissen nichts von diesen realen Kräften - dann kann es sehr leicht geschehen, daß diese Menschen unbewußt zum Werkzeuge werden, indem sie aus Unaufmerksamkeit, ohne daß sie im gewöhnlichen Sinne viel dafür können, sich gebrauchen lassen von solchen, die [durch ihren Egoismus] mehr oder weniger hineingerissen werden in die Strömungen und deren Verhalten sich ergibt als eine Resultierende aus diesen real waltenden Strömungen und ihrem Egoismus; diese Menschen wirken dann suggestiv auf diejenigen, die unaufmerksam sind. Oder aber es kann sich das andere ergeben, was gerade für die letzten Jahrzehnte des europäischen Lebens so wichtig und bedeutsam ist: Es können sich immer einzelne Menschen finden, welche auf diesem oder jenem Wege durch okkultistische Bruderschaften etwas erfahren von dem, was als geistige Kräfte da ist, und es bewußt mißbrauchen, es bewußt in irgendeinem Sinne gebrauchen - vielleicht auch gar nicht einmal in einem Sinne gebrauchen, von dem man sagen kann, daß man ein vernichtendes Urteil darüber zu fällen hat. Aber es ist doch wie ein Spielen mit dem Feuer, wenn Menschen, die nicht wissen, wie man mit geistigen Impulsen umgeht, diesen geistigen Impulsen eine gewisse Richtung geben - insbesondere dann, wenn solche Dinge entstehen, wie sie zum Beispiel dadurch entstanden sind, daß sich in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts in Mitteleuropa verschiedene mehr oder weniger okkulte Bruderschaften gebildet haben, die immer von der Peripherie Europas stark beeinflußt waren und die bis zu einem gewissen Grade mit okkulten Mitteln gearbeitet haben, wie zum Beispiel die «Omladina», die vieles durchsetzt hat mit den Impulsen, die in ihr gelebt haben.

Nun ist die «Omladina» eine solche Verbindung gewesen, die mit einem bestimmten Kultus, wie er ja sonst in okkulten Bruderschaften, in den Graden, gebraucht wird, in ihrer Anhängerschaft gearbeitet hat, so daß wir in der «Omladina» in Mitteleuropa sehr geheime Bruderschaften hatten, die namentlich über die verschiedensten slawischen Gegenden, auch über die Balkanländer, verbreitet waren. Sie arbeiteten wirklich dadurch mit okkulten Mitteln, daß sie ein Zeremoniell hatten. Und indem sie untereinander in Verbindung standen, haben sie viel gewirkt, vieles unterirdisch durchwühlt, bis einmal durch dasjenige, was man einen Zufall nennt, aber eben nur so nennt, durch einen Prozeß, der in Böhmen stattgefunden hat, die Sache herausgekommen ist. Diese Bruderschaften haben dann, ich möchte sagen unter anderen Masken ihre Fortsetzung gefunden.

Eine solche Maske war die «Narodna odbrana» in Serbien, die so häufig genannt worden ist im Beginne der jetzigen schmerzlichen Ereignisse. Diese Strömung, durch die schon etwas eingeflossen ist, was mit okkulten Mitteln arbeitete und in deren Bereich Menschen waren, die zum Teil von der Sache gewußt haben, zum Teil auch nichts gewußt haben und unbewußte Werkzeuge waren - also durch diese Strömung ist vieles mitimpulsiert, was sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten abgespielt hat im europäischen Südosten, in den Balkanländern. Und wenn in den westlichen, namentlich in den englischen Bruderschaften in den letzten Jahrzehnten des 19. Jahrhunderts von dem großen kommenden Weltkriege gesprochen wurde - und wie ich Ihnen mitgeteilt habe, ist immer davon gesprochen worden -, so ist immer gerade auf die Wichtigkeit dessen hingewiesen worden, was in den Balkanländern sich abspielt, was sich dort abspielen sollte, dort kommen sollte.

Daher gestatten Sie mir, daß ich einleitend gerade darüber noch einiges sage. Denn lenkt man den Blick nur auf dasjenige, was - ich habe es jetzt schon öfter gesagt - als Geistiges die Dinge durchzieht, so hat man nicht die Untergründe, um die richtigen Fragen zu stellen. Man weiß nicht, wie das, was geistig geschieht, sich gewissermaßen hier unten abbildet auf dem physischen Plane. Und gerade diese wichtige Frage will ich nach dem Appell, den ich gestern an Sie gerichtet habe, nämlich nachzudenken über den großen Konflikt des Mysteriums von Golgatha, gerade diese Seite will ich für Sie in diesen Betrachtungen besonders entwickeln. Und indem ich das einleitend charakterisiere, was uns dann als Basis für manches dienen wird, muß ich ganz besonders betonen, daß ich Sie bitte, ja nicht zu glauben, daß das, was ich jetzt sagen werde, sich auf irgendein Volk als solches bezieht. Denn niemand kann mehr Sympathien haben mit dem unglücklichen serbischen Volke als ich - nicht bloß, weil es in den letzten Zeiten so viel Schmerzliches erfahren hat, sondern vor allem darum, weil durch Jahrzehnte dieses Volk als solches der Spielball der verschiedensten Existenzen war, der verschiedensten Elemente. Diese haben sich in der Weise, wie ich es gestern und vorgestern angedeutet habe, sich dessen bedient, was in diesem Volke lebt, um es für Dinge zu gebrauchen, von denen wir nur sagen können: Es liegt zugrunde etwas Mißbräuchliches, denn es soll das, was innerhalb des fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraums als reale Evolutionsimpulse der Menschheit vorhanden ist, in eine gewisse Richtung gebracht werden.

Einiges muß ich wenigstens sagen, aber ich will da nicht weiter zurückgehen als bis in die zweite Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Ich weiß, wie wenig man heute solche Betrachtungen anstellt, die wirklich aufklärend sein können. Ich will nur skizzieren, und in einer Skizze ist selbstverständlich einiges immer nur mit Konturlinien gezeichnet. Ich weiß, wie wenig man geneigt ist, auf die realen Tatsachen einzugehen, aber einige von ihnen muß man doch kennen. Und so möchte ich denn nur zurückgehen bis zu Michael Obrenović, der in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts eine bedeutende Rolle spielte als Herrscher in Serbien, der eine sympathische Persönlichkeit war und von dem wahrhaftig nicht gesagt werden kann, daß er irgendwie in einer üblen Weise diejenigen Impulse geleitet hätte, die natürlich der Angehörige eines bestimmten Volkes vor allen Dingen sieht. Man kann die Impulse eines Volkes so lenken, daß man sie — aus Volks- oder Einzelegoismus heraus - gewissermaßen weit überspannt, daß man die einzelnen Volksimpulse nicht so treibt, daß sie im Einklang mit den Impulsen der gesamten Menschheit wirken. In dieser Beziehung ist es ja außerordentlich schwierig, das Richtige zu treffen, aber darauf kommt es jetzt in diesem Falle nicht an, denn bei Michael Obrenović war es so, daß er mit seinen Ideen eigentlich im wesentlichen im Sinne - nun lassen Sie mich dieses Wort gebrauchen, wenn es vielleicht auch etwas einseitig gebraucht ist - der «guten» europäischen Impulse lief. Aber er ging in der Richtung dieser guten europäischen Impulse eben nur so weit, als er gehen konnte als echter serbischer Patriot. Und man kann sich durchaus auf den serbischen Standpunkt stellen, auch wenn bei Michael eine gewisse Einseitigkeit zu sehen ist, aber das tut nichts. Man kann sagen - wenn ein Mann in solcher Weise wie er seinen Patriotismus auslebt, so ist dieses Ausleben sicherlich auch verständlich für jeden, der durch Geburt, Abstammung und Erziehung einen anderen Patriotismus haben muß. Ich brauche Ihnen nur mit einigen Worten zu sagen, was ein Mann, der ihn gut gekannt hat, was Milan Piroćanac - verzeihen Sie, wenn ich einzelne Worte schlecht ausspreche, das kann nicht anders sein, da mir ja all diese Sprachen nicht geläufig sind — über das Ideal des Michael Obrenović geäußert hat. Er sagt von Michael Obrenović:

Sein politisches Endziel war nicht die Schaffung Großserbiens, sondern die Bildung einer südslawischen Konföderation unter der Hegemonie Serbiens - eine Föderation, welche außer Serbien, Bosnien-Herzegovina, Montenegro auch das von Serbien ohne Hilfe Österreichs oder Rußlands zu befreiende Bulgarien angehören sollte.

Also an eine Balkankonföderation dachte Michael. Von einer solchen Konföderation sprachen in den guten Zeiten des westeuropäischen Okkultismus auch die im allerbesten Sinne unterrichteten und wirkenden Okkultisten Westeuropas. Und wenn auch dieses Ideal vielleicht manchem andern widerstrebte, so muß man doch sagen, es war eben ein Ideal, das in gewissen realen Impulsgebungen der fünften nachatlantischen Zeit stand. Nun aber erhob sich gegen dieses Ideal des Michael Obrenović gerade ein großer Teil der serbischen Intelligenz, namentlich unter der Führung von Jovan Ristić. Diese serbische Intelligenz fügte ein anderes Element in die Sache hinein. Während Michael Obrenović aus der slawischen Kraft des Balkans heraus - ohne Hilfe Österreichs und Rußlands - eine Balkanföderation schaffen wollte, handelte es sich für diejenigen, zu deren Führern Jovan Ristić gehörte, darum, unter allen Umständen Serbien in den Dienst dessen zu stellen, was von Rußland ausgeht, um durch Suggestionierung des slawischen Gemütes mit Hilfe des «Testamentes Peters des Großen» einen Rahmen zu schaffen für den Russizismus. Von diesem von der «Omladina» tief beeinflußten Elemente wurde dazumal die Parole ausgegeben, daß eine Bewegung in die Welt zu setzen sei, die den Bestrebungen Michaels so entgegenzuwirken habe, daß Rußland für Serbien unter allen Umständen dasselbe werden solle, was Frankreich bei der Schöpfung des neuen Italiens für Piemont gewesen sei — diese Parole wurde ausgegeben. So wie Frankreich seine Dienste den Piemontesen geleistet habe, um Piemont in das moderne Italien überzuleiten, so sollte Rußland Serbien dienen, damit Serbien auf dem Balkan, auf der andern Seite des Adriatischen Meeres, etwas würde, [worauf man rechnen konnte] - aber nur unter der Führung dessen, was einbezogen werden sollte in die geheimnisvollen Impulse des «Testamentes Peters des Großen».

Nun, Sie werden einsehen, daß da Kollisionen herauskommen müssen, [wenn Sie sich folgende Verhältnisse vergegenwärtigen]. Im ganzen gibt es etwa sechs Millionen Serben. Davon sind nur dreieinhalb Millionen in Serbien und Montenegro; zweieinhalb Millionen leben in Österreich - sie sind in vorhergehenden Zeiten dort eingewandert. Dies alles ist aber umringt und durchsetzt von vier Millionen katholischen und einer halben Million mohammedanischen Südslawen. Also, machen Sie sich eine Vorstellung davon, was da an geistigem Chaos ineinander lebt und was es heißt, in dieses Chaos eine solche Bewegung hinein zu leiten, wie es die «Omladina» war. Da kann man Verschiedenes machen, wenn man die Dinge in der richtigen Weise benützt. Und diejenigen, welche mit solchen Mitteln arbeiten, wie es bei der «Omladina» der Fall war, die stellen immer die eine Strömung gegen die andere, so daß sich daraus etwas ganz Bestimmtes ergibt.

So kam es, daß Michael Obrenović eine furchtbare Gegnerschaft fand und daß diese Gegnerschaft die Möglichkeit erlangte, wirksam gegen ihn zu arbeiten, indem man sie nicht in Serbien, sondern außerhalb, in Ungarn, organisierte, indem man also dort eine gegnerische Bewegung mit gegnerischer Presse organisierte. Wenn Sie verstehen, daß die «Omladina» nicht bloß in Serbien war, sondern ihre Verbindungen bis in die Staaten Mitteleuropas hatte, dann konnte man selbstverständlich einmal, wenn es nötig war, die «Omladina» in Serbien schweigen lassen und allerlei organisieren von außerhalb her. Dadurch hielt man sich die Möglichkeit offen, wenn die Sache irgendwie ruchbar wurde, zu sagen: Der fremde Staat hat das organisiert. - Das mußte man sich in einem solchen Falle immer offenhalten. Zu alldem kam, daß Michael Obrenović beim serbischen Volke sehr beliebt war und daß das wirklich eine elementare Liebe war. Das ist auch eine okkulte Kraft. Dieser Liebe des Volkes mußte man schon entgegensetzen entweder eine gleiche Liebe - die konnte man aber natürlich nicht so ohne weiteres aufbringen - oder aber etwas, was revolutionierte. So wirkte in die verschiedenen Bestrebungen, die mit der «Omladina» zusammenhingen, die dynastische Gegnerschaft zwischen den Obrenovići und den Karadjordjevići hinein. Die Karadjordjevići saßen in Genf, hatten in den verschiedensten Gegenden Europas Schulden und strebten für sich den serbischen Thron an. Sie hatten Gelegenheit, mit den verschiedensten Gesellschaften Europas, deren es ja wirklich zahlreiche gibt, und den in diesen Gesellschaften wirkenden Impulsen bekannt zu werden. Und man kann, indem man sozusagen Hand in Hand arbeitet, auf diese Weise Verschiedenstes machen - namentlich wenn man solche Mittel zur Verfügung hat, wie ich sie angedeutet habe. Man ordnet dann seine Verhältnisse so, daß man von verschiedenen Orten aus — namentlich müssen die Orte dann in verschiedenen Staaten liegen das Verschiedenste bewirken kann. So richtete sich der Alexander Karadjordjevići seine Vermögensverwaltung in Szegedin ein, in Ungarn. Sein Vermögensverwalter, nun ja, er war der Bankier - zu verwalten hatte er ja nichts Besonderes, aber er war der Bankier. Doch eines Tages hat er eine Anzahl Sträflinge beeinflußt - Menschen, die zu beeinflussen waren, denn man macht so etwas mit Sträflingen oder ähnlichen Elementen -, und diese Sträflinge ermordeten am 10. Juni 1868 den Michael. Das war die erste Etappe, um in einer gewissen Richtung weiterzukommen. So haben wir also am 10. Juni 1868 die Ermordung des Michael Obrenović.

Der alleinige männliche Nachfolger, ein Neffe des Michael, war ein sehr armer Kerl, war außerdem noch jung, fast ein Knabe, und aller Einfluß kam nun in die Hände des vorhin genannten Jovan Ristić, der so recht der Typus einer gewissen Art von Politikern war — ein großer Politiker von gewissen Gesichtspunkten aus. Da Ristić all diese Gesichtspunkte auch in seinen Werken vertreten hat, so kann den äußeren Wegen, auf denen er seine inneren Absichten ausführen wollte, nachgegangen werden. Vor allen Dingen stellte er als obersten Grundsatz auf, daß Serbien und die Serben stets nur den Impulsen Rußlands zu folgen hätten, aber nicht so, daß dies immer offen geschehen solle, sondern daß es besser sei, dem Impuls Rußlands zu folgen, indem man einige Konzessionen mache und freundnachbarliche Ausgleiche suche mit der habsburgischen Monarchie. So solle man ruhig auch einmal dies oder jenes gegen Rußland unternehmen, zusammen mit der habsburgischen Monarchie, denn in Wirklichkeit handelte es sich darum, alles im Dienste Rußlands zu tun. Um das aber zu erreichen, mußte man zum Schein zuweilen mit den andern gehen. Das war oberster Grundsatz.

Nun war es Ristić vor allen Dingen darum zu tun, sich festzusetzen, Anhänger zu gewinnen. Das war schwer, denn den Milan Obrenović liebten die Serben — [wenigstens solange er an der Herrschaft war] - nicht, und es durfte natürlich niemand die geheimen Fäden auch nur ahnen, durch welche Ristić selber mit der Ermordung des Michael Obrenović zusammenhing. Man kann solchen Dingen sehr fernestehen und ihnen zugleich sehr nahestehen. Man musste dann also die Fäden verwischen. Das konnte er, indem er es auf eine gewisse Weise dahin brachte, daß in Serbien bekannt, also verbreitet wurde, der Mord an Michael Obrenović sei in Ungarn angezettelt worden, die Magyaren seien eigentlich schuld daran. Das wurde ihm auch in den Kreisen, auf die es ankam, durchaus geglaubt.

Nun lief in die Strömung, auf die ich hier hinweise, noch eine andere hinein, die von zehn Menschen im Jahre 1872 gegründet worden ist. Sie sollte im Einklange mit andern europäischen Strömungen wirken und wurde daher in Zürich gegründet. Also 1872. Einer der zehn hat das Programm dieser «Brüderschaft der Zehn», zu der auch Nikola Pašić gehörte, entworfen. In diesem Programm heißt es wörtlich:

Die Vereinigung aller Serben setzt die Zertrümmerung der Türkei und die Zertrümmerung Österreich-Ungarns, die Beseitigung der Staatlichkeit Montenegros und Volksfreiheit in Serbien voraus.

Also, diese zehn hatten ein ganz bestimmtes Programm; 1872 ist es ausgearbeitet worden. Es handelte sich dann darum, dieses Programm [der Radikalen] immer mehr und mehr in die [liberale] Strömung des Risti€ hineinzuarbeiten, der ja nun die richtige Persönlichkeit an der richtigen Stelle war: er, der Machthaber, neben dem minderjährigen Milan - das also ging sehr gut zusammen, denn es handelt sich für gewisse Strömungen immer darum, den richtigen Mann an der richtigen Stelle zu gewinnen, um durch ihn das Mannigfaltigste zu erreichen. Der Universitätsprofessor Jovan Skerlić, der auch ein wenig Verbindung hatte mit dieser radikalen Richtung, schrieb zum Beispiel den Satz [über die politische Überzeugung der Anhänger dieser Richtung):

Die Freiheit des serbischen Volkes und die Existenz Österreich-Ungarns schließen sich aus.

Ich will nur Tatsachen erzählen - ich will keinem Serben bestreiten, daß von seinem Standpunkte aus ein solches Programm durchaus eine Möglichkeit ist.

Als dann Milan Obrenović volljährig wurde, da brachten es die Umstände mit sich, daß er sich freimachen wollte von dieser radikalen Strömung; er wollte freikommen davon. Er wollte - im Einverständnis mit Österreich-Ungarn - serbischen Patriotismus treiben. Nun wirkte in der Folgezeit immer ineinander auf der einen Seite dasjenige, was von Milan Obrenović ausging — es war zwar sehr schwach, aber immerhin doch da - und auf der andern Seite dasjenige, was dem alles entgegen war - ich habe es oben angedeutet und worin hineinspielt die Prätendentschaft der Karadjordjevići. Merkwürdig ist, daß zur Krönung Alexanders III. von Rußland niemand von der Dynastie der Obrenovići eingeladen wurde, dagegen Peter Karadjordjević, der Prätendent, der später, nach dem Alexander Obrenović, zum serbischen Thron kam.

Intimer noch sollten die Bande, welche von Rußland zum Balkan führten, geknüpft werden dadurch, daß man, als man die Zeit gekommen fand, dem Peter Karadjordjević die älteste Tochter des Nikita von Montenegro vermittelte, was diesem gar nicht sehr angenehm war, weil er selber gern nach den Obrenovići den serbischen Thron gehabt hätte. Aber man gab von russischer Seite eine Million als Mitgift, die der alte Nikita von Montenegro selbstverständlich einsteckte - für solche Künste hatte er ja einiges Verständnis. Ich will Sie nicht mit der äußeren Geschichte belasten, aber ich will doch das entschiedene Eintreten Österreich-Ungarns für Serbien erwähnen, das in die Zeit dieses unglücklichen Krieges Serbiens gegen Bulgarien fällt, so daß Serbien, nachdem es den Krieg verloren hatte, keine Gebietseinschränkung erfuhr. Aber das alles war für die Partei der Onmladinisten gleichgültig; da handelte es sich wirklich nur darum, mitzuwirken bei jener Strömung, welche den Slawismus in den Russizismus einzufangen hatte - ich habe es Ihnen bereits charakterisiert. Und diese Partei konnte gut arbeiten. Serben und nicht etwa Ausländer in Serbien haben eine merkwürdige Statistik aufgestellt, welche zwar bloß «Statistik» ist - wie gesagt, man kann vieles davon abziehen -, aber selbst wenn nur die Hälfte davon wahr ist, so ist es noch immer sehr bezeichnend, sehr charakteristisch. In den Jahren zwischen 1883 und 1887 gewann nämlich diese radikale Partei der Omladinisten ganz besonders viele Anhänger, und in dieser Zeit beging sie 364 politische Morde, um diejenigen, die nicht da zu sein hatten auf dem physischen Plan, wenn diese Partei sich weiter ausbreiten sollte, nicht als Störenfriede zu haben. Wie gesagt, das ist nicht von Auswärtigen angegeben, sondern von Serben selber: 364 politische Morde zwischen 1883 und 1887! Wenn Sie annehmen, es sei nur die Hälfte davon wahr, so ist das ja noch immerhin genug.

Dann muß vor allen Dingen der große Aufschwung ins Auge gefaßt werden, den diese Partei in den neunziger Jahren erfuhr und der die Regierung in Wien ganz besonders [beunruhigte], ihr sozusagen mächtig in die Zügel schoß. Ein mächtiger Ruck, nachdem man schon lange subversiv gearbeitet hatte, ergab sich insbesondere, als eines Tages in den neunziger Jahren sämtliche Städte in Serbien beflaggt waren, im Fahnenschmuck prangten. Das war der Tag, an dem bekannt wurde, daß das Bündnis zwischen Rußland und Frankreich perfekt geworden war, und das war auch in der Zeit, in der man hinter dem Rücken der Dynastie der Obrenovići viele tausend Gewehre in Frankreich bestellen wollte für die radikale Partei. Das war aber auch die Zeit, in welcher auf den Plan trat eine Persönlichkeit, durch die vieles hindurchwirkte, für deren Stellung man wegen ihrer Herkunft außerordentlich schwer die Zustimmung der maßgebenden Kreise bekommen konnte, trotzdem auf der einen Seite von Rußland aus diese Persönlichkeit besonders ins Auge gefaßt worden war für bestimmte Zwecke. Aber die Partei, die die «Omladina» fortsetzte, genierte sich etwas, gerade eine solche Persönlichkeit in einer solchen Stellung zu einem bedeutsamen Instrument zu machen. Das war die Persönlichkeit, die Alexander Obrenović 1897 zunächst zu seiner Mätresse erheben durfte: Draga Mašin.

Dazumal betrat also diese Persönlichkeit den Plan der Ereignisse. Und es ist immerhin bedeutsam, daß ein Freund der Dynastie Obrenović, Vladan Djordjević, ein sehr schönes Buch geschrieben hat, aus dem man viel lernen kann: «Das Ende der Obrenovitch». Ich empfehle Ihnen besonders das viertletzte Kapitel in diesem Buche, denn Sie werden in diesem Kapitel sehen - wenn es auch von Djordjević nur vorsichtig, sozusagen unbewußt angedeutet ist, wie sonderbar doch die Fäden der Weltgeschichte gehen, denn Djordjević erzählt von dem eigentümlichen Besuche, den er bei Draga Main hat machen müssen, da sie ja eine wichtige Persönlichkeit war. Und er weist darauf hin, wie der Zauber, den sie auszuüben hatte, ausging von einer ganz bestimmten Parfümmischung, die - ein wirklicher Zauber — abgestimmt war auf die Individualität der betreffenden Persönlichkeit, die suggestioniert werden sollte. Sie werden manchen, auch im okkultistischen Sinne wichtigen Wink für das Gebiet der niederen Zauberkünste bekommen, wenn Sie die umschleierte Darstellung von Vladan Djordjević im viertletzten Kapitel seines dicken Buches «Das Ende der Obrenovitch» lesen - mit Verständnis lesen. Und Sie werden dann erstaunt sein, wie vieles dadurch erreicht werden kann, daß diejenigen, die etwas erreichen wollen, im Hintergrund bleiben und das, was zunächst zu geschehen hat, den Verführungskünsten einer Frau überlassen, welche in der entsprechenden Weise die Kunst der Parfümmischung beherrscht, was ja auch schon im 17. Jahrhundert an mancherlei Höfen eine große Rolle in der Politik gespielt hat. Und man kann die Geschichte nicht wirklich schreiben, wenn man nicht zu gleicher Zeit auch Fachmann ist in der Kenntnis gewisser Parfümwirkungen in der Geschichte gewisser Zeiten und Perioden.

Dann kam ein Ereignis, das immerhin einiges Licht warf auf, ich möchte sagen sonderbare karmische Zusammenhänge. Die Partei, die ich Ihnen charakterisiert habe, arbeitete weiter, immer weiter. Man brachte es dahin, daß endlich - wiederum durch eine solche Anzettelung, wie ich es Ihnen schon charakterisiert habe - ein Attentatsversuch gegen den zwar längst zurückgetretenen König Milan stattfand, der aber immer noch eine Rolle in Serbien spielte und den man namentlich ja auch allerlei Rollen spielen ließ. Dabei wurde Nikola Pšsič - Sie kennen den Namen - [beinahe] auch mit zum Tode verurteilt. Überhaupt wurde er dazumal nur dadurch vom Tode errettet, daß Kaiser Franz Joseph von Österreich-Ungarn Einspruch erhob gegen seine Hinrichtung. Sie wissen, Pšsič ist der Name jenes serbischen Ministerpräsidenten, welcher bei Kriegsausbruch im Amt war!

Nun handelte es sich bei all diesen Dingen um etwas, was notwendig geworden war. Denken Sie, daß man ja das, was man erreichen wollte, nicht erreichen konnte, wenn die Obrenovići geblieben wären. Dazu mußte, unter russischer Protektion, Peter Karadjordjević auf den Thron kommen. Nun hatte man die Draga Mašin, die mittlerweile den Alexander geheiratet hatte, auch unter russische Protektion genommen. Sie war aber nun der radikalen Partei höchst unbequem geworden, denn man schämte sich ihrer. Das alles zog man in Erwägung - das alles war etwas, mit dem man durchaus rechnete, denn es handelte sich von der Seite, von der die Draga Mašin ins Spiel gebracht wurde, nicht etwa darum, just diese «angenehme» Persönlichkeit mit den Parfümkünsten auf den Thron von Serbien zu bringen, sondern darum, die Dynastie der Obrenovići in ihrem Repräsentanten, Alexander, unmöglich zu machen. Man mußte doch erst die Obrenovići lächerlich machen; man mußte doch erst die Draga Mašin zur Königin gemacht haben, um sie nachher umbringen zu können, denn sonst hätte man ja den Mord nicht in einer zweckentsprechenden Weise eingerichtet. Es handelte sich eben darum, gerade denjenigen

zu dienen, denen Draga Mašin äußerlich höchst unbequem war, aber um sie dann wegzubekommen, mußte man die ganze Komödie einleiten, und die Draga mußte sie spielen. Auf die Einzelheiten dieser Komödie, die bis zur Vorspiegelung der guten Hoffnung auf einen künftigen Thronfolger ging - der aber niemals im «Anzug» war -, will ich nicht weiter eingehen. Aber es darf doch darauf hingewiesen werden, daß ganz sonderbare Persönlichkeiten aufgegriffen wurden, welche zwischen Genf, wo sich die Karadjordjevići aufhielten, und dem Balkan eine gewisse Verbindung herstellten sowie auch noch verschiedene weitergehende Verbindungen.

Aber der Peter Karadjordjević hatte die Weisung bekommen, sich still in Genf zu halten, sich da nur ja nicht zu rühren. Dagegen war eine ganze Reihe von Unterhändlern auf die verschiedensten Orte verteilt, welche dazu berufen waren, im Sinne von Rußland die ganze Aktion zu leiten, der ganzen Aktion ein Gesicht zu geben. Und ich möchte Sie hier an dieser Stelle darauf aufmerksam machen, daß es ja durchaus nicht darauf ankommt, besonders auf die Persönlichkeiten zu deuten, die irgend etwas [in solchen Zusammenhängen] tun. So gab es zum Beispiel einen Unterhändler, einen Montenegriner, der eine sehr wichtige Rollespielte bei dem, was von den Karadjordjevići zusammen mit Rußland unternommen worden ist. Aber diesem kam es gar nicht darauf an, der radikalen serbischen Partei oder sonst irgend jemandem zu dienen. Das hat er später gezeigt, namentlich dadurch, daß er die zahlreichen Briefe, die er in dieser verhängnisvollen Sache mit Peter Karadjordjević gewechselt hatte, in Wien zum Kauf anbot. Der Verkauf in Wien ist nur dadurch vereitelt worden, daß der gute Karadjordjević selber hundertfünfzigtausend Franken schwitzte, um diese Briefe, die dazumal gewechselt worden waren, wieder im Jahre 1907 zurückzukaufen.

Ich will auf diese Dinge nur hindeuten, aber, meine lieben Freunde, wenn einmal die Geschichte dessen geschrieben werden wird — und sie wird einmal geschrieben werden -, was sich.abgespielt hat dazumal in Wien im Restaurant Hopfner, was sich abgespielt hat am 22. Januar 1903 in Linz, was sich abgespielt hat im April in Mödling im Hotel Biegler, wenn einmal die Geschichte davon geschrieben wird, wie da zustande gekommen ist jenes Dokument, wodurch der Karadjordjević sich verpflichtete, nichts zu unternehmen gegen diejenigen, die den Alexander Obrenović und die Draga Ma$in ermorden werden, wenn er auf den Thron kommen sollte, dann wird das ein Kapitel sein, das auf vieles Licht werfen wird. Namentlich wird das wichtig sein, was am 22. Januar 1903 in Linz von Peter Karadjordjević unterschrieben worden ist, sowie die Besprechung, die einige im Dienste dieser Sache stehende Offiziere im Gasthause Kolarac in Belgrad hatten.

Nach all diesen Präliminarien wurde im Juni 1903 der in der Welt ja in anderer Weise - [ohne Wissen um solche Hintergründe] — bekannt gewordene Mord in Belgrad durchgeführt. Eine wichtige Rolle bei diesem Mord spielte ein gewisser Leutnant Voja Tankosić. Es ist nicht unbedeutend, daß dazumal der Anführer einer der Gruppen, welche überall verteilt waren, um die verschiedenen Anhänger des Alexander Obrenović und der Draga Ma$in zu ermorden, Leutnant Voja Tankosić war. Sie wissen vielleicht, daß unter den Persönlichkeiten, auf welche hingewiesen wurde in den Untersuchungen, die von Österreich nach der Ermordung des Erzherzogs Franz Ferdinand gemacht worden sind, unter denjenigen Persönlichkeiten in Serbien, von denen der Mord in Sarajevo organisiert worden ist, ein gewisser Major Tankosić genannt worden ist. Es ist derselbe Voja Tankosić, der dazumal die Aufgabe hatte, die beiden Brüder Lunjevici, die Brüder der Draga Ma$in, zu ermorden, und dem dann die Aufgabe zufiel, nachdem er mittlerweile zum Major avanciert war, die Rolle, die ja in der Welt bekannt geworden ist, bei der Ermordung des Franz Ferdinand zu spielen. Es ist wichtig, damit man auch an realen Objekten die Zusammenhänge sieht, darauf hinzuweisen, wie das eine in dem Folgenden weiter fortwirkt.

Die Dynastie der Obrenovići war nun also weggeräumt, und es handelte sich darum, den Karadjordjević auf den serbischen Thron zu bringen, denn PaSi€ zum Beispiel war, wenn er auch in allem drinnensteckte, noch nicht sogleich damit einverstanden, daß Peter Karadjordjević auf den Thron komme - Pšsič wollte dazumal einen Engländer auf den serbischen Thron befördern. Selbst im Osten Europas war man nicht überall derselben Meinung. So zum Beispiel konnten in St. Petersburg Leute - und das kann historisch nachgewiesen werden, sie wohnten in der Nähe - hören, wie die Großfürstin Milica Nikolajevna nach dem Bekanntwerden der Ermordung des Obrenović sich vernehmen ließ: Trinken wir auf das Wohl des Königs Nikita von Serbien. - Also in diesen Kreisen bestand die Tendenz, den Nikita von Montenegro - diesen Mann, den Sie ja dem Namen nach kennen werden - auf den serbischen Thron zu bringen. Aber als es zur Entscheidung kam, erschien der damalige russische Geschäftsträger in Belgrad, Čarykov, und erklärte wörtlich: Ich bin gekommen, um die Mitteilung zu machen, daß meine Regierung - das heißt die russische Regierung - nur dann einverstanden sein wird, wenn bei der morgigen Königswahl Prinz Karadjordjević einstimmig zum König von Serbien gewählt wird.

Meine lieben Freunde, da habe ich Sie auf eine Reihe von Tatsachen hingewiesen, welche Ihnen zeigen sollen, wie Dinge wirken, wenn sie in gewisse Bahnen geleitet werden, denn man muß schon eine konkrete Vorstellung von dem haben, was eigentlich in der Welt geschieht. Nun, ich will sozusagen symptomatisch vorgehen. Es können sich die Dinge ja erst dann zu einem Bilde vereinigen und uns einen Aufstieg zu den Grundwahrheiten der Sache geben, wenn wir auf mancherlei eingehen. Bei alledem muß ich immer betonen: Standpunkte kann man haben, und den Standpunkt eines jeden kann man begreifen. Aber wer einen solchen Standpunkt hat, sollte sich dessen bewußt sein, und vor allen Dingen muß man sich dies selbst eingestehen; man sollte nicht so ohne weiteres über die Dinge urteilen, als ob man von einem höheren Forum aus urteile.

Wirklich, ich habe mich in der letzten Zeit - gerade in der letzten Zeit - oftmals fragen müssen, woher denn gewisse Dinge kommen, wie denn gewisse Dinge entstehen. Ich habe Ihnen, als ich diese Betrachtungen begonnen habe, gesagt, daß es mir wirklich schmerzlich gewesen ist zu erfahren, wie man nach der einen Richtung hin im Grunde nur unfreundlichen, mindestens zweifelhaften Urteilen begegnet und wie gerade diejenigen Leute, die solche unfreundlichen Urteile nach einer gewissen Seite hin haben, sich die Fähigkeit zuschreiben, die Dinge objektiv zu beurteilen. Man braucht ja nicht weit zu gehen, um zu sehen, was da an Unfreundlichkeiten in Betracht kommt. Ich möchte dabei immer wieder betonen, daß ich jeden Standpunkt verstehe, aber nicht, wenn angegeben wird, daß ein Urteil auf einer gewissen objektiven Grundlage gefaßt worden sei - angeblich auf einer objektiven Grundlage. Man kann zum Beispiel lesen:

Für die Frage der Schuld am Ausbruche des Krieges sind die bereits bekannten diplomatischen Aktenstücke von entscheidendem Werte. Man muß sie freilich gründlich studieren; was nur schr wenige getan haben; wer sie verächtlich auf die Seite schiebt, der kennt sie offenbar nicht. Aus diesem Zeughaus ziehen die Staatsmänner, in ihren Reden, gelegentlich einzelne Argumente heraus, die natürlich auf die Unwissenden großen Eindruck machen; es gilt aber jedesmal, die Texte in ihrem Zusammenhang und in ihrer Vollständigkeit zu lesen. Die Lektüre der diplomatischen Bücher ist auf den ersten Blick ebenso trocken wie verwirrend; aus eigener Erfahrung darf ich jedoch sagen, daß sie immer anziehender, ja immer packender wird; diese dürren, oft schwerfälligen, nicht selten verlogenen Texte lesen sich zuletzt wie die Szenen einer Tragödie.

Das sagt der Verfasser.

Das Resultat dieser Lektüre ist für mich ganz klar. Es liegt ein Verbrechen an der Menschheit vor; es ist von den Regierungen der Zentralmächte begangen worden. Nicht einmal, nicht zehnmal, sondern noch öfters habe ich das Problem wieder von vorne aufgegriffen, mit neuen Möglichkeiten geprüft, und immer wieder mußte ich zu demselben Resultate gelangen. Noch heute würde ich, im Bewußtsein meiner Subjektivität, dieses Resultat bezweifeln, wenn nicht andere denselben Schluß gezogen hätten, die unter ganz andern Verhältnissen an das Problem herantraten. Das Urteil der Kriegführenden, die für das eigene Land eintreten, oder das Urteil derjenigen, die aus politischer Überzeugung die Regierung des eigenen Landes bekämpfen, kann logisch zwingend sein, es hätte doch für mich noch nicht jene moralische Kraft, die die Gewißheit schafft. Wenn ich also von «andern» spreche, so verstehe ich darunter einige Deutschschweizer, deren persönliche Verhältnisse, alte Sympathien und wissenschaftlich Schulung durchaus deutsch sind und deren Objektivität und Autorität in unserem Lande so groß sind, daß die bloße Nennung ihrer Namen den tiefsten Eindruck machen würde. Diese Männer wollen nicht in die Öffentlichkeit treten; es ist ihr gutes Recht; so werde ich sie nicht nennen. Schon im November 1914 hat einer von ihnen, in kleinem Kreise, mit streng wissenschaftlicher Kritik das deutsche Weißbuch vernichtet; aus einem jüngsten Gespräch weiß ich, daß die letzte Kanzlerrede dieses Urteil bloß verschärft hat. Die vielerwähnte «Einkreisung», der von Rußland für das Jahr 1917 geplante Krieg und andere Dinge dieser Art, das sind Behauptungen, denen ich ja nicht jeden Wert absprechen möchte; sie führen bereits zur andern Serie von Tatsachen hinüber, haben aber bloß eine relative, zum Teil hypothetische Bedeutung und ändern nichts an der Tatsache, daß Ende Juli 1914 der Krieg noch hätte vermieden werden Können; daß er.aber von einer’ Seite gewollt und ausgeführt würde.

Nun, meine lieben Freunde, ich darf sagen, daß ich wahrhaftig öfter — viel öfter als ein Dutzend Mal — die sämtlichen Blau-, Rot- und Weißbücher wirklich studiert habe und bei mir wirklich zugelassen habe jede Richtung des Urteils; [je nach dem Ergebnis] hätte ich dann eben die Möglichkeit finden müssen, mit den realen Tatsachen auszukommen. Aber wenn ich alles, alles in Erwägung ziehe, so muß ich sagen: Die Urteile, die ich höre, sie erinnern mich doch immer und immer wieder nur an eines - an lange Diskussionen, die mit den Worten schließen: Tut nichts, der Jude wird verbrannt! — Ob es nun mehr oder weniger geistreiche Menschen sind, man hört doch immer wieder nur die Stimmung heraus: Tut nichts, der Deutsche wird verbrannt! - Und da man niemals eine objektive Begründung finden kann für so schwerwiegende Behauptungen, wie sie zum Beispiel da gemacht werden, so können diese Dinge doch nur als etwas genommen werden, was im eminentesten Sinn zu einer Frage werden muß: Woher kommt es denn, daß ein so großer Teil der Menschen das Urteil hat, das zuletzt eben zusammengefaßt wird mit dem Ausspruch - wenn auch nicht mit diesen Worten selbstverständlich: Tut nichts, der Deutsche wird verbrannt! - Woher kommt das denn?

Gerade in diesem Urteil fließt vieles zusammen, meine lieben Freunde. Und es fließt namentlich deshalb vieles zusammen, weil es nichts nützt, dies oder jenes dort vorzubringen, wo die Gründe liegen, die zu diesem Urteil führen. Und dennoch, meine lieben Freunde, ist die Frage, die ich hiermit aufwerfe, in der tiefsten Bedeutung auch eine Herzens- und Seelenfrage. Ich weiß, was man alles gedacht hat, als ich aus einer bestimmten Notwendigkeit heraus meine Broschüre «Gedanken während der Zeit des Krieges» schrieb, die - wie es im Untertitel heißt - «für Deutsche und solche, die nicht glauben, sie hassen zu müssen» bestimmt war. Ich weiß, daß dies Gedanken sind — rechnen Sie es mir nicht als Unbescheidenheit an, wenn ich es ausspreche —, ich weiß, daß dies Gedanken sind, die einstmals von der Geschichte als diejenigen Gedanken angesehen werden, welche in Betracht kommen, und mag es auch noch so lange dauern! Aber ich weiß auch, daß gewisse Dinge nicht möglich sein werden - aus inneren geistigen Zusammenhängen heraus nicht möglich sein werden -, solange nicht, an gewissen Stellen wenigstens, eine Empfindung für die Richtigkeit dieser Gedanken da ist. Und diejenigen, welche sich nicht durch das innere Schwergewicht solcher Gedanken überzeugen lassen wollen, die werden noch von mancher Seite Lehren empfangen müssen. Eine gewichtige Lehre wird der Welt schon zuteil werden, wenn die Programme solcher Leute wie Lloyd George verwirklicht werden. Aber vielleicht werden noch manche andere Lektionen nötig sein - auch gewisse Leute der Peripherie werden solche Lektionen erhalten. Und man könnte manches anders gestalten, wenn man sich weniger betäuben lassen wollte durch jene Urteile, die ich charakterisiert habe.

Das, was ich Ihnen sage, ist schon wahr, denn ein Teil der Lösung wird darin bestehen, daß an manchen Stellen das Urteil in die eben angedeutete Bahn gerückt wird. Was nützt es denn, wenn zum Beispiel ein Angehöriger der englischen Nation sich für diesen oder jenen Mann einsetzt, durch den dieses oder jenes wirkt, und es wie eine persönliche Beleidigung aufnimmt, wenn gerade diese Persönlichkeit

in einer objektiven Weise charakterisiert wird? Gerade weil aus der englischen Kultur das hervorgeht, was ich vorgestern charakterisiert habe - jene besondere Formung politischer Gedanken -, ist es auch möglich, daß manches Tiefere dahinter ist, was als Werkzeug benützt wird, um manches in ganz sonderbare Richtungen zu lenken. Denn, meine lieben Freunde, es liegt das Eigentümliche vor, daß man als das ungeeignetste Instrument für gewisse Impulse, die vom Westen Europas herkommen, das anzusehen hat, was ich als politische Gedanken der englischen Kultur charakterisiert habe. Es ist durchaus möglich - und es ist wirklich so —, daß auf der einen Seite das steht, was gerade das englische Volk im fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum zu verwirklichen berufen ist, daß aber dieses stets durchkreuzt wird von ganz anderer Seite her. Und man muß schon auch auf mancherlei andere Stimmen im Orchester hören, selbst wenn in diesem Orchester die schönen Stimmen sind, die ich vorgestern charakterisiert habe.

So möchte ich zum Beispiel Ihre Aufmerksamkeit lenken auf einen Ausspruch Lord Roseberys aus dem Jahre 1893 — nicht aus dem Grunde, weil just dieser eine Ausspruch eine besondere Wichtigkeit hätte, sondern weil ein solcher Ausspruch ein symptomatischer Ausdruck ist für etwas, was existiert und gerade in diesem Ausspruch charakteristisch herauskommt; man könnte es durch viele andere ÄuRerungen charakterisieren, aber in diesem Ausspruch kommt es gerade charakteristisch heraus. Lord Rosebery sagte - es ist übersetzt:

Man sagt, daß unser Reich groß genug ist und daß wir genug Territorien besitzen. [...] Wir dürfen aber nicht nur das ins Auge fassen, was wir heute nötig haben, sondern auch das, was wir in der Zukunft nötig haben werden. [...] Wir müssen uns bewußt bleiben, daß es ein Teil unserer Pflicht und unseres Erbteils ist, dafür zu sorgen, daß die Welt den Stempel unseres Volkes trage und nicht den irgendeines anderen.

Es ist wichtig zu wissen, daß auch solche Stimmen sich in das Weltenorchester hineinmischen. Nun ist Lord Rosebery an und für sich nach dieser Richtung hin nicht eine bedeutende Persönlichkeit gewesen, aber in solch einem Ton ergoß sich dasjenige, auf das wir eben hindeuten werden. Das ist wichtig ins Auge zu fassen, daß immerhin von da - nicht vom Volke, aber von einem Mann, hinter dem Gruppen stehen -, herübertönte der Anspruch darauf, daß die ganze Welt den Stempel des englischen Volkes aufgedrückt bekommt. Das, meine lieben Freunde, ist aber nichts anderes als die Resonanz dessen, was in manchen okkulten Bruderschaften immer gelehrt wurde - gelehrt wurde zum Beispiel auch mit den Worten: Das lateinische Wesen ist im Untergange, das ist in der Dekadenz, das braucht man nur sich selbst zu überlassen, das kann uns nicht mehr irgendwie behelligen; der fünfte nachatlantische Zeitraum gehört den englischsprechenden Völkern allein, sie haben die Erde zu dem zu machen, was sich aus ihnen entwickelt. Man muß das, was da in okkulten Bruderschaften als eine feste Lehre gegeben wurde, widerklingen hören in Lord Roseberys Ausspruch, und man wird immerhin manches daraus lernen können, denn es handelt sich darum, auf die richtigen Stellen hinzuschauen. Was äußerlich geschieht, meine lieben Freunde, das kann Komödie sein, und es handelt sich nur darum, daß man die Komödie durchschaut und sie nicht als weltbeglückende Ereignisse ins Auge faßt.

Nicht wahr, wenn sich jemand auf den Standpunkt stellt, auf den sich Lord Rosebery dazumal gestellt hat, dann braucht mit ihm nicht diskutiert zu werden, denn in solchen Dingen ist eine Diskussion ganz unnötig. Man kann auch nicht davon sprechen, daß jemand kein Recht hätte, einen solchen Standpunkt einzunehmen. Er hat selbstverständlich das Recht. Jeder hat das Recht, sich auf diesen Standpunkt Lord Roseberys zu stellen, aber er soll sagen: Mein Endziel ist, die Welt englisch zu machen - und nicht: Ich kämpfe für Freiheit und Recht der kleinen Völkerschaften. - Darum handelt es sich. Man kann den Standpunkt Lord Roseberys von seinem Gesichtspunkt aus ganz gut begreifen. Wenn man sich aber nicht auf seinen Standpunkt stellt, so stellt man sich notwendigerweise auf einen andern Standpunkt, und dann gibt es zwischen den zwei Standpunkten keine Einigung, sondern nur die Möglichkeit, daß sich mit den Mitteln, die die Welt dafür hat, die Sache ausgleicht. Dann müssen unter Umständen solche Standpunkte notwendigerweise zum Kriegsausbruche führen. Das ist ja ganz selbstverständlich, denn sonst müßte man verlangen, daß sich die andern freiwillig einem solchen Standpunkte unterwerfen. Ist ihr Standpunkt aber der, daß sie das nicht wollen, dann kommen eben die Konflikte. Deshalb, meine lieben Freunde, will ich auch nur Standpunkte charakterisieren, denn es kommt doch nicht darauf an, ein objektives Urteil über etwas zu fällen, was nicht objektiv sein kann, sondern wo man einfach wählen muß.

Deshalb kann ich auch einen Standpunkt wie den des französischen Außenministers Hanotaux begreifen, den er im Jahre 1909 in dem Buche über Faschoda und die Teilung Afrikas einnimmt. Er sagt da:

Seit zehn Jahren ist das Werk vollendet; Frankreich hat seinen Rang unter den vier Weltmächten behauptet. Es ist in allen Weltteilen zu Hause. Französisch spricht man und wird man immer sprechen in Afrika, in Asien, in Amerika, in Ozeanien. [...] Herrschaftskeime sind ausgesät in allen Teilen des Erdballs. Sie werden gedeihen unter dem Schutze des Himmels.

Auch einen solchen Standpunkt kann man selbstverständlich begreifen, aber daß sich eventuell Kollisionen ergeben können mit andern Standpunkten — das muß doch eingesehen werden.

Nun muß man auch etwas anderes objektiv in Erwägung ziehen. Es ist oftmals gerade in Deutschland das Wort «Kolonialpolitik» gebraucht worden. Aber bevor Deutschland begonnen hat, eine Art Kolonialpolitik zu treiben, was ja im Grunde genommen niemals in Bismarcks Absicht gelegen hat, denn Deutschland - und darauf kann später einmal eingegangen werden - mußte erst zur Kolonialpolitik «herangebändigt» werden, nicht einmal von sich aus, sondern auf eine sehr merkwürdige Weise von ganz anderer Seite her. Es lag überhaupt so wenig im Charakter des deutschen Volkes, eine Kollision nach dieser Richtung hervorzurufen, daß Sie zum Beispiel in den berühmten Reden Fichtes an die Deutsche Nation ausdrücklich lesen können: Die Deutschen werden niemals einem Volke hereinreden, das von der Freiheit der Meere spricht und eigentlich damit meint, gegen alle anderen die Meere zu beherrschen. - Vor allen Dingen, man wußte auch in Frankreich, daß geradezu die Neigung bestand, jenes Ziel, das hier Hanotaux ausspricht, nicht irgendwie zu durchkreuzen, sondern ruhig Frankreich seinen Weg als Kolonialvolk gehen zu lassen.

Nun findet sich aber in dem Buch des Ministers Hanotaux, das ich angeführt habe, noch die folgende Stelle:

Es wird Sache der Geschichte sein, festzustellen, welches der leitende Gedanke Deutschlands und seiner Regierung bei den verwickelten Streitigkeiten gewesen ist, unter denen sich die Teilung Afrikas und die letzte Phase der französischen Kolonialpolitik vollzogen hat. Man kann annehmen, daß zu Anfang die Bismarck’sche Politik mit Genugtuung zugesehen hat, wie Frankreich sich auf entfernte und schwierige Unternehmungen einließ, die für lange Jahre hinaus die Aufmerksamkeit des Landes und seiner Regierung voll in Anspruch nehmen mußten. Immerhin ist es nicht sicher, daß diese Rechnung sich auf die Dauer als richtig erwiesen hat, da schließlich Deutschland seinerseitsdengleichen Wegbeschrittund-freilicherwasspätdie verlorene Zeit wiederzugewinnen suchte. Wenn dieser Staat aus freiem Ermessen [...]

— bitte, er sagt «aus freiem Ermessen» —

[...] die koloniale Initiative anderen überlassen hat, darf er sich nicht wundern, wenn diese die besten Stücke erlangt haben.

Man kann natürlich selbstverständlich wiederum diesen Standpunkt durchaus verstehen, aber er enthält doch ein Geständnis: daß Deutschland «aus freiem Ermessen» der Kolonialpolitik Frankreichs die besten Stücke überlassen hat - urteilen Sie jetzt nicht sogleich nach den Einzelheiten, die ich gebe, denn erst, wenn ich sie alle beisammen habe, wird es ein Gesamtbild ergeben.

Sehen Sie, man kann die Frage aufwerfen, wie es denn überhaupt möglich ist, so leichtsinnig einen Zusammenhang zu konstruieren zwischen den Ereignissen, die sich etwa vom 22. bis 24., 25. Juli 1914 abspielten, und denen der nächsten Tage. Sie glauben gar nicht, wie leichtsinnig es ist, wie unbändig leichtsinnig es ist, wenn man in diesen Ereignissen eine bloße Kontinuität sucht und glaubt, daß so ohne weiteres aus dem Ultimatum von Österreich an Serbien der große Weltkrieg entstanden sei oder gar hätte entstehen müssen. Es mußte mancherlei anderes hinzukommen; es mußte mancherlei anderes seit Jahrzehnten vorbereitet sein. Aber man muß in einer gewissen Weise ein Auge haben und aufmerksam sein für manches, was da geschehen ist. Den Herren, die so ohne weiteres über die vielen Bücher in der Weise urteilen, wie ich es Ihnen an einem Beispiel gezeigt habe, möchte ich raten, nicht nur zu lesen, wie man heute oftmals liest, sondern so zu lesen, daß man im Lesen bemerkt, welche Dinge eigentlich spielten. Und da muß man ja, wie Sie vielleicht wissen, auf manches ganz besonders hinschauen können. So stand [in den Aufzeichnungen der Gespräche, die im Juli des Jahres 1914 stattfanden] - ich setze mich vorläufig wirklich ruhig dem Mißverständnisse aus, daß ich allerlei zusammentrage, was sich nicht so ohne weiteres beweisen ließe, denn alle diese Dinge kann ich gut beweisen -, aber das muß ich doch sagen: Man lese all dies, was viele Gespräche, die im Juli des Jahres 1914 stattgefunden haben, wiedergibt, und sehe darauf, wie diese Gespräche verlaufen sind. Wie man ja sonst auch im Leben manchmal geradezu an den Mienen noch etwas absehen kann, was zu dem bloßen Worte dazukommt, so kann man erst recht beim Politiker dahinterkommen, was er will- aus der Miene, aus der Geste manchmal viel mehr als aus dem, was er sagt. Dieses ist oftmals sogar dazu bestimmt, das zu verdecken, was eigentlich vorgebracht werden soll. Und außerdem werden Berichte über solche Imponderabilien zumeist richtiger gegeben als die Berichte über Worte.

Und da möchte ich denn fragen: Warum spielte denn eine Persönlichkeit wie Sazonov deutlich zwei Rollen in den ganzen Verhandlungen? Warum spielte Sazonov diese Rolle, die den Eindruck machen mußte eines außerordentlich aufgeregten Menschen, der sich aber mit aller Gewalt Mühe gibt, um ruhig zu sein, so daß seine Ruhe den Eindruck des Einstudierten macht? Warum spielte er diese Rolle, aus der zu ersehen ist, daß er nicht zuhört, sondern nur das sagt, was er vorbereitet hat - was nicht die rechte Antwort ist auf die Frage, die ihm gestellt wird, sondern etwas, wovon man sehr gut weiß, sehr gut sieht, es ist vorbereitet? Warum spielt er diese Rolle, wenn er mit denjenigen verhandelt, die Österreich zu ihm geschickt hat, und warum nimmt sich sein Verhalten ganz anders aus, wenn er mit den Gesandten der Entente verhandelt? Warum hört er da zu? Warum findet man - wenn er nachher darüber schreibt - solche Sätze, von denen man wissen kann, daß sie ihm zuerst von den Gesandten der Entente gesagt worden sind? Man braucht sie nur miteinander zu vergleichen! Warum hört er da zu? Und warum weiß er bereits, was er sagen wird, wenn er zum Beispiel mit dem Gesandten Österreichs spricht - bis zu dem Grade, daß er sogar ein wenig aus der Rolle fällt? Denn bei den ersten Worten des österreichischen Gesandten, bei dessen Besuch am 24. Juli, sagte Sazonov: Ach, Sie brauchen mir das alles gar nicht zu sagen, das weiß ich schon alles! Es genierte ihn, was der Gesandte sagen wollte, denn er hatte seine Antwort schon fertig! Und warum legte er bei dieser einstudierten Rede besonderen Wert darauf, daß unter gar keinen Umständen von Österreich die Auflösung der «Narodna odbrana», der Fortsetzung der Bestrebungen der «Omladina», verlangt werden dürfe - warum dieses? Ich will es nur als Frage aufwerfen - man muß eben Fragen stellen, oftmals sogar negative Fragen, denn negativ gestellte Fragen [können besonders aufschlußreich sein].

Es wird zum Beispiel die Schuld der deutschen Regierung an dem Kriege konstruiert. Demgegenüber kann die Frage gestellt werden: Was wäre geschehen, wenn sich das vollzogen hätte, was die deutsche Regierung eigentlich gewollt hat: die Lokalisierung des Krieges zwischen Österreich und Serbien? Denn das kann jedes Kind aus den Verhandlungen erkennen, daß das das Ziel der deutschen Regierung war: den Krieg zwischen Österreich und Serbien zu lokalisieren, das heißt, es nicht weiter kommen zu lassen als zu einem Krieg zwischen Österreich und Serbien. Diese Frage kann man ja auch aufwerfen: Was wäre in diesem Fall geschehen? Diese Frage sollte sich jeder gewissenhaft beantworten.

Aber eine andere Frage muß man auch gewissenhaft beantworten. Nicht wahr, was hätte auch noch geschehen müssen, um den Krieg zu lokalisieren? Das war, daß Rußland stillgehalten hätte, daß es sich nicht eingemischt hätte. Hätte es sich nicht eingemischt, so wäre der Krieg lokalisiert worden. Notwendigkeiten spielen natürlich auch von anderer Seite hinein, aber das sind Notwendigkeiten, die nichts zu tun haben mit dem Willen der Menschen — und nichts mit der Schuldfrage. Aber warum taucht denn in den Diskussionen zwischen Sir Edward Grey und allen andern niemals der Gesichtspunkt der Lokalisierung auf, wenigstens niemals in ernsthafter Weise, sondern warum taucht denn - und zwar schon vom 23. Juli ab - sofort der Gesichtspunkt auf: Rußland muß befriedigt werden? Niemals taucht der Gesichtspunkt auf, man solle Österreich mit Serbien allein lassen, sondern immer der Gesichtspunkt, man könne Rußland unmöglich zumuten, Serbien allein zu lassen. Und dieser Gesichtspunkt der Lokalisierung tauchte auch dann nicht auf, als Österreich das bindende Versprechen abgab, kein serbisches Territorium zu erobern, überhaupt nichts zu erobern. Kann man zum Beispiel sagen, daß man das nicht geglaubt hat? Dann hätte man ja warten können, denn es ist auch sonst vorgekommen - denken Sie nur an frühere Ereignisse —, daß man ruhig die Leute sich zuerst hat raufen lassen und nachher Konferenzen veranstaltet hat. Warum wird es sogleich die Aufgabe derer, mit denen dieser Sir Edward Grey spricht, die Sache so zu definieren, als ob diese Angelegenheit immer eine russische Frage sei? Das ist auch etwas, was sich jemand, der die Sache wirklich gewissenhaft ins Auge fassen will, beantworten muß.

Und damit, meine lieben Freunde, kommt man zu dem Punkte, dem wichtigen Punkte des Verhältnisses zwischen Mitteleuropa, England, Amerika und so weiter, mit andern Worten zu alledem, was hinter den Worten des Lord Rosebery steckt, was damit zusammenhängt und sich daran angliedert. Dazu kommt man, und auch zur Frage: Woher kommt denn so etwas, was ich gestern charakterisiert habe als die Furcht, die da herrschte unter den Völkern, die Furcht voreinander? - Nun, es würde heute zu weit führen, das ganz zu erklären, aber ich werde schon noch darauf eingehen müssen, bevor ich die Sache zu dem Ziele führe, zu dem sie eigentlich kommen soll. Ich möchte nur bemerken, daß Dinge geschehen sind, aus denen sich vernünftigerweise gar nichts anderes folgern ließ, als was nachher tatsächlich auch eingetreten ist. [Nichts anderes ließ sich daraus schließen], als daß in England hinter jenen, die gewissermaßen die Hampelmänner waren, eine mächtige, einflußreiche Gruppe von Menschen existierte, die zum Kriege mit Deutschland trieb, die den Krieg mit Deutschland absolut wollte. Durch sie wurde der Weltkrieg, den man immer vorausgesagt hatte, in gewisse Bahnen geleitet - denn man kann natürlich das, was geschehen soll, in gewisse Bahnen leiten, die wiederum richtig gestaltet sein müssen. Und so entstand bei einer gewissen Anzahl von Leuten in Mitteleuropa, namentlich in Deutschland - keineswegs aus einer Sehnsucht heraus, durchaus mit England einen Krieg zu beginnen, der vom Standpunkte Deutschlands aus ganz sinnlos gewesen wäre —, da entstand der mit Furcht verbundene Glaube, daß ein Krieg, in dem Deutschland und England Gegner sein müßten, von einer gewissen Gruppe in England im geeigneten Zeitpunkte zum Ausbruch gebracht werden würde. Und mancherlei einzelne Ereignisse wiesen auch diejenigen, die nur oberflächlich schauten, auf diese Dinge hin.

So mache ich Sie vor allen Dingen auf eines aufmerksam, das für ein Urteil wichtig ist: Bis 1908, vielleicht sogar bis 1909 gab es in England noch immer weite Kreise, die sogar dem König Eduard VII. nicht sehr ferne standen oder, besser gesagt, er ihnen - weite Kreise, die es als eine Unmöglichkeit betrachteten, daß Rußland sich jemals Konstantinopel nähern dürfe oder die ganz freie Durchfahrt durch die Dardanellen, wie es sie anstrebt, immerfort haben solle. Nun war in dieser Zeit ein Ereignis eingetreten, welches in wenigen Monaten vieles geändert hat. Damals sprachen zwei Menschen miteinander, von denen namentlich der eine viel, sehr viel vom Ausdeuten der Worte verstand. Es handelte sich nämlich dazumal darum, als Kompensation für die Annektierung von Bosnien und der Herzegovina im Einverständnis mit Österreich die freie Durchfahrt durch die Dardanellen für Rußland zu bekommen. Das strebte Rußland an. Und Izvolskij, der zwar ein gescheiter Mann ist, aber noch gescheiter zu sein glaubt, als er wirklich ist, glaubte dazumal tatsächlich, Österreichs Zustimmung zugunsten Rußlands, aber gegen die englischen Bestrebungen sogar schon zu haben. Aber das war dann nicht so, und da mußte er einen anderen Kurs einschlagen.

Dies war in den letzten Jahren nur eines der Ereignisse, die noch sehr vermehrt werden könnten. Und so ist denn vieles in diesen letzten Jahren reich, sehr reich an Winkelzügen, meine lieben Freunde, und solche Winkelzüge sind in der Peripherie wahrhaftig vielfach aufzufinden; da kommt man schon einmal nicht darum herum, das zu sehen. Wenn man die betreffenden Bücher hat, die ja nur die allerletzte Phase der Tragödie beschreiben, und wenn man diese zwölf-, fünfzehn-, zwanzigmal studiert und sich wirklich so plagt damit, wie ich mich ehrlich und redlich geplagt habe, so kommt man nicht darum herum - wir werden über diesen Punkt weitersprechen -, nicht darüber hinweg einzusehen, wie eine mächtige Gruppe, die sozusagen wiederum nur der Außenposten für gewaltige dahinterstehende Impulse war, hinter jenen Hampelmännern stand. Die waren ja selbstverständlich ehrliche Menschen, aber eben nur Hampelmänner und sind jetzt in die Versenkung verschwunden, so daß sich Europa bald davon überzeugen können wird, wer da nun noch nachkommen wird.

Aber dadurch war doch die Situation entstanden, daß man sich in Mitteleuropa fragen konnte: Wird es möglich sein, daß genügend ehrliche Leute bei der Selektion an die Oberfläche kommen, um jene mächtige Gruppe zu überwinden, oder wird es nicht möglich sein? — Und es gab Leute, die sich zu sorgen begannen, weil sie für einen Kriegsfall die Koalition Rußland-Frankreich-England voraussahen. Es gab Leute, die eben darüber besorgt waren, und ich weiß wirklich nicht, ob man sich darüber zu wundern braucht, daß die Leute sich Sorgen machten. Man muß sich zwar über vieles wundern, aber darüber sollte man sich eigentlich nicht wundern, denn die weisen Herren, die die Bücher studieren, könnten doch immerhin, denke ich, das eine herausfinden, was sogar jene von der Universität Bern preisgekrönte Schrift herausgefunden hat: daß von seiten Englands der Krieg längst absolut unvermeidlich gemacht worden war, als die Verletzung der belgischen Neutralität stattfand. Aber alle, alle Dinge weisen darauf hin, daß man keinen Grund hatte, mit dem man sich hätte sehen lassen, mit dem man vor das englische Volk hätte hintreten können, denn die Gründe, die es für den Krieg gab, durften nicht gesagt werden - unter keinen Umständen! Und die Sache war auch so: Wäre jemand als englischer Minister mit den Gründen, um die es sich tatsächlich handelt, vor das Parlament getreten - er wäre hinweggefegt worden von der Volksstimmung. Daher mußte zum Beispiel Sir Edward Grey so sonderbare Reden halten.

Es ist leicht und billig zu sagen, das englische Volk hätte keinen Krieg gewollt. Das braucht man nicht zu sagen - es ist selbstverständlich, das weiß jeder. Niemand, der auf die wirklichen Tatsachen hindeutet, ist der Meinung, daß das englische Volk als solches einen Krieg wollte - das englische Volk würde jeden, der den wahren Grund gesagt hätte, hinweggefegt haben. Man brauchte daher etwas ganz anderes als den wahren Grund, und das ist etwas, womit man allerdings dem englischen Volk kommen konnte: die Verletzung der belgischen Neutralität. Die mußte aber erst herbeigeführt werden. Daher mußte erst das verhindert werden, worauf Georg Brandes hingewiesen hat - das mußte verhindert werden. Es ist tatsächlich so: Hätte Sir Edward Grey nur den einen Satz gesprochen, so hätte dieser Einfall nicht stattgefunden. Und das wird die Geschichte einstmals feststellen, daß die Neutralität Belgiens niemals verletzt worden wäre, wenn Sir Edward Grey die Erklärung abgegeben hätte, die abzugeben ihm sehr leicht gewesen wäre, hätte er allein seinem Willen folgen können. Da er aber nicht seinem Willen zu folgen hatte, sondern einem Impuls, der von einer andern Seite her kam, so mußte er eine solche Erklärung abgeben, wodurch die Notwendigkeit gegeben war, daß die Neutralität Belgiens verletzt worden ist. Dadurch aber wurde ein verwendungsfähiger Grund für England geschaffen - den mußte man ja erst herbeischaffen. Oh, es wäre denjenigen, auf die es ankam, nichts unbequemer gewesen, als wenn die belgische Neutralität nicht verletzt worden wäre; das wäre ihnen am ungelegensten gekommen - selbstverständlich nicht dem Volk, auch nicht dem Parlament in seiner Mehrheit, aber, na - Parlamente! Nun aber prägte sich in dasjenige, was gewissermaßen da von England herüberwehte, gar mancherlei hinein, so daß man begreifen kann die immerhin merkwürdigen Dinge, die bestimmte Menschen erlebten, wie zum Beispiel jener Deutsche, der im April 1914 ein Gespräch hatte in England, in dem ihm sehr merkwürdige Dinge gesagt worden sind. Aber das werde ich noch in einem andern Zusammenhang erwähnen. Da alle diese Dinge doch immer mehr durchgesickert sind, so kann man es begreifen - man kann ja über diese Dinge sich allerlei Gedanken machen, aber man kann sie auch begreifen -, daß manche Leute sagten: Man muß darauf gefaßt sein, daß von England her das Schlimmste für Deutschland kommt. - Und so kam es denn, daß die Leute in Deutschland anfingen, über diese Dinge zu reden, namentlich im neuen Jahrhundert anfingen, so zu reden.

Eine solche Stimme will ich nun anführen; Sie müssen aber bitte verzeihen, daß ich gerade diese Stimme anführe - man muß ja in dieser Zeit für so vieles um Verzeihung bitten, weil so viel Sonderbares in der Welt herumschwirrt, daß man, ich möchte schon sagen tatsächlich paradox werden muß, wenn man die Wahrheit sagen will. So führe ich Ihnen eine Stelle an aus einem berühmt gewordenen Buche, das im Jahre 1911 geschrieben worden ist und das sich mit dem auseinandersetzt, was eventuell Deutschland von seiten Englands drohen könnte. In diesem Buch heißt es:

Immerhin kann die englische Politik auch andere Bahnen einschlagen und, statt eines Krieges, einen Ausgleich mit Deutschland suchen. Uns wäre diese Lösung jedenfalls die erwünschtere.

Ja, meine lieben Freunde, dieser Satz ist aus einem berühmt gewordenen Buch, nämlich aus dem Buch «Deutschland und der nächste Krieg» von Bernhardi. Sie wissen, daß man ihn neben Treitschke im Auslande zu einer gewissen Berühmtheit hat kommen lassen, die er in Deutschland zwar nicht hat - aber so ist es. Ich will Ihnen noch eine Stelle vorlesen - sie ist geschrieben worden im Jahre 1911:

Eine solche Machterweiterung durch Gebietserwerbung in Europa selbst zu suchen, dürfte unter den heutigen Verhältnissen für Deutschland so gut wie ausgeschlossen sein. Das im Osten an Rußland verlorene deutsche Kolonialland könnte nur infolge eines großen, für uns siegreichen Krieges wieder gewonnen werden und würde dann wahrscheinlich einen fortwährenden Anlaß zu erneuten Kriegen geben.

Es wird also als das Unwünschenswerteste hingestellt, etwa nach Rußland hin Eroberungen zu machen!

Auch das ehemalige Südpreußen, das bei der zweiten Teilung Polens mit Preußen vereinigt wurde, wieder zu erwerben, würde der polnischen Bevölkerung wegen seine schweren Bedenken haben.

Das ist aus einem Kapitel eines Buches, in dem ausgeführt wird, daß unter den mancherlei Dingen, die Deutschland zu tun habe, vor allen Dingen dieses ist, daß es sich ja nicht beifallen lasse, Eroberungskriege in Europa zu machen, irgendwelche Eroberungskriege anzuzetteln. Die Stelle, die ich eben vorgelesen habe, worauf sogar hingewiesen wird, wie unsinnig es wäre, russische Gebiete von Rußland loszulösen, sie ist - ja, verzeihen Sie - auch aus dem Buche von Bernhardi. So wäre es vielleicht gescheiter, wenn diejenigen Menschen in der Peripherie, die von Bernhardi sprechen, doch mit einiger Vorurteilslosigkeit darauf achten würden, was eigentlich in seinem Buche steht vor allen Dingen den Zusammenhang aufsuchen würden, unter dem die Dinge da stehen. Wenn auch manches in diesem Buche recht ungeschickt ausgedrückt ist, so könnte man, gerade wenn man dieses Buch studieren würde, zum mindesten sehen, daß es gescheiter wäre, die Dinge so zu nehmen, wie sie sind, als sie so zu nehmen, wie sie heute genommen werden.

Wir werden, meine lieben Freunde, am nächsten Mittwoch um 7 Uhr wieder eine Lichtbilderveranstaltung machen und uns hier am nächsten Sonnabend um 7 Uhr wieder treffen.

Fourth Lecture

My dear friends! As I continue with the reflections I began here eight days ago, I would like to note once again that, in order to avoid misunderstandings, the things I say should be understood in such a way that in no way should one or another people as a whole, or the people as such, be thought of as being affected by a judgment that is to be made on the basis of the facts. My dear friends, you would completely misunderstand me if you were to generalize again and again in such a way that what I say about the real, actual elements, for example about certain personalities, were meant to refer to peoples. Most people do not even know what they are talking about when they identify with one personality or another who is, in a sense, representative of one people or another, or at least appears to be so, by saying, “I belong to this people!” They do not know what they are actually talking about; they are basically speaking completely in the dark. And where will it lead when people judge in such a way that their judgment is merely a phrase, mere words, while in reality nothing can be judged because such judgments do not touch upon the real, the actual facts?

I intend, as far as possible, my dear friends, to direct your gaze, your spiritual vision, toward three things. First, I would like to awaken some understanding—it can only be a certain understanding, of course—for what lies at the root of the events of our time as great spiritual currents. Then I want to direct your attention to how these currents are active in one place or another, how they work through people, whether with the help of associations, brotherhoods, or, so to speak, through people themselves, whether more or less consciously or unconsciously. And then I would like to show how one must look at the characteristic things, at those things that are important if one wants to understand how what happens on the physical plane can be explained from the great connections.

If one chooses one's standpoint so high that one can grasp the great connections, then many things appear differently than if one looks only at the individual facts that happen to present themselves, for even in its most painful events, the history of humanity is already guided and directed by spiritual impulses. But these spiritual impulses also work against each other, and human beings are caught up in many conflicting impulses. Those who always think that the wise world order will take care of everything are making things too easy for themselves. If that were the case, there would be nowhere in the vast physical world what does in fact exist: human freedom. On the other hand, however, there are definitely impulses of necessity — great karmic impulses that are at work in everything. And in these considerations, we want to take a little account of how karmic impulses work. But then one has to deal with the details, for example, one must first focus one's attention on how things develop when there is a certain great opposition that is significant in the ongoing development of humanity. Such an opposition is the one that exists between the West and the East of the European cultural sphere, and I have characterized what has emerged in the West and what lives on in the East as the future people. These are real forces that exist. Certainly, most people know nothing about these real forces, but there have always been individuals who have learned something about them.

Now, two things are possible. Either people know nothing about these real forces – in which case it can very easily happen that these people unconsciously become tools, through inattention, without being able to do much about it in the usual sense, allow themselves to be used by those who [through their egoism] are more or less drawn into the currents and whose behavior results from these real currents and their egoism; these people then have a suggestive effect on those who are inattentive. Or the opposite can happen, which is so important and significant for the last decades of European life: There will always be individuals who, through occult brotherhoods, learn something about what exists as spiritual forces and consciously misuse it, consciously use it in some sense — perhaps not even in a sense that can be said to warrant a damning judgment. But it is like playing with fire when people who do not know how to handle spiritual impulses give these spiritual impulses a certain direction — especially when things arise such as those that arose, for example, in the second half of the 19th century in Central Europe, various more or less occult brotherhoods formed that were always strongly influenced by the periphery of Europe and worked to a certain extent with occult means, such as the “Omladina,” which permeated many things with the impulses that lived within it.

Now, the “Omladina” was such a connection that worked with a certain cult, as is otherwise used in occult brotherhoods, in the degrees, among its followers, so that in the “Omladina” in Central Europe we had very secret brotherhoods that were spread across the most diverse Slavic regions, including the Balkan countries. They really worked with occult means because they had a ceremonial ritual. And by being connected with each other, they had a great deal of influence, stirring up a lot underground, until one day, through what one calls a coincidence, but only calls it that, through a process that took place in Bohemia, the matter came to light. These brotherhoods then found their continuation, I would say, under other masks.

One such mask was the “Narodna odbrana” in Serbia, which has been mentioned so often at the beginning of the present painful events. This current, through which something has already flowed that worked with occult means and in whose sphere there were people who were partly aware of the matter and partly unaware of it and were unconscious tools—through this current, much of what has taken place in recent decades in southeastern Europe, in the Balkan countries, has been influenced. And when, in the Western, especially English, brotherhoods in the last decades of the 19th century, there was talk of the great coming world war—and as I have told you, there was always talk of it—the importance of what was happening in the Balkan countries, what was to happen there, what was to come there, was always emphasized.

Therefore, allow me to say a few words about this by way of introduction. For if one focuses only on what—as I have already said several times—pervades things as a spiritual element, one does not have the background to ask the right questions. One does not know how what happens spiritually is reflected here below on the physical plane. And it is precisely this important question that I want to address after the appeal I made to you yesterday, namely, to think about the great conflict of the mystery of Golgotha. It is precisely this aspect that I want to develop for you in these reflections. And in characterizing this at the outset, which will then serve as a basis for many things, I must emphasize that I ask you not to believe that what I am about to say refers to any people as such. For no one can have more sympathy for the unfortunate Serbian people than I do—not only because they have experienced so much pain in recent times, but above all because for decades this people as such has been the plaything of the most diverse existences, of the most diverse elements. As I indicated yesterday and the day before yesterday, these forces have exploited what lives in this people in order to use it for things about which we can only say: there is something abusive underlying them, for they seek to steer what exists within the fifth post-Atlantean period as real evolutionary impulses of humanity in a certain direction.

I must say at least a few words, but I do not want to go back further than the second half of the 19th century. I know how little consideration is given today to such observations, which can be truly enlightening. I will only sketch an outline, and in an outline, of course, some things can only be drawn in outline. I know how little people are inclined to deal with the real facts, but some of them must be known. And so I would like to go back only as far as Michael Obrenović, who played an important role in the second half of the 19th century as ruler of Serbia, who was a sympathetic personality and of whom it truly cannot be said that he in any way directed in a malicious manner those impulses that members of a particular people naturally see above all else. One can direct the impulses of a people in such a way that, out of national or individual egoism, one exaggerates them to such an extent that the individual impulses of the people are not driven in harmony with the impulses of humanity as a whole. In this respect, it is extremely difficult to do the right thing, but that is not important in this case, because Michael Obrenović's ideas were essentially in line with — let me use this word, even if it is perhaps somewhat one-sided — the “good” European impulses. But he only went as far in the direction of these good European impulses as he could as a true Serbian patriot. And one can certainly take the Serbian point of view, even if a certain one-sidedness can be seen in Michael, but that does not matter. One can say that when a man lives out his patriotism in the way that he did, this is certainly understandable to anyone who, by birth, ancestry, and upbringing, must have a different kind of patriotism. I need only say a few words to tell you what a man who knew him well, Milan Piroćanac—forgive me if I mispronounce individual words, I cannot help it, as I am not familiar with all these languages—said about Michael Obrenović's ideal. He says of Michael Obrenović:

His ultimate political goal was not the creation of a Greater Serbia, but the formation of a South Slavic confederation under Serbian hegemony—a federation that would include Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Bulgaria, which was to be liberated from Serbia without the help of Austria or Russia.

So Michael was thinking of a Balkan confederation. In the good old days of Western European occultism, even the best-educated and most influential occultists in Western Europe spoke of such a confederation. And even if this ideal may have been repugnant to some, it must be said that it was an ideal that was in line with certain real impulses of the fifth post-Atlantean era. Now, however, a large part of the Serbian intelligentsia, led by Jovan Ristić, rose up against Michael Obrenović's ideal. This Serbian intelligentsia added another element to the matter. While Michael Obrenović wanted to create a Balkan federation out of the Slavic power of the Balkans – without the help of Austria and Russia – those whose leaders included Jovan Ristić wanted to place Serbia at the service of Russia at all costs in order to create a framework for Russism by influencing the Slavic mind with the help of the “Testament of Peter the Great.” . At that time, elements deeply influenced by the “Omladina” issued the slogan that a movement should be set in motion to counter Michael's efforts in such a way that Russia would become for Serbia, under all circumstances, what France had been for Piedmont in the creation of the new Italy — this slogan was issued. Just as France had rendered its services to the Piedmontese in order to transform Piedmont into modern Italy, so Russia was to serve Serbia so that Serbia might become something [that could be counted on] in the Balkans, on the other side of the Adriatic Sea—but only under the leadership of what was to be included in the mysterious impulses of “Peter the Great's Testament.”

Now, you will see that collisions are bound to arise [if you consider the following circumstances]. There are about six million Serbs in total. Of these, only three and a half million live in Serbia and Montenegro; two and a half million live in Austria, having immigrated there in previous times. But all of this is surrounded and interspersed with four million Catholic and half a million Muslim South Slavs. So, imagine the spiritual chaos that exists there and what it means to introduce a movement such as the “Omladina” into this chaos. You can do various things if you use things in the right way. And those who work with such means, as was the case with the “Omladina,” always set one current against another, so that something very specific emerges from it.

This is how Michael Obrenović found himself facing terrible opposition, and how this opposition gained the opportunity to work effectively against him by organizing itself not in Serbia but outside the country, in Hungary, where it set up an opposing movement with an opposing press. If you understand that the “Omladina” was not only in Serbia, but had connections throughout Central Europe, then it was of course possible, when necessary, to silence the “Omladina” in Serbia and organize all sorts of things from outside. This kept open the possibility, if the matter became known, of saying: The foreign state organized this. In such a case, one always had to keep that option open. Added to all this was the fact that Michael Obrenović was very popular with the Serbian people, and that this was truly a fundamental love. That is also an occult force. This love of the people had to be countered either with equal love—which, of course, could not be mustered so easily—or with something revolutionary. Thus, the dynastic rivalry between the Obrenovići and the Karadjordjevići influenced the various efforts associated with the “Omladina.” The Karadjordjevići were based in Geneva, had debts in various parts of Europe, and were striving for the Serbian throne. They had the opportunity to become acquainted with the most diverse societies in Europe, of which there are indeed many, and with the impulses at work in these societies. And by working hand in hand, so to speak, one can achieve a great deal in this way – especially if one has the means at one's disposal that I have mentioned. One then arranges one's circumstances in such a way that one can achieve the most diverse things from different places — especially if these places are in different countries. Alexander Karadjordjevići, for example, set up his asset management in Szeged, Hungary. His asset manager was a banker — he didn't have anything special to manage, but he was a banker. But one day he influenced a number of convicts—people who were easy to influence, because that's what you do with convicts or similar elements—and these convicts murdered Michael on June 10, 1868. That was the first step toward moving forward in a certain direction. So that is how, on June 10, 1868, Michael Obrenović was murdered.

The sole male heir, a nephew of Michael, was a very poor fellow, still young, almost a boy, and all influence now fell into the hands of the aforementioned Jovan Ristić, who was very much the type of politician—a great politician from certain points of view. Since Ristić also represented all these points of view in his works, it is possible to trace the external means by which he sought to carry out his inner intentions. Above all, he established as his highest principle that Serbia and the Serbs should always follow Russia's lead, but not openly, rather by making certain concessions and seeking friendly compromises with the Habsburg monarchy. Thus, one should calmly undertake this or that against Russia, together with the Habsburg monarchy, because in reality it was a matter of doing everything in the service of Russia. But to achieve this, one had to go along with the others for appearances' sake. That was the supreme principle.

Now Ristić's primary concern was to establish himself and win supporters. This was difficult, because the Serbs did not like Milan Obrenović — [at least not while he was in power] — and, of course, no one was allowed to suspect the secret ties that linked Ristić himself to the assassination of Michael Obrenović. One can be very distant from such things and yet very close to them at the same time. So the threads had to be covered up. He was able to do this by arranging things in such a way that it became known in Serbia, and thus widely believed, that the murder of Michael Obrenović had been planned in Hungary and that the Magyars were actually to blame. This was also believed in the circles that mattered.

Now another movement, founded by ten people in 1872, joined the current I am referring to here. It was intended to work in harmony with other European movements and was therefore founded in Zurich. So in 1872. One of the ten drafted the program of this “Brotherhood of Ten,” to which Nikola Pašić also belonged. This program states literally:

The union of all Serbs presupposes the destruction of Turkey and the destruction of Austria-Hungary, the elimination of Montenegrin statehood, and freedom for the people of Serbia.

So, these ten had a very specific program; it was drawn up in 1872. The aim was then to work this program [of the radicals] more and more into the [liberal] current of Ristić, who was now the right person in the right place: he, the ruler, alongside the underage Milan—so that went very well together, because for certain movements it is always a matter of getting the right man in the right place in order to achieve the most diverse things through him. The university professor Jovan Skerlić, who also had some connection with this radical movement, wrote, for example, the following sentence [about the political convictions of the followers of this movement]:

The freedom of the Serbian people and the existence of Austria-Hungary are mutually exclusive.

I only want to state facts – I do not want to deny any Serb that, from his point of view, such a program is entirely possible.

When Milan Obrenović came of age, circumstances led him to want to free himself from this radical movement; he wanted to break away from it. He wanted – with the consent of Austria-Hungary – to pursue Serbian patriotism. In the period that followed, there was a constant interplay between, on the one hand, the influence emanating from Milan Obrenović—which was very weak, but nevertheless present—and, on the other hand, everything that opposed it, which I have already mentioned above and which includes the pretensions of the Karadjordjevići. It is curious that no one from the Obrenović dynasty was invited to the coronation of Alexander III of Russia, but Peter Karadjordjević, the pretender who later, after Alexander Obrenović, came to the Serbian throne, was invited.

The ties between Russia and the Balkans were to be made even closer when, when the time came, Peter Karadjordjević was betrothed to the eldest daughter of Nikita of Montenegro, which was not very pleasant for the latter, because he himself would have liked to have the Serbian throne after the Obrenovići. But the Russian side gave a million as a dowry, which the old Nikita of Montenegro naturally pocketed—he had a certain understanding for such arts. I do not wish to burden you with the external history, but I would like to mention Austria-Hungary's decisive intervention on behalf of Serbia, which coincided with Serbia's unfortunate war against Bulgaria, with the result that Serbia did not suffer any territorial losses after losing the war. But all that was of no concern to the Onmladinist party; their real aim was simply to participate in the movement that sought to capture Slavism in Russicism – I have already described this to you. And this party was able to work well. Serbs, and not foreigners in Serbia, have compiled a remarkable statistic, which is admittedly only a “statistic” – as I said, much can be discounted – but even if only half of it is true, it is still very significant, very characteristic. Between 1883 and 1887, this radical party of Omladinists gained a particularly large number of supporters, and during this period it committed 364 political murders in order to eliminate those who had to be physically eliminated if the party was to continue to spread. As I said, this is not reported by outsiders, but by Serbs themselves: 364 political murders between 1883 and 1887! If you assume that only half of this is true, that is still enough.

Then, above all, we must consider the great upswing that this party experienced in the 1890s, which particularly [alarmed] the government in Vienna and, so to speak, brought it powerfully under control. After a long period of subversive activity, a powerful jolt occurred when, one day in the 1890s, all the cities in Serbia were decked out in flags. That was the day it became known that the alliance between Russia and France had been finalized, and it was also at that time that, behind the backs of the Obrenovići dynasty, many thousands of rifles were to be ordered from France for the radical party. But it was also the time when a personality emerged who had a great influence, but whose position was extremely difficult to gain acceptance for in the influential circles because of his origins, even though Russia had taken a particular interest in him for certain purposes. But the party that continued the “Omladina” was somewhat embarrassed to make such a figure in such a position an important instrument. This was the figure whom Alexander Obrenović was initially allowed to take as his mistress in 1897: Draga Mašin.

At that time, this personality entered the scene. And it is significant that a friend of the Obrenović dynasty, Vladan Djordjević, wrote a very beautiful book from which much can be learned: “The End of the Obrenovitch.” I particularly recommend the fourth-to-last chapter of this book, because in this chapter you will see – even if Djordjević only hints at it cautiously, almost unconsciously – how strange the threads of world history are, for Djordjević recounts the peculiar visit he had to pay to Draga Main, since she was an important figure. And he points out how the magic she had to perform came from a very specific perfume mixture which – a real magic – was tailored to the individuality of the person who was to be influenced. You will find many hints, some of them important in an occult sense, relating to the field of minor magic if you read Vladan Djordjević's veiled account in the fourth-to-last chapter of his thick book “Das Ende der Obrenovitch” (The End of the Obrenovitch) — read it with understanding. And you will then be amazed at how much can be achieved by those who want to achieve something by remaining in the background and leaving what needs to happen first to the seductive arts of a woman who has mastered the art of perfume blending in the appropriate manner, which already played a major role in politics in many courts in the 17th century. And one cannot really write history unless one is also an expert in the effects of certain perfumes in the history of certain times and periods.

Then came an event that shed some light on what I would call strange karmic connections. The party I have described to you continued to work, ever onward. It was brought to the point where finally—again through a plot, as I have already described to you—an assassination attempt was made on King Milan, who had long since abdicated but still played a role in Serbia and was allowed to play all kinds of roles. Nikola Pššić—you know the name—was [almost] sentenced to death in the process. In fact, he was only saved from death at that time because Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary objected to his execution. You know that Pšsič is the name of the Serbian prime minister who was in office when the war broke out!

Now, all these things were necessary. Do you think that what they wanted to achieve could not have been achieved if the Obrenovići had remained in power? To this end, Peter Karadjordjević had to come to the throne under Russian protection. Now Draga Mašin, who had meanwhile married Alexander, was also taken under Russian protection. However, she had become highly inconvenient for the radical party, because they were ashamed of her. All this was taken into consideration—it was all something that was definitely expected, because the side that brought Draga Mašin into play was not interested in putting this “pleasant” personality with her perfume skills on the throne of Serbia, but in making the Obrenovići dynasty impossible in its representative, Alexander. First, the Obrenovići had to be ridiculed; first, Draga Mašin had to be made queen so that she could be killed later, because otherwise the murder would not have been staged in an appropriate manner. It was precisely about serving those

whom Draga Mašin was extremely inconvenient, but in order to get rid of them, the whole comedy had to be staged, and Draga had to play her part. I will not go into the details of this comedy, which went so far as to feign the hope of a future heir to the throne—who was never in the running. But it should be pointed out that very peculiar personalities were recruited who established a certain connection between Geneva, where the Karadjordjevići were staying, and the Balkans, as well as various other connections.

But Peter Karadjordjević had been instructed to keep quiet in Geneva and not to move a muscle. In contrast, a whole series of negotiators were scattered across various locations, tasked with leading the entire operation in Russia's interests and giving it a face. And I would like to point out here that it is not particularly important to focus on the personalities who do something [in such contexts]. For example, there was a negotiator, a Montenegrin, who played a very important role in what the Karadjordjevići undertook together with Russia. But he was not interested in serving the radical Serbian party or anyone else. He demonstrated this later by offering for sale in Vienna the numerous letters he had exchanged with Peter Karadjordjević in this fateful affair. The sale in Vienna was only prevented by the fact that the good Karadjordjević himself sweated out 150,000 francs to buy back these letters, which had been exchanged at the time, in 1907.

I only want to hint at these things, but, my dear friends, when the history of what happened back then in Vienna at the Hopfner restaurant, what happened on January 22, 1903, in Linz, what happened in April in Mödling at the Hotel Biegler, when the history of how that document came about is written, in which Karadjordjević undertook not to take any action against those who would murder Alexander Obrenović and Draga Ma$in if he should ascend the throne, then that will be a chapter that will shed much light. Of particular importance will be what was signed by Peter Karadjordjević in Linz on January 22, 1903, as well as the meeting that several officers involved in this matter had at the Kolarac inn in Belgrade.

After all these preliminaries, the murder in Belgrade, which became known to the world in a different way [without knowledge of such background], was carried out in June 1903. A certain Lieutenant Voja Tankosić played an important role in this murder. It is not insignificant that at that time the leader of one of the groups that were scattered everywhere to murder the various supporters of Alexander Obrenović and Draga Ma$in was Lieutenant Voja Tankosić. You may know that among the personalities mentioned in the investigations carried out by Austria after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, among those personalities in Serbia who organized the assassination in Sarajevo, a certain Major Tankosić was named. This is the same Voja Tankosić who was tasked with assassinating the two Lunjevici brothers, the brothers of Draga Ma$in, and who, after being promoted to major, was assigned the role that became known throughout the world in the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. It is important to point out how one thing continues to have an effect on what follows, so that the connections can be seen in real objects.

The Obrenović dynasty had now been eliminated, and the task was to put Karadjordjević on the Serbian throne, because PaSi€, for example, even though he was involved in everything, not immediately in favor of Peter Karadjordjević ascending the throne—Pšsič wanted to put an Englishman on the Serbian throne at that time. Even in Eastern Europe, not everyone shared the same opinion. For example, in St. Petersburg, people—and this can be historically proven, as they lived nearby—heard Grand Duchess Milica Nikolajevna say after the assassination of Obrenović became known: “Let us drink to the health of King Nikita of Serbia.” So in these circles there was a tendency to put Nikita of Montenegro – this man, whom you will know by name – on the Serbian throne. But when the decision had to be made, the Russian chargé d'affaires in Belgrade at the time, Čarykov, appeared and declared verbatim: “I have come to announce that my government – that is, the Russian government – will only agree if Prince Karadjordjević is unanimously elected King of Serbia in tomorrow's royal election.”

My dear friends, I have pointed out to you a series of facts that should show you how things work when they are set on a certain course, for one must have a concrete idea of what is actually happening in the world. Now, I will proceed symptomatically, so to speak. Only when we go into various details can things come together to form a picture and give us an insight into the fundamental truths of the matter. In all this, I must always emphasize that people can have different points of view, and everyone's point of view can be understood. But anyone who has such a point of view should be aware of it, and above all, one must admit this to oneself; one should not judge things so readily as if one were judging from a higher forum.

Indeed, I have often had to ask myself lately—especially lately—where certain things come from, how certain things arise. When I began these reflections, I told you that it was really painful for me to learn how, in one direction, one encounters judgments that are basically unfriendly, or at least dubious, and how precisely those people who hold such unfriendly judgments in a certain direction attribute to themselves the ability to judge things objectively. One does not have to look far to see examples of such unkindness. I would like to emphasize again and again that I understand every point of view, but not when it is claimed that a judgment has been made on a certain objective basis—supposedly on an objective basis. For example, one can read:

The diplomatic documents that are already known are of decisive value for the question of who is to blame for the outbreak of the war. Of course, they must be studied thoroughly, which very few have done; those who contemptuously dismiss them obviously do not know them. From this arsenal, statesmen occasionally draw individual arguments in their speeches, which naturally make a great impression on the ignorant; but it is always necessary to read the texts in their context and in their entirety. At first glance, reading diplomatic books is as dry as it is confusing; however, from my own experience, I can say that they become increasingly appealing, even gripping; these dry, often ponderous, and not infrequently mendacious texts ultimately read like scenes from a tragedy.

This is what the author says.

The result of this reading is quite clear to me. A crime against humanity has been committed; it was committed by the governments of the Central Powers. Not once, not ten times, but many times over, I have taken up the problem again from the beginning, examined it from new angles, and always come to the same conclusion. Even today, conscious of my subjectivity, I would doubt this conclusion if others who approached the problem under completely different circumstances had not come to the same conclusion. The judgment of those who fight for their own country, or the judgment of those who fight against their own government out of political conviction, may be logically compelling, but for me it would still lack the moral force that creates certainty. When I speak of “others,” I mean a number of German-speaking Swiss whose personal circumstances, long-standing sympathies, and academic training are thoroughly German, and whose objectivity and authority in our country are so great that the mere mention of their names would make the deepest impression. These men do not wish to appear in public; that is their right, and I will not name them. As early as November 1914, one of them, in a small circle, demolished the German White Paper with rigorous scientific criticism; I know from a recent conversation that the Chancellor's latest speech has only reinforced this judgment. The much-mentioned “encirclement,” the war planned by Russia for 1917, and other things of this kind are assertions which I do not wish to deny any value; they already lead to another series of facts, but they have only a relative, partly hypothetical significance and do not alter the fact that at the end of July 1914 war could still have been avoided; that it was, however, wanted and carried out by one side.

Well, my dear friends, I can say that I have truly studied all the blue, red, and white books many times—far more than a dozen times—and have really allowed myself to consider every point of view; [depending on the result], I should then have been able to come to terms with the real facts. But when I consider everything, everything, I must say: The judgments I hear remind me again and again of only one thing—of long discussions that conclude with the words: Do nothing, the Jew will be burned! — Whether they are more or less intelligent people, one hears again and again only the sentiment: Do nothing, the German will be burned! And since one can never find an objective justification for such serious assertions as those made there, for example, these things can only be taken as something that must, in the most eminent sense, become a question: Why is it that such a large proportion of people have come to the conclusion that is summed up in the statement—albeit not in these words, of course: “Do nothing, the Germans are being burned!” Why is that?

Much comes together in this judgment, my dear friends. And much comes together precisely because it is useless to bring up this or that where the reasons that lead to this judgment lie. And yet, my dear friends, the question I am raising here is, in its deepest meaning, also a question of the heart and soul. I know what people thought when, out of a certain necessity, I wrote my pamphlet “Thoughts During the War,” which, as the subtitle says, was intended “for Germans and those who do not believe they must hate.” I know that these are thoughts—do not hold it against me if I say so—I know that these are thoughts that will one day be regarded by history as valid, no matter how long it may take! But I also know that certain things will not be possible—will not be possible because of inner spiritual connections—as long as there is no sense of the rightness of these thoughts, at least in certain places. And those who do not want to be convinced by the inner weight of such thoughts will have to learn lessons from many sides. The world will already receive an important lesson when the programs of people like Lloyd George are implemented. But perhaps many other lessons will be necessary—certain people on the periphery will also receive such lessons. And many things could be done differently if people were less willing to be stunned by the judgments I have characterized.

What I am telling you is true, because part of the solution will consist in shifting the judgment in some areas in the direction I have just indicated. What good does it do, for example, if a member of the English nation supports this or that man through whom this or that is being accomplished, and takes it as a personal insult when precisely this personality is characterized in an objective manner? Precisely because English culture produces what I characterized the day before yesterday—that particular form of political thought—it is also possible that there is something deeper behind it that is used as a tool to steer things in very strange directions. For, my dear friends, there is something peculiar about the fact that what I have characterized as the political thought of English culture must be regarded as the most unsuitable instrument for certain impulses coming from Western Europe. It is quite possible—and indeed it is the case—that on the one hand there is what the English people are called upon to realize in the fifth post-Atlantean epoch, but that this is constantly being thwarted from a completely different quarter. And one must also listen to many other voices in the orchestra, even if this orchestra contains the beautiful voices I characterized the day before yesterday.

For example, I would like to draw your attention to a statement made by Lord Rosebery in 1893 — not because this particular statement is of any special importance, but because such a statement is symptomatic of something that exists and is characteristic of this statement; it could be characterized by many other statements, but it is particularly characteristic in this statement. Lord Rosebery said — translated:

It is said that our empire is large enough and that we possess sufficient territory. [...] However, we must not only consider what we need today, but also what we will need in the future. [...] We must remain conscious that it is part of our duty and our heritage to ensure that the world bears the stamp of our people and not that of any other.

It is important to know that such voices are also heard in the world orchestra. Now, Lord Rosebery was not in himself a significant figure in this regard, but it was in this tone that he expressed what we are about to point out. It is important to bear in mind that, after all, it was from there—not from the people, but from a man backed by groups—that the claim resounded that the whole world should bear the stamp of the English people. That, my dear friends, is nothing other than the echo of what has always been taught in certain occult brotherhoods—taught, for example, with the words: The Latin spirit is in decline, it is in decadence, it needs only be left to itself, it can no longer bother us in any way; the fifth post-Atlantean period belongs to the English-speaking peoples alone, they must make the earth into what develops out of them. One must hear what was taught as a fixed doctrine in occult brotherhoods echoing in Lord Rosebery's statement, and one will be able to learn something from it, for it is a matter of looking at the right places. What happens outwardly, my dear friends, may be comedy, and it is only a matter of seeing through the comedy and not regarding it as events that will bring happiness to the world.

Indeed, if someone takes the position that Lord Rosebery took at the time, there is no need to argue with him, because discussion is completely unnecessary in such matters. Nor can one say that someone has no right to take such a position. Of course he has the right. Everyone has the right to take Lord Rosebery's position, but he should say: My ultimate goal is to make the world English—and not: I am fighting for the freedom and rights of small nations. That is what this is about. One can understand Lord Rosebery's position quite well from his point of view. But if one does not take his point of view, one necessarily takes another point of view, and then there is no agreement between the two points of view, but only the possibility that the matter will be settled by the means available to the world. Then, under certain circumstances, such points of view must necessarily lead to the outbreak of war. That is quite natural, because otherwise one would have to demand that the others voluntarily submit to such a position. But if their position is that they do not want to do so, then conflicts arise. That is why, my dear friends, I only want to characterize positions, because it is not a matter of making an objective judgment about something that cannot be objective, but where one simply has to choose.

That is why I can also understand a position such as that taken by the French Foreign Minister Hanotaux in his 1909 book on Faschoda and the partition of Africa. He says there:

For ten years now, the work has been completed; France has asserted its position among the four world powers. It is at home in all parts of the world. French is spoken and will always be spoken in Africa, Asia, America, and Oceania. [...] The seeds of domination have been sown in all parts of the globe. They will flourish under the protection of heaven.

Such a point of view is, of course, understandable, but it must be recognized that conflicts with other points of view may arise.

Now, something else must also be considered objectively. The term “colonial policy” has often been used, especially in Germany. But before Germany began to pursue a kind of colonial policy, which was never really Bismarck's intention, because Germany — and this can be discussed later — first had to be “coaxed” into colonial policy, not even on its own initiative, but in a very strange way from a completely different quarter. It was so contrary to the character of the German people to provoke a collision in this direction that you can read, for example, in Fichte's famous speeches to the German nation: “The Germans will never persuade a people that speaks of freedom of the seas and actually means to dominate the seas against all others. Above all, it was well known in France that there was a definite inclination not to thwart the goal expressed here by Hanotaux in any way, but to let France quietly go its own way as a colonial power.

However, the following passage can be found in the book by Minister Hanotaux that I have quoted:

It will be up to history to determine what the guiding principle of Germany and its government was in the complicated disputes that led to the partition of Africa and the final phase of French colonial policy. One may assume that, at the outset, Bismarck's policy was satisfied to see France embarking on distant and difficult ventures that would occupy the attention of the country and its government for many years to come. However, it is not certain that this calculation proved correct in the long run, since Germany ultimately followed the same path and sought to make up for lost time, albeit belatedly. If this state, at its own discretion [...]

— please note, he says “at its own discretion” —

[...] left the colonial initiative to others, it should not be surprised if they got the best pieces.

Of course, one can certainly understand this point of view, but it contains an admission: that Germany “at its own discretion” left the best pieces to France's colonial policy — don't judge immediately based on the details I give, because only when I have them all together will a complete picture emerge.

You see, one might well ask how it is possible to draw such a reckless connection between the events that took place between July 22 and 24, 25, 1914, and those of the following days. You cannot imagine how reckless it is, how wildly reckless it is, to seek mere continuity in these events and to believe that the great world war arose or even had to arise as a matter of course from Austria's ultimatum to Serbia. Many other factors had to come into play; many other things had to have been prepared for decades. But one must, in a certain sense, keep an eye open and be attentive to many things that happened. I would advise those gentlemen who judge the many books so readily, as I have shown you with one example, not to read only as one often reads today, but to read in such a way that one notices, while reading, what things were actually at play. And there, as you may know, one must be able to look at some things very closely. For example, [in the records of the conversations that took place in July 1914] — I will provisionally expose myself to the misunderstanding that I am compiling all sorts of things that cannot be easily proven, because I can prove all these things very well — but I must say this: Read all this, which recounts many conversations that took place in July 1914, and see how these conversations went. Just as in everyday life one can sometimes discern from facial expressions something that goes beyond the mere words, so one can understand what a politician wants to say—sometimes much more from his expression and gestures than from what he says. This is often even intended to conceal what is actually meant. Moreover, reports on such imponderables are usually more accurate than reports on words.

And so I would like to ask: Why did a personality like Sazonov clearly play two roles throughout the negotiations? Why did Sazonov play this role, which must have given the impression of an extremely agitated man who was trying with all his might to remain calm, so that his calmness gave the impression of being rehearsed? Why did he play this role, which shows that he is not listening, but only saying what he has prepared—which is not the right answer to the question he is asked, but something that one knows very well, sees very clearly, is prepared? Why does he play this role when negotiating with those sent to him by Austria, and why does he behave completely differently when negotiating with the envoys of the Entente? Why does he listen to them? Why, when he writes about it afterwards, do we find sentences that we know were first said to him by the Entente envoys? You only have to compare them! Why does he listen then? And why does he already know what he is going to say when he talks to the Austrian envoy, for example – to the extent that he even steps out of character a little? For when the Austrian envoy spoke the first words during his visit on July 24, Sazonov said: “Oh, you don't need to tell me all that, I already know everything!” He was embarrassed by what the envoy wanted to say, because he already had his answer ready! And why did he place particular emphasis in this rehearsed speech on the fact that under no circumstances should Austria be asked to dissolve the “Narodna odbrana” or to continue the efforts of the “Omladina”? Why this? I am merely raising the question – one must ask questions, often even negative ones, because negatively phrased questions [can be particularly revealing].

For example, the German government is being blamed for the war. In contrast, the question can be asked: What would have happened if the German government had achieved what it actually wanted: to localize the war between Austria and Serbia? Because every child can see from the negotiations that this was the German government's goal: to localize the war between Austria and Serbia, that is, to prevent it from escalating beyond a war between Austria and Serbia. One can also raise the question: What would have happened in that case? Everyone should answer this question conscientiously.

But another question must also be answered conscientiously. What else would have had to happen to localize the war? Russia would have had to remain silent and not interfere. If it had not interfered, the war would have been localized. Of course, there are other necessities that come into play, but these are necessities that have nothing to do with the will of the people — and nothing to do with the question of guilt. But why does the point of view of localization never come up in the discussions between Sir Edward Grey and all the others, at least not in a serious way, but why does the point of view immediately come up—and indeed as early as July 23—that Russia must be satisfied? The point of view that Austria should be left alone with Serbia never arises, but always the point of view that it is impossible to expect Russia to leave Serbia alone. And this point of view of localization did not arise even when Austria gave a binding promise not to conquer any Serbian territory, not to conquer anything at all. Can one say, for example, that this was not believed? Then one could have waited, because it has happened before—just think of earlier events—that people were allowed to fight it out first and conferences were held afterwards. Why is it immediately the task of those with whom Sir Edward Grey is speaking to define the matter as if it were always a Russian question? That is also something that anyone who really wants to look at the matter conscientiously must answer.

And that, my dear friends, brings us to the point, the important point of the relationship between Central Europe, England, America, and so on, in other words, to everything that lies behind Lord Rosebery's words, everything that is connected with them and follows from them. This brings us to the question: Where does something like this come from, which I characterized yesterday as the fear that prevailed among the peoples, the fear of each other? Well, it would take too long to explain that fully today, but I will have to go into it before I bring the matter to the conclusion it should actually reach. I would just like to note that things happened from which it was reasonable to conclude nothing other than what actually happened afterwards. [Nothing else could be concluded] than that behind those who were, so to speak, the puppets, there existed a powerful, influential group of people in England who were pushing for war with Germany, who absolutely wanted war with Germany. Through them, the world war that had always been predicted was steered into certain channels—for one can, of course, steer what is to happen into certain channels, which in turn must be properly designed. And so, among a certain number of people in Central Europe, particularly in Germany—by no means out of a desire to start a war with England, which would have been completely senseless from Germany's point of view—there arose the fearful belief that a war in which Germany and England would be enemies would be brought about at the appropriate moment by a certain group in England. And various individual events pointed to this even to those who only looked superficially.

I would like to draw your attention to one thing in particular that is important for your judgment: until 1908, perhaps even until 1909, there were still large circles in England that were not very far removed from King Edward VII or, rather, he was not very distant from them—broad circles that considered it impossible that Russia should ever be allowed to approach Constantinople or have completely free passage through the Dardanelles, as it was striving for. Now, at that time, an event occurred that changed many things in a few months. At that time, two people were talking to each other, one of whom was particularly skilled at interpreting words. The issue at stake was that, in agreement with Austria, Russia wanted to obtain free passage through the Dardanelles as compensation for the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. That was what Russia was striving for. And Izvolsky, who is a clever man but believes himself to be even cleverer than he really is, actually believed at the time that he already had Austria's consent in favor of Russia, but against the English aspirations. But that was not the case, and so he had to change course.

This was just one of many events in recent years that could well be repeated. And so, my dear friends, much has happened in recent years, rich in intrigue, and such intrigue can truly be found in many places on the periphery; one cannot help but see it. If you have the relevant books, which only describe the very last phase of the tragedy, and if you study them twelve, fifteen, twenty times and really struggle with them as I have honestly and sincerely struggled, then you cannot help but see—we will talk more about this point later—that how a powerful group, which was, so to speak, only the outpost for powerful impulses behind it, stood behind those puppets. They were, of course, honest people, but they were only puppets and have now disappeared into oblivion, so that Europe will soon be able to see for itself who will follow them.

But this created a situation in which people in Central Europe could ask themselves: Will it be possible for enough honest people to rise to the surface during the selection process to overcome that powerful group, or will it not be possible? — And there were people who began to worry because they foresaw a coalition between Russia, France, and England in the event of war. There were people who were concerned about this, and I really don't know whether one should be surprised that people were worried. There is much to be surprised about, but this should not really be surprising, because the wise gentlemen who study the books could, I think, have discovered what even that award-winning paper from the University of Bern discovered: that England had long since made war absolutely inevitable when it violated Belgian neutrality. But everything, absolutely everything, points to the fact that there was no reason that could be presented to the English people, because the reasons for the war could not be stated—under any circumstances! And that was indeed the case: if any English minister had stood before Parliament and stated the real reasons, he would have been swept away by the mood of the people. That is why Sir Edward Grey, for example, had to make such strange speeches.

It is easy and cheap to say that the English people did not want war. There is no need to say that – it goes without saying, everyone knows it. No one who points to the real facts believes that the English people as such wanted war – the English people would have swept away anyone who had told them the real reason. Something completely different from the real reason was therefore needed, and that was something that could be presented to the English people: the violation of Belgian neutrality. But first this had to be brought about. Therefore, what Georg Brandes pointed out had to be prevented first—that had to be prevented. It is indeed the case that if Sir Edward Grey had only uttered that one sentence, this idea would not have occurred. And history will one day establish that Belgium's neutrality would never have been violated if Sir Edward Grey had made the statement that would have been very easy for him to make if he had been able to follow his own will. But since he did not have to follow his own will, but rather an impulse that came from another quarter, he had to make such a statement, which made it necessary to violate Belgium's neutrality. This, however, created a usable reason for England—one that had to be brought about first. Oh, it would have been nothing more inconvenient for those on whom it depended than if Belgian neutrality had not been violated; that would have been most inconvenient for them—not for the people, of course, nor for the majority in Parliament, but, well—parliaments! But now all sorts of things were being blown over from England, so to speak, so that one can understand the strange things that certain people experienced, such as that German who had a conversation in England in April 1914 in which he was told very strange things. But I will mention that in another context. Since all these things have increasingly leaked out, one can understand—one can think all sorts of things about these things, but one can also understand them—that some people said: We must be prepared for the worst to come from England for Germany. And so it came to pass that people in Germany began to talk about these things, especially in the new century.

I would now like to quote one such voice; but please forgive me for quoting this particular voice – one has to ask forgiveness for so many things at this time, because there are so many strange things going on in the world that one has to become, I would even say, paradoxical if one wants to tell the truth. So I will quote a passage from a famous book written in 1911 that deals with what England might threaten Germany with. This book says:

After all, English politics can also take a different course and, instead of war, seek a settlement with Germany. In any case, this solution would be more desirable to us.

Yes, my dear friends, this sentence is from a famous book, namely Bernhardi's “Germany and the Next War.” You know that, unlike in Germany, he has achieved a certain fame abroad alongside Treitschke—but that's how it is. I would like to read you another passage—it was written in 1911:

Under present circumstances, it would be virtually impossible for Germany to seek such an expansion of power through territorial acquisitions in Europe itself. The German colonial territories lost to Russia in the east could only be regained as a result of a major war in which we were victorious, and would then probably provide a constant cause for renewed wars.

It is therefore presented as highly undesirable to make conquests in Russia, for example!

There would also be serious reservations about reacquiring former South Prussia, which was united with Prussia during the second partition of Poland, because of the Polish population.

This is from a chapter of a book which states that among the many things Germany has to do, the most important is not to allow itself to be drawn into wars of conquest in Europe, or to instigate any wars of conquest whatsoever. The passage I have just read, which even points out how absurd it would be to detach Russian territories from Russia, is – yes, forgive me – also from Bernhardi's book. So it would perhaps be wiser if those people on the periphery who talk about Bernhardi would take a look at what his book actually says with a little less prejudice, and above all try to find the context in which things are presented there. Even if some things in this book are expressed rather clumsily, if one were to study it, one would at least see that it would be wiser to take things as they are than to take them as they are taken today.

My dear friends, we will hold another slide show next Wednesday at 7 o'clock and meet again here next Saturday at 7 o'clock.