Building Stones for an Understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha
GA 175
3 April 1917, Berlin
Lecture II
The Mystery of Golgotha for which I have already prepared the ground in recent lectures will be the subject of our enquiry today.
Let us recall the main points for consideration. I mentioned on the last occasion that in order to arrive at a true understanding of the world we must study the tripartite division of the cosmos and man in the light of the three principles of body, soul and spirit. It is most important to be aware of this fact at the present time, especially in the field of Anthroposophy. I should like to remind you that this idea of trichotomy forms the central theme of my book Theosophy. No doubt you have all read this book and will know that this idea forms the nucleus of the whole book. I quote the relevant passage:
“The spirit is eternal; the body is subject to life and death in accordance with the laws of the physical world; the soul-life which is subject to destiny mediates between these two (body and spirit) during life on Earth.”
Now at the time of the publication of this book I felt it was necessary to define clearly this idea of trichotomy. For by laying special, even decisive emphasis upon this idea we are really in a position today to understand the cosmos and at the same time to understand the central event of our Earth evolution—the Mystery of Golgotha.
In my last lecture I spoke of the solid body of opposition we encounter today when we set out to study both cosmos and man in the light of the threefold principle of body, soul and spirit, not simply as something of secondary importance, but as the central theme of our study. I have shown how the idea of the spirit was lost in the course of the spiritual evolution of the West. I mentioned that the idea of the spirit was proscribed by the eighth Ecumenical Council of Constantinople and that this proscription not only influenced the development of religious ideas and sentiments, but left a deep impression upon the thinking of recent times. In consequence there are few modern philosophers who are able to distinguish clearly between soul and spirit. And even amongst those who imagine themselves to be objective, one encounters everywhere the dogmatic assertion, stemming from the eighth Ecumenical Council, that man consists of body and soul alone. He who is familiar with the spiritual life of the West, not only as it is reflected in the more superficial realms of philosophy, but as it has implanted itself in the thinking and feeling of all men, even of those who have not the slightest interest in philosophical ideas, sees everywhere the effects of the proscription of the idea of the spirit. And when, in recent times, a tendency developed to draw upon certain aspects of the wisdom teaching of the East as a corrective to Western teachings, the borrowings were presented in such a light that one would scarcely suspect that the cosmos and man are founded on the threefold principle of body, soul and spirit. For in the division of man into gross body, etheric body and astral body, derived purely from astral observation, Sthula Sharira, Linga Sharira—Prâna as it was then called—Kâma, Kâma-Manas and the various other divisions introduced from the East—in all these divisions which are an arbitrary collocation of seven principles, there is no indication of what should be regarded of vital importance, namely, that our “Weltanschauung” should be permeated with this idea of trichotomy.
There is no doubt that this idea of man's threefold nature has been suppressed. The spirit, it is true, has often been a focus of discussion today, but the discussions are little more than empty words. People are unable to distinguish nowadays between mere words and realities. Hence many expositions are taken seriously which are little more than a farrago of words, such as the philosophy of Eucken.
We cannot understand the essential nature of the Mystery of Golgotha if we decide to reject the tripartite division of man. As I pointed out in my last lecture, the abolition of the spirit was first decreed by the eighth Ecumenical Council, but preparations had been underway for some time. The ultimate abolition of the spirit is connected with a necessary stage in the spiritual evolution of the West. We shall perhaps be able to approach the Mystery of Golgotha most easily from the standpoint of the tripartite division of man if we recall how Aristotle, the leading representative of Greek thought, envisaged the soul. The Middle Ages were also dominated by Aristotelian philosophy and though people are unwilling to admit it, modern thought still draws upon the concepts of the Middle Ages. Furthermore, the later evolution of thought was already anticipated in Aristotle a few centuries before the Mystery of Golgotha, and it was with the help of his ideas that the leading minds of the Middle Ages sought to understand the Mystery of Golgotha. These things are of paramount importance and we must really make an effort to investigate them with an open mind.
What was Aristotle's conception of the human soul? I will tell you as briefly as possible the Greek view of the soul as presented by an enlightened mind such as Aristotle. His conception of the soul—and we have here the views of the most famous European of the fourth century B.C.—was roughly as follows.
When an individual incarnates he owes his physical existence to his father and mother. But he owes only his physical inheritance to his parents. The whole man, according to Aristotle, could never come into being solely through the union of father and mother, for this whole man is endowed with a soul. Now one part of the soul—let us remember that Aristotle distinguishes two parts of the soul—is tied to the physical body, expresses itself through the body and apprehends the external world through sense-perception. This part of the soul arises as a necessary by-product of man's parental inheritance. The spiritual part of the soul, on the other hand, the “Active Reason” as Aristotle calls it which participates through intellection in the spiritual life of the Universe, in the “nous”, is immaterial and immortal and could never come into being through parental inheritance, but solely through the participation of God—or the “Divine” as Aristotle calls it—in the procreation of man through the parents.
It is thus that the whole man comes into existence. The whole man is born of the co-operation of God with the father and mother, and it is most important to realize that Aristotle understands the word “man” in this sense. From God man receives his spiritual soul or “Active Reason” as Aristotle calls it. This “Active Reason” which comes into being with each individual through Divine co-operation, evolves during life between birth and death. When man passes through the gate of death the physical body is given over to the Earth, and, with the body, the lower part of the soul, the “Passive Reason” in Aristotelian terminology, which is associated with the physical organism. The spiritual part of the soul, the “Active Reason”, on the other hand, subsists according to Aristotle, and when “separated, appears just as it is”, withdraws to a world remote from the phenomenal world and enjoys immortality. Now this immortal life is such that the man who performed good deeds whilst in the body is able to look back upon the fruits of his good deeds, but cannot change the karma of his past actions. We only understand Aristotle aright when we interpret his ideas as implying that through all eternity the soul looks back on the good or evil it has wrought.
In the nineteenth century especially, scholars were at pains to grasp this idea, for the style of Aristotle is economical to the point of obscurity. In his controversy with Eduard Zeller, the late Franz Brentano 1Firmicus. His full name was Julius Firmicus Maturnus. A Sicilian priest of the fourth century. The reference is the “De errore profanorum religionum” A.D. 347. (German translation by A. Müller, 1913.) endeavoured throughout his life to gather every scrap of evidence which could throw light upon Aristotle's conception of the relationship between the spiritual part of man and the whole man. Aristotle's views passed over into the philosophy which was taught throughout the Middle Ages down to recent times and which is still taught in certain ecclesiastical circles today. Franz Brentano, who was actively interested in these ideas, in so far as they stemmed from Aristotle, came to the following conclusion.
The mind of Aristotle which, by virtue of its inherent disposition towards reflective thought transcended the limitations of materialism, could not have subscribed to the notion that the spiritual part of the soul was in any way material or could have evolved from man's parental inheritance. There were only two possible ways therefore, Brentano thought, in which Aristotle could envisage the soul. On the one hand, to accept the idea that the spiritual part of the soul was a direct creation of God working in conjunction with the parental inheritance, so that the spiritual part of the soul arose through Divine influence upon the human embryo and that this spiritual part did not perish at death, but entered upon eternal life. What other possibility was open to Aristotle, Brentano asks, if he rejected this idea? And he believed that Aristotle was right to accept this idea. There was only a second possibility; a third did not exist—and this was to admit not only the post-existence, but also the pre-existence of the soul before birth or conception. Now Brentano realized clearly that once we admit the possibility that the soul exists before conception then we are forced to concede that the soul does not experience a single incarnation only, but undergoes successive incarnations. And since, in later life, Aristotle rejects palingenesis, i.e. reincarnation, he had no option but to accept creationism, the doctrine that the soul is created ex nihilo with each embryonic life. This accepts post-existence, but denies pre-existence. Franz Brentano who had been a priest may be regarded as one of the last representatives of the positive side of Aristotelian scholastic philosophy. He thought it was eminently reasonable on the part of Aristotle to reject the doctrine of reincarnation and to recognize only creationism and post-existence.
And this view, despite its many modifications, forms the core of all Christian philosophy in so far as this philosophy rejects the idea of reincarnation. It is a strange phenomenon, both touching and tragic, to see how such an eminent scholar as Franz Brentano, who had resigned from the ministry, resolutely strove to clarify his ideas about creationism and yet could not bridge the gap which separated him from the doctrine of reincarnation. What was the reason for this? It was evident that, despite his profound erudition, despite the vigour and acuity of his mind, the door to the spirit was closed to him. He could never attain to the idea of the spirit or recognize the spirit as separate from the soul. It is not possible to attain to the idea of the spirit without accepting the idea of reincarnation. The idea of reincarnation is inseparable from the idea of the spirit. In Aristotle's day the idea of the spirit had already begun to decline. In the key passages of Aristotle's writings we observe that when he touches upon the question of preexistence he becomes obscure or ambiguous.
All this is connected with something of the greatest importance, something which carries profound implications, namely, that a few centuries before the Mystery of Golgotha man had entered upon a stage of evolution when something akin to a mist shrouded the soul whenever the spirit was mentioned. This mist was not so dense then as it is now, but the first signs of the corruption of man's thinking in matters of the spirit were already manifest at that time. And this is connected with the fact that in the course of time mankind had undergone an evolutionary process. Over the centuries man's soul had changed and was no longer the same as it had been in primeval times. Because man possessed atavistic clairvoyance in those remote times he had direct experience of the spirit. He could no more doubt the existence of the spirit than he could doubt the existence of the phenomenal world. It was simply a question of the degree of spiritual perception he could attain. That it was possible to find the path to the spirit in past ages was never in doubt. Nor was there ever any doubt that during the life between birth and death the spirit dwelt in the souls of men so that by virtue of this spiritual endowment the human soul could participate in divine life. And this conviction which was founded on an immediate awareness of the spirit was at all times expressed in the cult of the Mysteries. It is a remarkable fact that one of the earliest Greek philosophers, Heraclitus, speaks of the Mysteries in such a way that we realize he is aware that in olden times they were of immense importance to mankind, but that they had already fallen into desuetude. Thus enlightened Greeks had already begun in the fifth century B.C. to speak of the decline of the Mysteries.
Rites of various kinds were enacted in the Mysteries, but it is only the central idea of these Mysteries which is of particular interest to us today. Let us dwell for a moment on this central idea of the Mysteries as they were practised up to the time of the Mystery of Golgotha and as late as the reign of the Emperor Julian the Apostate. In recent times attention has been called to the anti-Christian nature of many aspects of these Mystery Cults. It has been pointed out that what we know as the “Easter Legend”, the keynote to the Passion, the Death and Resurrection of Christ, can be found everywhere in the Mysteries. And the conclusion drawn from this was that the Christian Easter Mystery was simply a transference of the ancient pagan myth and ritual cults to the Person of Jesus of Nazareth. Indeed these legends and rites were so alike that many no longer questioned their identity and said: “What the Christians say of Christ, that He suffered, was crucified and rose again, that His resurrection gave promise of hope and salvation for man—all these Christian ideas are to be found in the Mystery Cults!” Pagan usages, they claimed, had been collected together, fused into the “Easter Legend” and transferred to the Person of Jesus of Nazareth.
Indeed in recent times people have gone even further. Strangely enough, even in the sphere of orthodox Christianity—one need only recall certain (Protestant) sects in Bremen—there was no longer any interest in the historicity of Jesus. They said that the various Mystery cults and legends had been collected over the years and had been centralized, so to speak, and that in the early Christian community the Christ legend had been developed out of them. I recall a discussion which took place here in Berlin a few years ago. During the tragic years of recent times past events have become unreal and seem a distant memory, although the discussion took place only a few years ago. In the course of this discussion the official representatives of Christianity declared that the real issue was not the historical Jesus, but simply the “Idea of Christ” which arose in the primitive Christian community through the impact of divers social impulses.
Now in studying the pagan Mystery cults there is always a dangerous temptation to compare them with the Christian Easter Mystery. Let me illustrate this by a faithful description of the Phrygian Easter festivals. In addition to the Phrygian festivals I could also cite other festivals for these were equally widespread. In a letter to the sons of Constantine, Firmicus 1NoteText gives the following account of the Phrygian Easter festival. The statue of the God Attis was bound to the trunk of a fir tree and carried round in solemn procession at midnight. Then the sufferings of the God were re-enacted. At the same time a lamb was placed at the foot of the tree. At dawn the resurrection of the God was proclaimed. Whilst on the previous night when the God was bound to the tree and seemingly given over to death the multitude broke out in wild lamentations as was customary during the ritual; now, when the resurrection of the God was announced at sunrise the lugubrious chants were suddenly transformed into wild outbursts of joy. The statue of the God, Firmicus tells us, was buried elsewhere. During the night when the melancholy dirges reached their climax, a light shone in the darkness and the tomb was opened. The God had risen. And the priest addressed the assembled populace in these words: “Take comfort, ye faithful, for the God is saved and ye too will be saved.”
There is no denying that these religious festivals, celebrated untold centuries before the Mystery of Golgotha, show great similarity to the Easter Mystery of Christianity. Because this idea was so attractive many believed that these ideas of the suffering, death and resurrection of the God were widespread and had been, to some extent, welded into a unity under Christian influence and transferred to Jesus of Nazareth.
Now it is important to understand the real origin of these pagan, pre-Christian rites. They date far back into the past and sprang from those profound and original insights into the nature of man and his relation to the cosmos as revealed through atavistic clairvoyance. Of course at the time when the Phrygian festivals were celebrated, people did not understand their real meaning any more than the Freemasons of today understand the significance of the rites they practise. None the less all these ceremonies date back to a time when an ancient wisdom, a grandiose knowledge of the universe and man existed, a knowledge which is exceedingly difficult to understand today. Remember that not only is man dependent upon his environment in relation to his physical body, but that his spirit and soul also are an integral part of his environment. He draws on his environment for his ideas and representations, they become routine responses, second nature to him and for various reasons he cannot escape them. Therefore with the best will in the world it is difficult to understand certain knowledge which, for reasons I have already mentioned, has been lost in the course of the spiritual evolution of mankind.
The natural science of today—there is no need to repeat my admiration for its achievements, though I harbour certain reservations about it—is concerned only with the superficial aspect of things. It can make only a minimal contribution to an understanding of their true nature. It is true that science has made great advances in certain spheres—but it all depends upon what one understands by “great advances”. The invention of wireless telegraphy and many other discoveries which are important contributions to our life today are certainly deserving of admiration. But, one may ask, where does that take us? If we were to pursue this question we should come face to face with what is forbidden territory today. Modern science naturally considers the primordial wisdom, the last corrupt remnants of which survived in the Mystery cults I have mentioned, to be sheer folly. That may well be. But what is foolishness in the eyes of men may often be wisdom in the sight of God.
True insight into the nature of the universe and man discloses amongst other things—I propose today to emphasize those aspects which are important for an understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha—a certain conception of the human organism which modern science regards as the height of absurdity, i.e. that the human organism is fundamentally different from the animal organism. (I have already mentioned many of these differences, but today I will confine myself to the difference which bears upon the Mystery of Golgotha.) When we make a serious study of the animal organism in the light of Spiritual Science we find that it bears within it the seeds of death. In other words, spiritual investigation, when applied to the animal organism recognizes that, by virtue of its constitution, this organism must inevitably suffer death, that it disintegrates and finally returns to the mineral kingdom. The death of an animal is not something mysterious and inexplicable. When we study its organism we realize that, for the animal, death is as natural to it (i.e. the organism) as the need for food and drink. That death is a necessity for the animal lies in the nature of its organism.
This is not the case with man, for his organism is differently constituted. Here we touch upon a sphere that must remain a total enigma to modern science. When we study the human organism in the light of Spiritual Science we find nothing in the human organism itself which suggests that death is inevitable. We must accept death in man as something he experiences and which cannot be explained, for, originally, neither man nor his physical organism were made for death. The fact that death occurs in man from within cannot be explained from the being of man itself. The inner being as such provides no explanation of death.
I realize that this view will be regarded as folly by the scientific pundits of today. Generally speaking it is extremely difficult to arrive at an understanding of these problems for they touch upon profound mysteries. And even today, if we wish to understand these problems we can only treat of them after the fashion of Saint-Martin in his book Des Erreurs et de la Vérité. In an important passage, when speaking of the evolutionary consequences that follow from a supernal event that took place in the spiritual world before man first incarnated on the physical plane, he wrote the following words which will be readily understood by everyone who is familiar with such matters:
“However much I may desire to enlighten you, the obligations I have undertaken do not permit me to comment in any way upon this subject; and furthermore, I, for my part, would rather blush for man's transgressions than speak of them.”
For Saint-Martin is here alluding to a transgression committed by man before his first incarnation on Earth. He was forbidden to speak of this openly. But today we are in a position to speak of many things that Saint-Martin could not discuss in his time—not because mankind has progressed since that time, but for other reasons. But if we were to discuss a truth such as “man is not intended to die”, together with all the relevant factors, we would have to touch upon matters which may not be disclosed today. Man is not born to die and yet he dies! These words express something which is obviously an absurdity to the pundits of modern science, but which, to those who seek to penetrate to a true understanding of the world, must be reckoned amongst the most profound mysteries.
This realization that man was not born to die and yet dies, lies concealed in those ancient Mysteries, including the Attis Mysteries which I have already mentioned. Man looked to the Mysteries for an answer to this enigma that man was not born to die and yet dies. Now why were the Mysteries celebrated? They were celebrated in order that man should be reminded afresh each year of something he wished to hear, something he wished to experience and realize within his soul. He wished to be reassured that the time had not yet come when he would have to face the inexplicable problem of his death. What did the neophyte hope for from the Attis Mysteries? He had the instinctive feeling that a time would one day come when mankind would seriously have to face the reality of death which remained an enigma. But this time had not yet come. And whilst the priest celebrated the death and resurrection of the god, man felt reassured and consoled, for the time had not yet come when he would have to come to terms with the reality of death.
It was common knowledge in ancient times that the event described in the first chapter of Genesis, and which is understood symbolically today, referred to a reality. The men of ancient times knew this instinctively. It was modern materialism that first outgrew the instinctive feeling that the temptation of Lucifer referred to an actual occurrence. On this question the materialist interpretation of Darwin, which is intellectually so perverse, is very far removed from the truth. This crude, perverted thinking believes that by a gradual and continual process over long periods of time man has developed from animal ancestry. In such a materialist hypothesis the story of the temptation can have no place. For only a “brow villanous low” could believe that an archetypal ape or guenon could have been tempted by Lucifer!
Instinctively men knew at the time of the Mysteries that the story of Creation concealed a “fact” that had once been common knowledge. They felt that man, as originally created, was not mortal. And because of this “fact” they felt that something had entered into his physical organism and had corrupted it and so opened the doors to mortality. Man became mortal through a moral defect, through what is called original sin. I will recur to this later. Man became mortal, not after the fashion of other forms of organic life, not as the inevitable consequence of natural law, but through a moral defect. The soul was the seat of his mortality.
The animal soul as species-soul is immortal. It incarnates in the individual animal which is mortal in virtue of its organism. The species-soul (or group-soul) relinquishes the animal organism which is subject to death without having undergone any transformation. From the outset the nature of the animal organism is such that, as individual organism, it is ordained to die. This does not apply to the human organism to the same extent. In the case of the human organism, the species-soul or group-soul which lies at the root of this organism is able to manifest in the individual man, and as independent human organism ensures him immortality. Man could only become mortal through a moral act originating in the soul. In a certain sense man had to be endowed with a soul before he could become mortal. The moment one treats these ideas as abstractions they become meaningless. We must endeavour to attain to a concrete knowledge of spiritual realities.
Now in ancient times—and also in the period shortly before the Mystery of Golgotha—men never doubted for a moment that the soul brought death to man. The soul has evolved through the ages. In the course of this evolution the soul has progressively corrupted the organism and in consequence has worked destructively upon the organism. Man looked back to ancient times and said to himself: A moral event took place in olden times and its effect upon the soul is such, that whenever the soul now incarnates, it corrupts the body. And because it corrupts the body man can no longer live between birth and death in a state of innocence. In the course of hundreds and thousands of years the condition of the soul has grown progressively worse and the body has suffered continuous corruption! Thus it is increasingly difficult for man to find his way back to the spirit. The further evolution advances, the more the body is corrupted by the soul and the more the seeds of death are sown in the body. And a time must come when it will no longer be possible for man, once he has lived his alloted span, to find his way back to the spiritual world.
In ancient times it was this moment that was anticipated with fear and dread. Men felt that, after countless generations a generation would arise whose souls would so corrupt the body and sow the poisonous seeds of death that man could no longer reclaim his spiritual heritage. And this generation will one day appear, they said. And they wanted to be reassured whether this fatal moment was drawing near, and to this end the Attis rites and similar ceremonies were enacted. At the same time they sought to discover whether the souls of men still had so much of divine plentitude that the time had not yet come when these souls had abandoned their divine heritage and could no longer find their way back to the spirit. Great importance therefore was attached to the words of the priest when he said: “Take comfort, ye faithful; the God is saved, your salvation is assured!” With these words the priest wished to indicate that God was still active in the world; that the souls of men had not yet severed all connection with the divine. The priest sought to comfort the people saying: “The resurrection of the God is ever renewed. The God is still within you.”
When we touch upon these questions we become aware of the deep, unplumbed depth of feelings and emotions which were once characteristic of a particular epoch in the evolution of man. Today man has not the slightest inkling of the inner conflicts with which these men of earlier times had to wrestle. Though they may have been totally illiterate and have known nothing of what we call culture today, yet they could not escape these feelings. And in the Mystery Schools which preserved the old traditions derived from ancient clairvoyant insight the neophytes were told that if evolution were to continue unchanged, if the effects of original sin were to be prolonged, then a time would come when the souls of men would turn from God to a world of materialism of their own creation, and would progressively corrupt the physical body and rapidly hasten the process of death. These souls would remain earthbound and be relegated to the limbo; they would be lost. But since these Schools still preserved a knowledge of the spirit, the knowledge of the trichotomy of man still survived. What I am speaking of at the moment, the seminaries, applied to the soul and not to the spirit. For the spirit is eternal and follows its own laws. From their spiritual insight people knew that the soul would be relegated to the limbo, but the spirit would reappear in ever repeated Earth-lives. A time in the evolution of the world was approaching when the spirits of men would incarnate anew and would look back upon the lost Paradise which once had existed on Earth. Souls would be lost, never to return. Spirits would reincarnate in bodies which they would activate after the fashion of automata. And the way in which this was done would be neither felt nor experienced by the soul.
But what, on the other hand, were the feelings bf those who were drawn to the Christian Easter Mystery? They felt that unless the Earth received a new impulse, then, in future incarnations, man would be born without a soul. They awaited something that Earth evolution could not achieve of itself, something that was destined to enter earthly life from without, namely the Mystery of Golgotha. They awaited the incarnation of a Being who would save the souls of men from death. There was no need to save the spirit from death, but it was imperative to save the soul. This Being who entered Earth evolution from without by incarnation in the body of Jesus of Nazareth was recognized as the Christ who had come to save the souls of men. Men were now able to unite spiritually with the Christ, so that through this union the soul loses its power to corrupt the body and all that they had lost since the Fall could gradually be recovered. That is why the Mystery of Golgotha must be regarded as the central point in human evolution. From the “Fall” until the Mystery of Golgotha man experienced a progressive decline of his spiritual forces. The forces of corruption had increasingly invaded his soul and threatened to make man an automaton of the spirit. And from the Mystery of Golgotha until the end of the Earth cycle all that was lost before the Mystery of Golgotha will gradually be retrieved once more. Thus, at the conclusion of Earth evolution, the spirits of men will incarnate in the physical body for the last time and these bodies will once again be immortal. It was in expectation of this redemption that men understood the Mystery of Easter.
Before this could be realized it was necessary to overcome the power which had caused the moral corruption of the soul; and this power was overcome by the decisive event on Golgotha. How did the early Christians who still possessed occult knowledge understand the last words of Christ on the Cross? They were living in expectation of an external event that would bring to an end this corrupting influence of the soul. The cry of Christ on the Cross “It is finished” was a sign to them that the time had now come when the corrupting power of the soul was a thing of the past. It was a miraculous event fraught with vast and unsuspected mysteries. For tremendous questions are involved when we think about the Mystery of Golgotha. When we pursue our studies further we shall find that it is impossible to think of the Mystery of Golgotha without also thinking of the Risen Christ. The Risen Christ—that is the essential. And in one of his most profound utterances St. Paul says: “If Christ be not risen then all our faith is vain.” The Risen Christ is unique to Christianity and is inseparable from Christianity. The death of Christ is also an integral part of Christianity. But how is this death portrayed? And how must it be portrayed? An innocent man was put to death, He suffered and died. Those who crucified Him clearly bear a heavy burden of guilt, for He who died was innocent. What was the significance of this guilt for mankind? It brought them salvation. For had Christ not died upon the Cross mankind could not have been saved. In the Crucifixion we are confronted by a unique event. The death of Christ on the Cross was the greatest boon bestowed upon mankind (cf. John XI, 49–52). And the heaviest guilt that mankind has taken upon itself is this, that Christ was crucified. Thus the heaviest guilt coincides with the greatest good fortune.
The superficial mind no doubt will pay little attention to this. But for those who probe deeper, this question is fraught with profound mystery. The most heinous crime in the history of the world proved to be the salvation of mankind. Now we must understand this enigma, or at least try to understand it, if we are to comprehend the Mystery of Golgotha. And the key to the solution of this enigma is found in the exemplary words spoken by Christ on the Cross: “Forgive them, Father, for they know not what they do.” The right understanding of these words provides the answer to the cardinal question: Why did the most heinous crime become the source of the salvation of mankind?
If you reflect upon this you will realize that one must take into account the trichotomy of man in order to understand the Mystery of Golgotha. For Christ died in order to redeem the souls of men. He reclaims the souls of men that would have been lost but for His advent. Morality would have vanished from the Earth and the spirit inhabiting a body that reacted mechanically would have been the victim of necessity in which morality has no place. Mankind would have been unable to have psychic experiences. The mission of Christ was to bring man back to God. It is not surprising, therefore, that three centuries before Christ, Aristotle, a most enlightened Greek, failed to understand the nature of the soul and its relation to the spirit at a time when the crisis of man's soul was at hand. There were many discrepancies in Aristotle's view of the soul since he could not have known of the coming of the Saviour, and it is not surprising therefore that his views of the soul were illogical. How is one to account for the fact that the erroneous conceptions of Aristotle concerning the relationship of soul and spirit persisted so long? The significance of Christ for the souls of men is that He demonstrates once again that man is a threefold being of body, soul and spirit and that an inner relationship exists between objective events and moral events. And we shall never fully understand this relationship unless we accept the idea of the trichotomy of man.
If we wish to arrive in some measure at an understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha we must penetrate to the inmost recesses of the human soul. In the present lecture I have only been able to offer an introduction to this theme. I believe that it is our immediate concern to speak of these things at the present time. We must take advantage of this Easter festival to enquire more closely into these matters in so far as it is possible today. Perhaps it may be possible thereby to awaken in us much that may one day be a seed that will only mature in future time. For it is only gradually that we come to realize that we are living in an age when there are many things we cannot fully comprehend. This is evident from the difficulty men experience today in developing a clear and conscious understanding of events that are imminent. Unfortunately it is not possible to indicate, even briefly, how one should understand in clear consciousness the painful event of which the people of Europe, or at least of Central Europe, have only recently been informed. Today we are only half aware of these things.
I only wanted to touch upon certain questions today in order to relate them in my next lecture to the Mystery of Golgotha.
Neunter Vortrag
Das Mysterium von Golgatha wird in dieser Zeit den Gegenstand unserer Betrachtung bilden. Vorbereitet wurde diese Betrachtung durch dasjenige, was ich in den letzten Vorträgen vorgebracht habe.
Rufen wir uns einmal das Allerhauptsächlichste, was dabei in Betracht kommt, ins Gedächtnis. Das letzte Mal habe ich es angeführt, daß zu einer jeglichen wirklichen, die Menschenseele befriedigenden Welterkenntnis die Einsicht gehört, daß sowohl die Weltengliederung als auch die Menschheitsgliederung, die Gliederung des Wesens des Menschen, nach den drei Prinzipien von Leib, Seele und Geist vorgenommen werden muß. Das ist ja dasjenige, was insbesondere auf unserm anthroposophischen Gebiete in der Gegenwart in allerintensivster Weise erkannt werden muß. Deshalb darf ich aufmerksam machen darauf, daß schon in meiner «Theosophie», und zwar auch in ihrer ersten Auflage, der Nerv der ganzen Auseinandersetzung aufgebaut ist auf dieser Dreigliederung. Sie werden ja alle diese «Theosophie» gelesen haben und werden wissen, daß gewissermaßen das Skelett des ganzen Buches in dieser Dreigliederung liegt, die dann noch insbesondere in den Worten ausgesprochen ist:
«Unvergänglich ist der Geist; Geburt und Tod walten nach den Gesetzen der physischen Welt in der Körperlichkeit; das Seelenleben, das dem Schicksal unterliegt, vermittelt den Zusammenhang von beiden während eines irdischen Lebenslaufes.»
Das heißt, es mußte dazumal als notwendig erachtet werden, auf diese Dreigliederung in möglichst deutlichen Worten hinzuweisen. Denn mit der ganz besonderen, ich möchte sagen, zentralen Betonung dieser Dreigliederung steht man eigentlich erst auf dem Boden, auf den man sich stellen muß, wenn in unserer Zeit Weltverständnis und innerhalb dieses Weltverständnisses das Verständnis des Zentralgeschehens unserer Erdenentwickelung erfaßt, beziehungsweise dessen Erfassung angestrebt werden soll: das Zentralereignis des Mysteriums von Golgatha.
Nun habe ich Ihnen gerade das letzte Mal auseinandergesetzt, was alles sich entgegenstemmt, wenn in unserer Zeit angestrebt werden soll, Welt und Mensch so zu erkennen, daß nicht nur in nebensächlicher Erwähnung, sondern, wie auf eine Zentralidee hinweisend, die Gliederung vorgenommen wird in Leib, Seele und Geist. Ich habe Ihnen ausgeführt, was in der abendländischen Geistesentwickelung dem entgegengestellt wurde, habe Ihnen ausgeführt, wie verlorengegangen ist für diese abendländische Entwickelung der Begriff des Geistes. Ich habe erwähnt, daß durch das achte ökumenische Konzil zu Konstantinopel der Geist, beziehungsweise natürlich die Idee des Geistes, geradezu ausgeschaltet worden ist aus dem abendländischen Denken, und daß diese Ausschaltung der Idee des Geistes nicht nur etwa auf die Entwikkelung der religiösen Ideen und Empfindungen ihren Einfluß geübt hat, sondern tief hineingewirkt hat in alles Denken der neueren Zeit, so daß es gewissermaßen heute noch unter den offiziellen Philosophien keine gibt, welche in richtiger Weise unterscheiden kann Seele und Geist. Und überall begegnet man, auch bei den Leuten, die da glauben aufzubauen auf einer vorurteilslosen Grundlage, der vorurteilsvollen, das heißt nur durch das achte allgemeine Konzil herbeigeführten Behauptung, der Mensch bestünde aus Leib und Seele. Wer das Geistesleben, nicht nur, wie es in den oberflächlicheren philosophischen Gebieten liegt, sondern wie es sich hineingenistet hat in das Denken und Fühlen aller Menschen, auch derjenigen, die nicht daran denken, sich irgendwie um philosophische Ideen zu kümmern, wer dieses Geistesleben des Abendlandes wirklich kennt, der sieht überall den Einfluß der Ausschaltung der Idee des Geistes. Und als in der letzteren Zeit die Tendenz entstand, einiges herüberzunehmen aus der morgenländischen Weisheit, um von da aus einiges zu korrigieren innerhalb der abendländischen Weisheit, da wurde, was herübergenommen wurde, in einem Lichte dargestellt, in dem man kaum ahnen kann, daß der Welt und der Menschheit zugrunde liege die Gliederung: Leib, Seele, Geist. Denn in der rein aus der astralischen Beobachtung hervorgegangenen Gliederung des Menschen in dichten Leib, ätherischen Leib, astralischen Leib, sthula sharira, linga sharira — prâna, wie man dann sagte -, kâma, kâma-manas, und all die Dinge die da herübergezogen sind aus dem Orient in den Okzident - in all diesen Gliederungen, die so prinzipienlos sieben Prinzipien aneinanderreihen, ist nichts zu merken von dem, was das Wichtigste wäre: zu durchdringen unsere Weltanschauung mit der Gliederung in Leib, Seele und Geist.
So könnte man geradezu sagen: Verschüttet worden ist diese Gliederung in Leib, Seele und Geist. Gewiß wird von dem Geiste auch heute viel gesprochen, aber was gesprochen wird, sind Worte. Nur können die Leute heute nicht mehr Worte von Dingen unterscheiden. Daher werden Ausführungen ernst genommen, welche in bloßen, ich möchte sagen, Kaleidoskop-Wortzusammensetzungen bestehen, wie etwa die Euckensche Philosophie.
Nun kann das Wesen des Mysteriums von Golgatha nicht verstanden werden, wenn man verzichten will auf die Dreigliederung in Leib, Seele und Geist. Dogmatisch geworden ist der Verzicht auf den Geist allerdings, wie ich das letzte Mal ausgeführt habe, mit dem achten allgemeinen Konzil; aber vorbereitet hat sich die Sache seit längerer Zeit. Und daß sie gekommen ist, hängt im Grunde zusammen mit einer notwendigen Entwickelung im abendländischen Geistesleben. Man wird vielleicht am leichtesten hineinkommen gerade in die Art, wie man auf diese Weise sich nähern kann dem Mysterium von Golgatha, dem Verstehen des Mysteriums von Golgatha, wenn man sich ein Bild davon macht, wie der auf der Höhe des griechischen Denkens stehende Arzstoteles sich sein Bild von der Seele machte. Denn Aristoteles ist zu gleicher Zeit der tonangebende Philosoph des ganzen Mittelalters gewesen, und von mittelalterlichen Begriffen zehrt das heutige Denken noch immer, so wenig die Leute das auch zugeben wollen. Außerdem sehen wir ja daran, daß, was in der Menschheitsgeschichte sich entwickelt hat, ein paar Jahrhunderte vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha in Aristoteles sich gezeigt hat, und daß man dann versucht hat, mit Hilfe der Ideen des Aristoteles bei den tonangebenden Geistern des Mittelalters das Mysterium von Golgatha zu begreifen. In diesen Dingen liegt etwas so außerordentlich Bedeutungsvolles, daß man wirklich sich einmal die Mühe nehmen muß, diese Dinge unbefangen anzuschauen.
Wie denkt Aristoteles über die menschliche Seele? Ich will ohne Um“ schweife einfach hinstellen, wie Aristoteles über die menschliche Seele denkt, was also in Aristoteles das griechische Denken über die menschN
liche Seele ergeben hat, in einem erleuchteten Geiste also ergeben hat. Aristoteles - und damit haben wir ungefähr dasjenige, was der bedeutendste Europäer ein paar Jahrhunderte vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha über die Seele denkt —, Aristoteles denkt sich: Wenn ein Mensch in die Weltentwickelung eintritt, ein einzelner Mensch durch die Geburt oder sagen wir durch die Empfängnis in die Weltentwickelung eintritt, dann verdankt er sein physisches Dasein zunächst Vater und Mutter. Aber von Vater und Mutter kann nur kommen, so meint Aristoteles, dasjenige, was das leibliche Dasein ausmacht; niemals könnte durch bloße Vereinigung von Vater und Mutter der ganze Mensch entstehen. Also der ganze Mensch kann nicht durch Vereinigung von Vater und Mutter im Sinne des Aristoteles entstehen, denn dieser ganze Mensch hat eine Seele. Und diese Seele, sie hat einen Teil - fassen wir das wohl auf, daß Aristoteles in der Seele zunächst zwei Teile unterscheidet -, diese ganze Seele hat einen Teil, der völlig an den Leib gebunden ist, der sich durch den Leib äußert, der durch die Sinnesbetätigung des Leibes seine Eindrücke von der Außenwelt bekommt. Dieser Teil der Seele, der entsteht als notwendiges Mitentwickelungsprodukt durch die materielle Entwickelung des Menschen, die von Vater und Mutter kommt. Nicht so ist es bei dem geistigen Teil der Seele, oder — wie Aristoteles die Worte noch prägt — bei dem denkenden Teil der Seele, bei jenem Teil der Seele, der teil hat an dem allgemeinen Geistesleben der Welt durch das Denken, der teil hat an dem «nus», an dem Denken der Welt. Dieser Teil der Seele ist für Aristoteles immateriell, nicht stofflich, und er könnte sich niemals aus dem ergeben, was für den Menschen entsteht aus Vater und Mutter, sondern er kann sich nur dadurch ergeben für den Menschen, daß mitwirkt in dem Entstehen des Menschen durch Vater und Mutter der Gott — «das Göttliche» würde man besser sagen, wenn man bei aristotelischen Ausdrücken stehenbleibt -, daß mitwirkt das Göttliche.
So also entsteht der Mensch, der ganze Mensch. Das ist sehr wichtig, daß man das Wort gerade so prägt für den Aristoteles: Es entsteht der ganze Mensch durch die Zusammenwirkung des Gottes mit Vater und Mutter. Durch den Gott erhält der Mensch seinen geistigen, oder im Sinne des Aristoteles könnte man auch sagen, denkerischen Seelenteil. Dieser denkerische Seelenteil, der also bei jeder Entwickelung des einzelnen physischen Menschen durch den Gott entsteht, durch die Mitwirkung des Gottes entsteht, der ist in Entwickelung während des Lebens zwischen Geburt und Tod. Indem der Mensch durch die Todespforte schreitet, wird das Leibliche der Erde übergeben, und mit diesem Leiblichen derjenige Teil der Seele, welcher an die Organe des Leibes gebunden ist; dagegen bleibt erhalten dasjenige, was der geistige Teil der Seele ist. Dies, was nun der geistige Teil der Seele ist, lebt geistig weiter im Sinne des Aristoteles, lebt geistig weiter so, daß es gewissermaßen in eine andere Welt entrückt ist als diejenige ist, mit der man in Verbindung steht durch die körperlichen Organe, und lebt nun eben weiter ein unsterbliches Dasein. Lebt ein unsterbliches Dasein so im Sinne des Aristoteles, daß der Mensch, der sich im Leben, im Leibe, diesem oder jenem Guten hingegeben hat, zurückzuschauen vermag auf dieses Gute, das er dem Weltenbau eingefügt hat, das im Weltenbau drinnen ist, aber in diesem Weltenbau, in den es hineingestellt ist, nicht zu ändern ist. Ja, man versteht den Aristoteles wohl nur dann recht, wenn man seine Ideen so annimmt, daß er gedacht habe: in alle Ewigkeit nach dem Tode habe die Seele zurückzublicken auf irgendein Gutes, das sie verrichtet hat, auf irgendein Böses, das sie verrichtet hat.
Es ist gerade im neunzehnten Jahrhundert die denkbar größte Anstrengung gemacht worden von verschiedenen Seiten her, den Aristoteles, der durch seine Ausdrucksweise zuweilen schwer zu verstehen ist, in dieser Idee klar zu verstehen. Und man kann schon sagen: Der vor kurzem verstorbene Franz Brentano hat in seinem Streite mit Eduard Zeller durch sein ganzes Leben hindurch versucht, alle Bausteine zusammenzutragen, welche dahin führen können, eine klare Idee über dasjenige zu haben, was Aristoteles über das Verhältnis des geistigen Teiles der Menschenseele zu dem ganzen Menschen gedacht hat. Aber das, was Aristoteles so gedacht hat, das ist übergegangen in die Philosophie, welche gelehrt worden ist das ganze Mittelalter hindurch bis in die neuere Zeit hinein, und auf gewissen Gebieten des kirchlichen Lebens noch immer gelehrt wird. Franz Brentano, der sich wirklich intensiv beschäftigt hat mit diesen Ideen, insofern sie aus Aristoteles quellen, hat sich folgendes klargemacht.
Er hat sich klargemacht: Aristoteles war ein Geist, der wirklich durch seine innere Denker-Gesinnung erhaben war über den Materialismus, daher nicht verfallen konnte in den Glauben, daß der geistige Teil der Seele etwas Materielles sei; nicht verfallen konnte in den albernen Glauben, daß der geistige Teil der Seele sich aus dem entwickele, was der Mensch durch Vater und Mutter erhält. Daher, meint Brentano, gab es für Aristoteles nur zwei Möglichkeiten, über den geistigen Teil der Seele zu denken. Die eine Möglichkeit war diese: den geistigen Teil der Seele durch eine unmittelbare Schöpfung Gottes im Zusammenwirken mit dem, was von Vater und Mutter kommt, entstehen zu lassen, so daß der geistige Teil der Seele entsteht durch die Einwirkung Gottes in den menschlichen Embryo; daß aber dieser geistige Teil der Seele nicht zugrunde geht im Tode, sondern, indem der Mensch durch die Pforte des Todes geht, ein immerwährendes Leben antritt. Was wäre denn Aristoteles übriggeblieben, so sagt Brentano, wenn er diese Idee nicht entwickelt hätte? Und Brentano sieht es eben als richtig an, daß Aristoteles diese Idee für sich angenommen hat. Was wäre ihm, sagt er, übriggeblieben, wenn er diese Idee nicht entwickelt hätte? Nur eine zweite Möglichkeit. Eine dritte Möglichkeit gibt es nicht, sagt Brentano. Und diese zweite Möglichkeit ist diese: anzunehmen, daß die Seele des Menschen präexistiert, nicht bloß postexistiert, sondern präexistiert; existiert im Geistigen vor der Geburt, beziehungsweise vor der Empfängnis. Dann aber, sobald man nur überhaupt - das erkennt Brentano sehr klar -, sobald man nur überhaupt zugibt, daß die Seele vor der Empfängnis irgendwie präexistiert, vorher existiert, dann bleibt nichts anderes übrig, meint Brentano, als anzunehmen, daß diese Seele sich nicht nur einmal im Leben verkörpert, sondern in wiederholten Erdenleben immer wieder erscheint. Es gibt überhaupt keine andere Möglichkeit. Und da, meint Brentano, Aristoteles in seiner reiferen Zeit die Palingenesis, also die wiederholten Erdenleben, abgelehnt hat, so bleibt ihm nichts anderes übrig als der Kreatianismus, die Schöpfung der Menschenseele, die vollständige Neuschöpfung der Menschenseele mit jeder embryonalen Erzeugung des Menschen, die nicht der Postexistenz widerspricht, wohl aber der Präexistenz. Franz Brentano war ursprünglich Priester und war noch ganz, ich möchte sagen, als einer der letzten Geister in dem darinnenstehend, was als die gute Seite der aristotelischen scholastischen Philosophie sich entwickelt hat, daher erscheint ihm vor allen Dingen als vernünftig von Aristoteles, die Lehre von den wiederholten Erdenleben abzuweisen und den Kreatianismus mit der Postexistenz allein gelten zu lassen.
Und diese Anschauung bildet ja dennoch, trotz aller Variationen, den Grundnerv aller christlichen Philosophie, sofern sich diese christliche Philosophie gegen die wiederholten Erdenleben wendet. Es ist merkwürdig, ich möchte sagen schauerlich-reizvoll, zu sehen, wie ein so eminent gesinnungstüchtiger Denker wie Franz Brentano, der ja den Priesterrock ausgezogen hat, danach ringt, immer klarer und klarer zu werden über diesen Kreatianismus der Seele, und wie gar keine Möglichkeit für ihn vorhanden ist, die Brücke herüberzuschlagen zu der Lehre von den wiederholten Erdenleben. Warum ist das? Das ist darum, weil trotz aller tiefen Gesinnungstüchtigkeit Brentanos, trotz seines energischen und scharfsinnigen Denkerlebens, ihm der Begriff des Geistes verschlossen war, er niemals zu dem Begriff des Geistes und seiner Abtrennung von dem Begriff der Seele hat kommen können. Es gibt keine Möglichkeit zum Begriff des Geistes zu kommen, ohne zum Begriff der wiederholten Erdenleben zu kommen. Man kann die Lehre von den wiederholten Erdenleben nur verlieren, wenn man den Begriff des Geistes überhaupt verliert. Und im Grunde genommen war schon zur Zeit des Aristoteles der Begriff des Geistes, ich möchte sagen, ins Wackeln gekommen. Man merkt es den entscheidenden Stellen in Aristoteles’ Schriften an, wie er immer unklar wird, wenn er von der Präexistenz spricht. Er wird immer unklar.
Aber all das hängt mit etwas ungeheuer Bedeutungsvollem und Tieferem zusammen; es hängt zusammen mit der realen Entwickelung der Menschheit. Es hängt damit zusammen, daß die Menschheit in der Zeit der Jahrhunderte vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha in ein Entwickelungsstadium eingetreten war, in dem, ich möchte sagen, sich etwas wie Nebel um die Seele lagerte, wenn vom Geist gesprochen worden ist. Es lagerte sich dazumal um die Seele des Menschen noch nicht so stark wie heute, wenn vom Geist gesprochen worden ist, aber es fing schon der ganze Korruptionsprozeß des Denkens in bezug auf den Geist eben damals an. Und das, meine lieben Freunde, hängt zusammen damit, daß in der Tat die Menschheit im Lauf der Zeiten eine Entwickelung durchgemacht hat, daß gewissermaßen die Seele im Lauf der Zeiten etwas anderes geworden ist, als sie in den Urzeiten der menschlichen Erdenentwickelung war. In diesen Urzeiten der menschlichen Erdenentwickelung war dadurch, daß das atavistische Hellsehen da war, eine unmittelbare Erfahrung vom Geiste da. Da konnte man an dem Geist nicht zweifeln. Man konnte ebensowenig an dem Geist zweifeln, wie man an der äußeren Sinneswelt zweifeln kann. Es handelt sich immer nur darum, ob die Menschen mehr oder weniger zu der Anschauung des Geistes kommen sollten. Aber daß der Weg zum Geiste der menschlichen Seele möglich ist, daran konnte in gewissen älteren Zeiten der Menschheitsentwickelung niemand zweifeln. Ebensowenig konnte jemand daran zweifeln, daß während des Erdenlebens zwischen Geburt und Tod der Geist in der Seele des Menschen darinnen lebt, so daß gewissermaßen durch diesen geistigen Inhalt die Menschenseele teil hat an dem göttlichen Leben. Daran konnte niemand zweifeln. Und diese auf das unmittelbare Bewußtsein vom Geist gegründete Überzeugung, die drückte sich in den Mysterien und ihrer Pflege überall aus. Aber merkwürdig ist es, daß schon einer der ältesten griechischen Philosophen, der alte Heraklit, von den Mysterien so spricht, daß man sieht, er weiß davon, daß die Mysterien in noch älteren Zeiten etwas ungeheuer Bedeutungsvolles für den Menschen waren, aber im Grunde genommen von ihrer Höhe schon heruntergekommen waren. Also schon sehr früh sprechen gerade erleuchtete Griechen davon, daß die Mysterien von ihrer Höhe schon heruntergekommen waren.
In diesen Mysterien wurde mancherlei gepflogen. Uns kann heute in unserem Zusammenhang vorzugsweise aber nur die zentrale Idee dieser Mysterien besonders interessieren. Bei dieser zentralen Idee der Mysterien, wie sie bis in die Zeiten des Mysteriums von Golgatha herein geübt wurden, wie sie noch zu Zeiten des Kaisers Julian des Apostaten geübt wurden - bei dieser Zentralidee wollen wir einmal einen Augenblick verweilen. Denn zum Teil ist ja manches aus der Pflege dieser Mysterien in der letzten Zeit immer wiederum hervorgehoben worden, ich möchte sagen, im antichristlichen Sinne hervorgehoben worden. Es ist darauf aufmerksam gemacht worden, wie dasjenige, was erzählt wird als die Osterlegende, als das Mysterium von Golgatha, also die eigentliche Zentrallegende von dem Leiden und dem Tod und der Auferstehung des Christus, in den Mysterien überall gelebt hat. Und daraus sind dann die Schlüsse gezogen worden dahingehend, daß das Ostergeheimnis des Christentums im Grunde genommen nur eine Art Übertragung alter Mysterienbräuche wäre, alter heidnischer Mysterienbräuche auf die Person des Jesus von Nazareth. Und so sprechend scheinen manchen Menschen die Dinge zu sein, die man da sagen kann, daß sie gar nicht zweiflen an der Wahrheit der Idee, die sie also aussprechen wollen: Was die Christen erzählen darüber, daß der Gott Christus gelitten hat, dem Tod zugeführt worden ist, auferstanden ist, daß sich an diese Auferstehung knüpft Hoffnung und Heilsehnsucht der Menschen, was Christen sich als solche Ideen gebildet haben, das, sagen diese Leute, lebte in den Mysterien, in den verschiedensten Mysterienkulten. Die heidnischen Bräuche seien zusammengetragen worden und seien zur Osterlegende verschmolzen worden und übertragen worden auf die Persönlichkeit des Jesus von Nazareth.
In der neueren Zeit ist man ja sogar noch weitergegangen, merkwürdigerweisesogarauf offiziell christlichen Gebieten, indemman-manbraucht nur an gewisse Bremenser Strömungen zu erinnern — das historische Dasein des Jesus von Nazareth überhaupt gleichgültig findet und sagt: Durch das soziale Leben seien zusammengetragen worden die verschiedenen Mysterienlegenden und Mysterienkulte, seien gleichsam zentralisiert worden, und es hätte sich in der christlichen Urgemeinschaft eben die Christus-Sage aus der alten heidnischen Sage herausgebildet. Bei einer Diskussion, die vor Jahren einmal hier in Berlin gepflogen worden ist- durch diese leidensvollen letzten Jahre ist ja dasjenige, was vorhergegangen ist, vielfach zur Mythe geworden und erscheint uns furchtbar weit zurückliegend, aber die Diskussion war erst vor wenigen Jahren -, bei dieser Diskussion konnte man sehen, wie von offiziellen Vertretern des Christentums die Anschauung vertreten worden ist, daß es sich eigentlich gar nicht handeln könne um einen historischen Jesus von Nazareth, sondern nur um eine «Idee des Christus», der gewissermaßen in der christlichen Urgemeinde durch allerlei soziale Impulse als Idee entstanden sei.
Man darf sagen: Unendlich Verführerisches liegt in der Betrachtung der heidnischen Mysterienkulte und ihrer Vergleichung mit dem, was sich als das christliche Ostermysterium herausgebildet hat. Denn nehmen Sie nur einmal eine, wie man sagen kann, getreuliche Schilderung der phrygischen Festfeiern, die da in Betracht kommt. Und ebenso wie man die phrygischen Festfeiern anführen könnte, so könnte man andere Festesfeiern anführen; denn in ähnlicher Weise waren diese Festesfeiern sehr verbreitet. Firmicus erzählt zum Beispiel in einem Brief an die Söhne Konstantins von der phrygischen Festfeier: Das Bild des Attis, also eines gewissen Gottes — wir brauchen gar nicht weiter einzugehen, welchen Gottes -, das Bild des Gottes sei an einen Baumstamm befestigt worden, feierlich mit diesem Baumstamm in Prozession herumgetragen worden in mitternächtigem Ritual, und dann seien auch die Leiden des Gottes zelebriert worden; dabei war neben dem Baum ein Lamm aufgestellt. Am Tage darauf wurde die Auferstehung des Gottes verkündet. Und während man am Tage vorher, da man den Gott an den Baumstamm geheftet, also gleichsam dem Tod übergeben hatte, ritualmäßig in die furchtbarsten Klagen ausbrach, verwandelte sich die Klage dann plötzlich am nächsten Tage, da die Auferstehung des Gottes gefeiert wurde, in ausgelassenste Freude. Anderwärts, so erzählt Firmicus, wurde das Bild des Gottes Attis begraben. In der Nacht, wenn die Trauer ihren Höhepunkt erreicht hatte, wurde plötzlich Licht angezündet, das Grab wurde geöffnet, der Gott war auferstanden. Und der Priester sprach die Worte: Getrost, ihr Frommen, da der Gott gerettet ist, so wird auch euch das Nötige, die Rettung werden.
Wer könnte leugnen, daß diese Ritualfeiern, die Jahrhunderte und Jahrhunderte vor dem Ablauf des Mysteriums von Golgatha überall gefeiert worden sind, große Ähnlichkeit haben mit demjenigen, was in das Ostergeheimnis mit eingelaufen ist innerhalb des Christentums? Weil es so verführerisch war, so zu denken, hat man eben geglaubt: Nun, da wurden eben diese Anschauungen von dem leidenden, sterbenden, auferstandenen Gotte überall verbreitet, und man hat sie gewissermaßen zentralisiert unter den Christen und auf den Jesus von Nazareth übertragen.
Nun ist es wichtig zu verstehen, woher alle diese Festesfeiern, diese heidnischen, diese vorchristlichen Festesfeiern, eigentlich kommen. Denn sie gehen weit zurück, weit zurück in diejenigen Zeiten, in denen man die Mysterien so bildete, daß man sie herausentwickelte aus tiefsten ursprünglichen Einsichten über das Wesen des Menschen und seinen Zusammenhang mit der Welt, wie einem das vorlag in dem atavistischen Hellsehen. Gewiß, in der Zeit, als man so die phrygischen Feiern gemacht hat, da hat man über den eigentlichen Sinn dieser Sache ungefähr so viel gewußt, nun, wie man heute in gewissen Freimaurertempeln weiß von den Zeremonien, die da vorgenommen werden. Aber trotzdem gehen diese Dinge zurück auf ein ursprünglich großartiges Wissen über Welt und Menschen, auf ein Wissen, das wirklich heute außerordentlich schwer verständlich zu machen ist. Denn bedenken Sie nur, der Mensch lebt ja wirklich nicht bloß mit seinem äußeren physischen Leibe in seiner Umgebung, ist nicht bloß mit Bezug auf den physischen Leib von seiner Umgebung abhängig, sondern der Mensch lebt auch mit seiner Seele und mit seinem Geiste in der äußeren Umgebung. Er nimmt die Ideen und Vorstellungen dieser äußeren Umgebung auf, die werden ihm geläufig, werden ihm gewohnheitsmäßig, und aus den verschiedenen Rücksichten kann er nicht von ihnen ab. $o daß man viel guten Willen haben kann und dennoch Schwierigkeiten, gewisse Dinge zu verstehen, die eben aus den schon angeführten und aus noch anderen Gründen der geistigen Menschheitsentwickelung verlorengegangen sind.
Dasjenige, was heute Wissenschaft ist — ich brauche nicht bei jeder Gelegenheit zu sagen, daß ich es bewundere, ich bewundere es gewiß, aber trotzdem -, das haftet ja an der alleralleräußersten Oberfläche der Dinge; das haftet ja an demjenigen, was zum Wesen im allergeringsten Maße nur irgendwie führt. Daß man trotzdem auf gewissen Gebieten mit dieser Wissenschaft sehr weit gekommen ist, das liegt ja nur daran, daß man manchmal unter dem «weit gekommen» eben auch - nun, eben dies oder jenes versteht. Gewiß, man kann es bewundern, daß diese Wissenschaft zur drahtlosen Telegraphie und noch zu manchem anderen, was in unseren Tagen eine große Rolle spielt, gekommen ist, und man kann die Frage aufwerfen: Was hätten wir, wenn wir zu dem nicht gekommen wären? Würde man in die Erörterung dieser Fragen eingehen, so würde man ja schon hart an dasjenige stoßen, was heute zu besprechen überhaupt verboten ist. Dasjenige, was so gegenwärtig Wissenschaft ist, für das ist natürlich die Weisheit, die dann ihre letzten Ausläufer, ihre schon korrumpierten Ausläufer gehabt hat in den angeführten Mysterienbräuchen, einfach Unsinn, einfach Torheit. Mag sein. Schon Paulus hat ja erwähnt, daß dasjenige, was die Menschen als Torheit ansehen, gar oftmals Weisheit sein könnte vor Gott.
Eine wirkliche Einsicht in das Wesen von Menschheit und Welt ergibt unter vielem anderen - ich will heute die Gesichtspunkte hervorheben, die uns für das Verständnis des Mysteriums von Golgatha wichtig sind — eine gewisse Anschauung über den menschlichen Organismus, die heute natürlich der Wissenschaft völlig verrückt erscheint. Dieser menschliche Organismus unterscheidet sich nämlich ganz wesentlich von dem Organismus des Tieres. Nun, wir haben viele Unterschiede schon angeführt, wir wollen heute denjenigen gerade anführen, der uns für das Mysterium von Golgatha interessieren muß. Der menschliche Organismus unterscheidet sich ganz wesentlich von dem tierischen Organismus, denn der tierische Organismus, wenn man ihn wirklich studiert mit den Mitteln der Geisteswissenschaft, trägt in sich den selbstverständlichen, den natürlichen Impuls des Todes. Das heißt mit anderen Worten: Lernen Sie wirklich mit den Mitteln der Geisteswissenschaft den tierischen Organismus kennen, so können Sie sich aus der Beschaffenheit des tierischen Organismus erklären, daß der tierische Organismus durch den Tod so gehen muß, wie er eben geht, daß das Tier eines Tages zerfällt und den Elementen der Erde übergeben wird. Der Tod des Tieres ist nichts Unbegreifliches, sondern er ist aus dem Studium des tierischen Organismus ebenso begreiflich, wie aus dem Studium desselben begreiflich ist, daß das Tier fressen und trinken muß. Das Wesen des tierischen Organismus ergibt die Notwendigkeit des tierischen Todes.
Das ist nicht der Fall für das Wesen des menschlichen Organismus. Da kommen wir natürlich auf das Gebiet, das der modernen Wissenschaft völlig unverständlich bleiben muß. Wenn Sie mit allen Mitteln der Geisteswissenschaft den menschlichen Organismus studieren, so gibt es im menschlichen Organismus drinnen selber nichts, was die Notwendigkeit des Todes erklärt, unbedingt erklärt. Es gibt nichts, was die Notwendigkeit des Todes erklärt. Man muß beim Menschen den Tod als etwas, was man einfach erfährt, hinnehmen, und kann sich gar nicht erklären, warum eigentlich der Mensch stirbt. Denn der Mensch ist ursprünglich nicht für den Tod geboren, auch nicht als äußerer Organismus für den Tod geboren. Daß der Tod von innen heraus beim Menschen auftreten kann, das ist nicht aus der menschlichen Wesenheit selber zu erklären. So wie diese menschliche Wesenheit als menschliche Wesenheit ist, so ist es nicht zu erklären.
Ich weiß sehr wohl, daß dies heute wirklich als völlig töricht angesehen wird von all denen, die auf der wissenschaftlichen Höhe stehen wollen. Es ist ja im allgemeinen recht schwierig, über alle diese Dinge sich auseinanderzusetzen, denn diese Dinge hängen eigentlich zusammen mit Gebieten tiefster Mysterien. Und auch heute stößt man noch immer, wenn man im Zusammenhang solche Dinge erklären will, auf etwas, was eben doch nicht anders ausgesprochen werden kann, als so, wie sich Saint-Martin, über den ich hier letzthin geredet habe, mehrmals in seinem Buche «Des erreurs et de la vérité» äußert. So sagt Saint-Martin an einer wichtigen Stelle, wo er davon spricht, welche Folgen für die Menschheitsentwickelung es gehabt hat, daß ein gewisser Vorgang stattgefunden hat im geistigen Gebiete, bevor der Mensch zum erstenmal sich physisch verkörpert hat, als er reden will über diesen überirdisch-geistigen Vorgang, die Worte, die jeder versteht, der mit solchen Dingen intimer bekannt ist:
«So sehr ich aber wünsche, daß man dahin komme, ebenso sehr untersagen mir meine Verbindlichkeiten die geringste Erläuterung über diesen Punkt; und übrigens, um meines eigenen Besten willen, erröte ich lieber über die Vergehungen des Menschen, als daß ich davon rede.»
In diesem Falle müßte Saint-Martin von einem Vergehen des Menschen, bevor er in die erste Erdeninkarnation eingetreten ist, sprechen. Das kann er nicht. Nun kann man ja aus gewissen Gründen - keineswegs weil die Menschen besser geworden sind seit Saint-Martins Zeiten, aber aus manchen anderen Gründen — heute manches sagen, was Saint-Martin noch nicht sagen konnte. Aber wollte man eine solche Wahrheit, wie die, daß der Mensch eigentlich nicht für den Tod geboren ist, im Zusammenhang mit allem dabei in Betracht Kommenden erörtern, so würden auch Dinge berührt werden müssen, die vom heutigen Ohr noch nicht gehört werden können im allgemeinen. Der Mensch ist nicht für den Tod geboren, und dennoch stirbt er! Damit wird etwas ausgesprochen, was selbstverständlich für die sehr weisen Leute der heutigen Wissenschaft eine Torheit ist, was aber für den, der zum wirklichen Weltverständnis vordringen will, gerade zu den tiefsten Geheimnissen zählt. Der Mensch ist nicht für den Tod geboren, und dennoch stirbt er.
Sehen Sie, dieses Bewußtsein, daß der Mensch nicht für den Tod geboren ist und dennoch stirbt, das ist es im Grunde genommen, das wie ein geheimnisvoller Impuls durch jene alten Mysterien geht, auch die Attis-Mysterien, auf die ich hingedeutet habe. Es wurde in diesen Mysterien gesucht gewissermaßen eine Möglichkeit des Verständnisses für dieses: Der Mensch ist nicht für den Tod geboren, und dennoch stirbt er. — Die Mysterien sollten gewissermaßen auf dieses Geheimnis eine Antwort geben. Warum beging man denn diese Mysterien? Man beging sie, um sich jedes Jahr von neuem etwas sagen zu lassen. Etwas, was man hören wollte, was man empfinden wollte, was man in seiner Seele durchmachen wollte, das wollte man sich jedes Jahr von neuem sagen lassen. Das wollte man sich sagen lassen, daß die Zeit noch nicht herangekommen sei, in der der Mensch wirklich ernsthaftig auf seinen unerklärlichen Tod hinzuschauen habe. Was erwartete denn eigentlich so ein Gläubiger von dem Attis-Priester? So ein Gläubiger hatte die instinktive Gewißheit: Es kommt einmal für die Erde eine Zeit, wo es ernst werden wird, ganz ernst werden wird, auf den unerklärlichen Tod hinzuschauen. Aber diese Zeit wird erst kommen. Und indem der Priester zelebrierte die Leiden des Gottes und die Auferstehung des Gottes, wurde dieses Zelebrieren ein Trost: Die Zeit ist noch nicht da, wo man ernst machen muß mit dem Begreifen des Todes.
Denn diese alten Zeiten wußten alle, daß jenes, nun, meinetwillen nennen wir es «symbolisch», geschilderte Ereignis der Bibel gleich im Beginn des Alten Testamentes auf eine Wirklichkeit hindeutet. Das wußten diese alten Menschen instinktiv. Erst der moderne Materialismus ist darüber hinausgekommen, dies instinktiv zu fühlen, daß die Darstellung der Versuchung durch Luzifer auf ein wirkliches Ereignis hindeutet. Gewiß, die Gedanken-Sodomiterei, welche in der materialistischen Ausdeutung des Darwinismus liegt, die unterscheidet sich ja sehr erheblich von dem, was in solchem Zusammenhang als Wahrheit angesehen werden muß. Denn diese Gedanken-Sodomiterei, die denkt: In alten Zeiten hat es eben Tiere gegeben gewisser Sorte, und die haben sich allmählich heraufentwickelt zu dem heutigen Menschen. In dieser materialistischen Deutung des Darwinismus hat natürlich die Paradieses-Versuchungsgeschichte keinen Platz. Denn es bedürfte ja schon eines ganz degenerierten Verstandes, etwa zu glauben, daß ein Ur-Affe oder eine Ur-Äffin von dem Luzifer versucht worden sein könnte.
Nun, eine instinktive Gewißheit war also vorhanden, daß hinter dem, was da am Ausgangspunkte des Alten Testamentes erzählt wird, eine einstige Tatsache stände. Und wie wurde diese Tatsache empfunden? So wurde diese Tatsache empfunden, daß man sich sagte: So wie der Mensch eigentlich ursprünglich physisch organisiert gewesen ist, so war er nicht sterblich; aber durch diese Tatsache ist seiner ursprünglichen Organisation etwas hinzugefügt worden, was korrumpierend eintritt in seine Organisation, und was macht, daß nun auch in ihm ein Impuls der Sterblichkeit ist. Durch einen moralischen Vorgang wurde der Mensch sterblich, durch dasjenige, was eben - wir werden noch darauf zurückkommen - in dem mysteriösen Worte der Erbsünde liegt. Der Mensch wurde nicht sterblich, so wie die anderen Naturwesen sterblich geworden sind, er wurde sterblich nicht durch die natürlichen Vorgänge, nicht durch die materiellen Vorgänge, sondern der Mensch wurde sterblich durch einen moralischen Vorgang. Von der Seele aus ist der Mensch sterblich geworden.
Die Tierseele als Gattungsseele ist unsterblich; als Gattungsseele. Sie verkörpert sich im einzelnen Individuum des Tieres, das durch seine Organe sterblich ist. Die Gattungsseele geht aus dem sterblichen Tiere so hervor, wie sie sich in ihm verkörpert hatte. Aber die tierische Organisation ist von vorneherein als Individualorganisation auf das Sterben eingerichtet. Die menschliche Organisation nicht in gleichem Maße. Die menschliche Organisation ist so, daß dasjenige, was dieser Organisation als Gattungsseele zugrunde liegt, als Menschen-Gruppenseele, im einzelnen Menschen zum Ausdruck kommen würde und ihn unsterblich machte als äußere Menschheitsorganisation. Sterblich konnte der Mensch nur werden von der Seele aus durch eine moralische Tat. In einer gewissen Weise muß die Seele beschaffen sein, damit der Mensch sterblich sein könne. Sobald man solche Dinge heute so nimmt, wie man abstrakte Begriffe nimmt, versteht man die ganze Sache nicht. Erst wenn man sich aufschwingt zum konkreten, tatsächlichen Erfassen der Sache, versteht man diese Dinge.
Nun hatte man in alten Zeiten — in den Zeiten auch noch kurz vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha, als diese alten Mysterien gefeiert wurden — das intensivste Wissen: Die Seele des Menschen macht es, daß der Mensch stirbt. Diese Seele des Menschen ist in einer fortwährenden Entwickelung durch die Zeiten hindurch. Worinnen besteht denn diese Entwickelung? Darinnen besteht diese Entwickelung, daß immer mehr und mehr diese Seele den Organismus korrumpiert, den Organismus verdirbt und immer mehr und mehr teilnimmt an der Korruption, durch die sie vernichtend auf den Organismus wirkt. Der Mensch sah in alte Zeiten hinauf und sagte sich: Da hat ein moralisches Ereignis stattgefunden, durch das ist die Seele so geworden, daß, wenn sie nun durch die Geburt im Leibe wohnt, sie diesen Leib verdirbt, aber dadurch, daß sie den Leib verdirbt, nicht so lebt zwischen Geburt und Tod, wie sie leben würde, wenn sie ihn unverdorben ließe. Das ist immer schlimmer und schlimmer geworden im Laufe der Jahrhunderte und Jahrtausende. Die Seele verdirbt immer mehr und mehr den Leib! So sagten sie. - Damit aber findet die Seele immer weniger und weniger die Möglichkeit, ihren Rückweg in den Geist anzutreten. Sie korrumpiert, je weiter die Menschheitsentwickelung geht, den Leib immer mehr und mehr; dadurch impft sie diesem Leibe immer intensiver und intensiver den Tod ein. Und ein Zeitpunkt muß kommen, wo die Seelen keine Möglichkeit mehr finden, nachdem sie ihr Dasein so lange zugebracht haben zwischen Geburt und Tod, wiederum den Rückweg zu finden in die geistige Welt.
Diesen Zeitpunkt erwartete man in alten Zeiten mit Schauern und Schrecken. Man sagte sich: Generation nach Generation wird vergehen, und die Generation wird einmal kommen, die solche Seelen hat, welche ihren Leib so korrumpieren und ihm den Tod so intensiv einimpfen, daß es gar nicht mehr möglich sein wird, zum Göttlichen den Weg wiederum zurückzufinden. Diese Generation wird kommen! - So sagten sie. Und man wollte sich überzeugen, ob der Zeitpunkt schon mehr oder weniger herannaht. Deshalb hatte man die Attis- und anderen Gebräuche. Man probierte gleichsam, ob noch so viel Göttliches in den Menschenseelen ist, daß die Zeit noch nicht da ist, wo die Menschenseelen alles Göttliche abgestreift haben und nicht mehr den Weg zum Gotte zurückfinden können. Deshalb hatte es eine ungeheure Bedeutung, wenn der Priester sprach: Seid getrost, ihr Frommen; da der Gott gerettet ist, so wird auch für euch die nötige Rettung werden! - Damit wollte er sagen: Seht ihr, der Gott, der hat noch Einfluß auf die Welt, die Seelen haben es noch nicht so weit gebracht, daß sie sich ganz abgeschnürt hätten von dem Gotte; der Gott, der aufersteht noch! - Das wollte ihnen der Priester verkünden; Trost war es, was der Priester verkündete. Der Gott ist noch in euch! — das sagte er.
Man berührt, wenn man diese Dinge berührt, so unendlich tiefe Empfindungs- und Gefühlszüge, die einmal vorhanden waren in der Entwickelung der Menschheit, daß der heutige Mensch, der seine Interessen ganz veräußerlicht hat, gar keine Ahnung mehr hat, womit die Menschen einmal gerungen haben. Mögen sie sonst nichts gewußt haben von dem, was man heute Kultur nennt, mögen sie noch so sehr Analphabeten gewesen sein, solche Gefühle haben sie gehabt. Und in den Priesterschulen, wo man die letzten Traditionen bewahrte, die aus alter hellsichtiger Weisheit herstammten, da sagte man den einzuweihenden Schülern das Folgende: Wenn die Entwickelung so fortgehen würde, wie sie unter dem Eindruck jenes moralischen Ereignisses im Beginne der Erdenentwickelung geht, dann müßte man sich darauf gefaßt machen, daß die Seelen der Menschen ihren Weg finden würden von Gott ab, hinein in die Welt, die sie selber erzeugen, indem sie den menschlichen Organismus zum Tode hin, zum immer intensiveren Tode hin korrumpieren. Die Seelen würden sich verbinden mit der Erde und durch die Erde mit dem, was man die Unterwelt nennt. Die Seelen würden verlorengehen. Aber da man selbstverständlich in diesen Schulen die Weisheit vom Geiste noch hatte, wußte man, daß der Mensch aus Leib, Seele und Geist besteht. Das, was ich Ihnen jetzt sage, das sagte man von der Seele, nicht vom Geiste. Denn der Geist ist an sich ewig und hat seine eigenen Gesetze. Vom Geiste wußte man das, was einen nötigte so zu sagen: Die Seelen werden verschwinden in die Unterwelt hinein, aber der Menschengeist wird in immer wiederholten Erdenleben erscheinen. Und eine Zukunft der Erdenentwickelung stünde bevor, in der die Menschengeister sich wiederum verkörpern würden, aber zurückblicken würden auf all das verlorene Seelenhafte, das einstmals im Erdenwerden war. Die Seelen würden verlorengehen. Nicht mehr würden Seelen kommen. Geister würden sich wiederverkörpern, die wie automatisch den Menschenleib bewegen würden, ohne daß die Art und Weise, wie sie den Menschenleib bewegen, gefühlt würde, empfunden würde in seelischem Erleben.
Was war nun demgegenüber die Empfindung derjenigen, die zum christlichen Ostermysterium hindrängten? Die Empfindung derjenigen, die zum christlichen Ostermysterium hindrängten, war die: Wenn auf der Erde nichts anderes geschieht als dasjenige was von alters her geschehen ist, dann entstehen in der Zukunft seelenlose Menschen in den wiederholten Erdenleben. — Sie warteten daher auf das Andere. Sie warteten auf dasjenige, was nicht innerhalb des Erdenwerdens selber sich bilden konnte, was von außen in dieses Erdenleben hereinkommen sollte. Sie warteten, mit anderen Worten, auf das Mysterium von Golgatha. Sie warteten darauf, daß in das Erdenwerden ein Wesen hereinkomme, welches das Seelische wieder rettet, welches das Seelische entreißt dem Tode. Den Geist brauchte man nicht dem Tode zu entreißen, aber das Seelische mußte man dem Tode entreißen. Dieses Wesen, welches in die Erdenentwickelung nun von außen sich eingefügt hat durch den Leib des Jesus von Nazareth, das empfand man als den Christus, der erschienen war zur Rettung der Seelen. So daß der Mensch in dem Christus etwas hat, mit dem er sich verbinden kann in der Seele, auf daß die Seele durch diese Verbindung mit dem Christus ihre korrumpierende Kraft für den Leib verliert und nach und nach all das, was verloren war, wiederum zurückgewonnen werden kann. Daher steht das Mysterium von Golgatha in der Mitte der Erdenentwickelung. Vom Beginn der Erdenentwickelung bis zum Mysterium von Golgatha geht immer mehr und mehr verloren, indem immer mehr und mehr korrumpierende Kraft in der Seele Platz greift, um die Menschen zu Automaten des Geistes zu machen. Und von dem Mysterium von Golgatha bis zum Ende des Erdendaseins ist diejenige Zeit, wo nach und nach wiederum gesammelt wird dasjenige, was verlorengegangen war bis zum Mysterium von Golgatha. So daß, wenn die Erde am Ende ihrer Entwickelung angekommen sein wird, die Menschengeister sich in letzten Leibern verkörpern werden, in denjenigen Leibern, die wiederum unsterblich sind. Die wiederum unsterblich sind! So empfand man das Ostergeheimnis.
Dazu aber war es notwendig, daß die Macht überwunden wurde, welche der Seele die moralische Korruption möglich macht. Diese Macht, die ist überwunden worden in dem, was das Christentum empfindet als das eigentliche Ereignis von Golgatha. Die eigentlichen mit den Dingen bekannten ursprünglichen Christen — wie klang ihnen ein wichtiges Wort? Sie erwarteten ja von außen ein Ereignis, durch das eintreten kann die Möglichkeit, daß die die Seele korrumpierende Kraft ihre Macht verliere. Da klang ihnen das Wort von Christus: «Es ist vollbracht!» als das Zeugnis dafür, daß nun die Zeit beginnt, wo die korrumpierende Kraft der Seele vorüber ist.
Ein merkwürdiges Ereignis, ein Ereignis, das ungeheure, ungeahnte Geheimnisse einschließt. Denn solche ungeheuren Fragen stehen auf im _ Hinblicke auf das Mysterium von Golgatha. Wir werden sehen, indem wir in der Betrachtung weiterschreiten, daß das Mysterium von Golgatha nicht zu denken ist ohne den auferstandenen Christus. Christus der Auferstandene — das ist das Wesentliche! Und es gehört zu den tiefsten Worten das paulinische Wort: «Wäre der Christus nicht auferstanden, so wäre unsere Predigt eitel, und eitel auch euer Glaube.» Der auferstandene Christus gehört einmal ins Christentum. Und ohne den auferstandenen Christus kann es kein Christentum geben. Der Tod gehört auch hinein, der Tod des Christus. Aber denken Sie, wie wird die Sache dargestellt? Und wie muß sie dargestellt werden? Der Schuldlose wird zum Tode geführt, ins Leiden geführt, zum Tode geführt. Diejenigen, die ihn zum Tode führen, laden eine schwere Schuld offenbar auf sich. Denn ein Unschuldiger wird zum Tode geführt. Sie laden eine schwere Schuld auf sich. Dennoch, was ist diese Schuld für die Menschheit? Das Heil der Menschheit! Denn wäre der Christus nicht gestorben, so wäre das Heil der Menschheit nicht eingetreten. Man steht, indem man dem Ereignis von Golgatha gegenübersteht, dem einzigartigen Ereignis gegenüber, daß man sich sagen muß: Das größte Heil, das der Erdenmenschheit passiert ist, ist das, daß der Christus getötet worden ist. Die größte Schuld, die auf sich geladen worden ist, ist die, daß der Christus getötet worden ist. Hier fällt das höchste Heil mit der tiefsten Schuld zusammen.
Gewiß, oberflächlicher Sinn kann über so etwas hinweggehen. Für denjenigen, der nicht an der Oberfläche der Dinge haftet, für den bedeutet dies ein tiefstes Rätsel. Der ungeheuerlichste Mord in der Entwickelung der Menschheit ist zum Heile der Menschheit ausgeschlagen! Fühlen Sie dieses Rätsel. Auch dieses Rätsel muß, wenn man dem Mysterium von Golgatha Verständnis entgegenbringen will, wenigstens versucht werden zu verstehen. Und es klingt, wenn auch in einem paradigmatischen Worte, so doch der Antrieb zur Lösung auch vom ‘Kreuze herunter: «Vergib ihnen, Vater, denn sie wissen nicht, was sie tun!» Wir werden sehen, in dem rechten Verständnis dieses Wortes liegt die Antwort auf die bedeutungsvolle Rätselfrage: warum der ungeheuerlichste Mord das Heil der Menschheitsentwickelung ist.
Wenn Sie dies alles bedenken, dann werden Sie anfangen zu verstehen, daß man herankommen muß an das Mysterium von Golgatha mit den Begriffen von Leib, Seele und Geist. Denn für die Seelen der Menschen ist der Christus gestorben. Die Seelen der Menschen holt er wieder zurück in die geistige Welt, von der sie abgeschnürt gewesen wären, wenn er nicht gekommen wäre. Das Moralische wäre verschwunden aus der Welt. Der Geist wäre im automatischen Leibe von einer moralfreien Notwendigkeit getrieben. Damit hätte man seelisch nichts erleben können. Der Christus soll die Seelen wiederum zurückwenden. Braucht man sich zu wundern, daß drei Jahrhunderte vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha der erleuchtetste Grieche, Aristoteles, nicht richtig über die Seele und ihren Zusammenhang mit dem Geiste zu reden wußte, da gerade die Krisis der Seele bevorstand? Braucht man sich zu wundern, wo den Seelen dies bevorstand, und Aristoteles nicht wissen konnte, daß der Retter der Seelen kommen werde, daß er irre redete über die Seele? Man braucht sich nicht darüber zu wundern! Eine andere Erklärung wird allerdings notwendig sein dafür, daß so lange im Sinne des Aristoteles irre geredet worden ist über den Zusammenhang von Seele und Geist. Was der Christus für die Menschenseele bedeutet, das tritt einem entgegen in dem Lichte, das uns den Menschen wiederum in seiner dreigliedrigen Wesenheit als Leib, Seele und Geist zeigt, und in der innigen Verbindung, die besteht zwischen dem objektiven wirklichen Geschehen und dem moralischen Geschehen; welchen Zusammenhang man nie in seiner wahren Gestalt erkennen wird, wenn man nicht die Dreigliedrigkeit des Menschen, Leib, Seele und Geist, erkennt.
Ich habe Ihnen auch heute nur eine Vorbereitung geben können zu der Erörterung, in welche Tiefen der Menschenseele man hineinsteigen muß, wenn man nur einigermaßen das Mysterium von Golgatha verstehen will. Ich glaube, daß es uns sehr naheliegen muß, sehr nahegehen muß, gerade in unserer Zeit, über diese Dinge zu sprechen und vielleicht gerade dieses Osterfest zu benutzen, um in diese Dinge tiefer hineinzuschauen, soweit es in der gegenwärtigen Zeit den Menschen möglich ist. Dadurch kann vielleicht manches zu unseren Empfindungen zunächst gesprochen werden, das ein Same sein kann, der erst in zukünftigen Zeiten innerhalb der Menschheitsentwickelung aufgehen kann. Denn über vieles müssen wir so denken, daß wir erst nach und nach völlig wach werden, daß wir in einer Zeit leben, in der wir manches nicht in völligem Wachen auffassen, manches von diesen und manches von jenen Dingen. Das zeigt sich selbst darin, wie schwer es dem Menschen heute gemacht wird, bei völligem Wachen unmittelbar an uns herantretende Ereignisse richtig ins Auge zu fassen. Es ist leider nicht möglich, auch nur mit wenigen Strichen hinzudeuten, wie man wachend ins Auge fassen würde das schmerzliche Ereignis, von dem heute erst unter unseren Zeitereignissen die Menschheit Europas oder wenigstens Mitteleuropas Kunde erhalten hat. Solche Dinge werden heute vielfach wie im Schlafe erlebt. Aber es ist ja hier nicht möglich, Näheres über solche Dinge zu sagen. Heute wollte ich eigentlich nur Fragen anregen, um in Anknüpfung daran das nächste Mal über das Mysterium von Golgatha zu sprechen.
Ninth Lecture
The mystery of Golgotha will be the subject of our consideration during this period. This consideration has been prepared by what I have presented in the last lectures.
Let us recall the most essential points that come to mind in this regard. Last time, I mentioned that any real knowledge of the world that satisfies the human soul must include the insight that both the structure of the world and the structure of humanity, the structure of the human being, must be based on the three principles of body, soul, and spirit. This is what needs to be recognized most intensely in our anthroposophical field at present. That is why I would like to point out that already in my “Theosophy,” even in its first edition, the nerve center of the entire discussion is based on this threefold division. You will all have read this “Theosophy” and will know that, in a sense, the skeleton of the entire book lies in this threefold division, which is then expressed in particular in the words:
“The spirit is imperishable; birth and death rule according to the laws of the physical world in physicality; the soul life, which is subject to fate, mediates the connection between the two during an earthly life.”
This means that at that time it had to be considered necessary to point out this threefold division in as clear terms as possible. For it is only with the very special, I would say central, emphasis on this threefold division that one actually stands on the ground on which one must stand if, in our time, an understanding of the world and, within this understanding of the world, an understanding of the central event of our earth's evolution is to be grasped, or rather, if the attempt to grasp it is to be made: the central event of the mystery of Golgotha.
Now, just last time, I explained to you all the obstacles that arise when we strive in our time to understand the world and human beings in such a way that the division into body, soul, and spirit is not merely mentioned in passing, but is presented as a central idea. I have explained to you what has been opposed to this in Western spiritual development, and I have explained to you how the concept of the spirit has been lost in this Western development. I have mentioned that through the Eighth Ecumenical Council of Constantinople, the spirit, or rather the idea of the spirit, was virtually eliminated from Western thinking, and that this elimination of the idea of the spirit has not only influenced the development of religious ideas and feelings, but has also had a profound effect on all thinking in modern times, so that today there is virtually no official philosophy that can correctly distinguish between soul and spirit. And everywhere, even among people who believe they are building on an unprejudiced foundation, one encounters the prejudiced assertion, brought about solely by the Eighth Ecumenical Council, that man consists of body and soul. Anyone who truly knows the spiritual life of the West, not only as it exists in the more superficial philosophical fields, but as it has become ingrained in the thinking and feeling of all people, even those who do not think about philosophical ideas in any way, sees everywhere the influence of the elimination of the idea of the spirit. And when, in recent times, the tendency arose to take some things from Eastern wisdom in order to correct some things within Western wisdom, what was taken over was presented in a light in which one can hardly suspect that the structure of body, soul, and spirit underlies the world and humanity. For in the division of the human being into dense body, etheric body, astral body, sthula sharira, linga sharira — prana, as it was then called — kama, kama-manas, and all the things that have been carried over from the Orient to the Occident — in all these divisions, which string together seven principles in such a principled manner, there is no trace of what would be most important: to permeate our worldview with the division into body, soul, and spirit.
One could even say that this division into body, soul, and spirit has been buried. Certainly, there is much talk about the spirit today, but what is spoken are words. Only, people today can no longer distinguish words from things. Therefore, explanations that consist of mere, I would say, kaleidoscopic word combinations, such as Eucken's philosophy, are taken seriously.
Now, the essence of the mystery of Golgotha cannot be understood if one wants to dispense with the threefold division into body, soul, and spirit. However, as I explained last time, the renunciation of the spirit became dogmatic with the Eighth Ecumenical Council, but the groundwork for this had been laid for a long time. And the fact that it came about is basically connected with a necessary development in Western spiritual life. Perhaps the easiest way to approach the mystery of Golgotha, to understand the mystery of Golgotha, is to imagine how Aristotle, who stood at the height of Greek thought, formed his picture of the soul. For Aristotle was at the same time the leading philosopher of the entire Middle Ages, and medieval concepts still feed today's thinking, however little people want to admit it. Moreover, we see that what developed in human history was revealed in Aristotle a few centuries before the Mystery of Golgotha, and that the leading minds of the Middle Ages then attempted to understand the Mystery of Golgotha with the help of Aristotle's ideas. There is something so extraordinarily significant in these things that one really must take the trouble to look at them with an open mind.
How does Aristotle think about the human soul? I want to state without digression how Aristotle thinks about the human soul, that is, what Aristotle's Greek thinking about the human soul has resulted in, in an enlightened spirit.
Aristotle — and with this we have roughly what the most significant European thought about the soul a few centuries before the mystery of Golgotha — Aristotle thinks: When a human being dies, the soul leaves the body. Aristotle—and with this we have roughly what the most significant European thought about the soul a few centuries before the mystery of Golgotha—Aristotle thinks: When a human being enters into world evolution, when an individual human being enters into world evolution through birth or, let us say, through conception, then he owes his physical existence first to his father and mother. But Aristotle believes that only that which constitutes physical existence can come from the father and mother; the whole human being could never arise through the mere union of father and mother. So the whole human being cannot arise through the union of father and mother in Aristotle's sense, because this whole human being has a soul. And this soul has a part — let us understand that Aristotle initially distinguishes two parts in the soul — this whole soul has a part that is completely bound to the body, that expresses itself through the body, that receives its impressions of the outside world through the sensory activity of the body. This part of the soul arises as a necessary product of co-development through the material development of the human being, which comes from the father and mother. This is not the case with the spiritual part of the soul, or — as Aristotle puts it — with the thinking part of the soul, that part of the soul which participates in the general spiritual life of the world through thinking, which participates in the “nus,” in the thinking of the world. For Aristotle, this part of the soul is immaterial, not material, and it could never arise from what comes into being for the human being from father and mother, but can only arise for the human being through the cooperation of God — “the divine” would be a better term if we were to stick to Aristotelian expressions — in the creation of the human being through father and mother.
This is how the human being, the whole human being, comes into being. It is very important to use this exact wording for Aristotle: the whole human being comes into being through the interaction of God with the father and mother. Through God, the human being receives its spiritual, or in Aristotle's sense, its thinking part of the soul. This thinking part of the soul, which thus arises in every development of the individual physical human being through God, through the cooperation of God, is in development during the life between birth and death. When a human being passes through the gate of death, the physical body is handed over to the earth, and with this physical body, that part of the soul which is bound to the organs of the body; but that which is the spiritual part of the soul remains. This spiritual part of the soul continues to live spiritually in the sense of Aristotle, in such a way that it is, as it were, transported to another world than the one with which we are connected through the physical organs, and now continues to live an immortal existence. Does an immortal existence live in this sense according to Aristotle, that the human being who has devoted himself in life, in the body, to this or that good, is able to look back on this good that he has incorporated into the structure of the world, that is within the structure of the world, but cannot change it in this structure of the world in which it is placed? Yes, one can only understand Aristotle correctly if one accepts his ideas in such a way that he thought: for all eternity after death, the soul must look back on some good that it has done, on some evil that it has done.
It was precisely in the nineteenth century that the greatest conceivable effort was made from various quarters to understand Aristotle, who is sometimes difficult to understand because of his manner of expression, clearly in this idea. And one can already say that the recently deceased Franz Brentano, in his dispute with Eduard Zeller, tried throughout his life to gather all the building blocks that could lead to a clear idea of what Aristotle thought about the relationship between the spiritual part of the human soul and the whole human being. But what Aristotle thought has been passed down into the philosophy that was taught throughout the Middle Ages and into modern times, and is still taught in certain areas of church life. Franz Brentano, who really studied these ideas intensively insofar as they originate from Aristotle, came to the following conclusion.
He realized that Aristotle was a mind that was truly elevated above materialism by his inner disposition as a thinker, and therefore could not fall into the belief that the spiritual part of the soul was something material; could not fall into the silly belief that the spiritual part of the soul developed from what man receives from his father and mother. Therefore, Brentano believes, there were only two possibilities for Aristotle to think about the spiritual part of the soul. One possibility was this: to allow the spiritual part of the soul to come into being through the direct creation of God in cooperation with what comes from the father and mother, so that the spiritual part of the soul comes into being through the influence of God in the human embryo; but that this spiritual part of the soul does not perish in death, but, when the human being passes through the gate of death, enters into eternal life. What would Aristotle have been left with, says Brentano, if he had not developed this idea? And Brentano considers it right that Aristotle accepted this idea for himself. What would he have been left with, he says, if he had not developed this idea? Only a second possibility. There is no third possibility, says Brentano. And this second possibility is this: to assume that the human soul pre-exists, not merely post-exists, but pre-exists; exists in the spiritual realm before birth, or rather before conception. But then, as soon as one admits—and Brentano recognizes this very clearly—that the soul somehow pre-exists before conception, that it exists beforehand, then there is no other option, according to Brentano, than to assume that this soul does not incarnate only once in a lifetime, but appears again and again in repeated earthly lives. There is no other possibility. And since, according to Brentano, Aristotle in his later years rejected palingenesis, i.e., repeated earthly lives, he has no choice but to accept Creatianism, the creation of the human soul, the complete new creation of the human soul with every embryonic generation of humans, which does not contradict postexistence, but does contradict preexistence. Franz Brentano was originally a priest and was still, I would say, one of the last minds to remain within what developed as the good side of Aristotelian scholastic philosophy. Therefore, it seems to him above all reasonable for Aristotle to reject the doctrine of repeated earthly lives and to accept only Creatianism with postexistence.
And this view, despite all its variations, nevertheless forms the basis of all Christian philosophy, insofar as this Christian philosophy opposes repeated earthly lives. It is remarkable, I would even say eerily fascinating, to see how such an eminently principled thinker as Franz Brentano, who had renounced the priesthood, struggled to become ever clearer about this Creatianism of the soul, and how there was no possibility for him to bridge the gap to the doctrine of repeated earthly lives. Why is that? It is because, despite all Brentano's profound integrity, despite his energetic and astute intellectual life, the concept of the spirit was closed to him; he was never able to arrive at the concept of the spirit and its separation from the concept of the soul. There is no way to arrive at the concept of the spirit without arriving at the concept of repeated earthly lives. One can only lose the teaching of repeated earthly lives if one loses the concept of the spirit altogether. And basically, even at the time of Aristotle, the concept of the spirit had, I would say, begun to waver. One notices this in the decisive passages in Aristotle's writings, where he always becomes unclear when he speaks of pre-existence. He becomes increasingly unclear.
But all this is connected with something immensely significant and profound; it is connected with the real development of humanity. It is connected with the fact that in the centuries before the mystery of Golgotha, humanity had entered a stage of development in which, I would say, something like a fog enveloped the soul when people spoke of the spirit. At that time, it did not envelop the human soul as strongly as it does today when we speak of the spirit, but the whole process of corruption of thinking in relation to the spirit was already beginning at that time. And this, my dear friends, is connected with the fact that humanity has indeed undergone a development in the course of time, that the soul has, so to speak, become something different in the course of time than it was in the primeval times of human evolution on earth. In these primeval times of human evolution on earth, there was a direct experience of the spirit through the existence of atavistic clairvoyance. There was no doubt about the spirit. One could no more doubt the spirit than one can doubt the external sense world. It is always only a question of whether human beings should come more or less to the perception of the spirit. But in certain earlier times of human evolution, no one could doubt that the path to the spirit of the human soul was possible. Nor could anyone doubt that during earthly life, between birth and death, the spirit lives in the human soul, so that through this spiritual content, the human soul participates, as it were, in divine life. No one could doubt this. And this conviction, based on the immediate awareness of the spirit, was expressed everywhere in the mysteries and their cultivation. But it is remarkable that even one of the oldest Greek philosophers, the ancient Heraclitus, speaks of the mysteries in such a way that one can see he knows that in even more ancient times they were something of immense significance for human beings, but that they had already declined from their former height. Thus, very early on, enlightened Greeks spoke of the mysteries as having already fallen from their height.
Many things were practiced in these mysteries. Today, however, in our context, we are primarily interested in the central idea of these mysteries. Let us dwell for a moment on this central idea of the mysteries, as they were practiced until the time of the Mystery of Golgotha, as they were still practiced in the time of the Emperor Julian the Apostate. For some aspects of the cultivation of these mysteries have been emphasized again and again in recent times, I would say in an anti-Christian sense. Attention has been drawn to how what is told as the Easter legend, as the Mystery of Golgotha, that is, the actual central legend of the suffering, death, and resurrection of Christ, has been lived everywhere in the mysteries. And from this, conclusions have been drawn to the effect that the Easter mystery of Christianity is basically just a kind of transfer of ancient mystery customs, ancient pagan mystery customs, to the person of Jesus of Nazareth. And speaking in this way, some people seem to believe that they do not doubt the truth of the idea they want to express: What Christians say about God Christ suffering, being put to death, rising again, and that the hope and longing for salvation of human beings are linked to this resurrection, what Christians have formed as such ideas, these people say, lived in the mysteries, in the most diverse mystery cults. The pagan customs were collected and merged into the Easter legend and transferred to the personality of Jesus of Nazareth.
In more recent times, people have gone even further, strangely enough even in officially Christian areas, by—one need only recall certain currents in Bremen—finding the historical existence of Jesus of Nazareth completely irrelevant and saying: Through social life, the various mystery legends and mystery cults were collected, centralized, so to speak, and the Christ legend developed from the old pagan legends in the early Christian community. In a discussion that took place here in Berlin years ago—through these painful last years, what went before has in many ways become myth and seems terribly distant to us— but the discussion took place only a few years ago — in this discussion, one could see how official representatives of Christianity held the view that there could not actually have been a historical Jesus of Nazareth, but only an “idea of Christ” that had arisen in the early Christian community through all kinds of social impulses.It can be said that there is something infinitely seductive in the contemplation of pagan mystery cults and their comparison with what has developed as the Christian mystery of Easter. Take, for example, a faithful description of the Phrygian festivals that come to mind. And just as one could cite the Phrygian festivals, one could cite other festivals, for these festivals were very widespread in a similar way. Firmicus, for example, tells of the Phrygian festival in a letter to the sons of Constantine: The image of Attis, a certain god—we need not go into detail about which god—was attached to a tree trunk and carried around in solemn procession with this tree trunk in a midnight ritual, and then the sufferings of the god were celebrated; a lamb was placed next to the tree. The next day, the resurrection of the god was proclaimed. And while on the day before, when the god had been nailed to the tree trunk, thus consigned to death, so to speak, the people had ritually broken out into the most terrible lamentations, these lamentations suddenly turned into exuberant joy on the next day, when the resurrection of the god was celebrated. Elsewhere, Firmicus recounts, the image of the god Attis was buried. During the night, when the mourning had reached its height, lights were suddenly lit, the tomb was opened, and the god had risen. And the priest spoke the words: “Take comfort, you pious ones, for the god is saved, and so will you receive what you need, salvation.”
Who could deny that these ritual celebrations, which were celebrated everywhere for centuries and centuries before the mystery of Golgotha, bear a great resemblance to what has become part of the Easter mystery within Christianity? Because it was so tempting to think this way, people believed that these ideas about the suffering, dying, and risen God were spread everywhere and, in a sense, centralized among Christians and transferred to Jesus of Nazareth.
Now it is important to understand where all these festivals, these pagan, pre-Christian festivals, actually come from. For they go back a long way, far back to those times when the mysteries were formed in such a way that they were developed from the deepest original insights into the nature of man and his connection with the world, as this was presented in atavistic clairvoyance. Certainly, at the time when the Phrygian celebrations were held, people knew about as much about the actual meaning of these things as we know today in certain Masonic temples about the ceremonies that are performed there. Nevertheless, these things go back to an originally magnificent knowledge of the world and human beings, a knowledge that is really extremely difficult to understand today. For just consider that human beings do not really live only with their outer physical body in their environment, are not only dependent on their environment in relation to their physical body, but that human beings also live with their soul and spirit in the outer environment. They take in the ideas and concepts of this external environment, which become familiar to them, habitual, and for various reasons they cannot do without them. So that one can have a lot of good will and still have difficulty understanding certain things that have been lost for the reasons already mentioned and for other reasons related to the spiritual development of humanity.
What is science today—I don't need to say at every opportunity that I admire it, I certainly do, but nevertheless—adheres to the very outer surface of things; it adheres to that which leads in the slightest way to the essence. The fact that this science has nevertheless made great strides in certain areas is only because what is sometimes meant by “great strides” is precisely this or that. Certainly, one can admire the fact that this science has led to wireless telegraphy and many other things that play a major role in our day, and one can ask the question: What would we have if we had not arrived at this point? If one were to enter into a discussion of these questions, one would quickly come up against something that is strictly forbidden to discuss today. What is currently considered science is, of course, wisdom that has had its last offshoots, its already corrupted offshoots, in the aforementioned mystery cults; it is simply nonsense, simply folly. That may be so. St. Paul already mentioned that what people consider folly can often be wisdom before God.
A real insight into the nature of humanity and the world results, among many other things – I want to emphasize today the points of view that are important for our understanding of the mystery of Golgotha – a certain view of the human organism, which today, of course, seems completely crazy to science. This human organism differs very significantly from the organism of animals. Now, we have already mentioned many differences, but today we want to mention the one that must interest us in relation to the mystery of Golgotha. The human organism differs very significantly from the animal organism, because the animal organism, when studied truly with the means of spiritual science, carries within itself the self-evident, natural impulse of death. In other words, if you really get to know the animal organism through spiritual science, you can explain from the nature of the animal organism that the animal organism must go through death as it does, that the animal will one day decay and be returned to the elements of the earth. The death of an animal is not something incomprehensible, but is just as comprehensible from the study of the animal organism as it is comprehensible from the study of the same organism that the animal must eat and drink. The nature of the animal organism determines the necessity of animal death.
This is not the case with the nature of the human organism. Here, of course, we enter a realm that must remain completely incomprehensible to modern science. If you study the human organism with all the means of spiritual science, there is nothing within the human organism itself that explains the necessity of death, that explains it absolutely. There is nothing that explains the necessity of death. In the case of human beings, death must be accepted as something that is simply experienced, and it is impossible to explain why human beings actually die. For human beings are not originally born for death, not even as external organisms born for death. The fact that death can occur from within human beings cannot be explained by the human nature itself. As this human nature is, as human nature, it cannot be explained.
I am well aware that this is considered completely foolish today by all those who want to be at the forefront of science. It is generally quite difficult to deal with all these things, because they are actually connected with areas of the deepest mysteries. And even today, when one tries to explain such things in context, one still comes up against something that cannot be expressed in any other way than as Saint-Martin, whom I spoke about here recently, expresses it several times in his book “Des erreurs et de la vérité” (Errors and Truth). At an important point, where he discusses the consequences for human development of a certain process that took place in the spiritual realm before man first incarnated physically, Saint-Martin, when he wants to talk about this supernatural-spiritual process, uses words that are understood by everyone who is more familiar with such things:
“However much I wish that we might arrive at this point, my obligations forbid me to give the slightest explanation on this point; and, moreover, for my own good, I would rather blush at the transgressions of man than speak of them.”
In this case, Saint-Martin would have to speak of a transgression committed by man before he entered his first incarnation on earth. He cannot do that. Now, for certain reasons – not because people have become better since Saint-Martin's time, but for many other reasons – we can say today many things that Saint-Martin could not say. But if one wanted to discuss a truth such as that man is not actually born for death, in connection with everything that comes into play, then one would also have to touch on things that cannot yet be heard by the ears of today's people in general. Man is not born for death, and yet he dies! This expresses something that is, of course, foolish to the very wise people of today's science, but which is one of the deepest mysteries for those who want to advance to a real understanding of the world. Man is not born for death, and yet he dies.
You see, this awareness that human beings are not born for death and yet die is basically what runs like a mysterious impulse through those ancient mysteries, including the Attis mysteries to which I have referred. These mysteries sought, in a sense, a way of understanding this: Human beings are not born for death, and yet they die. — The mysteries were intended, in a sense, to provide an answer to this mystery. Why were these mysteries performed? They were performed in order to hear something new each year. Something that people wanted to hear, something they wanted to feel, something they wanted to experience in their souls — they wanted to hear this something new each year. They wanted to be told that the time had not yet come when humans would have to look seriously at their inexplicable death. What did such a believer actually expect from the priest of Attis? Such a believer had the instinctive certainty that a time would come for the earth when it would become serious, very serious, to look at inexplicable death. But that time would only come later. And as the priest celebrated the suffering of God and the resurrection of God, this celebration became a consolation: the time had not yet come when one had to get serious about understanding death.
For in those ancient times, everyone knew that the event described in the Bible at the beginning of the Old Testament, which we will call “symbolic” for my sake, pointed to a reality. The people of old knew this instinctively. It is only modern materialism that has overcome this instinctive feeling that the depiction of the temptation by Lucifer points to a real event. Certainly, the intellectual sodomy that lies in the materialistic interpretation of Darwinism differs greatly from what must be regarded as truth in this context. For this mental sodomy thinks that in ancient times there were animals of a certain kind, and these gradually developed into the human beings of today. In this materialistic interpretation of Darwinism, the story of the temptation in Paradise naturally has no place. For it would require a completely degenerate mind to believe that a primeval ape or a primeval female ape could have been tempted by Lucifer.
Now, there was an instinctive certainty that behind what is told at the beginning of the Old Testament there was once a fact. And how was this fact perceived? This fact was perceived in such a way that people said to themselves: Just as man was originally physically organized, he was not mortal; but through this fact, something was added to his original organization that corrupts it and causes an impulse of mortality to arise within him. Through a moral process, man became mortal, through that which lies—we will come back to this—in the mysterious words of original sin. Man did not become mortal in the same way that other natural beings became mortal; he did not become mortal through natural processes, not through material processes, but man became mortal through a moral process. Human beings became mortal through the soul.
The animal soul as a generic soul is immortal; as a generic soul. It is embodied in the individual animal, which is mortal through its organs. The generic soul emerges from the mortal animal just as it was embodied in it. But the animal organization is from the outset designed as an individual organization for dying. The human organization is not to the same extent. The human organization is such that what underlies this organization as a generic soul, as a human group soul, would be expressed in the individual human being and make him immortal as an external human organization. Human beings could only become mortal from the soul through a moral act. In a certain way, the soul must be constituted in such a way that human beings can be mortal. As soon as one takes such things today as abstract concepts, one does not understand the whole matter. Only when one rises to a concrete, actual understanding of the matter does one understand these things.
Now, in ancient times — even shortly before the Mystery of Golgotha, when these ancient mysteries were celebrated — people had the most intense knowledge: it is the soul of the human being that causes the human being to die. This human soul is in a continuous state of development throughout the ages. What does this development consist of? This development consists in the fact that this soul increasingly corrupts the organism, spoils the organism, and increasingly participates in the corruption through which it has a destructive effect on the organism. In ancient times, people looked up and said to themselves: A moral event has taken place through which the soul has become such that when it now dwells in the body through birth, it corrupts this body, but by corrupting the body, it does not live between birth and death as it would if it left it uncorrupted. This has become worse and worse over the centuries and millennia. The soul corrupts the body more and more! So they said. But this means that the soul finds less and less opportunity to return to the spirit. The further human development progresses, the more it corrupts the body; thereby it inoculates this body more and more intensely with death. And a time must come when the souls, after having spent so long between birth and death, find no possibility of finding their way back to the spiritual world.
In ancient times, this moment was awaited with dread and horror. People said to themselves: Generation after generation will pass, and the generation will come that has souls which corrupt their bodies so much and instill death so intensely in them that it will no longer be possible to find the way back to the divine. This generation will come! - So they said. And they wanted to convince themselves whether the time was already more or less approaching. That is why they had the Attis and other customs. They tried, as it were, to see whether there was still enough of the divine in human souls that the time had not yet come when human souls had stripped themselves of everything divine and could no longer find their way back to God. That is why it was of tremendous significance when the priest said: “Be of good cheer, you pious ones; since God is saved, the necessary salvation will also come for you!” He meant to say: See, God still has influence over the world; souls have not yet reached the point where they have completely cut themselves off from God; God will rise again! That is what the priest wanted to tell them; what the priest proclaimed was comfort. God is still within you! — that is what he said.
When one touches upon these things, one touches upon such infinitely deep feelings and emotions that once existed in the development of humanity that today's human beings, who have completely externalized their interests, have no idea what people once struggled with. They may have known nothing else of what we call culture today, they may have been completely illiterate, but they had such feelings. And in the priestly schools, where the last traditions stemming from ancient clairvoyant wisdom were preserved, the following was said to the students being initiated: If development were to continue as it did under the influence of that moral event at the beginning of the Earth's evolution, then we would have to prepare ourselves for the souls of human beings finding their way away from God and into the world they themselves create by corrupting the human organism toward death, toward ever more intense death. The souls would connect with the earth and through the earth with what is called the underworld. The souls would be lost. But since, of course, the wisdom of the spirit was still known in these schools, it was known that human beings consist of body, soul, and spirit. What I am telling you now was said of the soul, not of the spirit. For the spirit is eternal in itself and has its own laws. They knew about the spirit, which compelled them to say: The souls will disappear into the underworld, but the human spirit will appear again and again in repeated earthly lives. And a future of earthly development would lie ahead, in which the human spirits would incarnate again, but would look back on all the lost soul life that once was in the earthly becoming. The souls would be lost. No more souls would come. Spirits would reincarnate, moving the human body automatically, without the way in which they moved the human body being felt or perceived in soul experience.
What, then, was the feeling of those who were drawn to the Christian mystery of Easter? The feeling of those who were drawn to the Christian mystery of Easter was this: if nothing else happens on earth than what has happened since time immemorial, then soulless human beings will arise in repeated earthly lives in the future. — They therefore waited for something else. They waited for that which could not form within the earth itself, which was to come into this earthly life from outside. In other words, they waited for the mystery of Golgotha. They waited for a being to enter into the earth that would rescue the soul, that would snatch the soul from death. The spirit did not need to be snatched from death, but the soul had to be snatched from death. This being, which now entered into earthly evolution from outside through the body of Jesus of Nazareth, was perceived as the Christ who had appeared to save souls. Thus, in Christ, human beings have something with which they can connect in their souls, so that through this connection with Christ, the soul loses its corrupting power over the body and, little by little, all that was lost can be regained. That is why the mystery of Golgotha stands at the center of Earth's development. From the beginning of Earth's development until the mystery of Golgotha, more and more is lost as more and more corrupting power takes hold in the soul, turning people into automatons of the spirit. And from the mystery of Golgotha until the end of Earth's existence is the time when, little by little, what was lost until the mystery of Golgotha is gathered again. So that when the Earth has reached the end of its development, the human spirits will incarnate in their final bodies, bodies that are immortal. Immortal! This is how the mystery of Easter was understood.
But for this it was necessary that the power which makes moral corruption possible for the soul be overcome. This power has been overcome in what Christianity perceives as the actual event of Golgotha. What did an important word mean to the original Christians who were familiar with these things? They were expecting an event from outside that would make it possible for the power corrupting the soul to lose its power. Then they heard Christ's words, “It is finished!” as testimony that the time was now beginning when the corrupting power of the soul would pass away.
A strange event, an event that holds tremendous, unimagined secrets. For such tremendous questions arise in view of the mystery of Golgotha. As we continue our consideration, we will see that the mystery of Golgotha cannot be conceived without the risen Christ. Christ the risen one—that is the essential thing! And among the deepest words are those of Paul: “If Christ had not been raised, our preaching would be in vain, and your faith would be in vain.” The risen Christ belongs to Christianity. And without the risen Christ, there can be no Christianity. Death also belongs to it, the death of Christ. But think about how the matter is presented. And how must it be presented? The innocent one is led to death, led to suffering, led to death. Those who lead him to death clearly take on a heavy guilt. For an innocent man is led to death. They take on a heavy guilt. Nevertheless, what is this guilt for humanity? The salvation of humanity! For if Christ had not died, the salvation of humanity would not have come about. When we stand before the event of Golgotha, the unique event, we must say to ourselves: The greatest salvation that has happened to humanity on earth is that Christ was killed. The greatest guilt that has been incurred is that Christ was killed. Here, the highest salvation coincides with the deepest guilt.
Certainly, superficial understanding can gloss over such things. For those who do not cling to the surface of things, however, this is a profound mystery. The most monstrous murder in the history of humanity has turned out to be for the salvation of humanity! Feel this mystery. If one wants to understand the mystery of Golgotha, one must at least try to understand this mystery. And even if it is expressed in paradigmatic words, the impetus for a solution also sounds from the cross: “Forgive them, Father, for they know not what they do!” We shall see that the answer to the meaningful riddle lies in the right understanding of these words: why the most monstrous murder is the salvation of human evolution.
If you consider all this, you will begin to understand that one must approach the mystery of Golgotha with the concepts of body, soul, and spirit. For Christ died for the souls of human beings. He brings the souls of human beings back to the spiritual world, from which they would have been cut off if he had not come. Morality would have disappeared from the world. The spirit would have been driven in the automatic body by a moral-free necessity. With that, one would not have been able to experience anything soulfully. Christ is supposed to turn the souls back again. Is it any wonder that three centuries before the mystery of Golgotha, the most enlightened Greek, Aristotle, did not know how to speak correctly about the soul and its connection with the spirit, since the crisis of the soul was just about to happen? Is it any wonder, when this was imminent for souls, that Aristotle could not know that the savior of souls was coming, that he spoke erroneously about the soul? There is no need to be surprised! However, another explanation is necessary for the fact that people spoke erroneously about the connection between soul and spirit for so long in the spirit of Aristotle. What Christ means for the human soul becomes clear in the light that shows us human beings in their threefold nature as body, soul, and spirit, and in the intimate connection that exists between objective, real events and moral events; a connection that can never be recognized in its true form unless one recognizes the threefold nature of the human being: body, soul, and spirit.
Today, I have only been able to give you a preparation for the discussion of the depths of the human soul that must be explored if one wants to understand the mystery of Golgotha to any degree. I believe that it must be very close to us, very close to our hearts, especially in our time, to talk about these things and perhaps to use this Easter season to look more deeply into them, as far as it is possible for people in the present time. In this way, perhaps some things can be said to our feelings that can be a seed that will only sprout in future times within the evolution of humanity. For we must think about many things in such a way that we only gradually become fully awake to the fact that we live in a time when we do not perceive many things in full wakefulness, some of these things and some of those things. This is evident in how difficult it is for people today to correctly grasp events that come directly to us when we are fully awake. Unfortunately, it is not possible to even hint at how one would grasp, while awake, the painful event of which humanity in Europe, or at least in Central Europe, has only now become aware among the events of our time. Such things are often experienced today as if in sleep. But it is not possible here to say anything more about such things. Today I only wanted to raise questions so that we can talk about the mystery of Golgotha next time.