Donate books to help fund our work. Learn more→

The Rudolf Steiner Archive

a project of Steiner Online Library, a public charity

Building Stones for an Understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha
GA 175

14 April 1917, Berlin

Lecture V

When discussing on various occasions the spiritual history of recent times I have often mentioned the name of Herman Grimm. I should like to begin this lecture by referring to one instinctive remark amongst many others which Herman Grimm made about the pressing needs of recent history, although he was unable to translate into concrete fact the intuition he instinctively felt. He was opposed to the whole modern approach to historical investigation. He rightly felt that this approach set out unconsciously to exclude the Christ Event from the account of human history, to study history which did not allow for the fact that this Event was a decisive factor in the course of human evolution. He wanted, on the other hand, to establish a method of historical investigation that made the Christ the pivot of the historical development of mankind, a method which would demonstrate how important was the impulse that had entered human evolution through the Mystery of Golgotha. As I have indicated, Herman Grimm had an intuitive perception of what might be called Goethe's “Weltanschauung”, but because he was denied insight into the spiritual world, it remained an instinctive feeling, a presentiment rather, that he was unable to formulate clearly.

It may seem paradoxical to say that the primary aim of historical enquiry is to expunge the record of the Christ Event from the pages of history. None the less this is a fact and is so deeply rooted in the modern outlook that many are at great pains to prevent the real, deeper significance of the Christ Event from finding a place in the history of human progress. Because this instinctive urge is so firmly rooted in the souls of men there is almost total ignorance of the centuries before and after the Mystery of Golgotha. Not that people did not try to arrive at a full understanding of the historicity of the Mystery of Golgotha—when we take into account the many factors I have already referred to in the course of our lectures it is clear that they made serious efforts in this direction—but they sought to invest what had occurred in those early centuries with their own preconceptions, so that they failed to perceive what had really happened during that period. It seems almost as if there is a conspiracy to present the history of these centuries in such a way that people fail to perceive that the events clearly reveal the powerful impact of the Mystery of Golgotha. When we recall how our age that claims to be free of all authority is deeply dependent upon a belief in authority, we can measure its unparalleled success in suppressing virtually all knowledge of what occurred in the evolution of mankind during those centuries. And when a personality such as Goethe appears—and in my last lecture I gave a characteristic example of his approach to nature, an approach which led him directly to a view of the world in which nature and morality are one—then the attempt is made to minimize whenever possible or to reject outright that which, if it were rightly understood in such a personality, would lead to a spiritual-scientific view of the world.

We then experience something very remarkable. I have already spoken of Goethe's dissatisfaction with Linnaean botany. He looked for a botany permeated with spirit. As a result of his investigations he was able to discover the spirit as it is revealed in the plant kingdom, that spirit which the plant kingdom cannot attain in its present form because it cannot fully develop its inherent potentialities. I referred to this in my previous lecture. Goethe therefore tried to penetrate more deeply into the potentialities of the plant kingdom—and of the mineral kingdom as well—more deeply than is possible through sense-perception, for sense-perception can only describe the plant kingdom in its present stage of development. It was most inopportune, therefore, that Haller's view of nature 1Albrecht Haller (1708–77), born in Bern, was physiologist, botanist, historian and poet. His poem “Die Alpen” describes in realistic detail the Alpine landscape, rural scenes and the unsophisticated life of the Swiss peasant. It is a faithful record of sense-impressions. Goethe protested in “Allerdings” (quoted here from his collection of poems “Gott and Welt”) against the naturalism of Haller which echoed the rationalist philosophy of the Aufklärung, the view that ultimates are inaccessible to human reason, the Kantian view that we can never know das Ding an sich, “the thing in itself”. should come to the fore in Goethe's day, a view which Haller neatly summed up in the following words: “No created spirit can penetrate into the heart of nature. Fortunate are those to whom she reveals her external shell alone.” To which Goethe replied: “I have heard this refrain now for sixty years and am heartily sick of it. Nature has neither kernel nor shell, she is both at once—a unity. First test yourself and find out whether you yourself are kernel or shell.

Goethe therefore was strongly opposed to Haller's view because behind his vast spiritual background he had an instinctive knowledge which the nineteenth century has attempted to destroy. The scientist of the nineteenth century was only too familiar with Schopenhauer's dictum: “The world is my idea” or “without the eye there can be no colour, no light”. To this Goethe replied quite logically: “It is true that light cannot be perceived without the eye, that without the eye the world would be dark and silent. But, on the other hand, without light there would be no eye; the eye owes its existence to light, it is formed by the light for the light. Out of indeterminate organs light has called forth an organ akin to itself—the eye.” If we pursue the matter further something quite extraordinary emerges.

As I indicated in my last lecture, the plant kingdom was really designed to reproduce spontaneously its own kind by metamorphosis. Fertilization was originally intended to serve a completely different purpose. Goethe had an inkling of this and was therefore delighted with Schelver's theory of a-sexual plant reproduction and had the courage to introduce moral values into his study of plants. He believed that the plant kingdom today exists in a different sphere from the one in which it could have evolved a-sexually by metamorphosis. This decline is due to that momentous event—the Fall of man through the Luciferic temptation. But the forces that would operate in plants if they had been able to fulfil their metamorphosis, that is, if the new individual had been able to develop out of the plant without sexual reproduction—these forces have now become spiritual and are operative spiritually in our environment. These forces are responsible for the sense organs which man possesses today. The words of Lucifer: “Your eyes shall be opened” signified that man would be transported to another sphere where of necessity plants could not develop their full potentiality, but where man's eyes were opened. The action of light was such that, in the Goethean sense, it was able to open men's eyes to the physical world. But this perception of the phenomenal world implied, on the other hand, a loss of spiritual vision. Men could direct their attention to the external world of the senses, but the spirit dwelling in that world could not enter into them; their eyes were closed to the manifestation of the spirit. And thus arose that strange idea which flourished especially in the nineteenth century, namely, that our perception is limited to the sensible world, that we cannot see behind this world. “No created spirit can penetrate into the heart of nature; fortunate are those to whom she reveals her external shell alone.” Man, it was believed, could not penetrate to the inmost core of nature. Only a heightened, purified consciousness could achieve this, and Goethe was aware of it. The strange or rather baleful doctrine arose that man perceives only the evidence of the senses. This doctrine, which is simply destructive in the field of natural science but is useful through its very destructiveness, would, in the field of art, if the artist were to accept an analagous teaching and did not struggle and fight against it, destroy his creative imagination. For this view is identical with the one which declares: Goethe's Faust survives only in books. We read the printed words but Faust is more than the printed words. No one can penetrate into their inner meaning; fortunate are those who are content with their superficial meaning. Now there are certain philologists who are satisfied with the superficial meaning of Faust. The printed words must, of course, be there, but in order to understand Faust one must grasp the meaning behind them, one must not adhere to the superficial meaning. The words must be there but the average reader does not attempt to interpret them. People do not realize that that which has become second nature to us in our materialistic age contradicts the most obvious facts.

We can arrive at a different point of view only if we are to some extent in tune with Goethe's idea. I will quote his words once again: “I have heard this refrain now for sixty years and am heartily sick of it. Nature has neither kernel nor shell; she is both at once—a unity. First test yourself and find out whether you yourself are kernel or shell.”

One of the mysteries of human evolution is that if we reject the Goethean outlook in favour of Haller's, then it is possible that in our survey of history before and after the Mystery of Golgotha we shall miss its true significance. This may sound paradoxical at first, but it is nonetheless true. If we consider the course of history from the antiGoethean point of view, then we see the pre-Christian era in such a way that we recognize that some undefined historical event took place at the beginning of our era, but in that event, the powerful impulse of the Mystery of Golgotha must be realized within ourselves “where no created spirit shall enter”. People fail to perceive that whilst history is moving towards the Mystery of Golgotha, something then intervenes which indicates a decisive turning-point, the most decisive turning-point in human evolution. And they also fail to perceive that the repercussions of this decisive moment are felt in post-Christian history. Instinctively they have felt it necessary to exorcise Goethe's “Weltanschauung”, to prevent it from invading modern thought.

In this instinctive endeavour people often betray themselves unwittingly. In saying this I have no wish to impute blame to anyone for I know the objection will be raised that those who politely dismiss the Goethean “Weltanschauung” from the contemporary view of the world are motivated by the best of intentions. We need only recall the words of Antony in Julius Caesar: “so are they all, all honourable men”. I admit this of course, without hesitation; but what matters is not a man's intentions but what is their effect, what influence they have upon human evolution. Sometimes in their laudable intention to dismiss politely the Christ Event from history by refusing to accept the Goethean way of looking at things, people unwittingly give themselves away. For, if adopted today, the Goethean conception of the world must lead directly to Spiritual Science. I recently came across a pamphlet which has had great influence at the present time. It offers reflections upon history, in particular the history relating to Christ Jesus. The author felt that any possibility of evaluating the Mystery of Golgotha as the decisive turning-point in the history of mankind should be carefully excluded from the study of history. This is only possible if we assume that we cannot plumb the hidden depths of history but must for ever remain on the surface, that we cannot see into the mysterious workings of history. I will read to you the actual words of the author for they are most interesting:

“I must call attention in particular to the fragmentary character of all our historical knowledge, even the most complete. The wealth of information, the facts of past history are in content and extent far beyond the range of our knowledge, even if we were to pursue our investigations for thousands of years. Of the vast canvas of history only a fraction is accessible to the historian, only what is transmitted through source material and records. Everything else that was not transmitted or could not be transmitted because it belongs to the inner life of the spirit, to the hidden sphere of the psychic life, to the inner domain of the personal life, cannot be ‘known’ by the historian; it can only be surmised. And this ‘surmise’, however careful and conscientious our investigation, will at all times be marred by defects and subjective factors. When Goethe says: `No creative spirit can penetrate into the heart of nature’, we must add to this dictum, ‘And nobody can penetrate into the inner recesses of history.’ ”

I have no intention to pass moral judgements. I wish to state quite objectively: thus is Goethe falsified and after so short a space of time! His ideas are distorted; their meaning is reversed and the public is presented with a false picture. And of course the public fails to detect the deception. What I have described here is taken from the book of A. W. Hunziger entitled Christianity in the Ideological Struggle of Today. The whole spirit that runs through this book is identical with the spirit that prevails in the existing anti-Goethe “Weltanschauung”. Here is a case in point which betrays the sense for “truth” in those who have a large public following today. I told you that this author recently gave a course of lectures which prove conclusively that his thinking is uncorrelated, incoherent, totally corrupted, and that he never makes the slightest attempt to probe beneath the surface. I promised to procure a copy here (since I had been obliged to leave the book behind in Dornach) in order to read to you a few samples, which would confirm the discontinuity, the corruption of his thinking, even as the passage I have quoted is evidence of his corrupt interpretation of Goethe. Unfortunately I could not procure a copy; the book is so much in demand that it is temporarily out of print.

Such then is the state of affairs today when we are concerned to know the truth. Therefore it is both necessary and justified solemnly to call attention to what is necessary, and to remind you that behind the words, “change your attitude of mind”, lies something extraordinarily profound, something that carries historical implications if we are prepared to look for them. The words of the Baptist are not only related to what we can learn of human evolution from the standpoint of Spiritual Science, but also to what can be observed historically if we endeavour to make the Goethean “Weltanschauung” a living reality and do not trim it to meet the desires of a philistine public. It then becomes a powerful impulse towards a new understanding of Christianity and leads directly to Spiritual Science.

I can best make clear to you the real issue in human evolution if I remind you of some of the things I have often discussed with you in detail. I have discussed the existence of the Mysteries in pre-Christian times and I attempted to show the purpose of these Mysteries in the book Christianity As Mystical Fact in which I quoted what Plato said about the Mysteries. Today, of course, we can look upon the following utterances of Plato with a condescending smile, the sceptical smile of the philistine: “Those who are initiated into the Mysteries participate in eternal life; the others are doomed.” In the book Christianity As Mystical Fact I purposely drew attention to these words of Plato, for they bear solemn witness to what Plato had to say about the Mysteries.

The great secret of the Mysteries consisted in this: through a special training the neophyte in pre-Christian times was granted insight into what the mineral and animal kingdoms would have become if they had been able to develop their potentialities without interruption. Thus he would have attained to a knowledge of man and would have been able to say: Had the mineral kingdom and animal kingdoms been able to develop their potentialities to the full, then it would have been possible for man to reveal his true nature in the sphere in which he would then have dwelt. When the neophyte had been initiated into the secrets of nature and had been permitted to see man as he was originally designed to be, he underwent a complete transformation. He then realized that the kingdom of the warm-blooded animals, the ligneous plants and the human kingdom do not in their present form reveal their true origin; they remain unexplained, because they do not bear within them any direct evidence of their origin. Thus whilst plants and minerals do not develop their potentialities to the full, men and animals do not disclose their origin.

In pre-Christian times—and the real purpose of the Mysteries testifies to this—it was necessary that certain men should be initiated. In earliest times atavistic clairvoyance was common to all; it was only later, when this atavistic clairvoyance was lost, that it became necessary to initiate certain individuals into the secrets of the external nature of the mineral and plant kingdoms in order to know man as he really is. It is equally necessary today to call attention once again to man's origin, to learn to see him from a new angle, so that he reveals once again his origin and is once again integrated into the whole Cosmos. I attempted to show this, albeit imperfectly, in my book Occult Science: An Outline, in so far as it is possible today. Just as the Mysteries played their part in the pre-Christian era, so Spiritual Science plays its part in our present epoch, the period following the Mystery of Golgotha. It is only when we realize that the Mystery of Golgotha is a decisive turning-point, the frontier between two historical epochs, that we can gradually arrive at a true understanding of this Mystery. And this will become clear to us if we do not allow ourselves to be blinded by anti-Goethean prejudice in our approach to the early years of the first century, if we examine this period with the spiritual insight that Herman Grimm called for, but did not possess himself.

The Mystery teachers, the hierophants of ancient times, knew full well why they insisted upon a special training for those seeking Initiation, and up to a certain point in time this training was mandatory for those who were to be initiated into the Mysteries. And in ancient Greece especially, Initiation was refused to those who had not undergone rigorous training. The neophyte learned to make the right use in his daily life of the secrets imparted to him and the Greek Mystery Schools especially set great store on this. Just as Christ Jesus refused to disclose the Mysteries of the Kingdom to the Scribes and Pharisees and revealed them only to those whom He had chosen as His disciples, so too the Mystery Schools firmly insisted that their teachings should not be divulged to those who were unworthy of them.

At a time when the Mystery of Golgotha was drawing near it was no longer possible to keep secret the Mystery teachings as in former times. The hierophants were in no way responsible for this. The time for hidden teachings was past. It was Imperial Rome that, without warrant, unveiled the secrets of the Mysteries. The time was approaching when the initiate-priests could no longer resist the commands of the Caesars. And the violation of the spiritual life by the Roman emperors is reflected in the events of the time. A man such as John the Baptist had clear foreknowledge of this; for those who have the will to see, coming events cast their shadow before. Only those who refuse to open their eyes remain blind to future events. This foreknowledge is reflected in words which, though often ambiguous, are none the less true in every respect. The words of John the Baptist: “Change your attitude of mind for the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand” might be rendered as follows: “Behold, the accumulated wisdom of the ancient Mysteries which brought salvation to mankind is no more, it has been appropriated by Imperial Rome which has also taken Judaism under its wing. Change, therefore, your attitude of mind, do not look for salvation in that which emanates from Imperial Rome, i.e. in the kingdom of the world, but seek it rather in the things that are not of this world. Receive baptism whereby your etheric body is loosened, so that you may see that which cometh after me and which will bring new Mysteries, for the old Mysteries have been appropriated by force.”

In due course the Roman emperors, by Imperial edict, demanded to be initiated into the Mysteries and this became the accepted practice. Augustus was the first to be initiated, but he did not abuse the privilege of Initiation. It was against this practice in particular that John the Baptist protested. He sought to segregate those who wished to be baptized so that they should not look for the future well-being of mankind only in that which emanated from the Roman Empire.

The Emperors who were fully initiated into the secrets of the Mysteries were Caligula, and later, Nero. The fact that Initiates such as Caligula and Nero could acquire knowledge of the Mysteries by force is one of the enigmas of history. Imagine the state of mind of those who realized that this was impending and yet sensed what it signified. Try to enter into the thoughts and feelings of men such as John the Baptist. It would have been natural for them to say: that which must come and will come is the Kingdom of Heaven; it is here that the sacred Mysteries must henceforth be sought, and not in the kingdom of men! History often speaks through its symbols. The Greek philosopher Diogenes went round the market place in Athens carrying a lantern in his hand in search of the “man” who was lost, the “man” who had lost his spiritual vision. Why had this vision been lost? Not because this “man” was unknown, nor because the time was fast approaching when men no longer sought for that which the Mysteries could communicate about the secrets of evolution. Fundamentally, Nero and Caligula were aware of this, but for this very reason it was kept secret. And like John the Baptist, Diogenes felt, in his own way, that the time was approaching when, because the Mystery teachings were known to have been betrayed, “man” would be plunged in darkness and would have to be sought for with a lantern.

Caligula had been instructed how to live in accordance with the teachings of the ancient Mysteries, how to live in accordance with the spiritual principles embodied in those Mysteries. He knew therefore how to command his consciousness between sleeping and waking so that he could communicate with those spiritual Beings known to the ancient Mysteries as the Moon Gods. From the Mysteries he had learned the art of holding converse with the Moon Spirits during sleep. It pertained to the hidden teaching of the ancient Mysteries to know what lay behind ordinary waking consciousness and to discover how this waking consciousness is modified so that a man learns the secrets of consciousness during sleep. Through the fact that he is aware that his individuality inhabits the spiritual world between sleeping and waking, he realizes that his individuality is not only incarnated here on Earth as a being of nature related to other beings of nature, but that it is related to the spiritual world, to the spiritual Hierarchies. When a man knows the secret of the Moon Gods his relationship to the Sun Gods naturally changes also. Owing to the blunting of his waking consciousness by Lucifer he does not perceive the Sun Gods in the surrounding world, but he can perceive them during sleep with his awakened or clairvoyant consciousness. A man such as Caligula knows from his own experience that from the time he goes to sleep until he awakens the human individuality inhabits the spiritual world, and he is also aware that this individuality in its waking consciousness is not only present in the trappings of external nature, that it participates not only in the physical sunlight, but that it dwells among the Spirits associated with the Sun.

But Caligula had not undergone the necessary training to perceive the Sun Spirits. He was able during sleep to commune with the Moon Gods and this is why in his waking consciousness he addressed Jupiter (whom the ancient Greeks looked upon as Zeus in another sphere) as “brother Jupiter”. “Brother Jupiter” was the customary form of address employed by Caligula, for he clearly felt himself to be a citizen of the spiritual world where Jupiter dwelt. He therefore bore himself in such a way that he betrayed by his demeanour that he belonged to the spiritual world. Sometimes he invited homage as Bacchus crowned with oak leaves and with the thyrsus in his hand; at other times he appeared as Hercules with club and lion skin. Or he would appear as Apollo crowned with a nimbus and the (Apollo) bow in his hand, surrounded by a choir singing his praises. He also appeared as Mercury with winged head and caduceus, and as Jupiter. A tragic poet who was considered to be an authority in these matters and was invited to decide who was the greater, Caligula or Jupiter (and for this purpose Caligula had a statue of the god placed beside him) was scourged because he refused to concede that Caligula was the greater.

What do we learn from this judgement of Caligula? It is instructive to associate with it the words uttered by Lucifer at the temptation in the Garden of Eden: “In the day ye eat thereof your eyes shall be opened and ye shall be as gods”—concluding with the words: “and ye shall know good and evil”. The power to distinguish between good and evil was implanted in mankind by a Spirit who could participate in evolution only up to a certain time. This time was now past. It came to an end when John the Baptist first appeared, crying: “The Kingdom of Heaven is at hand.” He did not add, however, the words “and the kingdom of Lucifer is at an end”. John the Baptist, of course, spoke only of the Kingdom of Heaven. Caligula's judgement was clear evidence that the power to distinguish between good and evil no longer existed. When a judicial error had been made on one occasion—an innocent man had been condemned to death because he had been mistaken for the guilty party—Caligula said: “It is of no consequence, because both are equally guilty!” And when Petronius lay under sentence of death Caligula said: “Those who condemned him might just as well be condemned themselves for they are equally guilty.” The power to distinguish between good and evil therefore had already ceased to exist at the time of which I am now speaking. We can ascertain the moment in time when this power to distinguish was lost if we are really prepared to wait upon the events of history.

Nero was a similar type of Initiate to Caligula. Fundamentally he was a psycho-analyst—only not so narrow-minded as many of our contemporary psycho-analysts—but on the grand scale, a man of heroic stature. He was the first psycho-analyst because he supported the doctrine that everything in man is determined by the libido—a doctrine that has been revived again in our day by psycho-analysts. Professor Freud, however, is no Nero; he lacks his stature.

But what John the Baptist knew was also known to Nero. For Nero also knew (and in this respect he differs from Caligula) through his initiation into the Mysteries that man was faced by a dilemma, that the truths, the real impulses of the ancient Mysteries had to a certain extent been lost; they had lost their effectiveness and could be maintained only by external constraint. It was not John the Baptist alone who said that the old world order had come to an end—but it was he who added the words: “Change your attitude of mind, the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand!” Nero also knew that the old order had come to an end, that a decisive turning-point in evolution had been reached. But in addition he was endowed with a diabolic consciousness, he harboured all the demonic impulses of an unworthy initiate. And therefore, like John the Baptist and Christ Jesus, he foresaw the end of the world. If the prophecies of John the Baptist and Christ Jesus concerning the end of the world are rightly understood, there will be no need to interpret them literally in the sense that the world will end at a definite moment in time. We shall realize that the end of the world is already at hand as the Bible prophesied. But you already suspect—and I will say more of this in my next lecture—that the Parousia, the Second Advent, is a reality. Nero knew that a new order was imminent, but it was not to his liking. Hence his characteristic remark that nothing would please him more than to hasten the destruction of the world. I should be delighted, he said, to see the world go up in flames! This was his particular obsession. It was under the impact of this obsession that he ordered Rome to be set on fire. Though historians may doubt his responsibility for the destruction of Rome, it is none the less an established fact. In his delusion he believed that the conflagration would spread far and wide and ultimately engulf the whole world.

I have given a few indications which are intended to show that the world was then nearing its end and would have to begin anew. But in external reality things are interrelated; the old order often persists after the new impulse has already begun to operate. And although since the Mystery of Golgotha the Kingdom of Heaven dwells amongst us, the Roman empire has continued to exist at the same time in a state of continuous decline. And this has led the savants of today, from a wide variety of motives, to emphasize that it is the spirit of the Roman empire, the spirit of the imperialism of the Caesars that persists amongst us today and permeates the early manifestations of Christianity! If we were to pursue the matter further, some strange facts would come to light. In the first place we should discover that the concepts of justice which arose later can be traced back to Roman law, that Roman law which from a Christian point of view is anti-Christian has impregnated the whole of modern life. And we should have to touch upon many other fields of knowledge if we wished to discuss the survival of Roman imperialism down to our own times, and especially if we wished to discuss all that is concerned with the progressive decline of the Roman Empire.

There is something instinctive in the way Roman history is taught in our schools and in the way in which historians who write that “fable convenue” called history today, and particularly the specialists, convey to mankind a knowledge of the Roman empire which excludes the spirit. Consequently they were undeniably successful in one respect—mankind as a whole never realized the full significance of the historic moment when the Cross was raised on Golgotha. They sought, more or less instinctively, to conceal the real meaning of that event. There is little evidence of the courage which is necessary in order to penetrate to the inner meaning of history. Indeed we find that there are authors with a large public following who are prepared to falsify Goethe, in order to give the impression that even his “Weltanshauung” supported the idea that history was merely an external shell. Influences of this nature affect large areas of our psychic life. Consequently not only are we unable to arrive at a right understanding of a particular issue, but our whole life is coloured by such influences and tends to see things in these terms. Therefore men like Goethe remain voices crying in the wilderness. Furthermore they are vilified in that people attribute to them an attitude to knowledge that is diametrically opposed to the one intended.

But we can also see what are the consequences of such influences. We learn much from Karma, even when we try to give knowledge a form that we can present to our fellow men. Yesterday I came across an observation of one of our contemporaries which is closely connected with that living impulse which I described in our discussions of the Mystery of Golgotha. This contemporary has undergone many changes in the course of his development. Finally he was converted to Roman Catholicism and was active in propagating the Catholic faith. And so we have the remarkable phenomenon of a freethinker who publicly bears witness to Christ, and what is more, from the Catholic standpoint. His views on Christ were coloured by his own preconceptions. And the following testimony of the man is characteristic, it is a typical document of our time. Let me read to you this profession of faith of a modern witness to Christ:

“It is a waste of time to look for the after-life. Perhaps it does not even exist. No matter how we approach this problem we are never vouchsafed an answer. Let us leave all occultism to adepts and charlatans. Mysticism of every kind is wholly irrational. Let us submit to the authority of the Church because, supported by the authority and practical experience of centuries, it prescribes the code of ethics” (the Church if you please!) “in which nations and children must be instructed. And finally we must submit to the authority of the (Roman) Church because, far from exposing us to the dangers of mysticism, it definitely protects us against them, silences the voices of the mystic groves” (this is his term for the inspiration that could be received from the spiritual world), “expounds the Gospels for us and tailors the liberal anarchism of the Saviour to the needs of modern society.”

(Barrès).

Here is the confession of a man who was converted from modern materialism to Christianity. He turned to Christianity because it satisfied his ideal and he was able to accept conversion because those sublime impulses which Christ bequeathed to the world had been adapted to, or sacrificed to the needs of modern society. But the sentiments expressed by this Christian witness are more widely shared than people imagine. People feel a pressing need to present the Christ to the world in a form that is acceptable to modern man. And instinctively they seek to conceal from mankind the truth that Jesus’ death was inevitable because Christianity and the Roman empire were incompatible; consequently their co-existence could only lead to the death of Christ. Therefore if we really wish to dwell in a world of light beyond earthly shadows we must ascertain to what extent our modern life is related to a true understanding of Christianity and we must gradually summon up that righteous anger which Christ Himself felt when He had to reply to the frequent objurgations of the Scribes and Pharisees.

I have attempted in this lecture to give you a picture of the happenings in the centuries when Christianity was first established and have drawn your attention to the need to study history in depth, especially that moment of history when the Mystery of Golgotha took place. For this is possible even if we keep within the confines of history alone. But we must develop a sense which will enable us to evaluate the single events of history, a sense for what is important and expressive of the epoch in question and what is unimportant, a sense for those aspects of the various spiritual streams of the past which still persist and where they persist.

Zwölfter Vortrag

In verschiedenen Zusammenhängen mit der neueren Geistesgeschichte habe ich öfter den Namen Herman Grimm genannt. Nun möchte ich die heutigen Betrachtungen anknüpfen an eine von den verschiedenen, man möchte sagen, instinktiven Bemerkungen, die Herman Grimm machen konnte über dasjenige, was Bedürfnis der neueren Geistesgeschichte ist, ohne daß er in der Lage war, seine instinktive, wie gefühlte Ahnung in Erkenntnis umzusetzen. Ich möchte an eine der vielen Bemerkungen, die er instinktiv in dieser Richtung machte, anknüpfen. Sie betrifft eine Art Opposition, in welcher Herman Grimm stand gegenüber der ganzen modernen Geschichtsbetrachtung, indem er ein richtiges Gefühl davon hatte, daß diese Geschichtsbetrachtung unbewußt, selbstverständlich auch wiederum instinktiv, vor allen Dingen darauf ausgeht, aus dem Laufe der geschichtlichen Menschheitsbetrachtung das Christus-Ereignis auszuschließen, die Geschichte so zu betrachten, wie man sie betrachten kann, ohne daß man darauf Rücksicht nimmt, daß sich in den Verlauf der Menschheitsentwickelung das ChristusEreignis als etwas in allererster Linie Bestimmendes hineinstellt. Herman Grimm wollte im Gegenteil eine Geschichtsbetrachtung haben, welche den Christus als einen wesentlichen Faktor hineinstellt in den geschichtlichen Verlauf der Menschheit, so daß an einer solchen Geschichtsbetrachtung oder durch eine solche Geschichtsbetrachtung ersichtlich worden wäre oder ersichtlich würde, welcher bedeutsame Impuls eingegriffen hat in den Entwickelungsgang der Menschheit durch das Mysterium von Golgatha. Wie gesagt, bei Herman Grimm ist es aus seinem instinktiven Darinnenstehen in dem, was man die Goethesche Weltanschauung nennen kann, aber zu gleicher Zeit — bei seiner mangelnden Einsicht in die geistigen Welten — ist es instinktiv geblieben, mehr eine Ahnung, die er nicht durchdenken konnte.

Es erscheint paradox, wenn man sagt, daß die geschichtliche Betrachtung vor allen Dingen sich zur Aufgabe macht, das Christus JesusEreignis aus der historischen Betrachtung herauszutilgen. Und dennoch ist es eine Wahrheit. Eine Wahrheit, welche so instinktiv eingewurzelt ist in der modernen Weltanschauung, daß manche Leute gar viel tun in Weltanschauungsfragen, um dieses Christus-Ereignis nur ja nicht seiner wahren, tieferen Bedeutung nach hereinkommen zu lassen in den geschichtlichen Verlauf der Menschheitstatsachen. Und unter diesem instinktiven Impuls, der in den Seelen so stark lebt, stellt sich das heraus, daß im allgemeinen Menschheitsbewußitsein viel, viel Finsternis verbreitet wird über diejenigen Jahrhunderte, welche vorangegangen sind und nachfolgen dem Mysterium von Golgatha. Nicht allein, daß man nicht versucht — das ließe sich ja begreifen aus mancherlei, das wir auch schon anführen konnten im Laufe unserer geisteswissenschaftlichen Betrachtungen -, nicht allein, daß man nicht versucht, das Mysterium von Golgatha selber in seiner Geschichtlichkeit vollständig zu betrachten, sondern man sucht auch dasjenige, was vorher und nachher geschehen ist, gewissermaßen einzutauchen in solche Vorstellungen, daß man an der Betrachtung dieser Jahrhunderte nicht merkt, was da eigentlich innerhalb dieser Jahrhunderte zur Zeit des Mysteriums von Golgatha geschehen ist. Man könnte sagen, es wird alles angestellt, um die Geschichte dieser Jahrhunderte so zu betrachten, daß man nicht merkt, daß an den Ereignissen dieser Jahrhunderte deutlich zutage tritt, wie gewaltig das Mysterium von Golgatha eingegriffen hat. Wenn man dabei bedenkt, wie abhängig unsere von aller Autorität selbstverständlich unabhängige Zeit vom Autoritätsglauben ist, wie so sehr abhängig, dann kann man auch ermessen, wie gründlich es gelungen ist, möglichst wenig Bewußtsein entstehen zu lassen von dem, was sich in jenen Jahrhunderten eigentlich mit der Menschheitsentwickelung abgespielt hat. Und wenn dann einmal ein solcher Geist da ist, wie es Goethe war, von dem wir das letzte Mal ein besonderes Beispiel seiner Naturbetrachtung anführen konnten, die direkt hineinführt in eine Weltauffassung, welche Moralismus und Naturalismus in einem schaut — wenn einmal eine solche Persönlichkeit da war, so sucht man, wiederum instinktiv, womöglich dasjenige bei diesem Menschen abzuschwächen, abzulehnen, was gerade bei einer solchen Persönlichkeit, wenn es angefaßt würde in der richtigen Weise, hineinführen würde, in bewundernswürdiger, grandioser Weise hineinführen würde in eine geisteswissenschaftliche Weltbetrachtung.

Da kann man das Merkwürdigste erleben. Sehen sie, ich habe Ihnen angeführt: Goethe genügte nicht die gewöhnliche Botanik, sondern er wollte eine vergeistigte Botanik haben, kam aber dadurch gerade dazu, den Geist zu finden, wie er sich im Pflanzenreiche offenbart, jenen Geist zu finden, bis zu dem das Pflanzenreich in seiner heutigen Gestaltung selber nicht kommen kann, weil es seine Anlage nicht völlig ausbilden kann, wie ich es das letztemal ausgeführt habe. Also Goethe versuchte, tiefer zu schauen in die Anlagen des Pflanzenreiches - er versuchte das auch beim Mineralreiche -, tiefer zu schauen als die bloße Sinnesbeobachtung gestattet, die ja nur das gibt, bis zu dem eben das Pflanzenreich gekommen ist. Daher war es Goethe besonders ungelegen, daß zu seiner Zeit die Hallersche Anschauung auftauchte, die Haller so schön zusammengefaßt hat in den Worten:

«Ins Innere der Natur
Dringt kein erschaffner Geist.
Glückselig! wem sie nur
Die äußere Schale weist!»

Sie wissen — ich habe es oft zitiert -, Goethe sagt gegenüber diesem Ausspruch «Ins Innere der Natur dringt kein erschaffner Geist, glück selig, wem sie nur die äußere Schale weist»:

«Das hör’ ich sechzig Jahre wiederholen,
Und fluche drauf, aber verstohlen;
Sage mir tausend tausendmale:
Alles gibt sie reichlich und gern;
Natur hat weder Kern
Noch Schale,
Alles ist sie mit einemmale;
Dich prüfe du nur allermeist,
Ob Du Kern oder Schale seist?»

Also Goethe, man kann sagen, lehnt sich gerade mit aller Macht auf gegen die Anschauung: Ins Innere der Natur dringt kein erschaffner Geist. - Warum tut er das? Ja, sehen Sie, weil Goethe überall den großen geistigen Hintergrund in seinen Erkenntnis-Instinkten hatte, jenen geistigen Hintergrund, den mehr oder weniger das neunzehnte Jahrhundert so recht unter Schutt und Trümmer zu begraben versuchte. Wie geläufig ist dem Weltbetrachter des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts das Schopenhauersche Wort geworden: «Die Welt ist meine Vorstellung», «Keine Farbe, kein Licht ohne Auge». — Goethe setzt von sich aus dem ganz konsequent entgegen: Gewiß, kein Licht ohne Auge ist wahrzunehmen; gewiß, wären nicht die Augen da, die Welt wäre finster und stumm! - Ich habe öfter, sogar in öffentlichen Vorträgen, auf diese Anschauung des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts aufmerksam gemacht. Aber Goethe setzt dem entgegen: Ohne Licht kein Auge, denn das Licht hat das Auge gebildet für das Licht. Aus unbestimmten Organen, sagte Goethe, hat das Licht hervorgezaubert das Auge! — Will man tiefer in die Sache eindringen, so stellt sich da etwas ganz Eigentümliches heraus.

Nicht wahr, das Pflanzenreich war nach den Andeutungen, die ich das letztemal gemacht habe, eigentlich dazu berufen, aus sich selbst heraus, ohne Befruchtung, immer seinesgleichen durch die Metamorphose hervorzubringen. Die Befruchtung hätte einen ganz anderen Sinn haben sollen, als sie ihn jetzt hat für das Pflanzenreich. Goethe ahnte das. Daher gefiel ihm die Schelversche Ausführung über den Befruchtungsvorgang so außerordentlich, und er hatte den Mut, bei der Pflanzenbetrachtung zu moralisieren. Er hatte diesen Mut. Das Pflanzenreich lebt eben in einer anderen Sphäre als in derjenigen, in der es die Metamorphose reinlich ausbilden würde. Das ist durch jenes große Ereignis gekommen, wodurch die Menschheit von einer höheren Sphäre in eine tiefere durch die luziferische Versuchung heruntergekommen ist. Aber das, was da in den Pflanzen wirksam wäre, wenn sie die Metamorphose völlig zum Ausdruck brächten, wenn also aus der Pflanze die nachfolgende einfach herauswüchse und nicht die sinnliche Befruchtung eintreten würde, die Kräfte, die da leben würden, die sind geistig geworden, leben geistig in unserer Umgebung, und die machen es, daß der Mensch seine sinnlichen Organe so hat, wie er sie jetzt hat. Indem Luzifers Wort dahinging: «Eure Augen werden aufgetan sein», meinte er damit: «Ihr werdet als Menschen in eine andere Sphäre versetzt werden.» Diese andere Sphäre hatte notwendig im Gefolge, daß die Pflanzenwesen ihre Anlage nicht voll entwickeln konnten, aber die menschlichen Augen wurden aufgetan. Das Licht wirkte so, daß es wirklich im Goetheschen Sinne die Augen auftun konnte. Aber allerdings, dieses Auftun der Augen war in anderer Beziehung ein Zumachen. Denn indem die Menschen ihre Augen richten konnten, überhaupt ihre Sinne richten konnten auf die äußere Sinneswelt, drang der Geist nicht in sie ein, der in der Sinneswelt lebte. Sie wurden geschlossen für die Offenbarung des Geistes, diese Augen. Und so kam jene merkwürdige Anschauung zustande, die insbesondere im neunzehnten Jahrhundert ihre wilden Triebe getrieben hat, indem man sagte: Der Mensch sieht ja nur die äußere Sinneswelt und er kann nicht hinter diese Sinneswelt schauen. «Ins Innere der Natur dringt kein erschaffner Geist, glückselig, wem sie nur die äußere Schale weist.» Man meint, der Mensch könne nicht da hinüberschauen. Mit einem erhöhten, gereinigten Bewußtsein kann er es, und Goethe wußte das. Es kam diese merkwürdige, ich möchte sagen finstere Lehre, daß man sagte: Der Mensch sieht nur dasjenige, was in seiner sinnlichen Umgebung ist. Die Lehre, die auf naturwissenschaftlichem Felde bloß verderblich ist, aber in ihrer Verderblichkeit brauchbar ist, auf künstlerischem Felde ist sie so, daß, wenn jemals ihr Analogon einen Künstler ergreifen würde, wenn der Künstler nicht gegen diese Anschauung arbeiten würde, ich meine, schaffen ‘ würde, so würde er überhaupt durch diese Anschauung in seiner künstlerischen Phantasie ertötet werden. Denn diese Anschauung gleicht keiner anderen als der, wenn man sagt: Goethes «Faust», der ist ja nur in Büchern erhalten; da sehen wir die Buchstaben; aber der «Faust» ist jenseits der Buchstaben; ins Innere dieser Buchstaben dringt keiner; glückselig, wem sie nur die Schale weisen, die Buchstaben! — Nun, man kann ja von gewissen Philologen zugeben, daß sie in dieser Glückseligkeit leben, daß ihnen der «Faust» nur die äußeren Buchstaben weist. Aber man kann schon sagen: Diese Buchstaben müssen ja da sein, aber für das Verständnis des «Faust» sind sie dasjenige, durch das man gerade durchsieht, an dem man nicht haften bleibt; das da sein muß, von dem man aber nicht weiter redet. Man merkt gar nicht, wie man widerspricht der alleralltäglichsten Tatsache mit dem, was sozusagen in Fleisch und Blut eingezogen ist in unserem materialistischen Zeitalter.

Aber zu einer anderen Anschauung würde man eben nur kommen, wenn man ein wenig hätte mitempfinden können die Worte, an die wir wiederum erinnern:

Das hör’ ich sechzig Jahre wiederholen,
Und fluche drauf, aber verstohlen...
Natur hat weder Kern
Noch Schale,
Alles ist sie mit einemmale;
Dich prüfe du nur allermeist,
Ob du Kern oder Schale seist?

Denn, sehen Sie, es waltet das merkwürdige Geheimnis in der Menschheitsentwickelung, daß, wenn man sich emanzipiert von dieser Goetheschen Anschauung und sich bekennt zu der Hallerschen Anschauung, dann kann man die Geschichte vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha so betrachten, daß man nichts merkt von der eigentlichen Bedeutung des Mysteriums von Golgatha, und man kann die Geschichte nach dem Mysterium von Golgatha so betrachten, daß man wiederum nichts merkt von der eigentlichen Bedeutung des Mysteriums von Golgatha. Das klingt zunächst paradox; aber es ist doch so. Es ist so, daß, wenn man die Anti-Goethesche Weltanschauung anwendet auf den geschichtlichen Verlauf, dann wird unter dem Einfluß dieser Anti-Goetheschen Weltanschauung die vorchristliche Zeit so, daß man höchstens dazu kommt, irgendein historisches Ereignis anzunehmen im Beginne unserer christlichen Zeitrechnung, aber den ganzen starken Impuls des Mysteriums von Golgatha muß man dann, nun, ins Innere verlegen, zu dem kein erschaffener Geist vordringen soll. Man merkt dann nicht, daß, indem die Geschichte sich abwickelt bis zum Mysterium von Golgatha hin, da etwas hereinkommt, was einen wirklich gewaltigen Wendepunkt, und zwar den größten Wendepunkt in der irdischen Menschheitsentwickelung bedeutet; und man merkt auch nicht, wenn man das auf die nachchristliche Geschichte anwendet, daß dieser Wendepunkt drinnensteckt, in seiner Nachwirkung drinnensteckt. Daher besteht das instinktive Bedürfnis, die Goethesche Weltanschauung ein wenig unvermerkt herauszueskamotieren aus dem gegenwärtigen Denken, sie ja nicht im gegenwärtigen Denken gar zu groß werden zu lassen.

Man kann manchmal die Leute abfangen bei diesem instinktiven Bestreben. Das, was ich sage, soll keine moralische Anklage wider irgend jemanden sein, denn selbstverständlich kenne ich den Einwand, der gemacht werden kann: Ja, solch ein Mensch, der da die Goethe-Weltanschauung hinauskomplimentieren möchte aus der gegenwärtigen Betrachtung der Welt, er hat doch das Beste gemeint! Nun, man kennt ja Shakespeares bekannte Antonius-Worte: «Ehrenwerte Männer sind sie alle!», es wird dies von vornherein zugegeben, selbstverständlich; aber es kommt ja nicht darauf an, daß man von einem Menschen sagen kann, er habe diese oder jene Absicht nicht gehabt, sondern darauf, wie dasjenige, was von ihm ausgeht, wirkt, wie sich das einlebt in die Menschheitsentwickelung. Und sehen Sie, da kann man eben manchmal ein bißchen, ich möchte sagen, die Leute abfangen bei diesem wohllöblichen Vorhaben, das Christus-Ereignis dadurch herauszukomplimentieren aus der Geschichte, daß man die Goethesche Weltanschauung nicht aufnimmt in seine Betrachtungsweise, die, wenn wir sie heute aufnehmen, einfach zur Geisteswissenschaft fortgebildet werden muß. Und da kommt einem ein Büchelchen, das großen Einfluß in der Gegenwart gehabt hat, in die Hände, in dem Betrachtungen angestellt werden über Geschichte, insofern sie Bezug hat auch auf den Christus Jesus. Und instinktiv soll herausgeworfen werden aus der Geschichtsbetrachtung die Möglichkeit, das Mysterium von Golgatha ordentlich zu beurteilen als den größten Wendepunkt der Erdenmenschheit. Das kann der Mann nur dadurch, daß er nun auch die ganze Geschichtsbetrachtung in die Perspektive hineinstellt, daß man ins Innere der Geschichte nicht dringen kann, daß man da nur an der Schale bleiben kann; daß auch die Geschichte so betrachtet werden muß, daß man zu dem wichtigsten Ereignis sagen muß: Nun, man kann eben nicht ins Innere der Geschichte hineindringen. - Was tut der Mann? Ich werde Ihnen seine Worte vorlesen, sie sind sehr interessant.

«Und da ist es nötig, vor allem auf den fragmentarischen Charakter aller unserer auch der vollständigsten historischen Erkenntnisse aufmerksam zu machen. Der Reichtum des Geschehenen, die geschichtliche Wirklichkeit in der Vergangenheit ist nach Inhalt und Umfang unendlich viel größer, als unser Wissen davon jemals sein wird, und wenn wir noch Jahrtausende forschten. Denn aus der unübersehbaren Masse der Geschehnisse können dem Historiker nur Teilbestandteile zugänglich werden, nur das, was irgendwie überliefert ist, durch Quellen, Urkunden, zu ihm kommt. Alles andere, was nicht überliefert wurde und überhaupt nicht überliefert werden konnte, weil es der geistigen Innenwelt angehört, dem unerforschlichen Gebiete des Seelenlebens, der inneren Motivation des persönlichen Lebens, kann der Historiker nicht «wissen», sondern höchstens erraten. Dieses «Erraten» wird unter allen Umständen, selbst bei dem exaktesten und gewissenhaftesten Vorgehen, mit Mängeln, mit subjektiven Momenten behaftet sein. Wenn Goethe sagt: ‹Ins Innere der Natur dringt kein erschaffner Geist›, so muß dieses Wort ergänzt werden: ‹Ins Innere der Geschichte dringt auch keiner.› »

Wie gesagt, ich will keine moralischen Urteile fällen, sondern bloß das Objektive sagen: So fälscht man Goethe nach so kurzer Zeit! So fälscht man Goethe! Ins Entgegengesetzte fälscht man ihn um, indem man das heute der Menschheit mitteilt, die es selbstverständlich nicht merkt! Sie merkt es wirklich nicht! Denn dasjenige, was beschrieben worden ist hier, das nennt sich: «Das Christentum im Weltanschauungskampf der Gegenwart», und ist geschrieben, um zu zeigen, wie das Christentum im Weltanschauungskampfe der Gegenwart drinnensteht. Aber der ganze Geist, der in dieser Schrift waltet, der ist derselbe, der in dieser Goethe-Erkenntnis waltet. Da haben Sie einen solchen Punkt, wo man abfangen kann den Wahrheitssinn derjenigen, die heute ein großes Publikum haben. Denn ich habe Ihnen von demselben Manne neulich erzählt, daß er Vorträge vor kurzem gehalten hat, in denen man nachweisen kann, wie das Denken überall abreißt, wie es nirgends zusammenhängend ist, wie es vollständig korrumpiert ist, wie es nirgends auch nur versucht, in die Dinge einzudringen. Und ich hatte Ihnen versprochen — weil ich das betreffende Buch in Dornach lassen mußte, man kann ja jetzt nicht alles von einem Ort zum anderen führen -, es mir hier wieder zu verschaffen, um Ihnen einige Proben vorzulesen, die alle ebenso zeugen würden für die Diskontinuität, für die Korruptheit seines Denkens, wie das hier für die Korruptheit seiner GoetheAnschauung zeugt. Ich konnte mir das Buch nicht verschaffen; es ist so begehrt, daß es augenblicklich vergriffen ist, daß man es nicht mehr bekommt.

Sehen Sie, so sind die Dinge, wenn es sich darum handelt, heute dasjenige, was wahr ist, an sich herankommen zu lassen. Deshalb ist es nicht unnötig und ungerechtfertigt, in ernsten Worten auf das hinzuweisen, was nötig ist, und deshalb auch aufmerksam zu machen, daß hinter solchen Worten wie «Ändert den Sinn!» etwas ungeheuer Tiefes liegt, das schon auch historisch zu erfassen ist, wenn man es historisch erfassen will. Die Täufer-Worte «Ändert den Sinn!», die hängen nicht nur zusammen mit dem, was man geisteswissenschaftlich herausholen kann aus der Menschheitsentwickelung, sondern sie hängen auch zusammen mit dem, was man geschichtlich betrachten kann, wenn man nur die Goethe-Weltanschauung nicht nach dem Gelüste des modernen Philisters verarbeitet, sondern wenn man versucht, diese Goethesche Weltanschauung lebendig zu machen. Denn dann ist sie ein großer Impuls, in das Christentum wirklich wiederum hineinzukommen, und führt unmittelbar zu unserer Geisteswissenschaft hin.

Sehen Sie, uns wird heute am leichtesten klar werden, um was es sich in der Menschheitsentwickelung eigentlich handelt, wenn wir uns an manches erinnern, das wir ja im einzelnen oftmals ausgeführt haben. — Ausgeführt haben wir, wie in der vorchristlichen Zeit Mysterien da waren. Ich habe auf das, was in diesen Mysterien gesucht worden ist, hinzuweisen versucht in meinem Buch «Das Christentum als mystische Tatsache», indem ich Plato-Worte angeführt habe, die von diesen Mysterien sprechen. Gewiß, man kann heute mit einem vornehmen Lächeln, das aber im Grunde genommen doch nur ein materialistisch-philiströses Lächeln ist, auch auf solche Aussprüche Platos hinsehen wie diesen, wenn Plato sagt: Diejenigen, die in die Mysterien eingeweiht sind, sie nehmen teil an dem Leben im Ewigen. Die anderen sind wie im Sumpfe. — Ich habe ganz absichtlich damals, als ich «Das Christentum als mystische Tatsache» schrieb, auf diese Worte Platos hingewiesen, denn sie bezeugen in ernster Weise, was Plato von den Mysterien zu sagen hatte.

Im Grunde genommen bestand ja das große Geheimnis, das durch eine besondere Menschheitszucht dem Mysterienschüler in den vorchristlichen Zeiten vermittelt worden war, darinnen, anzuschauen dasjenige, wozu die mineralische und pflanzliche Natur geworden wäre, wenn sie sich in gerader Linie mit ihren Anlagen hätte fortentwickeln können. Denn dadurch würde ein Menschheitserkennen zustande gekommen sein, so daß man hätte sagen können: Wären Mineralreich und Pflanzenreich so, daß sie ihre Anlage voll hätten entwickeln können, dann würde der Mensch sein wahres Gesicht zeigen in derjenigen Sphäre, in der er dann sein würde. Und das war eine vollständige Verwandlung, die der Mysterienschüler durchmachte, wenn er gewissermaßen eingeführt wurde ins Innere der Natur, wenn er den Menschen so sehen durfte, wie der Mensch eigentlich ursprünglich beabsichtigt war. Denn dann sah dieser Mysterienschüler auch ein, wie das, was jetzt im warmblütigen Tierreiche, im rindenbegabten, im holzbegabten Pflanzenreiche, im physischen Menschenreiche existiert, nicht seinen Ursprung zeigt, offenbart, sondern unerklärt dasteht, weil es seinen Ursprung nicht unmittelbar in sich trägt. Während also die Pflanzen und Mineralien nicht ans Ende kommen, kommen die Menschen und Tiere nicht bis zu ihrem Ursprung zurück.

Ja, notwendig war es - dafür zeugt das, was die Mysterien eigentlich waren —, notwendig war es in der vorchristlichen Zeit, einzuweihen gewisse Menschen. In den allerältesten Zeiten war das ja eine atavistische Erkenntnis aller Menschen, nur in späteren Zeiten, als die atavistische Erkenntnis zurückgegangen war, war es notwendig, einzelne einzuweihen. Es war also notwendig, die einzelnen Menschen einzuweihen in die Geheimnisse der äußeren Natur, des mineralischen, des pflanzlichen Reiches, um den Menschen zu sehen, um zu sehen, was er eigentlich ist. Ebenso wird es notwendig in unserer Zeit, wiederum auf seinen Ursprung hinzuweisen, den Menschen kennenzulernen von der anderen Seite, so daß er wiederum seinen Ursprung offenbart — was ja versucht worden ist in der «Geheimwissenschaft» in der stammelnden Weise, wie das in der jetzigen Zeit möglich ist —, so daß der Mensch wiederum angegliedert wird an das ganze Sein. Wie sich das andere zeigte für die vorchristliche Zeit, so zeigt sich das letztere für die Zeit, in der wir jetzt, also nach dem Mysterium von Golgatha, leben. Aber nur, wenn man das weiß, daß das Mysterium von Golgatha ein so tiefer Einschnitt ist, daß sich wirklich das geschichtliche Werden in zwei Teile gliedert, nur dann kann man zu einer wahren Betrachtung des Mysteriums von Golgatha allmählich aufsteigen. Aber das kann sich einem zeigen, indem man einfach nicht durch solche Brillen, wie sie durch den Anti-Goetheanismus den Menschen aufgesteckt werden, die Zeiten um das Mysterium von Golgatha herum verfinstert, sondern indem man sie wirklich so betrachtet, wie es gewissermaßen Herman Grimm haben wollte. Aber er hatte nicht die Kraft dazu.

Die Mysterien-Leiter, die Mysterien-Führer der alten Zeiten, sie haben wohl gewußt, warum sie eine Menschenzucht verlangten von denjenigen, die sie einweihten. Und sie haben bis in eine gewisse Zeit hinein streng darauf gehalten, daß niemand in die Mysterien eingeweiht wurde, der nicht diese Zucht durchgemacht hatte. Und insbesondere wurde auch noch in den älteren Zeiten in Griechenland viel darauf gesehen, daß niemand in die Mysterien eingeweiht wurde, der nicht eine strenge Zucht durchgemacht hatte. Das, was er da erfuhr, war: die Geheimnisse in der richtigen Weise ins Leben hineinzustellen. Darauf wurde insbesondere in griechischen Gegenden sehr, sehr viel gesehen. Und es wurde streng darauf gehalten, daß die Mysterien an Unwürdige ebensowenig verraten wurden, wie der Christus Jesus nicht die Geheimnisse des Reiches Gottes an die Schriftgelehrten und Pharisäer ausliefern will, sondern nur an diejenigen, die er zu seinen Schülern machen kann.

Ohne daß diejenigen, welche die Mysterien-Führer waren, die geringste Schuld haben, ging es aber nun nicht mehr, das MysterienGeheimnis in den Zeiten, in denen das Ereignis von Golgatha herankam, in der entsprechenden Weise geheim zu halten. Das ging nicht mehr. Und warum ging es nicht mehr? Ich sage: Ohne die Schuld der Mysterien-Führer ging es nicht mehr. Die Mysterien-Führer, die MysterienLeiter, hatten keine Schuld daran. Dasjenige, was die Mysterien in unrichtiger Weise herauszog aus ihrer Geheimnis-Sphäre, das war das Imperium Romanum, das war der römische Imperialismus. Und es war unmöglich, daß die Führer der Mysterien den Befehlen namentlich der römischen Cäsaren widerstanden. Es rückte die Zeit heran, in der die Mysterien-Führer nicht mehr widerstehen konnten den Befehlen der römischen Cäsaren. Und dieses, daß durch den römischen Cäsarismus vergewaltigt wurde das geistige Leben, dieses spiegelt sich ja in allen Ereignissen der damaligen Zeit ab. Dieses sah auch ein Mensch wie der Täufer durchaus herankommen in allen Einzelheiten. Denn derjenige, der sehen will, der sieht in den Einzelheiten, was herankommt. Nur diejenigen sehen es nicht, die nicht sehen wollen. Das liegt in den Worten, die immer sehr vieldeutig, aber immer in allen Bedeutungen wahr sind; in den Worten solcher Leute wie dem Täufer Johannes liegt es. In: den Worten: «Ändert den Sinn, die Reiche der Himmel sind nahe» liegt auch das, was man etwa so übersetzen könnte: Seht hin, dasjenige, was der Menschheit Heil gebracht hat als altes Mysteriengut, das ist nicht mehr, das wird mit Beschlag belegt durch das Imperium Romanum, das seine Fittiche auch ausgebreitet hat über das um euch herum liegende Judentum. Ändert daher den Sinn! Sucht nicht mehr in dem, was von dem Imperium Romanum ausstrahlt, das Heil, sondern sucht es in dem, was nicht auf dieser Erde ist. Empfanget die Taufe, die euren Ätherleib lockert, damit ihr seht, was da kommen soll, und was neue Mysterien einleiten soll, denn die alten Mysterien sind mit Beschlag belegt. Was herankam, was bei Augustus zuerst der Fall war, der aber noch keinen Mißbrauch damit getrieben hat, war, daß die römischen Cäsaren einfach durch ihren Cäsarenbefehl eingeweiht werden mußten in die Mysterien. Das wurde überhaupt Sitte. Das war es, wogegen sich vor allen Dingen der Täufer Johannes wendete, indem er herauszunehmen suchte aus der Menschheitsentwickelung diejenigen, welche die Taufe empfangen wollten, damit sie nicht bloß das Heil der Menschheitsentwickelung in dem sahen, was vom Imperium Romanum ausstrahlte. Sehen Sie, einer derjenigen römischen Cäsaren, die am gründlichsten eingeweiht waren in die Geheimnisse der Mysterien, war Caligula, und später Nero. Und es gehört zu den Geheimnissen der geschichtlichen Entwickelung, daß Caligula und Nero Eingeweihte waren, daß sie sich erzwungen haben, Kenntnis zu haben von den Geheimnissen der Mysterien. Und denken Sie einmal nach über die Seelenverfassung derjenigen, die da wußten: das, das rückt heran, — und die zu gleicher Zeit eine Empfindung, ein Gefühl davon haben konnten, was das bedeutete. Denken Sie sich in die Seelenverfassung dieser Menschen hinein. Die konnten natürlich sagen: Dasjenige, was kommen muß, und was kommen wird, ist das Reich der Himmel, und in diesem müssen fortan die Menschen suchen, wenn sie nach den heiligen Geheimnissen suchen, nicht im Reiche der Menschen! Die Geschichte spricht oftmals durch ihre Symbole. Diogenes ging noch, weil er in Griechenland war, auf dem Athener Markt mit der Laterne herum, um den «Menschen» zu suchen, der verlorengegangen war, dessen Anschauung verlorengegangen war. Warum verlorengegangen? Nicht deshalb, weil man diesen Menschen nicht kannte, oder weil Zeiten heranrückten, in denen man dasjenige, was in den Mysterien über die Geheimnisse der Menschenentwickelung mitgeteilt werden konnte, nicht suchte. In den Fundamenten wußten das Menschen wie Caligula und Nero. Aber gerade dadurch wurde es in Finsternis gehüllt. Und Diogenes fühlte wie Johannes der Täufer - Diogenes in seiner Art - die Zeit herankommen, wo gerade dadurch, daß man das Mysterien-Geheimnis von dem Menschen verraten wußte, der Mensch in Finsternis getaucht wird und man ihn mit der Laterne suchen muß.

Caligula hatte seine Anleitung bekommen, richtig nach Art der alten Mysterien zu leben in den geistigen Zusammenhängen darinnen. Caligula verstand es daher, sein Bewußtsein vom Einschlafen bis zum Aufwachen so zu organisieren, daß er darinnen mit all demjenigen in der geistigen Welt verkehren konnte, was die alten Mysterien kannten als die Luna-Götter, als die Götter des Mondes. Und Caligula verstand die Kunst der alten Mysterien, in seinem nächtlichen Bewußtsein Zwiesprache zu halten mit den Geistern des Mondes. Das gehörte zu den alten Mysterien-Geheimnissen: kennenzulernen dasjenige, was hinter dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein, hinter dem Tagesbewußtsein liegt, und kennenzulernen, wie sich dadurch das gewöhnliche Tagesbewußtsein ändert, daß man die Geheimnisse dieses anderen Bewußtseins durchdringt. Denn der Mensch wird dadurch, daß er weiß, wo seine Individualität ist, wenn sie vom Einschlafen bis zum Aufwachen in der geistigen Welt ist, auch aufmerksam gemacht darauf, wie diese Individualität nicht nur hier als eingekörpert wie ein Naturwesen zu anderen Naturwesen in Beziehung steht, sondern wie sie, diese Individualität, mit der geistigen Welt, mit alledem, was in den geistigen Hierarchien lebt, in Beziehung steht. Daher ändert sich selbstverständlich, wenn ein Mensch die Geheimnisse der Mondengottheiten kennt, auch sein Verhältnis zu den Sonnengottheiten, zu den Gottheiten, die das durch Luzifer abgestumpfte Schauen des Tages nicht sieht in der Umwelt, und die dieses erwachte Bewußtsein dann sieht. Weiß der Mensch, wie Caligula, durch eigene Erfahrung, daß die menschliche Individualität vom Einschlafen bis zum Erwachen in der geistigen Welt darinnen ist, dann wird sie auch aufmerksam darauf, daß sie im Tagesbewußtsein nicht bloß in der Schale der äußeren Natur waltet, sondern daß sie im Tagesbewußtsein unter den Geistern des Sonnenlebens waltet; daß sie nicht bloß unter den physischen Sonnenstrahlen, sondern unter den Geistern des Sonnenlebens waltet.

Aber Caligula - er hatte nicht die Zucht, selbstverständlich —, Caligula wußte daher Zwiesprache zu halten mit den lunarischen Geistern im Schlafe; und das brachte hervor, daß er im Tage ansprach Jupiter, den man im alten Griechenland als Zeus in einer noch anderen Sphäre gedacht hat, als «Bruder Jupiter». Das war eine gewöhnliche Redensart des Caligula, von «Bruder Jupiter» zu sprechen. Denn selbstverständlich fühlte er sich als ein Bürger der geistigen Welt, in der Jupiter ist, und er redete ihn als Bruder Jupiter an. Er, Caligula, wußte sich in der Welt der geistigen Wesenheiten darinnen. Daher trat er so auf, daß durchaus manifestiert wurde durch sein Auftreten, daß er der geistigen Welt angehöre. Er erschien zu gewissen Zeiten im Bacchus-Kostüm mit dem Thyrsus-Stab, mit dem Eichenkranz auf dem Haupt, und ließ sich als Bacchus huldigen. Er erschien zu gewissen Zeiten als Herkules mit der Keule und der Löwenhaut und ließ sich huldigen als Herkules. Dann erschien er wieder als Apoll und ließ sich huldigen, indem er die Strahlenkrone auf dem Haupt und den Appollo-Bogen in der Hand hatte, ließ sich huldigen von einem Chor, der ihn umgab, und der die entsprechenden Chorgesänge zu seiner Ehre sang. Er erschien mit geflügeltem Kopf mit dem Heroldstab als der Gott Merkur. Er erschien auch als Jupiter. Ein Tragödiendichter, den man als Sachverständigen ansah und aufgefordert hatte, zu entscheiden, wer der Größere sei, Caligula oder Jupiter, den er in einer Statue neben sich hinstellen ließ, wurde gegeißelt, weil er nicht darauf einging, Caligula als den Größeren hinzustellen.

Aber wie sah es mit dem Urteil des Caligula aus? Angefügt wurde ja bei der luziferischen Versuchung dem Worte: Eure Sinne sollen aufgetan sein, und ihr sollt werden wie Götter — angefügt wurde: Ihr sollt unterscheiden das Gute und das Böse. — Aber diese Unterscheidung des Guten und des Bösen, die wurde ja von einem Geiste der Menschheit eingeimpft, der nur bis zu einer gewissen Zeit in der Entwickelung leben konnte. Diese Zeit war abgelaufen. In jener Zeit lief sie ab, in der der Täufer Johannes zuerst auftrat mit den Worten: «Die Reiche der Himmel sind nahe gekommen»; er sagte nur nicht mit dem Terminus technicus den Zusatz: «und das Reich des Luzifer ist abgelaufen». Natürlich sprach er nur von dem Reiche der Himmel. Man sieht es insbesondere an dem Urteil des Caligula, wie jenes Reich abgelaufen war. Denn als einmal unter der Regierung des Caligula ein richterlicher Irrtum vorgekommen war — man hatte nämlich einen Unschuldigen statt eines Schuldigen, weil man den Unschuldigen mit dem Schuldigen verwechselt hatte, zum Tode verurteilt und dem Tode überführt -, da sagte Caligula: Das macht nichts, denn der Unschuldige war ebenso schuldig wie der Schuldige! Und als Petronius verurteilt wurde zum Tode, da sagte Caligula: Diejenigen, die ihn verurteilt haben, die könnten ebensogut verurteilt werden, denn die sind ganz gleich schuldig mit demjenigen, den sie zum Tode verurteilt haben. - Sie sehen, die Unterscheidung hatte schon aufgehört, die Unterscheidung des Guten und des Bösen. Sie reichte nicht mehr bis in diesen Zeitpunkt hinein, von dem ich rede. Wir können ihn fassen, wenn wir die geschichtlichen Ereignisse wirklich auf uns wirken lassen. Wir können ihn fassen.

Ein solcher Eingeweihter war Nero. Und Nero war im Grunde genommen — nur nicht so philiströs, wie es manche unter unseren modernen Zeitgenossen sind, sondern grandios, ins Heroische übersetzt - ein Psychoanalytiker. Nero war sogar der erste Psychoanalytiker, denn er vertrat zuerst den Satz, daß alles im Menschen von der Libido abhängt, daß, was auch im Menschen auftritt, abhängt von dem, was als das Sexuelle in ihm wirkt - eine Lehre, die philiströs die Psychoanalytiker in unserem Zeitalter wiederum erneuert haben. Aber der Professor Sigmund Freud ist eben kein Nero. Dazu fehlt ihm allerdings nicht die Seele, aber die Größe.

Aber was Johannes der Täufer wußte, wußte auch Nero. Denn auch Nero wußte -— und jetzt unterscheidet sich auf diesem Gebiete Nero von dem Caligula -, auch Nero wußte aus seiner Einweihung in die Mysterien heraus, daß es mit dem, was der Mensch ist, eine sonderbare Bewandtnis hat, daß gewissermaßen die Wahrheiten der alten Mysterien in ihren wahren Impulsen verklungen sind, daß sie ihre Gewalt verloren haben, daß man sie daher nur durch äußere Gewalt aufrecht erhalten kann. Nicht etwa bloß Johannes der Täufer hat gesagt: «Die alte Weltordnung ist abgelaufen» — nur hat er dazugesetzt: «Die Reiche der Himmel sind nahe herbeigekommen, ändert den Sinn!» -, auch Nero wußte, daß die Reiche der alten Welt abgelaufen sind, auch Nero wußte, daß ein gewaltiger Einschnitt in der Entwickelung der Erde da ist. Aber Nero hatte sein teuflisches Bewußtsein dazu, er hatte alle Teufeleien, die der unwürdige Eingeweihte haben kann, in sich. Und deshalb rechnete er, genauso wie Johannes der Täufer, genauso wie der Christus Jesus, mit dem Weltuntergang. Versteht man dasjenige, was Johannes der Täufer und der Christus Jesus sagen von dem Weltuntergang in der richtigen Weise, dann hat man nicht nötig, es in der philisterhaften Art auszulegen, daß es dann und dann kommen werde, sondern dann kann man verstehen, wie die Bibel sagt, der Weltuntergang wäre da. Aber Sie ahnen schon — das nächste Mal werde ich über diesen Punkt weiterreden -, daß die Parusie eine Wirklichkeit ist, wenn sie in der richtigen Weise verstanden wird. Nero wußte, daß eine ganz neue Ordnung kommt, aber es freute ihn nicht. Es paßte ihm nicht. Und charakteristisch ist daher sein Ausspruch, daß er an nichts lieber teilnehmen wollte als am Weltuntergang. Seine Worte sind charakteristisch: Wenn die Welt in Feuer aufgeht, dann werde ich meine besondere Freude daran haben! Das war sein besonderer Wahnsinn: die Sehnsucht, die Welt in Feuer aufgehen zu sehen. Und daraus entsprang das, was man ja historisch bezweifeln kann, was aber wahr ist: daß er Rom in Brand stecken ließ, weil er sich in seinem Wahnsinn vorstellte, von dem Brande von Rom aus würde sich der Brand so weit erstrecken, daß die ganze Welt verbrennen würde.

Ich habe Ihnen einige Symptome angegeben, die charakterisieren sollen, wie in einer gewissen Weise die Welt damals zu Ende ging und neu anfangen mußte. Aber in der äußeren Wirklichkeit geschehen die Dinge so, daß immer eines ins andere hineinläuft, daß das Alte noch vielfach bestehen bleibt, wenn das Neue seinen ersten Impuls schon gezeigt hat. Und obgleich daher die Reiche der Himmel seit dem Mysterium von Golgatha da sind, blieb daneben in absteigender Entwickelung, in dekadenter Entwickelung, das Imperium Romanum, blieb dasjenige, was dahin geführt hat, daß bei den Wissenden auch der Gegenwart mit den verschiedensten guten und bösen Absichten immer wieder und wiederum betont wird: Was in der Gegenwart mitten unter uns lebt, was durchsetzt die christlichen Ansätze, das ist der Geist des alten Imperium Romanum, das ist der Geist des römischen Imperialismus! — Man käme da auf ein eigentümliches Kapitel, wenn man in diesem Sinne weitersprechen würde. Man würde anfangen damit, daß man zeigen würde, wie die Rechtsbegriffe, die später aufgetaucht sind, alle auf das römische Recht zurückführen, wie das römische Recht, dieses antichristliche im Christus-Sinne, sich überall hineingeflochten hat. Und man würde manche andere, noch viele Gebiete zu streifen haben, wollte man das Fortleben des römischen Imperialismus bis in unsere Tage hinein besprechen; und gar erst, wollte man alles dasjenige besprechen, was zusammenhängt mit dem Fortschreiten in absteigender Entwickelung des Imperium Romanum.

Es liegt etwas Instinktives in der Tatsache, wie man in den Schulen römische Geschichte lehrt, und wie die Historiker, die ja die Fable convenue schreiben, welche man gegenwärtig Geschichte nennt, der Menschheit das Bewußtsein von dem Imperium Romanum beibringen, so daß der Geist, der darinnen waltet, gerade von den Gelehrtesten ausgeschaltet wird. Dadurch aber wird ein Sicheres erreicht, meine lieben Freunde. Dadurch wird das sicher erreicht, daß zum allgemeinen Bewußtsein der Menschheit die ganze Tragweite des historischen Augenblicks nicht kommt, in dem das Kreuz auf Golgatha aufgerichtet worden ist. Zu verdecken suchte man, wenn auch instinktiv, die ganze Bedeutung der Ereignisse, die sich abgespielt haben. Denn wenig ist vorhanden von dem Mute, der dazu gehört, von der äußeren Schale ins Innere auch der Geschichte zu dringen. Und wir sehen ja, es gibt Leute, die ein großes Publikum finden, welche sogar Goethe fälschen, um bei den Menschen die Meinung hervorzurufen, auch Goethes Anschauung wäre dazu geeignet, die Geschichte so zu betrachten, als ob sie nur eine äußere Schale sei. Dasjenige, was so wirkt, wirkt aber in den breiten Impulsen des menschlichen Seelenlebens, und es ist ja nicht bloß darum zu tun, daß man zu keiner richtigen Betrachtung dieses oder jenes Punktes kommt, sondern das ganze Leben ist gewissermaßen davon beeinflußt, entwickelt eine solche Tendenz. Ein solcher Impuls waltet, das ganze Leben ist beeinflußt von diesem Impulse, läuft sozusagen in der Richtung dieses Impulses. Daher bleiben Menschen wie Goethe Prediger in der Wüste, werden noch dazu verleumdet, indem man ihnen die entgegengesetzte Erkenntnisgesinnung andichtet.

Aber man kann es auch sehen, wohin solche Impulse führen. Das Karma führt einem ja manches zu, auch wenn man sucht, Erkenntnisse abzurunden, um sie vor seinen Mitmenschen aussprechen zu können. Und so fiel mir gestern der Ausspruch eines unserer Zeitgenossen in die Hände. Erst gestern fiel mir dieser Ausspruch in die Hände; aber er hängt recht sehr zusammen mit demjenigen, was ich wie den inneren Impuls leben lassen mußte durch diese Besprechungen des Mysteriums von Golgatha hindurch. Dieser Zeitgenosse hat verschiedene Wandlungen durchgemacht. Zuletzt hat er sich zum Christentum in der Form des Katholizimus gefunden, um dafür propagieren zu können. Und wir haben also das merkwürdige Faktum, daß ein Freigeist vor seiner Mitwelt auftritt als Zeuge für den Christus, noch dazu im katholischen Sinne. Nun sprach er seine Gesinnung aus über den Christus in der Färbung, wie er ihn jetzt von sich aus vertritt. Und dieses Zeugnis ist charakteristisch, ist so richtig ein Dokument der Gegenwart. Ich will Ihnen dieses Zeugnis eines modernen Christus-Zeugen vorlesen:

«Es ist vergebliche Mühe, das Jenseits zu suchen. Es existiert vielleicht nicht einmal, und wie wir’s auch anpacken, wir können nichts davon erfahren. Überlassen wir jedweden Okkultismus den Erleuchteten und den Gauklern; welche Form der Mystizismus auch annehmen mag, er widerspricht der Vernunft. Aber geben wir uns dennoch der Kirche hin ..., weil sie mit der Autorität der Jahrhunderte und großer praktischer Erfahrung die Regeln jener Ethik formuliert» (die Kirche nämlich!), «die man die Völker und Kinder lehren muß. Und endlich weil sie weit davon entfernt, uns dem Mystizismus auszuliefern, uns direkt gegen ihn verteidigt, die Stimmen der geheimnisvollen Haine» (so nennt er dasjenige, was etwa aus der geistigen Welt herauskommen könnte) «zum Schweigen bringt, die Evangelien auslegt, und den großmütigen Anarchismus des Heilandes den Bedürfnissen der Gesellschaft opfert.»

Hier haben Sie das Geständnis eines Mannes, der sich zum Christentum bekehrt hat vom modernen Materialismus aus; der sich zum Christentum bekehrt hat, indem er es als sein Ideal hinstellt, in dem Sinne sich zum Christentum bekehren zu können, daß dasjenige, was Christus als seine grandiosen Impulse der Welt überliefert hat, angepaßt worden ist, geopfert worden ist den Bedürfnissen der modernen Gesellschaft. Aber auch das, was sich in einem solchen Christus-Zeugen ausspricht, hat ein großes Publikum, ein viel größeres, als man denkt. Denn das Bedürfnis ist außerordentlich groß, ja den Christus so erscheinen zu lassen, wie es dem modernen Menschen gefällt, wie es dem modernen Menschen paßt. Und die Instinkte wirken dahin, ja nicht die Menschenseele auf die Wahrheit kommen zu lassen, daß Jesu Tod ein ganz selbstverständliches Ereignis war, das bedingt wurde dadurch, daß Christentum und Imperium Romanum nicht zusammengehen konnten, daß aus dem Zusammensein von Christentum und dem Imperium Romanum nur der Tod des Christus folgen konnte. Daraus aber folgt, daß aufgesucht werden muß im modernen Leben, wenn man überhaupt zum Lichte kommen will und nicht in der Finsternis wandeln will, wie sich manches in diesem modernen Leben zum echtverstandenen Christentum verhält, und daß aufgebracht werden muß nach und nach jener göttliche Zorn, den Christus selber hatte, als er oftmals zu erwidern hatte auf dasjenige, was die vorbrachten, die er die Schriftgelehrten und Pharisäer nannte.

Ich wollte Ihnen heute ein Bild davon geben, was schon in den Jahrhunderten gelebt hat, in die das Christentum hereingebrochen ist, und wollte aufmerksam machen darauf, daß die Geschichtsbetrachtung insbesondere vertieft werden muß an der Stelle, an der das Mysterium von Golgatha steht. Denn das kann geschehen, auch wenn man nur bei der Geschichte stehen bleibt. Nur muß man sich ein Gefühl aneignen dafür, wie man die einzelnen Dinge zu werten hat, was man als das Bedeutsame und für die Zeit Sprechende anzusehen hat, und was als das Unbedeutende. Man muß sich ein Gefühl dafür aneignen, was dann von den verschiedenen Strömungen weiterlebt, wo die Dinge weiterleben.

Eleventh Lecture

If one continues to study the mystery of Golgotha in the spiritual sciences according to the principles with which you are familiar, one comes to recognize that future times will have to penetrate ever more deeply into this mystery of Golgotha; as in a natural course of events, they will have to penetrate ever deeper and deeper. And in many respects, one will realize that what has been grasped so far of the mystery of Golgotha, indeed, even what can be grasped today, is only a kind of preparation for what must be grasped about this mystery of Golgotha, and above all, what will have to be lived by the human race on earth through the mystery of Golgotha. It is undoubtedly true that what we are still compelled to deal with today within the spiritual scientific movement in a complicated, or as some might say, “difficult to understand” way, by bringing up all kinds of things, will one day be handed down to humanity in a simple, one might say “simple-minded,” manner, in a few words. It can be assumed that this will be the case. But it is the nature of spiritual life that the great, simple truths that can be summed up in a few words must first be attained, must first be worked out; that it is not possible at all times to express the deepest truths in the simplest formulas. And so we must consider it the karma of our times that we still have to gather together many things in order to bring the whole weight and significance of the mystery of Golgotha to our souls.

Now, in this discussion, which is again aphoristic in nature, I would like to start from the premise that it is necessary to take very seriously the view, the idea of “trust” and “faith” as something powered by force, as we discussed recently.

We must realize that the external materialistic worldview, if we may call it that, is in the process of throwing moral considerations out of its view of the world. I have repeatedly pointed out how eager not only scholarly but also popular, simple thinking of our time is to eliminate morality from its view of the development of the world. Today, people imagine that one only needs to consider the physical and chemical laws that allowed earthly existence to form out of a nebula at the beginning of the Earth, and strive to understand how these physical laws will eventually bring about some kind of end to the Earth. We gain our moral ideas, so to speak, alongside these physical ideas. And I have already indicated that they are not strong enough to have reality in themselves: we are, so to speak, condemned to the present. And this development within such ideas will continue further and further. Today, it seems downright fantastical and superstitious to people who want to stand firmly on the ground of scientific observation to imagine that at the end of our earthly existence there will be an act or an event that can be judged morally, as is the case in the biblical story of the Fall. And people's present conception is not sufficient to enable them to postulate a moral development at the end of earthly existence, so that what happens physically and chemically in our earthly existence is, as it were, elevated by something moral to another planetary existence, to a Jupiter existence. Scientific ideas about physical phenomena and ideas about morality exist side by side; they cannot, so to speak, support each other. Science strives to eliminate morality entirely from its field of observation, and morality begins, I would say, to come to terms with the fact that it has no inherent physical forces. Even the dogma of certain religious creeds seeks to develop ideas that strike a kind of compromise with natural science, with natural scientists pointing out that morality should be kept strictly separate from what happens physically, chemically, geologically, and so on.

Today I will take as my starting point something that seems to have nothing to do with our line of thought, but which will lead us right into it. I would first like to point out that not all people who have devoted themselves to contemplating the world were so predisposed that they excluded all moral judgments when they turned their attention to external nature and natural events. This is something extremely interesting. It would not occur to today's botanist to apply moral concepts when studying the laws according to which plants grow. Indeed, he would consider it childish to apply moral standards to the vegetation of plants, to ask plants about their morality, so to speak. Just think how someone would be regarded who merely pretended to assert something like that. But not all people have always been like that. And I would like to give you a characteristic example of a person who was not like that, a person who is not regarded by many as a Christian, but who was a better Christian in his view of the world than many others. You can look up Catholic reflections on Goethe in particular, and you will find that Goethe—well, he is sometimes, because he was a man of a certain stature, treated leniently for not taking Christianity seriously. This is emphasized quite strongly in Catholic reflections on Goethe. However, Goethe had something deeply Christian in his whole disposition, something much deeper than in many Christians who, according to a well-known saying, have “Lord, Lord” on their lips at every opportunity. Goethe did not always have this “Lord, Lord” on his lips, but his view of the world has a touch of deep Christianity. And here I would like to draw attention to something that is not often pointed out in Goethe.

As is well known, Goethe attempted to gain insights into the growth of plants in his theory of metamorphosis. As you know, I have often pointed out that he once discussed this theory of metamorphosis with Schiller after the two had heard a lecture by Professor Batsch from Jena. Schiller did not like the way Batsch spoke about plants, and he said that it was not necessary to break everything down into pieces, that one could conceive of a completely different way of looking at things. Goethe then sketched the idea of his metamorphosis of plants with a few strokes to show what one could conceive of as a spiritual bond between the individual manifestations of plants. And Schiller said: That is not experience, that is an idea. Not an external reality based on experience, but an idea. Goethe did not quite understand this objection, but said: I like the idea that I have ideas without knowing it, and that I even see them with my eyes. So he did not understand how something that is perceived from reality, like a sound or a color, could be an idea. He claimed that he saw his ideas with his eyes. This already reveals that Goethe tried to see the spiritual, for example within plant growth.

Now, you see, Goethe was always clear that he could only teach what he actually had to say to his contemporaries to a certain extent; that for certain things the time was not yet ripe. And then it turned out that others, who were now specialist natural scientists, were also inspired. For example, Schelver, the botanist, and Henschel were inspired by Goethe's theory of metamorphosis. And Schelver and Henschel wrote strange things about plant growth, very strange things, but Goethe regarded them with great pleasure. For today's botanists, this whole story that was discussed between Goethe, Schelver, and Henschel is pure madness. But on such occasions, one must always remember the words of St. Paul, that the foolishness of men can be the greatest wisdom before God. And Goethe then wrote down some aphoristic things about what he had gained from Schelver's way of presenting things.

Now I must explain in a few words what Schelver actually wanted. Schelver was repulsed by the whole way in which people, botanists, view plants. And he said something like this: Look, people imagine plants to be like this: they grow in such a way that on one side they develop the ovary in the flower, and on the other side the stamens. And according to human perception, the ovary is fertilized by the stamens, and this produces a new plant. - The joker was not at all happy with this, but said: That is not really an idea in the sense of the plant kingdom, but the reality is that every plant, purely by virtue of being a plant, can produce its own kind. And he considered fertilization to be a more incidental phenomenon, a phenomenon that Schelver actually regarded, one might even say, as something false, like an error of nature. Schelver would have seen the correctness of nature in the fact that every plant produces another plant from itself without further fertilization, not that the anther dust must be thrown onto the ovary by the wind, thereby causing the entire plant world to evolve.

Goethe, who always paid attention to phenomena where plants transform themselves, like leaves turning into flowers, wanted to see it as something totally natural that the whole plant can produce a new plant through metamorphosis. He liked Schelver's idea. And in all seriousness, Goethe wrote an aphorism that is extremely interesting, which he meant quite seriously, but which is, of course, utter madness to a botanist today. Goethe wrote, for example, in the essay he wrote about Schelver:

“This new theory of pollination would now be most welcome and appropriate in lectures to young people and women, for the teacher has hitherto been in great embarrassment. When such innocent souls, in order to advance through their own study, took up botanical textbooks, they could not hide the fact that their moral sensibilities were offended; the eternal weddings, which cannot be avoided, whereby monogamy, on which custom, law, and religion are based, dissolves completely into vague lust, remain completely unbearable to the pure human mind.”

So you think to yourself: Goethe casts his gaze over the plant world and finds it unbearable that eternal weddings are to be celebrated there, that eternal fertilization is to take place there, or he finds it—as he graciously puts it—more fitting if one no longer had to speak of it, but could say that the plant produces its own kind by its own power. And he goes on to explain this further. He says:

"Men of letters have often been reproached, and not without some justice, for taking more trouble than is reasonable in pointing out the awkward and frivolous passages of ancient authors, in order to compensate themselves for the unpleasant dryness of their own efforts. And so naturalists sometimes allowed themselves to be embarrassed by finding highly ambiguous amusements in the old Baubo, noting a few flaws in the good mother. Yes, we remember seeing arabesques in which the sexual relations within the calyxes of flowers were depicted in an ancient manner in a highly graphic way."

Goethe therefore considers it a highly desirable idea that this sexual interpretation could be removed from the plant world. That was a crazy idea even in his day, of course; today, in the age of psychoanalysis, where the aim is to explain everything in terms of sexuality, it is even crazier for someone to say what a beautiful view of nature it would be if we did not have this immoral interference of the sexual principle. Goethe expressly says: “Just as there are now ultras on all sides, both liberal and royal, so Schelver was an ultra in the doctrine of metamorphosis; he broke through the last dam that held it captive within the circle previously drawn around it”; but he does not say that such an ultra was in any way unpleasant to him; on the contrary, he welcomes its appearance with great joy.

Now one must look a little deeper into Goethe's soul, I would say into Goethe's Christian soul, in order to recognize what actually lies at the root of this. Just think: anyone who observes nature as it is, with the attitude of today's natural science, cannot of course do anything with such ideas, because certain prerequisites are necessary for such ideas. The prerequisite is that plants as they are now actually contradict their original nature, their original design, so that anyone who really delves deeply into the plant world is compelled to say: Yes, when I look at the initial structure of plant growth, the way the pollen flies around and fertilizes does not correspond to the original structure of the plants. It should be different! — There is nothing else to do but to acknowledge that the entire plant kingdom, as it spreads out around us, has descended from an originally different form to the form it now has, and that a view of nature such as Goethe's, in the way plants are today, still gave him an inkling of what the plant kingdom was like, let us say, before the Fall, to use this symbolic expression. And indeed, one cannot understand Goethe's theory of metamorphosis unless one understands its innocence, its childlikeness, unless one understands that Goethe already wanted to say with his theory of metamorphosis: Look at what is happening in the plant kingdom; this was not originally predestined for it, it only came about after the earth's development sank from a certain sphere to its present one.

Starting from there, you will also be able to form the idea—which I cannot explain in detail now, but all these things could and will be explained by us one day—that the same is true of the mineral kingdom, that it is not as it was originally. And anyone who considers these things scientifically will also come to see that what I have just said is true even in the animal kingdom, insofar as we are dealing with so-called cold-blooded animals, also known as poikilothermic animals, and not with warm-blooded animals. So the mineral kingdom, the plant kingdom, and the kingdom of cold-blooded animals, which do not have internal body heat that constantly exceeds the external heat, these kingdoms are not as they were originally constituted. They have descended from one sphere to another and have become what they are today, which necessitates that the principle of sexuality reigns in them. One could say that these kingdoms do not fully develop the potential they have within themselves, but that they need help. Plants have within themselves the original potential, as they are in themselves, not only to metamorphose from leaf to flower, but also to produce a completely new plant. But it lacks the power to do so; it needs external stimulation because it has left the region where the plant kingdom was. It would also be different with the mineral kingdom and with the kingdom of cold-blooded animals. These beings are condemned, as it were, to remain halfway.

And let us look at the other end of nature: the kingdom of warm-blooded animals, the kingdom of those plants that reach the stage of lignification, the trees—for those I have spoken of, which undergo regular metamorphosis, are plants that produce green leaves and stems, not the lignifying plants—and let us look at the warm-blooded animals and the physical human race. I already pointed out in the last lecture that the physical human being, as he is, does not correspond to his constitution, that he actually has the constitution for the immortality of his body. But this insight goes much further. Not only does physical man, who is thus created for immortality, not have his constitution within himself, but also the other beings, the woody plants and the warm-blooded animals, already carry death within themselves. They are not as they were originally; not as if they had already been created immortal: they have descended. But through this, something else has come into being for them. I said: The beings of the mineral kingdom, the plant kingdom, and the cold-blooded animal kingdom do not come to completion with their predispositions; they need an external influence. The beings of the warm-blooded animal kingdom, the woody plants, that is, the plants that form bark and wood, and the human kingdom, are such that in the form in which they now live, they do not reveal their origin, they do not reveal their beginning. So the former beings do not complete their development; they need another influence. The beings I have called the second group, the woody plants, the warm-blooded animals, and humans, deny their beginning in the form they now have; they do not reveal their beginning. The others do not come to an end, and these beings appear today in such a way that one cannot immediately recognize their beginning from what they are.

If you take this, you have approximately what is a prediction of a certain direction that the observation of nature must take in the future. It will have to distinguish between how beings are predisposed and how they are now.

Now the question arises: Where did all this come from? We have, after all, the whole of nature around us, which, even from a scientific point of view, is not as it should be. Where did this actually come from? What is the underlying cause? Who is to blame for all this? And yet the answer is: Man is to blame for all this! And man's guilt lies precisely in succumbing to the Luciferic temptation, as I have always described it, in what is called original sin, original guilt, at the starting point of the biblical account. For spiritual science, this is a real, genuine fact, but it is a fact that did not only happen to human beings. It did happen initially in human beings, but at that time human beings were still so powerful, so strong, that they drew the rest of nature into it. Human beings drew the development of plants with them, so that they cannot complete their development and need an external stimulus. Human beings have brought it about that, alongside cold-blooded animals, there are also warm-blooded animals, that is, animals that can suffer the same pain as human beings. Thus, humans drew warm-blooded animals into the sphere into which they had drawn themselves by succumbing to the Luciferic temptation.

Today, we imagine that man has always been in such a relationship with the world as he is today, that he can do nothing, so to speak, with regard to the rest of nature, that animals arise beside him, plants arise beside him, apparently without his influence. But this was not always the case. Before the present natural order came into being, human beings were powerful beings who, in the act known as the Luciferic temptation, not only acted upon themselves but actually drew the whole of the rest of nature into this act, culminating in the complete separation of the moral order from the natural order.

When one says this today, as I am saying it now, one is naturally saying something that is not in the least comprehensible to those who think in terms of natural science. And yet it will have to become comprehensible! It will have to become comprehensible! Today's natural science is only an episode. Despite all its merits, despite all its great achievements, it is an episode. It will be replaced by another, which will recognize once again that there is a higher view of the world, within which the natural and the moral are two sides of the same being. But one cannot arrive at such a view with pantheistic vagueness; one must look concretely at “how external existence really shows that it has been constituted differently than it appears today in the ordinary natural order.”

to such a view; one must look concretely at “how external existence really shows that it was conceived differently than it appears today in the ordinary order of nature. One must have the courage to apply moral standards to external natural existence as well. The view of the world that today calls itself monistic and sees its glory in excluding morality everywhere does so out of cowardice, out of a cowardice of knowledge, because it does not want to penetrate deeply enough to where, as was the case with Goethe—within the limits I have described—the necessity of applying moral standards arises just as it does for external observation, where the necessity of applying purely external scientific standards arises. arises just as the necessity arises for an external observer to apply purely external scientific standards.

But what I am saying now, the possibility of thinking the world through morality again, this possibility would have been lost to human beings if the mystery of Golgotha had not occurred at the beginning of our calendar. For we have now seen that, in essence, everything that is merely natural order is, in a certain sense, corrupted, has descended from another realm into the present one, and lies at a level of worldview from which it must rise again. So it is with our worldview, which lies at a higher level of worldview from which it must rise again. Our thinking itself really belongs to this natural order. And when today's Du Bois-Reymonds and others speak of our thinking not being able to enter into reality, when they declare the Ignorabimus, that one cannot know, this is true in a certain sense, but why is it true? Yes, because our thinking has also come out of its originally predisposed region and must first find its way back again. Everything is under the influence of the descent of thinking itself. So that one can say: Certainly, you who claim that thinking cannot penetrate reality are right to a certain extent; but it is this thinking itself that has been corrupted by other entities; it must first rise again. The impulse itself for the elevation of this thinking lies in the mystery of Golgotha, that is, in what entered into humanity as an impulse through the mystery of Golgotha. Even our thinking is, in a sense, subject to original sin and must be redeemed from it in order to penetrate reality again. And our natural science, as it stands today with its amoral necessity, is only the product of that thinking which is corrupted, which has descended. If one does not have the courage to admit this, one stands not within reality at all, but outside it.

What lies in the mystery of Golgotha, in order to bring back up what has descended from a higher region into a lower one, becomes particularly clear when one considers individual concrete things, when one asks oneself the question: What would happen to the development of the earth, which has been brought down into the natural order by human beings? I am not saying this out of some fanciful speculation, but as a spiritual-scientific conclusion, just as much as the facts of natural science are: What would happen to the development of the earth after it had been brought down by human beings if the mystery of Golgotha had not given it a new impulse? Just as a plant cannot continue to develop if the ovary is torn off, so the earth would not have been able to find its development if the mystery of Golgotha had not been there!

Today we are only in the fifth post-Atlantean epoch. In the fourth, in its first third, the mystery of Golgotha occurred. The downward current is definitely there, and anyone who is not blind can clearly see that it is there. Oh, there has been a very, very strong decline in thinking that penetrates into the depths of the essence of things! There is a very noticeable decline in thinking, in feeling about the essence of things that goes into depth. The Copernican worldview and similar things are certainly magnificent phenomena in relation to superficial knowledge of things, but they do not penetrate into the depths; they came about precisely because for a time people did not penetrate into the depths. This failure to penetrate into the depths would go on and on. And even today, one can point to individual concrete things — however much one may be regarded as a fantasist when one does so — that would have to come about if the direction were to continue smoothly as it is, which is already predetermined, so to speak, and which must be abandoned as the impulse of the mystery of Golgotha becomes ever more powerful.

I ask you to look with me for a few moments as if through a window into the possibilities of development, and while I let you look through this window, forget what I have said about the outside world, so that you will not be laughed at too much for describing a fact. For, of course, a mocking laughter rises from hell today when one utters such things. If the attitude that prevails today, for example, in the field of pure university natural science, continues in this way, if it spreads, especially if it becomes more and more intense, we are living in the fifth post-Atlantean epoch, and only at the beginning; a sixth and a seventh will come—then certain things, if the mystery of Golgotha did not receive a deeper understanding, take on very strange forms. Today, if someone were to speak of a new scientific view of the Fall as has been done here, he would be speaking outside a prepared circle, outside a circle that has acquired ideas over the years that prove to it that things are entirely scientifically proven, he would, at the beginning of this fifth post-Atlantean epoch, be considered a fool, of course; he would be laughed at and mocked. If people outside the materialistic world, outside Christianity, were to notice that he held such views, they would certainly not place much trust in him. But in the sixth post-Atlantean epoch, things will be quite different, and they will also be different for part of humanity; there will be hard struggles to carry out the Christ impulse.

Today, people think that those who try to speak the truth based on spiritual scientific knowledge should be met with the rod of scorn, the rod of ridicule, or, as it is often called, the rod of criticism. In the sixth period, people will begin to heal these people—to heal them! This means that by then, medicines will have been invented that will be forcibly administered to those who speak of a norm of good and evil, that good and evil are something other than human conventions. A time will come when people will say: How can you talk about good and evil? Good and evil are made by the state. What is written in the laws as good is good; what is written in the laws as evil is evil. If you talk about moral good and evil, you are sick! — And they will be given medicines, and people will be cured. That is the tendency. That is no exaggeration; it is only the window through which I want to let you look. That is the course of time. And what would follow in the seventh post-Atlantean period—I do not want to let you look through that window for the time being. But it is true. A time will come, for what is in human nature cannot be turned back, it will gradually come to expression in such a way that, according to the concepts of the scientific worldview, people will be regarded as sick, and attempts will be made to bring about the necessary cure. This is not a fantasy. It is precisely the most sober observation of reality that gives us what is being spoken of here. And anyone who has eyes to see and ears to hear can see the beginnings of this everywhere.

It is a matter of understanding in all its depth and gradually bringing into life the fact that what is the human etheric body is not — and this is what it is really all about, for everything else proceeds from this — is not, at first, as it was originally intended for human beings. For this human etheric body, which contains among the various etheric elements that it originally contained — and it originally contained all kinds of ether in complete vitality —, today contains warmth. That is why human beings, together with the animals that they brought with them into their “fall,” have warm blood. This gives human beings the ability to process the warmth ether in a special way. But this is not the case with the light ether. Although human beings absorb the light ether, they radiate it in such a way that only a certain low form of clairvoyance is needed to see the etheric colors in the aura of human beings. These colors are present. But in addition, human beings were also predisposed to their own sound, in the whole harmony of the spheres with their own sound and with an original life, so that the etheric body would always have had the possibility of keeping the physical body immortal if this etheric body had retained its original vitality. Other things would not have come about. For if this etheric body had remained in its original form, human beings would have remained in the upper region from which they descended to the lower. They would not have fallen prey to Lucifer's temptation. Conditions would have been completely different in this upper region. But they once were. And spirits such as Saint-Martin still had a certain awareness that such conditions once existed. That is why they speak of these conditions as if they were once a reality.

Let us consider just one of these conditions. Man could not have spoken as he does today, for he would never have formed his words in such a way that language would have differentiated into different languages. For the fact that language has differentiated into different languages stems solely from the fact that language became something permanent. But language was not predisposed to be something permanent at that time; it was predisposed to something completely different. You only have to vividly imagine what man was predisposed to. If a spark of Goethe's worldview — I don't mean just the theory, but the soul — ever really enters humanity, then you will understand what is meant by such a statement, even from Goethe's worldview. Just imagine that man had the original predispositions that were intended for him. They would have looked at what could make an impression on them from outside. But it would not only be colors and sounds that would reach them, not only what are impressions from outside, but spirit would flow out of things everywhere: with the red color, the spirit of red, with the green color, the spirit of green, and so on. The spirit would come to him from everywhere, of which Goethe had only an inkling when he said: Yes, if this plant is only an idea, then I see my ideas, and they are outside like colors. — That is an intuitive idea. I ask you to imagine this in concrete, fully substantial reality: that the spirit really comes to us alive. But if the external impressions had come so vividly, then — it always encounters what comes in through our head, through our senses, what lives in our breathing — the breathing process would encounter every external impression. A red: the impression comes in from outside; from inside, the breath meets it, but then it would be sound. With every single impression, sound would spring from within the human being. There would be no lasting language, but rather every thing, every impression would always be answered immediately with a sounding gesture from within. One would stand there with the words completely within the external essence. What has developed as language is only the earthly projection, the fallen, the decayed, of this living, fluid language. And the expression that is so little understood today, the expression of the “lost word,” reminds us of this original language that is spoken with the whole world. But this word reminds us of this original spirit, where man not only had eyes to see, but eyes to perceive the spirit, and where, in the innermost part of his breathing process, he responded to the perception of the eye with a sounding gesture — this word reminds us of this living togetherness with the spirit: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” The beginning of the Gospel of John speaks of this life in the divine.

Yes, that is one thing. But the other is this: in the breathing process, insofar as it continues upward toward the head as we inhale and exhale, it is not merely an exchange with the outside world that takes place, but a pulsation of our entire organism. The breathing process in the head encounters the impressions we receive from outside. But in the lower organism, too, the breathing process encounters the metabolic process. If human beings still had the original animation of their etheric body, then something quite different would be connected with the process of breathing than is connected with it today. For the metabolic process is not entirely independent of the breathing process; rather, the dependence lies, I would say, behind the scenes of existence, in the occult. But it would lie on a completely different plane if human beings had retained their originally animated etheric body, if it had not been dampened, so to speak, in their lives, which is what causes death, not only through the outer physical body, but from within. If human beings had retained their original disposition, they would have a metabolism that would produce something substantial through human beings. And this substantial element would be one pole. Human beings would not merely produce secretions, but something substantial through their metabolism. That would be one pole. The other pole would be the air exhaled by human beings, which would, however, contain formative forces. The substantial substance that humans develop would be seized by the formative forces of their exhaled breath. This would produce in their environment what the animal world was originally intended to become. For the animal world is a secretion from humans; it was intended to be a secretion so that humans could, in a sense, extend their dominion over their existence beyond themselves. Animals are to be thought of in this way. This is evident from all the considerations I have given you.

Incidentally, natural science is already coming to this conclusion today, that animals were originally much more closely related to humans, as I have already mentioned; not as crude materialistic Darwinism imagines, that humans ascended, but that animals descended. Today, we can no longer see the original spirit in the whole relationship between humans and the animal world. Just as the plant world does not come to an end with evolution, so the animal world does not reveal its origin. Animals exist alongside humans. Natural scientists ponder how they might have evolved. The reasons why they exist alongside humans lie in the region from which humans descended. Therefore, they cannot be found where Darwin and his materialistic interpreters seek them. They lie in the great prehistoric events.

And add to this the fact that I told you recently that for those who see things through spiritual science, it becomes clear that in the sixth or seventh millennium, humanity in its present sense will begin to become infertile. Women, I said, will become infertile. Humanity will not be able to reproduce in the present way. It must undergo a metamorphosis; it must reconnect with a higher world. For this to happen, so that the world does not simply fall into decadence, where all thoughts of good and evil would be “healed,” so that good and evil, all professions of good and evil, would not be regarded merely as state or human statutes, so that this would not come about at a time when the present natural order within the human race necessarily ceases to maintain a human race—for with the same necessity with which a woman's fertility ceases at a certain age, so too does the possibility of humans reproducing in the manner hitherto cease at a certain point in the earth's development—so that this might not happen, the Christ impulse came into being.

There you have placed the Christ impulse into the whole of Earth's evolution. And I would like to know anyone who can believe that the Christ impulse loses anything of its majesty, of its sublimity, when it is placed in this way into the whole world order, when, in other words, this Christ impulse is truly given back its cosmic rank, when one truly thinks: at the beginning of Earth's development and at the end of Earth's development there is a different order than the natural order we have today, a moral order that contains nothing physical. But in order for what is worthy of the beginning of Earth's development to be at the end of Earth's development, the Christ impulse had to come. This is how the Christ impulse fits into our Earth's development. But this is also how it must be understood. And those who do not take the words of the Gospels outwardly, but who truly bring forth the genuine faith demanded by Christ, can already find in the Gospels all the elements, all the predispositions, to gradually bring about more and more of this understanding of the Christ impulse, which is then also worthy of external consideration, which can reconnect the Christ impulse to the entire cosmic world order. One can only understand certain things in the Bible when one approaches them with the underlying spiritual scientific research.

You see, it is written: Not one jot or tittle shall be changed in the law. Some interpreters explain this as meaning that Christ left everything as it was in Judaism and only wanted to add something on his own. That would be the actual meaning of this passage, that he did not really rebel against Judaism, but only wanted to add something. — That is not what is meant by this passage, and no passage in the Gospel should be taken out of its context, for it is precisely the most intense context in the Gospel. Anyone who studies this context — I cannot go into all the details at this moment that would compel one to acknowledge what I am about to say — anyone who studies this context will find the following. Christ wants to say at this moment, when he speaks of the jot and the tittle: In ancient times, when the law was created, humanity was still endowed with the ancient heritage of earthly wisdom and had not yet degenerated to the point where it is now, when the kingdom of God is near and a change of heart, a change of mind, must take place. Back then, in ancient times, there were still prophetic men, prophetic personalities who could find the law out of the spirit. But you who now live here in the kingdom of the world are no longer capable of adding or changing anything to the law. Not a jot or a tittle must be changed if the law is to remain genuine. For it is no longer the time to make changes to the law in this way; it must remain as it is. On the contrary, one must try to recognize the old meaning with the newly acquired knowledge. You are the scribes, but you are not able to recognize anything in the Scriptures. For you must come to the spirit in which they were originally written. You are outside in the realm of the world; there, no new laws arise. Those who are within, in the spiritual realm, are the ones who receive the impulse, the impulse of living power, of which I said recently that it had to be given in such a way that it was not written down by Christ. But you take something that should not be written into law, that must live directly; you take something completely different. You must begin by judging the world in a completely different way than it appears at first glance as the outer world of the senses.

This was the first great impulse to judge the world differently than it appears as the outer world of the senses. This can only take root slowly and gradually. Sometimes, I would say, a person has a sudden urge to speak in a Christian sense; then people laugh at him. Schelling and Hegel sometimes allowed themselves to be led astray—even though they were not regarded as true Christians, especially by Catholics—they allowed themselves to be led astray into saying something genuinely Christian. But it is precisely this that you can find most severely criticized. People objected to them: Yes, but that is not how nature is, as you say! And then Schelling and Hegel once allowed themselves to say: So much the worse for nature! — That is not scientific in the modern sense, but it is Christian, just as it is Christian when Christ Jesus himself says: Even if the scribes speak much about laws, that is not the law. It is not just a jot or a tittle, much of the law has been changed; for they speak from the outer world, not from the kingdom of God. Those who speak from the kingdom of God speak of a world order of which the natural order is only a subordinate part. To this one must reply: So much the worse for nature! For Goethe would also have said, if someone had objected to him: You say that sexuality is not the basis of the plant world, but look at the plant; natural science shows you that everywhere the wind must drive the anther dust onto the ovules, — he would have said, if he had expressed his innermost conviction: So much the worse for the plant world that it has come to this within the natural order!

But on the other hand, such minds will always emphasize: It must come from human understanding, it must become part of human feeling in such a way that people can think, feel, and experience it, it must be able to become reality again — it must be able to become reality in this way until the sixth or seventh millennium — so that what people say, the word, can have the same power over the external world as the seed has today. The word must regain its power; the word that is abstract today must gain creative power, the word that was in the beginning. And anyone who does not dare to supplement the words of the Gospel of John today on the basis of spiritual science, by saying not only, “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and God was the Word,” but adding, “The Word will be again one day!” does not speak in the sense that Christ Jesus meant. For Christ Jesus already phrased his words in such a way that they contradict the outer world very much. But of course, he gave the impulse. I would say that the downward slope has now gone even further, and an ever greater and greater force must be exerted in the Christ impulse to bring the earth into an upward movement. In a certain sense, we have certainly come a little way upward since the Mystery of Golgotha, but for the most part this has happened without thinking consciousness. However, human beings must also learn to participate consciously in the world process again. They must learn not merely to believe that when they think, something is happening in their brains, but to recognize that when they think, something is happening in the cosmos! And they must learn to think in such a way that thinking is entrusted to the cosmos, so that human beings themselves are connected with the cosmos to the same degree.

What will have to happen in outer life so that the Christ impulse can truly live in outer social life as well, those people who already know something about it today will not say anything about it today, because there are certain reasons that prevent them from doing so. One can only speak of it under certain conditions. I would say that one can only characterize it. But take the moment to which I wanted to let you look through a window, where those people who recognize something other than state constitutions will be treated medically. Take that moment! By that time, however, a counteraction will also have taken place. This will happen to one part of humanity, but another part of humanity will carry the Christ impulse into the future, and a counteraction will take place. There will be a struggle between the declining and the rising kingdoms. And the Christ impulse will remain alive. When the etheric Christ comes in our century, the Christ impulse will come alive in such a way that it will be able to generate impulses in the human soul that will gradually make it impossible to govern in a way that is based on ambition or vanity, or even prejudice or error. There is a possibility of finding principles of government that exclude vanity, thirst for glory, prejudice, and even recklessness and error. But this can only be achieved through a correct, concrete understanding of the Christ impulse. Parliaments will not decide on these impulses; they will come into the world in another way. But the trend is moving in that direction. That is where what one might call the longing is heading: alongside the understanding of Christ in world evolution, to bring Christ into the social evolution of humanity. But this requires a rethinking in many respects. And it will require strengthening those who are able to take seriously what I have told you about Christ. When he spoke what he actually had to say, the others became so angry that they wanted to throw him down the mountain. One should not imagine the development of the world too easily. One should be clear that anyone who has the right words to say about certain things may well encounter the same kind of mood that confronted Christ Jesus when he was about to be thrown down the mountain.

At a time when people think: Don't go too far in this or that! Don't cause offense! Don't get suspected of rebelling against this or that! —- at such a time, something is brewing, and perhaps rightly so at such a time. It is preparing itself in the depths of consciousness; but there is little to be seen of it on the surface. On the surface, the unchristian principle of opportunism prevails, the unchristian principle that cannot rise anywhere to the Christian accusation: “For you, scribes and Pharisees, the kingdom of God is not for you!” But first we must understand what stands today in the place that Christ interpreted when he spoke of the scribes and Pharisees at that time. There are many excuses for what Christ Jesus said. And a modern preacher, though not one who belongs to a positive church community, has said many beautiful things about Christ Jesus, but he could not refrain from saying: He was not really a practical man, because he advised, for example, to live like the birds in the air: they do not sow, they do not reap, they do not gather into barns, and that would not get you very far in today's world. — This preacher did not try very hard to really understand the impulse that lies in the Gospels. It is sometimes difficult to hear or read words such as: If someone strikes you on one cheek, turn to him the other also. If someone takes your coat, let him have your cloak as well. If someone wants something from you, give it to him. If someone takes your property, do not demand it back.

Now, when one reads all that has been said in defense of this unpopular passage, one must say that modern humanity has come a long way in forgiving Christ Jesus for sometimes speaking such strange words. Much has been forgiven in order to preserve the Gospel, to preserve it in one's own way. But in all these things it is much more a matter of understanding things. Now that is difficult, because all these things are contained in their full context. But one can at least sense the connection if one continues reading after it says: If someone takes your property, do not demand it back—and then comes the sentence in the Gospel of Luke, which is even clearer in the Gospel of Matthew: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” This, of course, applies to what has gone before. Christ demands the power of faith, trust in things.

Yes, if Christ Jesus had only developed those concepts that live so immediately on the surface in the outer world, then he could never have said: If someone takes your coat, give him your coat as well. — But he is not talking about what should prevail out there, for that is for the scribes, what should prevail out there is for the high priests; he is talking about the kingdom of heaven, and he wants to make it particularly clear at this point that different laws prevail there than in the outer world. And compare the passage as it stands here with the way it is written in the Gospel of Matthew — these things must also be properly translated at some point — and you will see that Christ Jesus wants to say something that inspires a belief in people that, above all, renders unnecessary all the legal provisions human statutes concerning the stealing of coats and cloaks. For, Christ Jesus wants to say, merely teaching, “You shall not steal,” accomplishes nothing. You know, he says, “Not one jot shall be taken from the law”; but in its original form, it no longer has any impact today. One must really develop the strength within oneself, under certain circumstances, as long as there is order at all, that if someone takes one's coat, one should also give him one's cloak. For under the influence of the attitude: As you do not wish to be treated by others, so do not treat them! Under the influence of the attitude that, above all, this attitude should be made universal, no one will be able to take your coat. But no one will take your coat unless the person from whom the coat is to be taken really has the strength of conviction: as soon as he takes my coat, I will also give him my shirt.

That must be social order. If this is social order, then there will be no stealing. This is what Christ means, because this is the kingdom of God as opposed to the kingdom of the world. In a world where the principle prevails: I will give my coat to the one who takes my cloak! - in this world there will be no stealing. But one must develop the power of faith, that is, morality must be based on this inner power of faith, that is, it must be a miracle. Every moral act must be a miracle; it must not be merely a natural fact, it must be a miracle. Man must be capable of miracles. Because the original world order could be brought down from its height to a lower region, the mere natural order must in turn be countered by a supernatural moral order that does more than merely obey the natural order. It is not enough to simply keep the old commandments that were given under different circumstances, nor is it enough to change them; rather, you must live according to the other order, which is not the natural order: if someone takes my coat, I am so disposed that I also give him my shirt, that I do not drag him to court. In the Gospel of Matthew, it is stated that Christ Jesus wants to eliminate judgment. But it would make no sense at all to immediately follow “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you” with “the coat and the cloak” if the matter were not referring to another kingdom, “the kingdom in which miracles happen.” For Christ Jesus performed the signs and miracles through his great, superhuman power of faith. No one who regards human beings merely as natural beings, who cannot bring himself to regard them as anything other than natural beings, can do what Christ did. Now Christ demands that we see, at least in the moral realm, that there is more life in the imagination than in external reality. In external reality, it is said: If someone takes your coat, take it back! But this principle does not establish a social order in the sense of the Christ impulse. There must be more in the imagination than what merely corresponds to the external world. Otherwise, a strange connection would arise between these individual sentences. Just think about it: if you act like this, “If someone strikes you on one cheek, turn to him the other also. If someone takes your coat, let him have your coat as well. If someone wants something from you, give it to him. If someone takes your property, do not demand it back.” And: ‘As you wish to be treated by others, so treat them!’ ”If you strike someone on one cheek, just assume that he will offer you the other so that you can satisfy your desire on the second; if you take someone's coat, do not stop there, but take his coat as well; if you want something from someone, make sure that he gives it to you,” and so on—that would be the reversal of the sentence under the influence of the clause ”Treat others as you wish to be treated by them!”

You see, in earthly terms, the whole thing makes no sense. This sequence of sentences is simply meaningless. It only makes sense if you make the following assumption: Those who would participate in the salvation of the world that is to be initiated by the Christ impulse, whereby the world is to be carried up into the higher regions, must start from more than the outer world of principles that merely correspond to the outer world; then what can give physical power to moral ideas and moral concepts will happen.

In order to grasp the Gospel in the sense of the Mystery of Golgotha, it is necessary above all to have an inner courage of the soul, which people today must acquire. It is necessary to take seriously, above all, those things in which Christ Jesus, in contrast to the kingdom that had gradually developed under the descending stream, adds the kingdom of heaven to the kingdom of the world, setting it in opposition to it. Yes, my dear friends, those who experience Easter in times such as these may already feel a longing for the mystery of Golgotha to be understood again with courage, for people to connect themselves with the impulse of Golgotha with courage. For the Gospel says in every part of itself: Courage! — every part of it contains the call to follow nothing other than the impulse that Christ Jesus truly imprints on the development of the earth.

Through this description today, I wanted to bring the mystery of Golgotha a little closer to you, in order to emphasize this aspect more deeply, which shows how the mystery of Golgotha must be placed back into the whole cosmic order, and can only be understood if one takes the Gospel as if a higher form of language were speaking through it, not the language of human beings. In its theological development, where theology reigns as learned theology, the nineteenth century has attempted to bring the Gospel down to human speech. The next task is to read the Gospel again from the standpoint of the Word of God. In this respect, spiritual science will serve the understanding of the Gospel.