Aspects of Human Evolution
GA 176
29 May 1917, Berlin
Lecture I
At present, the circumstances of life do not lend themselves to celebration of festivals in the usual sense. In these difficult times it would be best for us to investigate aspects of spiritual science which in some measure can help us understand the deeper-lying causes of the present situation. In view of this, I propose to speak about certain results of spiritual investigation which throw light on this question. Let us try to focus our attention on a certain aspect of mankind's evolution during post-Atlantean times up to the present.
We know from various subjects, discussed on earlier occasions, that it is possible in a certain sense to compare mankind's evolution as a whole with the development gone through by the individual, if for no other reason than that, at least at first sight, both appear as a progress taking place in time. In particular, I have been investigating, for years, the inner evolutionary conditions of post-Atlantean humanity. Much has come to light, especially this winter, which is of great significance also in relation to the question just mentioned.
From an external viewpoint it may seem that when human progress is observed over a certain length of time, one cannot but come to the conclusion that a certain section of mankind's evolution corresponds to the development of the individual between this and that given age. It would therefore seem that mankind's evolution as a whole follows a course similar to that of the individual human being. However, investigation shows that this is by no means the case. Furthermore it is also revealed that important secrets, particularly in relation to the present age, are connected with the fact that this is not true. Going back to the first post-Atlantean cultural epoch, which we can do with the help of concepts familiar to us from spiritual science, the epoch we usually designate as the ancient Indian, we may ask: Which age in the life of the individual human being corresponds to mankind's age in general in that ancient epoch? Spiritual investigation discovers something quite remarkable. I have often mentioned that today it is too lightly assumed that in former times, within the cultures that were then in existence, man's soul configuration was more or less as it is now. That assumption is quite wrong and has arisen because modern man, with his materialistic-scientific outlook, is simply incapable of forming any idea of how man's soul, and in particular his inner life, has changed within a comparatively short period.
If we look at the human being as he is today, we notice that during a certain period of his development his physical body is the first to mature. His bodily organs develop both in their coarser and finer structure. Not only does the human being become larger, his organs become more perfect externally as well as internally. We see that up to a certain age the development of his spirit and soul is bound up with the development of the physical body; the two as it were take a parallel course. No educator can ignore this fact with impunity. We also know that this interweaving of the spirit and soul development with that of the body comes to an end at a certain age. Man is then considered fully developed. When we look at life, we cannot fail to notice that human beings, as early as possible, consider themselves a finished product with no need for any further learning. To suggest that they may read Goethe's Iphigenia or Schiller's Wilhelm Tell after a certain age is considered by many to be asking too much. This is something one reads at school, it belongs to youth; in later life one no longer concerns oneself with such things! This may not be a general view but it is certainly very widespread, and a similar attitude can be observed in many other spheres of life. It is an attitude that has its origin in something quite fundamental. From a certain point in his life man is physically fully developed. At that moment his spirit and soul being ceases to be dependent on his bodily organs whose growth and development have come to an end. We are aware that from then on his spirit and soul become free of the body and develop independently. When we observe man as he is today we find that this moment occurs at a certain age—more will be said about this later—but one would be very much mistaken in believing that this occurrence took place in remotely the same way in the first postAtlantean cultural epoch.
During that ancient epoch man naturally passed through the ages of 6, 12, 20, 30, 40, 50 and so on, but through his whole life he experienced growing older differently from the way it is experienced today. During that epoch man felt, right up to a mature age, right up into the years from 48 to 56, the dependence of his spirit-soul being on his physical-bodily nature. He felt this to an extent which today is the case only in childhood and early youth. You must realize what this meant; it meant that while the body was growing man felt the soul's participation in the body's growth and development right up to the age of 35. After that he began to experience the soul's participation in the body's decline. He felt his soul's dependence on the body's evolution. While at first the body would be in a condition of growth and development, it would gradually come into a condition of decline. Because modern man's spirit-soul being is comparatively independent of his bodily nature, he does not notice when the decline begins. In the first post-Atlantean epoch those who reached this age felt with the decline of the body a universal spirituality becoming free within them.
The fact that the bodily nature began to decline while the soul was still dependent on it caused the spirit to light up within man. Immediately after the Atlantean catastrophe this condition lasted right up to the age of 56. Only then one might say was man fully developed; only then did his spirit-soul being cease to be dependent on the bodily nature. That there were at that time echoes of inner spiritual vision was because man's spirit and soul participated in the bodily nature during its decline. This condition and quality of human life threw its light over the whole culture. Young people were aware, because it was common knowledge and experience, that when they grew old, when they reached a venerable age, divine secrets would reveal themselves in their souls. This was the reason that there existed in that first post-Atlantean cultural epoch a veneration, a worship of old age of which today we can have no idea unless we perceive it in the spiritual echoes remaining from that ancient time. After all the things already said I need hardly mention that those who died before they had reached that patriarchal age knew of a world other than the physical-material one. They knew: In that world, those who died young had other tasks to accomplish together with higher beings of soul and spirit. Thus everyone, also when they died before reaching old age, still had a satisfying view of life and the world.
The remarkable fact is that when these things are investigated one cannot speak of mankind becoming older; curiously enough one must say mankind becomes ever younger, that it goes back towards youth. Immediately after the Atlantean catastrophe man developed, in the way I have described, up to the age of 56, then followed the time when he did so up to the age of 55, then 54 and so on. When the first post-Atlantean cultural epoch came to an end, development lasted only up to the age of 48. At that point man had as it were to say to himself: I am now on my own, my bodily nature no longer contributes to the development of my soul and spirit. And, as we have seen, this now occurred much earlier than at the start of the ancient Indian cultural epoch.
We then come to the second, the ancient Persian epoch. This epoch corresponds to the phase the individual passes through between 48 and 42. In other words in this epoch man felt his spirit and soul being's development to be dependent on his bodily nature up into his forties. Only when he was beyond the forties did he experience that independence from the body which at the present time occurs at a much earlier age. This meant that in the ancient Persian epoch the soul did not participate for so long, nor as intensely, in the decline, the sclerosis of the organism. The soul did not participate for so long in those forces that arose from the declining organism and that could lead man into the spiritual world, illumining it for him.
After the ancient Persian cultural epoch followed the one we designate as the Egyptian-Chaldean epoch. Now mankind's age as a whole dropped to what corresponds in the individual to the years between 42 and 35. That meant that in the Egyptian-Chaldean epoch the fruit of development came to man of itself in the beginning up to the age of 42, then 41, later 40 and so on. After that he had to accomplish his own independent inner development.
These facts appear to have the greatest significance for the fourth, the Graeco-Latin epoch. In this epoch mankind as a whole developed so that the age of post-Atlantean humanity corresponded successively to that of the individual between 35 and 28. These are the years leading up to the middle of life. We must be quite clear about what occurred in the Graeco-Latin epoch. The individual human being within this epoch experienced, simply through the laws governing mankind's evolution, his spirit-soul being's dependence on the body's growth and development. But just at the time when the body's decline set in, when it began to become sclerotic—if I may use that expression, which of course is somewhat radical—the soul became free from the body. The first half of life made a person belong to the Graeco-Latin culture by virtue of mankind's evolution in general. During this epoch the evolution of the individual coincided so exactly with mankind's evolution as a whole that, at the moment when human beings began to experience the decline of the body, nothing more was revealed to man through it. That is why so much of Greek culture reveals youthfulness, vitality and flourishing growth. However, what can be revealed only through the bodily nature in its decline eluded the Greek. This meant that such revelations were lost to him unless he received spiritual instruction in the mysteries. Direct vision of the spiritual world was lost through human nature itself.
In the third epoch simply through his nature it was possible for man to see into the spiritual world, though in decreasing measure. It was possible for him through direct vision to know about the soul's immortality. In the GraecoLatin epoch man could indeed know that everything growing, flourishing, everything coming into being is permeated with soul and spirit. But the soul's independent life after death, or before it had entered physical life through birth, was no longer obvious to the Greek simply through human evolution as such. That is the reason for the well-known saying expressed by the Greek heroes: “It is better to be a beggar in the upper world than a king in the realm of the shades.”1“It is better to be a beggar ...” Homer, Odyssey, eleventh book, verses 289-291; the speech of Achilles.
The Greeks knew through direct vision that the “upper world” and man within it was permeated by soul and spirit. It was just because of this vision that the spiritual world as such eluded them. It is interesting that the eminent Greek sage Aristotle developed his ideas precisely on this fundamental view of the Greeks. The great Aristotle scholar Franz Brentano2Franz Brentano, 1838–1917, professor in Vienna 1874–1880; Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkte, Bd. I, 1874. was right when he said that Aristotle's view of immortality was that after death man was no longer a complete human being. As a Greek, Aristotle had the view I have described, and he therefore presupposed that for a human being to be complete, body and soul must be together. Those like Aristotle who were not initiated in the mysteries said: If a man's arm is cut off, he is no longer a complete human being; if both arms are cut off, he is even less complete; if the whole body is taken from him as happens in death, then he is truly no longer a complete man. This view is certainly not true in the light of higher knowledge; it originated with the Greeks, even with those whose thinking, as in the case of Aristotle, had reached the highest eminence. After the soul has gone through death, man, according to Aristotle, is incomplete because he lacks organs that could bring him into communication with any kind of environment. Brentano rightly recognized that this was Aristotle's view of immortality.
Now bear in mind that during this epoch mankind in general passed through the ages which correspond in the individual to those between 35 and 28. If we take the first third of this time span we come to about the age of 33. The fourth post-Atlantean epoch began in the year 747 before the Mystery of Golgotha, and ended in the year 1413 after the Mystery of Golgotha. If evolution had continued as it had up to the fourth epoch, with mankind unavoidably becoming younger and younger, then man would have experienced not just the shadow-like immortality which the Greeks visualized. His spirit-soul being would at an ever earlier age cease to be dependent on the body. This independence would happen long before his bodily growth and development had ceased, and before he had reached the middle of life. As mankind in general attained no more than the age of 34, then 33, 32 and so on, the body would gradually have overwhelmed him. Through his individual evolution he would no longer have been able to look up to any kind of spiritual world. That is why it is of such immense significance that at the end of the first third of the epoch which began in 747 B.C. the Mystery of Golgotha took place, and that just at this point in time Christ Jesus reached the age of 33 which at that time was also the age of mankind. At that point the death on Golgotha took place. Christ Jesus had evolved so that His age and that of mankind coincided at the moment when, through the Mystery of Golgotha, the possibility arose for knowledge of immortality to be obtained directly without any physical intermediary. This knowledge can be attained on earth only because of the fructification the earth received when the Christ Spirit united with the personality of Jesus, just when His age and that of mankind coincided at the moment in time when mankind was threatened with loss of all connection with the spiritual world.
It affects one deeply when, in considering mankind's evolution as such with quite different assumptions, one discovers during spiritual investigation the deep connection between mankind's earthly evolution and the age and death of Christ Jesus. I can think of little which must have a greater impact on the soul than knowledge of the placement of the Mystery of Golgotha within an important law of development governing the individual person and the evolution of humanity as a whole. We see how spiritual knowledge gradually explains and illumines the Mystery of Golgotha. And we can perhaps sense that as spiritual science continues to widen and develop conscientious investigations, it will throw light on many more aspects of this event. It is certain that as yet we on earth, even with the penetrating research of spiritual science, grasp the Mystery of Golgotha only to the smallest extent. The Mystery of Golgotha will be understood ever more and at ever deeper levels the further mankind progresses in spiritual knowledge. I venture to say that during my spiritual research, few moments have been more moving than when—let me put it in these words—there arose for me, out of the grey mist of the spirit, the recognition of the connection between mankind's age of 33 in the fourth post-Atlantean epoch and the age of 33 of Christ Jesus just when the death on Golgotha took place.
Continuing mankind's post-Atlantean evolution we come to our own, the fifth epoch. During this epoch the age of mankind in general corresponds to the ages of the individual between the 28th and the 21st year. This means that when the fifth post-Atlantean epoch began in 1413, mankind's evolution had reached the point when people felt their spirit-soul being's development to be dependent upon their bodily nature up to their 28th year. At that age the soul became independent. You will realize from this fact the necessity for man in this epoch to attain through conscious inner spiritual development what the soul no longer receives through its dependence on the physical-bodily nature. In this epoch man must attain insight out of his own individual being, he must be able freely and independently to grasp reality and carry this ability beyond the ages of 28, 27, 26 and so on. However, it has to be said that generally the present system of education, despite being a much discussed or perhaps I should better say fabled about subject, tends not to provide the individual with anything beyond what corresponds to mankind's present age of 27.
In the course of the fifth post-Atlantean epoch mankind's general age will drop to 26, then 25, etc. reaching 21 at the end of the epoch. So you see the necessity for science of the spirit, which will provide the soul with what it no longer receives through the body's development, and will support it in its independent development. At present we witness the phenomenon that, if their development does not go beyond what it can receive from the external world and ordinary history, people may live to be a hundred, but their age remains at 27. That means that whatever they express about their innermost views, observations, or ideals always bears the stamp of issuing from someone aged no more than 27.
I have concerned myself with the most varied personalities engaged in different branches of cultural and public life. I have indeed considered this aspect of research most thoroughly. I have attempted to discover what lies behind some of the more questionable phenomena that one meets with today. It has come to light that much of what is happening has its origin in the fact that people with influence in public life, no matter how old they are, act out of the mental disposition of a 27-year-old, in the sense I have described. Truly what I am about to say is not said out of bad feeling or animosity. The research into these things goes back to long before the war, as can be seen from my lectures.
I did research into a personality who is typical because as far as his soul disposition is concerned it must be said that, though he is considerably older externally, inwardly he is but 27 years old. In his activity in public life he proves himself a typical representative of such a personality. There are many examples to choose from, but let us take this more distant one through whom much has come about in our time: Woodrow Wilson, the President of the United States of America. I have taken great pains in investigating this man's soul disposition. He represents those human beings whose development gains nothing through the fact that man's soul has become free, has become independent of the bodily nature and should be self-reliant. In consequence their age remains the same as that of mankind, which at present is 27. It is really an untruth when such people claim to be 30, 40, 50 or more years old. As regards inner development they are no more than 27.
A friend of our movement who has suffered much through the events taking place at present heard the lecture I am now giving in Munich. He told me afterwards that this explanation of the peculiarity of present events was like a ray of light helping him to understand many phenomena. The abstract ideals of youth, the abstract discussions about freedom, indulging one's own pleasure while believing to have a world mission; all these things are characteristic of Woodrow Wilson.3NoteTextNoteNumWoodrow Wilson, 1856–1924, President of the United States from 1913-1921, professor of philosophy. Not developing beyond the age of 27 explains his unpractical views, his inability to discover fruitful ideas that relate to reality as a creative force, his wishing to express only views that please people, that are intelligible in general to people who do not want any ideas more mature than those coming from a 27-year-old—these are also things that are characteristic of Woodrow Wilson. To take an example: his ideas about peace, which have swept through the world, are so impractical that they have contributed to war for his own country. All these things are closely related but they have their origin in the facts I have indicated. Spiritual research discovers deeper truths of human evolution which are not comfortable to hear. This no doubt accounts for them being so little appreciated. People are not consciously aware that such truths can be disagreeable, but subconsciously they are, and they fear them. The fear is subconscious and because people do not allow it to rise into consciousness it turns into hate, into antipathy against the deeper truths. What today calls forth so much antipathy towards spiritual science is subconscious hatred, and especially subconscious fear of the deeper truths which indeed are not, let us say, so digestible as those phrases so loved today such as “The best man in the right place,” and the like. In the future man's ideas as well as his ideals must be far more definite, far more concrete; they must relate to reality, to facts as they are. I have spoken of this from the most varied standpoints. Ideas and ideals must spring from real knowledge, from true insight into the meaning and direction of man's evolution. Man's evolution will indeed not prosper as long as people refuse to base what is called “idealism” on direct spiritual investigation. Arbitrary notions will not provide ideals that have any connection with reality.
The sixth epoch will follow our own. As mankind's general age will then correspond to the ages of the individual between 21 and 14, it will mean that man's soul will become free and independent of his bodily nature at those earlier ages. Imagine what it will then be like if man's free and independent soul does not unite with knowledge derived from spiritual investigation. A person may then be 30, 40, 50 years old, but if he has not taken his own development in hand, his age will in fact be no more than 17, 16 or 15. The all-important aspect of mankind's further evolution consists in the fact that as the earth progresses more of man's development is left to the individual himself. What will happen if this is not recognized? What will happen is that people will suffer dementia praecox, insanity of adolescence. You will realize how necessary it is to know about the fundamental facts of earthly existence and to be conscious of the dangers that threaten mankind. At present there is plenty of courage shown in external action, a fact which is by no means always sufficiently appreciated. But man's further progress will need courage of soul, the courage which will enable him to face truths which at first appear disagreeable if one's first love in life is ease and comfort, if all one strives for is knowledge that one finds, as the saying is, “elevating,” i.e., one demands all truths to be pleasant ones. This is an attitude that is very widespread in our time. A dislike is taken to someone the moment he speaks about things that are uncomfortable, albeit necessary; one feels let down because he fails to uplift. But truth which has been recognized as such stands higher than words spoken merely because they deal with things that are pleasant and can be taken home to be enjoyed like a comforting beverage. The satisfaction derived from knowledge of life as it necessarily and truly is stands higher than that derived from ease and comfort.
These are things I wanted to say to help us understand our present age.
Erster Vortrag
Zu Festesbetrachtungen im gewöhnlichen Sinn ist die Zeit ungeeignet, und in dieser schweren Zeit wird es am besten sein, wenn wir versuchen im Umfange, im Umkreise der Geisteswissenschaft nach Dingen zu forschen, welche uns einigermaßen in der richtigen Art begreiflich machen können, was die tieferen Grundlagen dieser unserer Zeit sind. Und so möchte ich denn heute von einem besonderen Forschungsresultat zu Ihnen sprechen, das nach dieser Richtung hin aufklärend sein kann, möchte versuchen, von einem besonderen Gesichtspunkte aus die Entwickelung der Menschheit in der nachatlantischen Zeit bis in unsere Gegenwart herein ins Auge zu fassen. Ich werde allerdings, nachdem diese Betrachtungen beendet sein werden, durch mancherlei Veranlassungen genötigt sein, heute abend auch einiges über die Gesellschaft selbst vorzubringen.
Wir wissen ja aus verschiedenen Dingen, die im Laufe der Jahre vorgebracht worden sind, daß in einer gewissen Beziehung verglichen werden kann die Entwickelung der Menschheit im großen mit der Entwickelung des einzelnen menschlichen Individuums, einfach aus dem Grunde, weil in beiden Fällen diese Entwickelung, wenigstens dem ersten Anschein nach, ein Fortschreiten in der Zeit ist. Ich bin nun durch Jahre hindurch nachgegangen den inneren Entwickelungsbedingungen namentlich der nachatlantischen Menschheit. Und wie so manches mir gerade während der Forschungen dieses Winters sich ergeben hat, so auch etwas Bedeutungsvolles mit Bezug auf diese eben aufgeworfene Frage.
Äußerlich betrachtet könnte es so scheinen, wenn man ein Stück menschlicher Entwickelung in ihrem Fortgange betrachtet, daß man zu der Anschauung kommen müßte, dieses Stück Menschheitsentwickelung entspreche so der individuellen Entwickelung des einzelnen Menschen, daß man vielleicht zu sagen hätte: Wie der einzelne Mensch sich zwischen diesen und jenen Jahren seines Lebens entwickelt, so ähnlich entwickelt sich die Menschheit. Nun habe ich gefunden, daß dies ganz und gar nicht so ist, und daß mit dem Anderssein in dieser Beziehung bedeutungsvolle Geheimnisse gerade auch des gegenwärtigen menschlichen Zeitalters zusammenhängen. Wenn wir zurückgehen, und wir dürfen dabei ja uns bekannte, uns geläufige Ideen anwenden, in die erste nachatlantische Kulturperiode, die wir gewöhnt sind die altindische, die urindische zu nennen, so können wir uns fragen: Mit welchem einzelnen individuellen menschlichen Lebensalter läßt sich das Gesamtalter der Menschheit in der damaligen urindischen Kulturperiode vergleichen? — Die geistige Forschung ergibt da etwas höchst Merkwürdiges. Ich habe ja oft gesagt: Man stellt sich zu leicht vor, daß in den Zeiten, in denen es da oder dort schon eine menschliche Kultur gegeben hat, die innere Grundverfassung der Menschenseele eigentlich im wesentlichen so war, wie sie jetzt ist. Das ist aber durchaus nicht der Fall. Diese Anschauung entsteht nur aus dem Grunde, weil der heutige Mensch mit seinen Mitteln der materialistischen Wissenschaft durchaus nicht imstande ist, sich Vorstellungen zu bilden darüber, wie eigentlich die Seelen in verhältnismäßig kurzer Zeit im Laufe der Menschheitsentwickelung anders geworden sind, und wie namentlich das Seelenleben anders geworden ist.
Wenn wir heute die Menschheit um uns herum sehen, so bemerken wir, daß während einer gewissen Zeit der individuellen menschlichen Entwickelung der Mensch heranwächst erstens körperlich: seine körperlichen Organe in ihren feineren und gröberen Gliederungen gestalten sich aus, der Mensch wird nicht nur größer, dieOrgane vervollkommnen sich auch innerlich. Und wir sehen, daß bis zu einem gewissen Lebensalter die geistig-seelische Entwickelung an die körperlich-physische Entwickelung gebunden ist, ihr gewissermaßen parallel geht; und kein Erzieher kann ungestraft dies außer acht lassen. Aber wir wissen auch, wie von einem gewissen Lebensalter ab dieses innige Zusammen verwoben sein der seelisch-geistigen Entwickelung mit der körperlichen Entwickelung aufhört. Wir gewahren, daß der Mensch sich von einem bestimmten Lebensalter ab für fertig hält. In unserer Zeit werden wir ja, wenn wir das Leben um uns herum genauer betrachten, gar sehr gewahr, wie sich, man kann sagen, schon in möglichst früher Zeit die Menschen als fertig betrachten, als so betrachten, daß sie eigentlich nichts mehr zu lernen haben. Wir wissen ja, daß es heute für viele eine Zumutung ist, wenn man etwa voraussetzt, sie könnten in einem bestimmten Lebensalter noch Goethes «Iphigenie» oder Schillers «Tell» lesen. Das hat man, als man junges Mädchen oder Schüler war, in der Schule gelesen. Das gehört für die Jugend. Von einem bestimmten Lebensalter an befaßt man sich mit solchen Dingen doch nicht mehr! Gewiß, es ist dies nicht eine allgemeine Gewohnheit, aber doch eine sehr, sehr weit verbreitete Gewohnheit. Und ähnliches können wir auf vielen Gebieten des Lebens gewahr werden. Aber dem liegt schon eine Wahrheit zugrunde. Dem liegt die Wahrheit zugrunde, daß der Mensch von einem bestimmten Zeitpunkte seiner individuellen Entwickelung an gewissermaßen physisch ausgewachsen ist, daß dann sein Geistig-Seelisches aufhört in Abhängigkeit zu sein von dem Wachstum und von der Entwickelung der leiblichen Organe, die ja aufgehört hat, und daß sein Geistig-Seelisches sich frei und selbständig entwickelt; das werden wir gewahr. Wenn wir heute die Menschheit ansehen, so finden wir, daß dieser eben charakterisierte Zeitpunkt in einem bestimmten Lebensalter eintritt; wir werden noch genauer darüber sprechen. Aber man würde sich sehr irren, wenn man glauben würde, daß die Sache so, wie sie heute ist, auch nur im entferntesten ähnlich war in der ersten, in der urindischen Kulturepoche. Auch damals wurden selbstverständlich die Menschen 6, 12, 20, 30, 40, 50 und so weiter Jahre alt, aber ihr ganzes Leben verhielt sich zu diesem Älterwerden anders als jetzt. In diesen alten Zeiten verspürte die Menschenseele bis in ein ungeheuer hohes Alter hinauf, bis in die Zeit vom 48. bis 56. Lebensjahr eine solche Abhängigkeit des Seelisch-Geistigen vom Physisch-Leiblichen, wie sie heute nur empfunden wird im Kindes- und Jünglingsalter. Und bedenken Sie, was das bedeutet. Das bedeutet, daß dazumal der Mensch durchmachte ein Mitleben des Seelischen mit dem Leiblichen in der aufsteigenden körperlichen Entwickelung des Menschen bis zum 35. Jahr, dann wiederum mit der absteigenden körperlichen Entwickelung seelisch mitging, das Seelische in Abhängigkeit fühlte von dieser körperlichen Entwickelung. Indem anfangs das Körperliche ein Wachsen, ein Sichentfalten war, wurde es dann allmählich ein Einsinken. Aber mit dem Einsinken des Körperlichen, das heute der Mensch gar nicht spürt, weil sein SeelischGeistiges verhältnismäßig unabhängig vom Körperlichen verläuft, mit dem Einsinken des Körperlichen verspürten gerade diejenigen, die dieses Alter erreichten, im ersten nachatlantischen Zeitraum, ein innerliches Freiwerden des universell Geistigen. Indem das Körperliche zurückging, sie aber doch abhängig blieben vom Körperlichen, leuchtete ihnen das Geistige im Innern auf. Und das dauerte gleich nach der atlantischen Katastrophe bis zum 56. Lebensjahre. Da war, wenn wir so sagen dürfen, der Mensch erst ausgewachsen, das heißt, da erst verlor sich die Abhängigkeit des Geistig-Seelischen vom Körperlichen. Daß der Mensch auch geistig-seelisch mitmachte das Körperliche in der absteigenden Entwickelungszeit, das bedingte, daß gerade damals noch Nachklänge innerlich geistigen Schauens vorhanden waren. Und nun ist das Eigentümliche, daß diese Beschaffenheit des menschlichen Lebens natürlich auf die ganze Kultur ausstrahlte. Derjenige, der jung war in jenen alten Zeiten, der wußte durch die allgemeinen Begriffe, Denk- und Empfindungsgewohnheiten, die man sich aneignete, daß, wenn einer alt wurde, er in jenes ehrwürdige Alter kam, wo die göttlichen Geheimnisse in seiner Seele aufgingen. Daher war in jener ersten Kulturepoche der nachatlantischen Zeit eine Altersverehrung, ein Kultus des Alters vorhanden, von dem wir uns heute gar keine Vorstellung mehr machen können, wenn wir sie nicht schauen in den Nachklängen, die uns geistig geblieben sind aus jenen alten Zeiten. Kaum zu erwähnen brauche ich nach all den Betrachtungen, die ich schon angestellt habe, daß jeder, der früher starb, bevor dieses patriarchalische Alter erreicht war, wußte, daß es andere Welten als die materiell-physische Welt gibt, und daß da die hohen geistig-seelischen Wesenheiten der höheren Welten mit jenen, die früher starben, andere Aufgaben zu verrichten hatten. So daß jeder selbstverständlich, auch wenn er früher sterben mußte als der Eintritt in dieses patriarchalisch hohe Alter erfolgte, doch in sich befriedigende Weltempfindungen haben konnte.
Das Merkwürdige ist, daß, wenn man diesen Dingen nachforscht, man nicht davon sprechen kann: die Menschheit wird älter, sondern man muß kurioserweise davon sprechen: die Menschheit wird jünger, schreitet zurück. Gleich nach der atlantischen Katastrophe war es so, daß die Entwickelung, wie ich sie geschildert habe, stattfand bis zum 56. Lebensjahre, dann kam die Zeit, wo sie stattfand bis zum 55., dann bis zum 54. Lebensjahre und so weiter. Und als die erste nachatlantische Kulturperiode abgelaufen war, dauerte diese Entwickelung nur bis zum 48. Lebensjahre. Dann war gewissermaßen der Mensch in der Lage, daß er sich sagen mußte: Jetzt bin ich mir selbst überlassen, jetzt gibt nicht mehr das Körperliche von sich aus etwas her für meine geistig-seelische Entwickelung! — was heute, wie wir sehen werden, schon viel früher eintritt.
Nun kommen wir in die zweite, die urpersische Kulturepoche. Sie entspricht dem individuellen menschlichen Lebensalter vom 48. bis zum 42. Lebensjahre. Das heißt: in dieser Epoche ist die Sache so, daß sich die Menschen abhängig fühlen in ihrer Entwickelung seelisch-geistig vom Körperlichen bis in die Vierzigerjahre hinein, und daß sie erst, wenn sie über die Vierzigerjahre hinauskommen, jene Unabhängigkeit empfinden, die heute früher eintritt. Daher aber machte die Seele auch nicht so lange und nicht in so hohem Grade gewissermaßen das Einsinken, das Sklerotisieren des Organismus mit, machte nicht so lange mit dieses Hergeben von Kräften des Organismus, die in die geistige Welt hinein den Menschen weisen konnten, die ihm Erleuchtungen geben konnten in die geistige Welt hinein.
Dann kam, nach der zweiten, der urpersischen Kulturepoche, diejenige, die wir genannt haben die ägyptisch-chaldäische Epoche. Da stieg das Lebensalter der ganzen Menschheit herunter bis zum individuellen Lebensalter zwischen dem 42. und 35. Lebensjahre. Das heißt: von selbst kamen dem Menschen die Früchte der Entwickelung bis zu diesem Lebensalter zu. Dann mußte er, aufeinanderfolgend in den verschiedenen Unterepochen dieser ägyptisch-chaldäischen Zeit, die freie, selbständige, rein innerliche Entwickelung durchmachen im 42., 40., 38. Lebensjahre und so weiter.
Am bedeutungsvollsten erscheint uns diese Wahrheit für das vierte, für das griechisch-lateinische Zeitalter, denn in diesem griechisch-lateinischen Zeitalter entwickelt sich die ganze Menschheit so, daß ihr Lebensalter entsprach dem individuellen menschlichen Lebensalter zwischen dem 35. und 28. Lebensjahre. Damit aber stehen wir gerade in den Jahren der Lebensmitte. Denken Sie also, was eigentlich für diese griechisch-lateinische Periode statt hatte. Diejenigen, die als individuelle Menschen sich entwickelten innerhalb dieser griechisch-lateinischen Kulturperiode, die machten durch, rein durch die Entwickelungsgesetze der Menschheit selber, die Abhängigkeit des Seelisch-Geistigen von dem fortschreitenden Wachstum. Und in der Zeit, als das Einsinken des Menschen begann, das Sklerotischwerden des Menschen — wenn ich so sagen darf, das ist natürlich ein radikaler Ausdruck -, da wurde die Seele frei vom Körperlichen. Die erste Hälfte des Lebens machte ein Angehöriger der griechisch-lateinischen Kultur im Sinne der allgemeinen Menschheitsentwickelung durch. So wunderbar fiel die individuelle Entwickelung mit der allgemeinen Menschheitsentwickelung in diesem Zeitalter zusammen, daß von dem Augenblick ab, wo der Mensch anfängt, seine körperliche Entwickelung in absteigender Linie zu haben, sich nichts mehr den Griechen vom Körper aus offenbarte. Daher war der Grieche auch in seiner Kultur so voll von allem Wachsenden, Gedeihenden, Aufsteigenden in der Entwickelung. Aber es entging ihm auch dasjenige, was sich von selbst durch die Entwickelung des Körperlichen nur offenbaren kann in der absteigenden menschlichen Entwickelung. Das heißt: es fiel weg für den Griechen, wenn er nicht in den Mysterien durch spirituellen Unterricht das hatte, es fiel weg durch die eigene menschliche Natur, das Hineinblicken in die geistige Welt.
In dem dritten Zeitraum war in absteigender Folge einfach durch die menschliche Natur ein Einblicken in die geistigen Welten möglich, es war möglich, daß der Mensch unmittelbar aus Anschauung etwas wissen konnte über die Unsterblichkeit der Seele. Im griechisch-lateinischen Zeitraum war es zwar noch möglich, daß der Mensch wissen konnte: alles Wachsende, Aufsteigende, Werdende ist seeldurchdrungen. Aber das selbständige Leben der Seele, wenn der Mensch durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen, oder bevor er durch die Geburt ins physische Leben eingetreten war, das war nicht mehr durch die selbstverständliche Entwickelung der Menschheit dem Griechen gegeben. Daher solch eine Anschauung, wie ich sie öfter schon hier auch erwähnt habe und wie sie ja bekannt ist, die sich ausdrückt in dem berühmten Spruche des griechischen Heroen: Lieber ein Bettler sein in der Oberwelt, als ein König im Reiche der Schatten. — Wie die Oberwelt mit dem, was der Mensch darin ist, seeldurchdrungen ist, das wußte der Grieche durch unmittelbare Anschauung. Durch diese Anschauung entzog sich ihm die übersinnliche Welt. Und merkwürdig ist es, wie der große griechische Weise Aristoteles gerade aus dieser Grundanschauung heraus seine Ideen, von denen wir ja schon in den kürzlich hier gehaltenen Betrachtungen gesprochen haben, entwickelt. Franz Brentano, der kürzlich verstorbene große Aristoteles-Forscher, hat richtig gedeutet, wenn er sagt: Es ist des Aristoteles Idee von der Unsterblichkeit, daß der Mensch, der durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen ist, kein vollständiger Mensch mehr sei. — Denn als Grieche hatte Aristoteles zum vollständigen Menschen, aus den Voraussetzungen heraus, die ich Ihnen oben entwickelt habe, die Zugehörigkeit des Körperlichen zu dem Seelischen gerechnet. Nur wenn er ein Mysterien-Weiser war — was Aristoteles nicht war -—, wußte er als Grieche von der wahren Unsterblichkeit der Seele. Wenn er kein Mysterien-Weiser war, wie Aristoteles, so mußte er sagen — was ja gewiß den höchsten Wahrheiten gegenüber falsch ist, was aber einem griechischen Denken entsprang, wenn sich dieses Denken auch in Aristoteles zur höchsten Blüte erhob -,, so mußte er sich sagen: Wenn ich einem Menschen einen Arm abschlage, so ist er kein vollständiger Mensch mehr, wenn ich ihm zwei Arme abschlage, noch weniger, wenn ich ihm aber den ganzen Leib nehme, wie der Tod tut, so ist er erst recht kein vollständiger Mensch mehr. Daher die Seele, nachdem sie durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen ist, für Aristoteles ein unvollständiger Mensch ist, ein Mensch, dem die Organe fehlen, um mit irgendeiner Umgebung in Zusammenhang zu kommen. Es ist die aristotelische Idee von der Unsterblichkeit, die Brentano richtig deutet.
Nun bedenken Sie: in dieser Zeit also machten die Menschen im allgemeinen das Lebensalter durch, das dem individuellen Lebensalter vom 35. bis zum 28. Lebensjahr entspricht. Nehmen wir das erste Drittel, also ungefähr das 33. Lebensjahr. Der vierte nachatlantische Zeitraum beginnt ja im Jahre 747 vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha; er endet im Jahre 1413 nach dem Mysterium von Golgatha. Es ist derjenige Zeitraum, in dem — wenn die Menschheit in demselben Sinne sich weiterentwickelt hätte, wie sie sich bis dahin entwickelt hatte — das hätte geschehen müssen, daß die Menschen im allgemeinen immer jünger und jünger geworden wären, und daß sie aufgehört hätten mit Bezug auf das Geistig-Seelische vom Körperlichen abhängig zu sein, viel früher, als der Mensch in seinem Wachstum, seiner Entwickelung, bei der Lebensmitte ankommt. Es hätte sich nicht nur eine solche schattenhafte Unsterblichkeit ergeben müssen, wie es bei den Griechen war, sondern es hätte allmählich der Mensch, indem die Menschheit nurmehr hergab ein Lebensalter bis zum 34., 33., 32. Lebensjahre und so weiter, so werden müssen, daß ihn gewissermaßen das Physisch-Leibliche überwältigt hätte, daß er durch seine eigene Entwickelung innerhalb der Menschheit nicht mehr hätte hinaufschauen können auf irgendeine übersinnliche Welt. Da ist es denn das ungeheuer Bedeutungsvolle, daß am Ende des ersten Drittels dieses Zeitraumes, der 747 vor Christus beginnt, das Mysterium von Golgatha eintritt, gerade in diesem Zeitraum, und daß in diesem Zeitraum es also ist, in dem sich der Christus Jesus entwickelt genau bis zu demjenigen individuellen Lebensalter, dem 33. Lebensjahre, das dazumal das Lebensalter der Menschheit ist. Dann tritt der Tod auf Golgatha ein. Der Christus Jesus wächst dem Lebensalter der Menschheit entgegen, und er führt durch das Mysterium von Golgatha die Möglichkeit herbei, zum Wissen von der Unsterblichkeit auf eine Weise zu kommen, die nicht aus Irdischem genommen ist, die nur auf die Erde kommen konnte durch jene Befruchtung, welche für die Erde eingetreten ist, indem der Christus-Geist sich mit der Jesus-Persönlichkeit verbunden hat und diese 33 Jahre alt geworden ist, so alt, wie die Menschheit war, als dieser Menschheit drohte, jeden Zusammenhang mit der übersinnlichen Welt zu verlieren.
Ja, wenn man von ganz anderen Voraussetzungen aus unter diesem Gesichtspunkte die Entwickelung der Menschheit betrachtet, und sich dann ergibt, einfach ergibt im Laufe der geisteswissenschaftlichen Forschung dieser tiefe Zusammenhang des Alters und Todes des Christus Jesus mit der gesamten irdischen Menschheitsentwickelung, dann allerdings ist dies eine tief, tief in die Seele eingreifende Erkenntnis. Und ich kann mir nur weniges denken, das so ungeheuer in die Seele einschlagen muß, wie die Erkenntnis von diesem Hineingestelltsein des Mysteriums von Golgatha in ein bedeutungsvolles Entwickelungsgesetz der menschlichen und der menschheitlichen Entwickelung. Wir sehen, wie auf diese Art die Geisteswissenschaft nach und nach ihre erklärenden und aufklärenden Strahlen auf das Mysterium von Golgatha wirft. Und wir können vielleicht ahnen, daß, wenn die Geisteswissenschaft sich immer weiter und weiter in sorgfältiger Forschung entwickeln wird, noch manches andere Licht fällt auf dieses Mysterium von Golgatha, das wir ganz gewiß heute auch mit der eindringlichen Geisteswissenschaft nur zum kleinsten Teile irdisch verstehen, und das immer tiefer und tiefer verstanden werden wird, je weiter die Menschheit in dieser Entwickelung vorschreitet. Ich darf sagen, daß ich selber wenig Momente von solcher Ergriffenheit gehabt habe während des geisteswissenschaftlichen Forschens, wie diesen, wo mir — lassen Sie mich das Wort gebrauchen — aus grauen Geistestiefen heraus dieser Zusammenhang zwischen dem 33. Jahre der Menschheit im vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum und dem 33. Lebensjahre des Christus Jesus, in dem der Tod auf Golgatha eintritt, als Ergebnis heraufgestiegen ist.
Und wenn wir nun weitergehen, so kommen wir in unseren fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum, und wir kommen dazu, sagen zu müssen, daß in unserem fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum das allgemeine Lebensalter der Menschheit dem individuellen Lebensalter zwischen dem 28. und 21. Lebensjahre entspricht. Das heißt: als 1413 der fünfte Zeitraum begonnen hatte, war die allgemeine Menschheitsentwickelung so, daß die Menschen sich abhängig wissen durften in ihrer geistig-seelischen Entwickelung bis zum 28. Lebensjahr. Dann mußte die Seele selbständig werden, Sie sehen also, daß für dieses Zeitalter notwendig ist, daß mit vollem Bewußtsein angestrebt wird, innerlich, durch spirituelle geistige Entwickelung, der Seele das zu geben, was aus der Abhängigkeit vom Körperlich-Physischen nicht mehr hergegeben werden kann. Der Mensch muß in diesem Zeitalter in die Seele Dinge aufnehmen, die nur individuell an ihn herankommen können, die seine Seele unmittelbar in ihrer Unabhängigkeit und Freiheit ergreifen und sie als Seele hinausführen über das 28., 27., 26. Jahr und so weiter. Allerdings, vorläufig geht noch die allgemeine Erziehung, so viel auch über diese Erziehung geredet wird — man könnte auch sagen «gefabelt» wird -, dahin, an den Menschen nicht mehr heranzubringen, als eben gerade dem entspricht, was die Menschheit von selbst hergibt. Jetzt steht eben in unserem Zeitalter die Menschheit im ganzen im 27. Lebensjahr. Sie wird 26, 25 und so weiter Jahre alt werden. Und bis der fünfte Zeitraum abgelaufen sein wird, wird sie bis zum 21. Jahr heruntergerückt sein. Daraus ersehen Sie die Notwendigkeit des Auftretens der Geisteswissenschaft, welche an die Seele dasjenige heranbringen will, was nicht aus der körperlichen Entwickelung folgen kann, welche die Seele unterstützen will in ihrer frei auf sich gestellten Entwickelung. Denn wir haben sonst die Erscheinung, daß die Menschen, deren Entwickelung nur abhängig bleibt von dem, was äußerlich aus der Sinnenwelt und aus der gewöhnlichen Geschichtswelt kommen kann, für unser Zeitalter nicht älter als 27 Jahre würden — und wenn sie hundert Jahre alt werden in Wirklichkeit. Das heißt, dasjenige, was sie in ihrer innerlichen Verfassung an Ideen, Empfindungen, an Idealen äußern könnten, das würde immer den Charakter tragen von dem, was dem menschlichen Lebensalter bis zum 27. Jahre entspricht.
Ich habe mich mit den mannigfaltigsten Persönlichkeiten unseres Zeitalters befaßt, solchen Persönlichkeiten, die eingreifen in die verschiedenen Kulturzweige unserer Zeit, in das öffentliche Leben. Gerade diesen Teil des Studiums habe ich mir wahrhaftig nicht leicht gemacht. Ich habe versucht zu finden, worin denn eigentlich die eine oder andere Erscheinung, die uns heute so fragwürdig im Leben entgegentritt, besteht. Und es hat sich ergeben, daß vieles von dem, was uns jetzt entgegentritt, darauf beruht, daß Menschen in der Öffentlichkeit wirken, so wirken, wie ich es Ihnen in vorangegangenen Betrachtungen geschildert habe, deren Grundstimmung in ihren Ideen, in dem, was sie von sich geben können, und wenn sie noch so alt sind, nur bis zum 27. Jahre geht. Wahrhaftig, was ich jetzt sagen will, sage ich nicht aus irgendeiner Stimmung heraus, nicht aus irgendeiner Animosität heraus, denn die Studien, die dem zugrunde liegen, die gehen weit in die Zeit vor diesem Kriege zurück, wie ich sogar aus den Zyklen nachweisen kann. Es hat sich mir ergeben, daß eine charakteristische Persönlichkeit, von der gesagt werden muß, daß sie in ihrer Seelenkonfiguration, in bezug auf dasjenige, was sie der Seele nach ist, nicht älter als 27 Jahre geworden ist, aber natürlich Jahre zugelegt hat und nun im öffentlichen Leben geradezu als eine typische repräsentative Persönlichkeit wirkt — es sind auch viele andere, von denen wir nicht sprechen wollen, nehmen wir ein ferneres Beispiel —, eine charakteristische Persönlichkeit, von der gerade viel in dieser unserer Zeit ausgegangen ist, der Präsident der Nordamerikanischen Union, Woodrow Wilson ist. Ich habe mir viele Mühe gegeben, die Seelenverfassung dieses Mannes zu studieren. Er ist ein repräsentativer Mensch für diejenigen, die nichts zugelegt haben durch die Entwickelung der frei auf sich gestellten, unabhängigen Seele, repräsentativ für diejenigen Menschen, die nicht älter werden in unserem Zeitalter, als das Alter der allgemeinen Menschheit ist: 27 Jahre. Es ist im Grunde genommen unwahr, wenn sie 30, 40, 50 Jahre und so weiter zählen, denn sie sind in Wirklichkeit in bezug auf das Fortschreiten ihrer Seele nicht älter als 27 Jahre. Und ich glaube, es ist wahr, was ein Freund unserer Bewegung mir sagte, nachdem er in München gerade diesen Vortrag, den ich jetzt hier halte, angehört hatte: daß ihm, der viel, viel gedacht und gelitten hat über mancherlei Erscheinungen der Gegenwart, diese Aufklärung über die Eigentümlichkeit der Gegenwart geradezu ein Lichtstrahl war, um viele Erscheinungen zu begreifen. Die Abstraktheit der Ideale, eine Jugendeigenschaft der Ideale, das abstrakte Herumreden in Freiheitsideen, in dem man der eigenen geistigen Wollust dient und glaubt, eine Weltmission zu haben — so recht charakteristisch für Woodrow Wilson! Es erklärt sich aus dieser Tatsache das Unpraktische der Ideen, das heißt, die Unmöglichkeit solche Ideen zu haben, die schöpferisch sind, so daß sie fortrinnen in der Wirklichkeit als schaffend und schöpferisch, sondern die einzige Möglichkeit, solche Ideen zu fassen, die den Leuten gefallen, die einleuchten der allgemeinen Menschheit, die eben Ideen unter 27 Jahren haben will. Das ist wiederum ein Charakteristikon desjenigen, was Woodrow Wilson in die Welt gesetzt hat; denn seine Ideen sind so unpraktisch gewesen, daß er zum Beispiel durch die Welt laufen ließ die Idee des Friedens, und entsprungen ist aus dieser Idee des Friedens — der Krieg für sein eigenes Land; Dinge, welche tief zusammenhängen, aber ihre Begründung in solchen Tatsachen haben, wie ich sie Ihnen eben angedeutet habe.
Ja, die tiefgehenden Entwickelungswahrheiten sind nicht angenehm zu hören. Daher kommt es wohl auch, daß diese tiefgehenden Entwickelungswahrheiten, die aus den Quellen der Geistesforschung geholt werden, in der Gegenwart so wenig geliebt werden. Zwar nicht im Oberbewußtsein, aber im Unterbewußtsein verspüren die Menschen, daß diese Ideen zuweilen nichts Angenehmes sind. Sie fürchten sich davor. Es ist eine unbewußte Furcht, eine unterbewußte Furcht, die aber so sicher wirkt, daß sie gerade die Idee nicht ins Oberbewußtsein heraufkommen läßt, dafür aber den Haß, die Antipathie gegenüber diesen Dingen, die sich dann geltend macht. Was heute der Geisteswissenschaft die Antipathie zuträgt, das ist dieser unterbewußte Haß, aber vor allen Dingen diese unterbewußte Furcht vor Ideen, welche allerdings nicht so leicht im Leben, sagen wir, verdaut werden können, wie die sogenannte große Idee, die man heute liebt: Der beste Mann am rechten Platz und so weiter. - Das Leben in die Zukunft hinein braucht konkrete Ideen, konkrete Ideale, es braucht solche Ideen und solche Ideale, welche mit der Wirklichkeit einen Bund eingehen können — ich habe das von den verschiedensten Gesichtspunkten aus erwähnt —, sie müssen aber geholt sein aus wirklicher Erkenntnis der Entwickelungs- und Daseinsbedingungen der Menschheit. Es kann nicht Heil in diese Menschheitsentwickelung hineinkommen, solange man sich nicht dazu bequemen wird, dasjenige, was man Idealismus nennt, auf solche konkrete Geistesforschung zu begründen. Aus der Willkür heraus lassen sich heute keine Ideale aufstellen, die wirklichkeits-befreundet sind, die in die Wirklichkeit hineinpassen.
Stellen Sie sich nur einmal vor, wie es im sechsten Zeitraum sein wird, in dem Zeitraum, der den unsrigen ablöst, und wie es sein würde, wenn dasjenige, was aus den Quellen der geistigen Welt geholt werden kann, sich nicht verbinden würde mit der unabhängigen, auf sich selbst in Freiheit gestellten Menschenseele. Dann wird die Menschheitsentwickelung eingetreten sein in ein Lebensalter, das dem individuellen Lebensalter vom 21. bis zum 14. Jahre entspricht. Dann wird man 30, 40, 50 Jahre alt sein können, wenn dann nicht die individuelle Entwickelung angefacht worden ist, und eine Lebensreife haben können von 17, 16, 15 Jahren. Es ist auch wiederum das Große an der menschheitlichen Entwickelung, daß, je weiter die Erde vorrückt, desto mehr der Fortschritt der Menschheit in des Menschen eigene Hand gegeben ist. Aber wenn das nicht berücksichtigt wird, daß des Menschen Fortschritt in des Menschen eigene Hand gegeben wird, was folgt? Die epidemische Dementia praecox! Daraus aber ersehen Sie, daß es notwendig ist, in die Untergründe des Erdendaseins hineinzuschauen, bewußt zu werden über dasjenige, was der Menschheit droht. Es wird heute viel und nicht hoch genug einzuschätzender Mut in äußeren Taten erlebt; was aber der Menschheit im weiteren Fortgang der Entwickelung notwendig wird, das ist Mut der Seele, jener Mut, der sich entgegenzustellen vermag den Wahrheiten, die zuerst nicht angenehm, nicht bequem erscheinen, wenn man die Bequemlichkeit, die Annehmlichkeit des Lebens allein liebt, und wenn man danach strebt, nur dasjenige aus der Erkenntnis zu vernehmen, das einen, wie man so sagt, «erhebt». Denn dann verlangt man angenehme Wahrheiten. Und das ist ja vielleicht sogar etwas, was sehr, sehr weit verbreitet ist in der Gegenwart. Sobald jemand spricht von nicht angenehmen, obzwar notwendigen Wahrheiten, liebt man ihn nicht, denn man findet, er malträtiert einen, er erhebt einen nicht. Aber höher steht eben das Wahre der Erkenntnis als jene Worte, die wie Butter vom Munde rinnen, und die daher auch wie ein Labetrank mit nach Hause genommen werden können. Höher steht diejenige Befriedigung, die wir aus der Erkenntnis schöpfen, die sich stützen will auf das Leben in der Wahrheit und in der Notwendigkeit und nicht auf das Leben in der leichten Bequemlichkeit.
Das sind die Dinge, die ich zum Verständnis unserer Zeit heute sagen wollte.
First Lecture
This is not the time for festive reflections in the usual sense, and in these difficult times it would be best if we tried to search within the scope and sphere of spiritual science for things that can help us understand, in some way, what the deeper foundations of our time are. And so today I would like to speak to you about a particular research finding that may shed light on this direction, and I would like to try to view the development of humanity in the post-Atlantean era up to the present day from a particular perspective. However, after these considerations have been concluded, I will be compelled by various circumstances to say a few words this evening about the Society itself.
We know from various things that have been brought forward over the years that, in a certain sense, the development of humanity as a whole can be compared to the development of the individual human being, simply because in both cases this development is, at least at first glance, a progression in time. For years now, I have been investigating the inner conditions of development, particularly of post-Atlantean humanity. And just as many things have become clear to me during my research this winter, so too has something significant become clear with regard to the question just raised.
Viewed externally, if one considers a piece of human development in its progress, it might seem that one would have to come to the conclusion that this piece of human development corresponds to the individual development of the individual human being, so that one might say: Just as the individual human being develops between these and those years of his life, so does humanity develop in a similar way. Now I have found that this is not the case at all, and that the difference in this respect is connected with significant mysteries of the present human age in particular. If we go back, and we may do so using ideas that are familiar to us, to the first post-Atlantean cultural period, which we are accustomed to calling the ancient Indian or primordial Indian period, we may ask ourselves: With which individual human age can the total age of humanity in the ancient Indian cultural period be compared? Spiritual research reveals something highly remarkable here. I have often said that it is too easy to imagine that in the times when human culture already existed here or there, the inner constitution of the human soul was essentially the same as it is now. But that is not the case at all. This view arises only because modern man, with his means of materialistic science, is completely incapable of forming ideas about how souls have actually changed in a relatively short time in the course of human evolution, and how, in particular, the soul life has changed.
When we look at humanity around us today, we notice that during a certain period of individual human development, human beings first grow physically: their physical organs develop in their finer and coarser structures, and human beings not only become larger, but their organs also become more perfect internally. And we see that up to a certain age, spiritual and soul development is bound to physical development, running parallel to it, so to speak; and no educator can ignore this without consequence. But we also know how, from a certain age onwards, this intimate interweaving of spiritual and soul development with physical development ceases. We perceive that, from a certain age onwards, people consider themselves finished. In our time, if we look more closely at the life around us, we become very aware of how, one might say, people consider themselves finished at the earliest possible age, considering that they actually have nothing more to learn. We know that today it is unreasonable to expect many people to still be able to read Goethe's “Iphigenia” or Schiller's “Tell” at a certain age. These were books read in school when one was a young girl or a student. They belong to youth. From a certain age onwards, one no longer concerns oneself with such things! Certainly, this is not a general habit, but it is a very, very widespread one. And we can observe similar things in many areas of life. But there is a truth underlying this. The truth is that, from a certain point in their individual development, human beings are, in a sense, physically mature, that their spiritual and soul life then ceases to be dependent on the growth and development of the physical organs, which has come to an end, and that their spiritual and soul life develops freely and independently; we become aware of this. When we look at humanity today, we find that this moment in time, which I have just described, occurs at a certain age in life; we will speak about this in more detail later. But it would be a great mistake to believe that things were even remotely similar in the first, the primordial Indian cultural epoch. Of course, people then also lived to be 6, 12, 20, 30, 40, 50, and so on, but their whole life was different from ours in relation to this aging process. In those ancient times, the human soul felt, up to an incredibly advanced age, up to the age of 48 to 56, such a dependence of the soul-spiritual on the physical-bodily as is felt today only in childhood and youth. And consider what that means. It means that in those days, human beings experienced a coexistence of the soul with the body during the ascending physical development of the human being up to the age of 35, and then again, with the descending physical development, the soul went along with the body, feeling dependent on this physical development. In the beginning, the physical was a growth, an unfolding, but then it gradually sank. But with the sinking of the physical, which human beings today do not feel at all because their soul-spiritual life is relatively independent of the physical, with the sinking of the physical, those who reached this age in the first post-Atlantean period felt an inner liberation of the universal spiritual. As the physical receded, but they remained dependent on the physical, the spiritual shone within them. And this lasted immediately after the Atlantean catastrophe until the age of 56. At that point, if we may say so, human beings had only just reached maturity, that is, only then did the dependence of the spiritual-soul life on the physical disappear. The fact that human beings also participated spiritually and soulfully in the physical during the descending phase of development meant that echoes of inner spiritual vision were still present at that time. And now the peculiar thing is that this quality of human life naturally radiated out into the whole culture. Those who were young in those ancient times knew through the general concepts, habits of thinking and feeling that they had acquired that when a person grew old, he reached that venerable age when the divine mysteries opened up in his soul. Therefore, in that first cultural epoch of the post-Atlantean period, there was a reverence for old age, a cult of age, which we can no longer imagine today unless we look at the echoes that have remained spiritually from those ancient times. After all the considerations I have already made, I hardly need to mention that everyone who died before reaching this patriarchal age knew that there were other worlds besides the material-physical world, and that the high spiritual-soul beings of the higher worlds had other tasks to perform with those who died earlier. So that everyone, even if they had to die before reaching this patriarchal old age, could still have a satisfying worldview.
The strange thing is that when you investigate these things, you cannot say that humanity is getting older, but curiously you have to say that humanity is getting younger, regressing. Immediately after the Atlantean catastrophe, the development I have described took place up to the age of 56, then came the time when it took place up to the age of 55, then up to the age of 54, and so on. And when the first post-Atlantean cultural period had come to an end, this development lasted only until the age of 48. Then, in a sense, human beings were in a position where they had to say to themselves: Now I am left to my own devices; now the physical no longer provides anything for my spiritual and soul development! — which, as we shall see, occurs much earlier today.
Now we come to the second, the ancient Persian cultural epoch. It corresponds to the individual human age from 48 to 42 years of age. This means that in this epoch, people feel dependent in their spiritual development on the physical until they reach their forties, and only when they pass this age do they feel the independence that comes earlier today. For this reason, however, the soul did not undergo such a long and such a high degree of sinking, of sclerotization of the organism, did not participate for so long in this surrender of the forces of the organism that could point human beings toward the spiritual world, that could give them enlightenment into the spiritual world.
Then, after the second, the ancient Persian cultural epoch, came what we have called the Egyptian-Chaldean epoch. During this epoch, the life span of the whole of humanity fell to between 42 and 35 years. This means that the fruits of development came to human beings of their own accord up to this age. Then, in succession in the various sub-epochs of this Egyptian-Chaldean period, they had to undergo free, independent, purely inner development in the 42nd, 40th, 38th years of life, and so on.
This truth seems most significant to us for the fourth, the Greek-Latin age, because in this Greek-Latin age, the whole of humanity developed in such a way that its lifespan corresponded to the individual human lifespan between the ages of 35 and 28. This places us right in the middle of life. So think about what actually happened during this Greek-Latin period. Those who developed as individual human beings within this Greek-Latin cultural period went through, purely through the laws of human development itself, the dependence of the soul and spirit on progressive growth. And at the time when the decline of the human being began, when the human being became sclerotic — if I may say so, that is of course a radical expression — then the soul became free from the physical. A member of the Greek-Latin culture went through the first half of life in the sense of general human development. The individual development coincided so wonderfully with the general development of humanity in this age that from the moment when human beings began to undergo their physical development in a descending line, nothing more was revealed to the Greeks from the body. That is why the Greeks were so full of everything growing, flourishing, and ascending in their culture. But they also missed what can only reveal itself through the development of the physical in the descending human development. That is to say, unless they had spiritual instruction in the mysteries, the Greeks lost the ability to look into the spiritual world; it was lost to them through their own human nature.
In the third period, in descending order, insight into the spiritual worlds was simply possible through human nature; it was possible for human beings to know something about the immortality of the soul directly from observation. In the Greco-Latin period, it was still possible for humans to know that everything that grows, rises, and becomes is imbued with soul. But the independent life of the soul, once humans had passed through the gate of death or before they had entered physical life through birth, was no longer given to the Greeks through the natural development of humanity. Hence the view, which I have already mentioned here several times and which is well known, expressed in the famous saying of the Greek hero: “Better to be a beggar in the upper world than a king in the realm of shadows.” The Greeks knew through direct perception that the upper world, with everything that man is in it, is permeated by the soul. This view deprived them of the supernatural world. And it is remarkable how the great Greek sage Aristotle developed his ideas, which we have already discussed in recent reflections, precisely from this basic view. Franz Brentano, the great Aristotle scholar who recently passed away, interpreted this correctly when he said: Aristotle's idea of immortality is that a human being who has passed through the gates of death is no longer a complete human being. For as a Greek, Aristotle counted the physical as belonging to the spiritual as part of what constitutes a complete human being, based on the premises I have outlined above. Only if he had been a mystery sage—which Aristotle was not—would he have known, as a Greek, about the true immortality of the soul. If he was not a mystic sage, as Aristotle was not, he had to say — which is certainly false in relation to the highest truths, but which arose from Greek thinking, even if this thinking reached its highest flowering in Aristotle — he had to say to himself: If I cut off a person's arm, he is no longer a complete human being; if I cut off both arms, even less so; but if I take away his whole body, as death does, he is certainly no longer a complete human being. Therefore, according to Aristotle, the soul, after passing through the gate of death, is an incomplete human being, a human being lacking the organs to interact with any environment. It is the Aristotelian idea of immortality that Brentano correctly interprets.
Now consider this: at that time, people generally lived to an age corresponding to the individual lifespan from 35 to 28 years. Let us take the first third, that is, approximately the age of 33. The fourth post-Atlantean period begins in 747 BC, before the Mystery of Golgotha, and ends in 1413 AD, after the Mystery of Golgotha. This is the period in which — if humanity had continued to develop in the same way as it had up to that point — it would have been necessary for people in general to become younger and younger and to cease to be dependent on the physical in relation to the spiritual and soul life much earlier than when human beings reach middle age in their growth and development. Not only would a shadowy immortality have resulted, as was the case with the Greeks, but gradually, as humanity gave up one age after another, up to the age of 34, 33, 32, and so on, human beings would have become such that that the physical body would have overwhelmed them to such an extent that, through their own development within humanity, they would no longer have been able to look up to any supersensible world. It is therefore of tremendous significance that at the end of the first third of this period, which begins in 747 BC, the mystery of Golgotha occurs, precisely in this period, and that it is in this period that Christ Jesus develops precisely to the individual age of 33, which was the age of humanity at that time. Then death occurs on Golgotha. Christ Jesus grows toward the age of humanity, and through the mystery of Golgotha he brings about the possibility of coming to the knowledge of immortality in a way that is not taken from the earthly, that could only come to earth through that fertilization which occurred for the earth, in that the Christ Spirit united with the Jesus personality and this became 33 years old, as old as humanity was when it was in danger of losing all connection with the supersensible world.
Yes, when one considers the development of humanity from a completely different perspective and then, in the course of spiritual scientific research, this deep connection between the age and death of Christ Jesus and the entire earthly development of humanity simply becomes apparent, then this is indeed a realization that strikes deep, deep into the soul. And I can think of very little else that could strike the soul as deeply as the realization that the mystery of Golgotha is embedded in a meaningful law of human and humanistic development. We see how, in this way, spiritual science gradually casts its explanatory and enlightening rays on the mystery of Golgotha. And we can perhaps sense that as spiritual science develops further and further in careful research, much more light will be shed on this mystery of Golgotha, which even with the most penetrating spiritual science we can today understand only in the smallest part in earthly terms, and which will be understood more and more deeply the further humanity progresses in this development. I may say that I myself have had few moments of such emotion during my spiritual scientific research as this one, when — let me use the word — out of the gray depths of the spirit, this connection between the 33rd year of humanity in the fourth post-Atlantean period and the 33rd year of the life of Christ Jesus, in which death on Golgotha occurs, arose as a result.
And if we now go further, we come to our fifth post-Atlantean period, and we must say that in our fifth post-Atlantean period, the general age of humanity corresponds to the individual age between 28 and 21 years of age. This means that when the fifth period began in 1413, the general development of humanity was such that people could consider themselves dependent in their spiritual and soul development until the age of 28. Then the soul had to become independent. You see, therefore, that it is necessary for this age to strive with full consciousness, inwardly, through spiritual development, to give the soul what can no longer be given from dependence on the physical body. In this age, human beings must take into their souls things that can only reach them individually, things that immediately grasp their souls in their independence and freedom and carry them out as souls beyond the ages of 28, 27, 26, and so on. However, for the time being, general education, however much is talked about it — one might even say “fabricated” — still tends to give people no more than what humanity gives of itself. Now, in our age, humanity as a whole is in its 27th year. It will grow to be 26, 25, and so on. And by the time the fifth period has elapsed, it will have declined to the age of 21. From this you can see the necessity of the emergence of spiritual science, which wants to bring to the soul that which cannot follow from physical development, which wants to support the soul in its freely chosen development. For otherwise we would have the phenomenon that human beings, whose development remains dependent only on what can come from the external world of the senses and from ordinary historical experience, would not live longer than 27 years in our age — even if they actually reached the age of 100. That is to say, what they could express in their inner constitution in terms of ideas, feelings, and ideals would always bear the character of what corresponds to the human age up to 27 years.
I have studied the most diverse personalities of our age, personalities who are involved in the various branches of culture and in public life. I have not made this part of my studies easy for myself. I have tried to find out what actually constitutes one or another phenomenon that we encounter in life today and find so questionable. And it has turned out that much of what we encounter today is based on the fact that people in public life act in the way I have described to you in previous reflections, whose basic mood in their ideas, in what they are able to express, even if they are very old, only goes back to the age of 27. Truly, what I am about to say is not based on any mood or animosity, for the studies on which it is based go back a long way before this war, as I can even prove from the cycles. It has become clear to me that a characteristic personality, of whom it must be said that in the configuration of his soul, in relation to what what he is in his soul, did not reach the age of 27, but of course has grown older and now appears in public life as a typical representative personality — there are many others we do not want to mention, let us take a more distant example — a characteristic personality from whom much has emanated in our time, the President of the North American Union, Woodrow Wilson. I have taken great pains to study the soul constitution of this man. He is representative of those who have gained nothing through the development of a freely developed, independent soul, representative of those people who do not grow older in our age than the age of humanity in general: 27 years. It is basically untrue when they count 30, 40, 50 years and so on, because in reality they are no older than 27 years in terms of the progress of their soul. And I believe it is true what a friend of our movement said to me after listening to this very lecture I am now giving here in Munich: that for him, who has thought and suffered much about many phenomena of the present, this explanation of the peculiarity of the present was a ray of light that enabled him to understand many phenomena. The abstract nature of ideals, a characteristic of youthful ideals, the abstract talk about ideas of freedom, in which one serves one's own intellectual lust and believes one has a world mission—so characteristic of Woodrow Wilson! This explains the impracticality of the ideas, that is, the impossibility of having ideas that are creative in such a way that they can exist in reality as creative and productive, but rather the only possibility of conceiving such ideas is to make them appealing to people, to make them seem plausible to humanity in general, which wants to have ideas under the age of 27. This is again a characteristic feature of what Woodrow Wilson brought into the world; for his ideas were so impractical that, for example, he spread the idea of peace throughout the world, and out of this idea of peace sprang war for his own country; things that are deeply connected, but have their basis in such facts as I have just indicated to you.
Yes, the profound truths of development are not pleasant to hear. That is probably why these profound truths of development, which are drawn from the sources of spiritual research, are so unpopular at present. Not in the conscious mind, but in the subconscious, people sense that these ideas are sometimes unpleasant. They are afraid of them. It is an unconscious fear, a subconscious fear, but it is so powerful that it prevents the idea from rising to the conscious mind, and instead hatred and antipathy toward these things assert themselves. What causes antipathy toward spiritual science today is this subconscious hatred, but above all this subconscious fear of ideas that cannot be easily digested in life, so to speak, like the so-called great ideas that are loved today: the best man in the right place, and so on. Life in the future needs concrete ideas, concrete ideals; it needs ideas and ideals that can enter into a covenant with reality — I have mentioned this from various points of view — but they must be drawn from a real understanding of the conditions of human development and existence. There can be no salvation in human development as long as we do not bring ourselves to base what we call idealism on such concrete spiritual research. Today, it is impossible to establish ideals out of arbitrariness that are in harmony with reality, that fit into reality.
Just imagine what it will be like in the sixth period, the period that will follow ours, and what it would be like if what can be drawn from the sources of the spiritual world did not connect with the independent human soul that has set itself free. Then human development will have entered an age corresponding to the individual age from 21 to 14. Then it will be possible to live to be 30, 40, 50 years old, if individual development has not been stimulated, and to have the maturity of 17, 16, 15 years. It is also the great thing about human development that the further the earth advances, the more the progress of humanity is placed in the hands of human beings themselves. But if this is not taken into account, that human progress is in the hands of human beings themselves, what follows? Epidemic dementia praecox! From this you can see that it is necessary to look into the foundations of earthly existence and become aware of what threatens humanity. Today, much courage is being shown in external deeds, and this cannot be valued highly enough; but what will be necessary for humanity in the further course of its development is courage of the soul, that courage which is able to stand up to truths that at first do not seem pleasant or comfortable, if one loves only the comfort and convenience of life and strives to learn only those things that, as they say, “elevate” one. For then one demands pleasant truths. And this is perhaps something that is very, very widespread in the present day. As soon as someone speaks of unpleasant, albeit necessary truths, one does not love them, because one finds that they are mistreating one, that they are not uplifting. But the truth of knowledge stands higher than those words that flow like butter from the mouth and can therefore be taken home like a refreshing drink. Higher is the satisfaction we derive from knowledge that is based on living in truth and necessity, rather than on living in easy comfort.These are the things I wanted to say to help us understand our times today.