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The Fall of the Spirits of Darkness
GA 177

7 October 1917, Dornach

5. Changes in Humanity's Spiritual Make-up

The spiritual constitution is such today that we are getting to know grave and significant truths and insights, as you have seen. I have had to emphasize that the insights which humanity currently finds acceptable will not be adequate for the future. But we must know the reasons why such insights are not adequate, if we are to connect ourselves in all seriousness and dignity with the impulses which really have to be given for the further evolution of humanity. What I want to say today is perhaps best understood if I start by going back to the fourth post-Atlantean period. As you know, this began in the eighth century before the Mystery of Golgotha and ended in the fifteenth century after the Mystery of Golgotha when human beings essentially related to the environment, the outside world, in a very different way from the way in which we inevitably must do today. I have often stressed that human evolution has to be taken seriously. Souls change much more than we believe, and it is part of the sheer modern laziness of mind to think that the inner life was just the same in ancient Greece, say, as it is today. Today I will merely consider one aspect of this: the relationship to the world around us.

Lazy thinkers will say: The Greeks and the Romans perceived the world around them and we, too, perceive the world around us; there is no appreciable difference. Oh, but there is an appreciable difference. It is actually true to say that today, at the beginning of the fifth post-Atlantean period, people perceive the world around them, in so far as it is perceptible to the senses, in quite a different way from the ancient Greeks, for example. The Greeks also saw colours and heard sounds; but they still saw spiritual entities through the colours. They did not merely think spiritual entities, for there made themselves known to them through the colours.

In my book Riddles of the Soul1Steiner, Rudolf, Riddles of the Soul. Translated by Eva Frommer. Rudolf Steiner Press, Bristol 1994. I attempted to make this peculiarity of the Greeks into a thread running through the whole book. Modern people think thoughts. The Greeks did not think thoughts in the same degree; they saw the thoughts which came to them out of the world they perceived around them. Instead of merely being blue or red, the blue and the red in the world around them told them the thoughts which they would then think. This created an intimate relationship to the world. It also created an intense feeling of being connected with an environment which had spiritual qualities. The nature of the human constitution was totally different in the fourth postAtlantean period, and perceptions were therefore different.

In the evolution of the present earth, distinction must be made between major epochs, a general description of which is given in Occult Science—first and second age, Lemurian age, Atlantean age, our own post-Atlantean age and two which are to follow. We may say that during the Atlantean age both the earth and humanity had reached their midpoint. Up to then everything was growth and development. In some respect this has not been the case since the Atlantean age. It certainly is no longer the case where the earth is concerned. When we walk on the soil today—I have mentioned this on a number of occasions—we are walking on something which is crumbling away; it is no longer something that is growing, as it was in early times. Before and until the middle of the Atlantean age the earth was much more of a growing, sprouting organism. It then started to develop cracks and fissures, we might say; and it was only then that the rocks of today, with their cracks and fissures, developed. This is something known not only in anthroposophy today. You find an excellent description of the breaking up, shattering, of our present-day earth in Eduard Suess's outstanding scientific work The Face of the Earth.2Eduard von Suess (1831–1914), Austrian geologist born in London, Professor of Geology in Vienna from 1875 to 1901. He was the founder of the ‘new geology’ and a member of the Lower House in Austria. His most important work, Das Antlitz der Erde, was translated into English in 1904–1910. Using broad brush-strokes he presents the outer conformation of the earth today—its face, as it were—by outlining the properties of minerals, rocks and the different formations to be found both on and in the earth, as well as the properties of organic life forms in the realm of the earth. Basing himself entirely on scientific facts, Suess comes to the conclusion that the earth is decaying and crumbling away.

This, however, is also true for all physical creatures which inhabit the earth. They are on the downward curve of evolution and have been so, essentially, from the middle of the Atlantean age. Evolution does, however, go in waves and it is possible to say that the fourth post-Atlantean period, the Greek and Roman civilization, was a kind of recapitulation of what existed in the Atlantean age. Up until the time of ancient Greece, therefore, it was not so clearly evident that humanity was on the downward curve of evolution. It was a feature of ancient Greece that the inner life was still in complete harmony with physical development—I have spoken of this before. That harmony was, of course, greatest in the middle of the Atlantean age, but it was recapitulated in ancient Greece. The total human constitution of the ancient Greeks has been discussed on a number of occasions, especially in our characterization of Greek art, which we know to have come from quite different impulses than the art of later periods.3The major lecture given by Rudolf Steiner on this subject was in Dornach on 24 January 1917. This lecture, entitled ‘Griechische und Roemische Plastik—Renaissance-Plastik’ (Greek and Roman sculpture—Renaissance sculpture), has been published in Kunstgeschichte als Abbild innerer geistiger Impulse, GA 292. It has not yet been translated into English. The Greeks still had an inner feeling for the etheric in the human form; they did not need the models we need today, because they felt the form inside themselves. We are thus able to say that until the time of ancient Greece, the living human body was determined and maintained by the immediate environment. Human beings were intimately bound up with the space immediately around them.

This changed with the beginning of the fifth post-Atlantean age. Strange as it may seem to you, it is nevertheless true to say: We really are no longer in this world to take care of our own organization. We do still incarnate, but no longer in order to take care of our own organization. This organization evolved until the middle of the Atlantean age, or until ancient Greek times. Then, human bodies were as perfect as they can be during time spent on earth. It will not be until the Jupiter epoch that humanity achieves a higher level of physical perfection. Now, we are really here to be part of a downward curve of evolution, to incarnate in order to learn and experience all manner of things by the very fact that we are in bodies which are dying, increasingly crumbling and withering away. I am using fairly radical terms. The fact is, however, that anything we inwardly develop and inwardly are, will no longer become part of the outer physical body to the same extent as it did in the past. The consequence of this will be all kinds of changes in development.

In March this year, a very important person died in Zurich—Franz Brentano.4Franz Brentano (1838–1917), Catholic priest who abandoned the priesthood in 1873. Professor of Philosophy at Wurzburg 1872–1880, senior lecturer at the University of Vienna 1880–1895. You will find a memoir in my book Riddles of the Soul,5Steiner, Rudolf, Riddles of the Soul (see Note 1 above). The parts are: Anthropology and anthroposophy; Max Dessoir on anthroposophy; Franz Brentano, a memoir; outline extensions. which is due to appear shortly. The book will have three parts and an appendix. In the first part I am discussing the relationship between anthropology and anthroposophy; in the second part I am showing the attitude of modern ‘scholars’ to anthroposophy, giving Dessoir6Max Dessoir (1867–1947), Professor of Philosophy in Berlin. as an example; and in the third part I intend to show how Franz Brentano, a man with a fine mind, was held in thrall by modern science, but nevertheless came as close as anyone can get to anthroposophy with his psychology. The appendix will give brief outlines of aspects which in the present situation can only be touched on, though they might well provide the subject matter for several volumes. I have made it into a number of short chapters in the new book because the times are getting more and more difficult today and the situation does not permit a more extensive treatment. With some of the things which are written in this manner for the present time, one does have the feeling that one is in a way writing something of a testament. Those who are inwardly conscious of the whole weight of present events will no doubt know what I mean.

One of the many things Franz Brentano's sensitive mind has produced is a treatise on genius.7Das Genie, lecture given in the hall of the Engineers' and Architects' Society in Vienna, published in Leipzig in 1892. Oddly enough, Brentano is actually showing that there is no such thing as genius, demonstrating over and over again that a genius has the same inner qualities and impulses as anyone else, that memory and the ability to make connections are merely more flexible and comprehensive in the case of a genius, etc. Franz Brentano creates an idea of genius which differs a great deal from the usual idea. We have to admit that our usual idea of genius tends to be pretty vague, like all the stereotyped ideas people have today. In general terms we may say that Brentano's characterization of genius does not agree with the idea of a genius as it has existed until now; it does, however, agree with what genius will be in the future, for it will not be the same in the future.

In the past, people were geniuses because their souls still had the power, through heredity or education, to send impulses into the physical body which caused the Intuitions, Inspirations and Imaginations of a genius to arise unconsciously. The power of genius was therefore available when the body was still in the ascendant. In future, bodies will be in the descendant and the power will no longer be available. Anything resembling genius in the future will arise because the individuals concerned, whom we may also call geniuses, see more deeply into the spiritual world which is all around them. Thus the impulses will not come from their unconscious physical aspect but out of deeper insight into the world of the spirit. The changing nature of genius provides an excellent demonstration of the break which has occurred between evolution as it was in the past and evolution as it will be in the future. We might say that in the past genius arose from the body, but in the future this will be replaced by something which comes from insight into the realm of the spirit. A mind sensitive to present developments like that of Brentano would be aware of this, just as Suess, looking at the earth, realized that it is now in the process of dying.

What lies behind it all? The fact that human beings now relate to their environment in a different way. The space around us no longer speaks to us in the way it did when human bodies were ‘fresh’, as it were. The world around us is one of space, but it no longer yields up the spiritual element. Colours no longer speak to us as elements filled with spirit, sounds no longer reveal the spirit that is in them; they have become substantial. And human nature has become more inward. It is strange to say, is it not, that the superficial human beings of the present time really and truly have become more inward. On the other hand human beings of today may be said to be superficial because in their present incarnation their inner constitution is such that they simply cannot reach their own inner being. They do not become aware of their inner nature; they do not gain the power to know themselves; they do not discover what they really are.

Someone who sees the world with the eye of the spirit sees many people today who simply are not themselves. Bodies are walking around, and the soul is not entirely inside them. Why? Because it is no longer the soul's task to enter fully into the body, which is beginning to crumble away; instead the soul's task is to prepare for what will happen on Jupiter. Our souls are even now making preparations for the future.

This is the situation we must penetrate with a perceptive mind. We are entirely constituted to hear the words of a cosmic spirit: ‘My kingdom is not of this world.’ But it will be a long time before human beings are prepared to grasp this truth. Yet in spite of our outward superficiality we are truly less and less of this world. This, however, should not be confused with something else. People might well believe they could now walk around like Nietzsche's followers who called themselves ‘tawny beasts’, saying: We are in the world of the spirit; we do not belong to the physical world. The answer to this must be: The part of yourself of which you have knowledge does belong to the physical world; the rest is occult; it is hidden.

Nevertheless, we have the task of using all our powers of insight and all our inner strength to become aware of the essential element in us which can no longer give itself completely to the body, nor penetrate the whole body. We must see ourselves as candidates for the Jupiter age. This will only happen gradually, however. For the time being, human beings still continue in what they receive from their environment. It means that they continue in something which is below them. With every incarnation we withdraw more and more from the body, so that to some extent we are hovering above it.

If this were not the case, and people had to depend entirely on being like the ancient Greeks, the prospects for the further development of humanity would be dire indeed. Strange as it may seem, conscientious occult research aiming to penetrate the laws of human evolution reveals a truth which may well cause dismay at first sight. It shows that in a time not all that far ahead, possibly as early as the seventh millennium, all women will be infertile on earth. The withering and crumbling of human bodies will go so far that this will happen. Just think—if the relationships that can only come into their own between the inner life and the physical body were to continue unchanged, people would no longer find anything to do on earth. The fact is that women will no longer be able to have children, even before the earth has gone through all its stages. Human beings therefore have to find a different way of relating to earthly existence. The final stages of earth evolution will make it necessary for them to do without physical bodies and yet be present on earth. Existence holds more mysteries than people would like to think when they base themselves on the primitive ideas of modern science.

There was an instinctive feeling for this in the twilight of the fourth, and the dawn of the fifth, post-Atlantean age. Things were said then which relate to developments in our own age. They could not be understood, however, and people often did not even properly understand human nature. Think of the seemingly brutal teaching of St Augustine, for example, and also of Calvin, that some people were destined to be blessed, others to be condemned, some to be good, therefore, and others evil. Such was the doctrine. It seems brutal. And yet, seen in the right light, such doctrines do not seem entirely wrong. Many things which seem wrong are also to some extent relatively right. Knowledge of human nature at the time of St Augustine and in the centuries which followed did not actually relate to the human mind and spirit—as you know, the human spirit was decreed to be non-existent at the Council of Constantinople—but to the human being who walks the earth. Let one try and put as clearly as I can what this is really about.

You may meet one person and then another, and in St Augustine's terms we might say: this one is destined for good, and that one for evil. But only the outer physical body, not the individual personality. The latter was not even discussed in Augustine's day. If you have a number of people you may say—but it only has come to have meaning in more recent times and it would have been meaningless at the time of the ancient Greeks—These are human souls; they do, of course, fashion their own destinies. No impulses come to them from predestination. But they dwell in bodies destined for good or evil.

As earth evolution progresses, human beings will be less and less able to develop their souls parallel to their bodies. Why, then, should it not be possible for an individual to incarnate in a body, the whole constitution of which destines it for evil? The individual can still be good inside such a body, for the connection with the physical has become less close. This, then, is another awkward truth, but a truth which we must make our own.

In short, human beings are becoming more and more inward and we must seriously come to realize that during the final epochs of earth evolution they will withdraw from the outer physical body. It will however, need the brutal reality of the facts to get human beings to accept these things, and this can only be gradually, as I have said on a number of occasions. The facts will force them to know these things.

Looking at the way people appear on the outside today we get one image. Looking at the way they do not immediately appear on the outside we get another image. Today the two images are no longer in complete agreement, and they will agree less and less as time goes on. It is really necessary for people today not to rely entirely on outer appearances if they want to form an idea; they have to base their ideas on the things which influence human beings out of the spirit.

In the future, ideas like these will be particularly vital in everything connected with politics, the social sciences, and so on, and especially also the sphere of education. Ideas coming from the natural and not from the spiritual world can no longer adequately meet human needs. Hence the inadequate political and social theories we have today. People want to base their judgement only on their physical environment; they do not want to be inspired by anything of a spiritual nature. This is the reason why their theories and political programmes are so inadequate. We are living in an age when programmes like the one which Woodrow Wilson is presenting are no longer appropriate;8Woodrow Wilson, see Note 2 of lecture I. the age demands world programmes created out of other depths. It will need the assistance of the spirit to make world programmes today.

People have not yet reached the point, however, where they can really be conscious of the truth of everything I have just told you. They are lumbering behind. They have been people of the fifth post-Atlantean age for a long time, but they still want to think like people of the fourth post-Atlantean age. That was right, it was great and truly in harmony in ancient Greek times. It is utterly wrong, however, to think like a Greek today.

The Greeks were given everything they needed from their environment, an environment which no longer exists today. In many respects one first of all notes a form of hatred or dislike arising—hatred being merely another aspect of fear—when it comes to taking an inward look at the human being. People want to limit themselves to the outer aspect. And so we get echoes of the past that are nothing but echoes of a time when human beings were not fully in control of their lives.

A very interesting phenomenon, one I would ask you to take a really good look at, is the following. Imagine we have a number of people putting their heads together, in a meeting, let us say—illuminated minds are meeting all the time nowadays. Well, the actual spiritual element has already separated to some extent; it really is no longer entirely present in those heads, for it has become inward. If there are thinkers present at the meeting, even superficial thinkers, the real heads are hidden from view—the people who are sitting there are not aware of them. And so it may be that you get meetings, or individuals, with old ideas running on like clockwork in those visible physical heads. These people have no idea of the demands of our time, but their automatic minds may bring up all kinds of echoes from the past. It is interesting that such things happen every now and again.

In 1912 a science called eugenetics was established in London.9‘Eugenetics’ or, more commonly, ‘eugenics’, a term coined by Francis Galton (1822–1911) in a series of articles on ‘Hereditary talent and genius’ published in 1865. The term is now generally only used in the applied sense, whilst the scientific discipline is now called genetics. People tend to use high-falutin' names for anything which is particularly stupid. The ideas you find in eugenetics really came from people's brains and not from their souls. What are the aims of this science? To ensure that only healthy individuals are born in future and not inferior ones; economics and anthropology are to join forces to discover the laws according to which men and women are to be brought together in such a way that a strong race is produced.

People are really beginning to think in this way. The ideal of the London congress, which was chaired by Darwin's son,10Leonard Darwin (1850–1943) was Chairman of the Eugenics Education Society from 1911 to 1928; his book The Need for Eugenic Reform was published in 1926. was to examine people of different classes to see how large the skulls of the rich were compared to those of the poor, who have less opportunity for learning; how far sensibility went in rich and poor; how far the rich could resist getting tired and how far the poor would do so, and so on. They want to gain information on the human body in this way which may at some future date enable them to establish exactly the following: This is how the man should look, this is how the woman should look, if they are to produce the true human being of the future; he should have such a capacity for getting tired and she such a capacity; this size skull for him, and a matching size for her, and so on.

Those are the rumblings, natural rumblings, in brains which are emptied of soul; ideas rumbling about which had reality in the Atlantean age. Then there really were laws which enabled people to determine size, growth, and all kinds of things by cross-breeding and the like. It was a science that was widespread in Atlantean times and—as I mentioned yesterday—sorely misused. Atlantean science worked on the basis of physical relationships and it was known that if such a man was brought together with such a woman—differences between men and women were much greater at the time—the result would be such and such a creature, and then a different variety could be produced—just as plant breeders do today. The Mysteries brought order into this cross-breeding, where related and different elements were brought together. They established groups and withdrew anything which had to be withdrawn from humanity . The blackest of black magic was practised in Atlantean times, and order was created by establishing classes and taking these matters out of human control. This was one of the factors which led to the nations and races of today. The issue of the nation as an entity is coming up again in our present time; it is an echo of the soulless brain from Atlantean times. There is so much talk about national issues today. But it is only the body speaking. The spirit has withdrawn and already belongs to a totally different world today. There you have the discrepancy between the reality and the speechifying about the ‘principle of nationality’ which goes on today. This will never lead to anything good; if politics are based on issues relating to nations, which are no longer issues of the day because the soul belongs to entirely different orders and realms than those which come to expression in our physical nature, this will inevitably take us into chaos over and over again. All this must be known, and it can only be known through anthroposophy. Those rumblings in brains emptied of soul are the reason why ideas that human beings should be produced on the basis of certain laws are now coming up again.

Something else also reveals the rumblings of outdated ideas, ideas which can still be active in dried-up brains but which no longer come from the soul. The soul needs to be made strong, so that anthroposophy can enter into it. Then people will speak out of their individual reality again.

You have no doubt heard of all the nonsense we get now, with all kinds of different people shown to be what they are in the light of psychopathology. All it needs is for someone to write a decent poem; the doctor will immediately tell you what illness he has. So we get all kinds of treatises—on Viktor Scheffel from the psychiatrist's point of view, on Nietzsche from the psychiatrist's point of view, and on Conrad Ferdinand Meyer from the psychiatrist's point of view.11Paul Moebius (1853–1907): Goethe, 2 voll, Leipzig 1903; Nietzsche, Leipzig 1904; Schopenhauer, Leipzig 1904; Ueber Scheffels Krankheit, Halle 1907. Reading between the lines we feel the authors of these books are saying: Pity he did not get treatment in time. If he had had treatment at the right time, someone like Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, for example, would not have written the kinds of things he has written, for they are entirely written out of a diseased state.

It is very much in the spirit of our time that no attention is paid to the growing inwardness of individual human beings. Sometimes this must inevitably have the effect, especially in someone like Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, of the outward, physical body showing signs of disease, so that the inner life can achieve the highest spiritual level in a work of art, quite independent of the physical body.12The 1941 German edition has the following additional sentences at this point: It is easy to see why people have no mind for such things today, materialism being so prevalent. They have to be said, however, for they are realities. The future will show that all efforts which do not arise from the Spirit will not be for the good, but will increasingly lead to chaos. These are facts which have to be reckoned with.

The shorthand record does not include these sentences and it is assumed they got into the earlier edition by accident.

I am not bringing these things up in order to criticize them. From the purely medical point of view they are, of course, correct; there is nothing to be said against them. It is equally possible to do something else from a purely medical point of view. You can take the gospels and show, from a number of things, that Jesus Christ—that strange individual—existed because some quite specific pathological elements had come together. Such a book has in fact been written, and anyone can read it.13De Loosten (Dr Georg Lomer), Jesus Christus vom Standpunkte des Psychiaters, Bamberg 1905. Also, Emil Rasmussen, Jesus. Eine vergleichende psychopathologische Studie, Leipzig 1905. Another book shows that everything which came from the individual called Jesus could only have come from this individual because he was suffering from a particular disease.

We must penetrate all these things with our understanding if we are to enter into present developments. I especially want to discuss the education issue in this context, to show you that today growing children cannot be considered in a way which focuses only on things which come to outward expression. If we were to do so, our efforts at education would sometimes simply fail to reach the element which is now becoming more and more inward. Such things are not properly taken into account today, and this is why there is so little understanding and so much philistinism. In some respects, philistinism is the opposite of a true understanding of human nature, for philistines always like to stick to the norm. Anything which does not fit in with this is considered abnormal. But this will not help us to understand the world around us and, above all, other human beings. One of the things we should encourage in our Anthroposophical Society is to learn to understand human beings so that we may give due regard to the individual nature of others. Individuals differ much more from each other than one thinks, for the human soul no longer relates entirely to the body and this makes human beings very complex today.

This, of course, has other consequences, though the matter is dealt with rather clumsily today; we must hope that anthroposophy will help people become less clumsy about it. Just consider, in ancient Greece the whole body was filled with the whole soul, and they were in agreement. Today this is not the case, for the bodies are partly empty. I am not saying anything derogatory about empty heads; they will stay empty as part of evolution. In reality, however, nothing stays empty in this world. The heads are merely empty of something which was destined to fill them at another time. Nothing is ever completely empty.

With the human soul withdrawing more and more from the body, the body is increasingly in danger of being filled with something else. And if human beings are not prepared to take up impulses which can only come from spiritual knowledge, the body will be filled with demonic powers. Humanity is facing a destiny where the body may be filled with ahrimanic demonic powers. So we have to add to what I said yesterday about future development: there will be people in future who are Tom, Dick and Harry in ordinary life, which is something determined by social circumstances, but their bodies will be empty to such an extent that a powerful ahrimanic spirit can live in them. One will be meeting ahrimanic demons. Human beings will not be what they appear to be. The individual person will be deep down inside, and outwardly one will get a totally different picture.

This shows the complexity of life to come. It is reasonable to say that there will be situations in future when it will be difficult to know who one is dealing with. Ricarda Huch's longing for the devil really arises from what will be coming in the future. The institutions and ideas, especially the social ideas people have today, are abstract and crude; they are clumsy in the face of the complexities that are lying ahead. And because people are not able to have ideas or concepts about the true nature of things, they are sliding more and more deeply into chaos—the events of the war make this quite clear. Chaos is arising because reality has changed; reality is becoming fuller and richer than anything people are able to think of or create in their heads. And we shall have to be clear in our minds that we are faced with a choice: To go on beating each other to a pulp, shooting at one another, in the way we do now, because we do not know how to bring order into the world or, start to develop concepts and ideas to match the complexity of the situation.

A spiritual movement must exist where people seek to develop concepts which meet the real situation. There will be vast numbers of people in future who want to stick to the rumblings of the past—today they are still in the minority. Their concepts, ideas and actions will be based on the outside world around them and on the fact that their bodies are being filled with the ahrimanic spirit which wants them to form such ideas. We should not fool ourselves, for we are faced with a quite specific movement. At the Council of Constantinople it was decreed that the spirit did not exist; it was dogmatically stated that the human being consisted only of body and soul, and it was heresy to speak of a human spirit. In the same way attempts will be made to decree the soul, the inner life, as nonexistent.

The time will come—and it may not be far off—when quite different tendencies will come up at a congress like the one held in 1912 and people will say: It is pathological for people to even think in terms of spirit and soul. ‘Sound’ people will speak of nothing but the body. It will be considered a sign of illness for anyone to arrive at the idea of any such thing as a spirit or a soul. People who think like that will be considered to be sick and—you can be quite sure of it—a medicine will be found for this. At Constantinople the spirit was made non-existent. The soul will be made non-existent with the aid of a drug. Taking a ‘sound point of view’, people will invent a vaccine to influence the organism as early as possible, preferably as soon as it is born, so that this human body never even gets the idea that there is a soul and a spirit.

The two philosophies of life will be in complete opposition. One movement will need to reflect how concepts and ideas may be developed to meet the reality of soul and spirit. The others, the heirs of modern materialism, will look for the vaccine to make the body ‘healthy’, that is, makes its constitution such that this body no longer talks of such rubbish as soul and spirit, but takes a ‘sound’ view of the forces which live in engines and in chemistry and let planets and suns arise from nebulae in the cosmos. Materialistic physicians will be asked to drive the souls out of humanity.

People who think that playful ideas will help them to look ahead to the future are very much mistaken. We need serious, profound ideas to look ahead to the future. Anthroposophy is not a game, nor just a theory; it is a task that must be faced for the sake of human evolution.

Fünfter Vortrag

Vor dem Vortrag sprach Rudolf Steiner einleitend Gedenkworte für die verstorbenen Mitglieder Heinrich Mitscher und Olga von Sivers. Diese Gedenkworte sind abgedruckt in «Unsere Toten», GA 261.

Es ist bedingt durch die geistige Konstitution der Gegenwart, daß wir uns bekanntmachen mit, wie Sie ja schon gesehen haben, schwerwiegenden Einsichten und mit schwerwiegenden Wahrheiten der geistigen Welt. Denn ich mußte ja betonen: Mit solchen Einsichten, wie sie die Menschheit nach den Gegenwartsgewohnheiten bequem findet, reicht man für die Zukunft nicht aus. Aber man muß die Gründe kennen, warum man nicht ausreicht. Nur dann kann man in vollem Ernst und in voller Würde sich verbinden mit diesen Impulsen, die für die Entwickelung der Menschheit nun einmal in der Gegenwart gegeben werden müssen. Das, was ich heute sagen will, wird vielleicht am besten verständlich sein, wenn ich den Ausgangspunkt nehme von der Tatsache, daß innerhalb der vierten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode, die, wie Sie wissen, im 8. Jahrhundert vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha begonnen hat und im 15. Jahrhundert nach dem Mysterium von Golgatha zu Ende gegangen ist, im wesentlichen der Mensch zu der Umwelt, zu der Außenwelt in ganz anderem Verhältnis stand, als er jetzt in der fünften nachatlantischen Kulturperiode stehen muß. Ich habe ja oftmals betont: Man muß die Entwickelung der Menschheit ernstnehmen. Die Seelen ändern sich viel mehr, als man glaubt, und es ist nur eine bequeme Gegenwartsvorstellung, wenn man der Meinung ist: In den Seelen der Menschen war alles so beschaffen - meinetwillen zur Griechenzeit - wie heute. Aber ich will von dieser Seelenbeschaffenheit heute nur ins Auge fassen das Verhältnis der Seelen zur umliegenden Welt.

Da wird der Bequemling sagen: Die Griechen, die Römer haben die Sinnenwelt um sich herum wahrgenommen, wir nehmen auch die Sinnenwelt um uns herum wahr; also ist kein so beträchtlicher Unterschied vorhanden. — Aber ein solcher beträchtlicher Unterschied ist da. Man kann geradezu sagen: Der heutige Mensch, der erst im Anfang der fünften nachatlantischen Kulturperiode steht, nimmt diese Umwelt, auch die sinnliche Umwelt, ganz anders wahr als zum Beispiel der Grieche. Farben sah der Grieche auch, Töne hörte der Grieche auch, aber er sah durch die Farben noch geistige Wesenheiten. Er dachte nicht bloß geistige Wesenheiten, es kündeten sich ihm durch das, was die Farbe war, noch geistige Wesenheiten an.

Ich habe versucht, gerade diese Eigentümlichkeit der griechischen Anschauung wie einen roten Faden durchzuspinnen durch meine Darstellungen in «Die Rätsel der Philosophie». Der neuzeitliche Mensch denkt Gedanken. Der Grieche dachte nicht in dem Maße wie der neuzeitliche Mensch Gedanken, denn er sah Gedanken. Sie kamen ihm entgegen aus dem, was er in der Umwelt wahrnahm. Die Umwelt selber war nicht bloß blau und rot, sondern das Blaue und das Rote sagten ihm die Gedanken, die er dann dachte. Das gibt ein intimes Verhältnis zur Umwelt. Das gibt auch noch ein Gefühl, ein intensives Gefühl davon, daß man mit der Umwelt als mit etwas Geistigem in Zusammenhang steht. Und das hängt wiiederum zusammen mit der ganzen Art und Weise, wie die menschliche Konstitution im allgemeinen in diesem vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum war.

Wir müssen ja unterscheiden in unserer Erdenentwickelung - Sie wissen das aus der allgemeinen Darstellung der «Geheimwissenschaft im Umriß» — große Perioden: erste, zweite Zeit, lemurische Zeit, atlantische Zeit, unsere Zeit, die nachatlantische, und zwei darauf folgende. Man kann sagen, während der atlantischen Zeit ist sowohl die Erde wie auch der Mensch innerhalb der Erdenentwikkelung in der Mitte angelangt gewesen. Bis dahin war alles, man möchte sagen, Wachstumsentwickelung. In einer gewissen Beziehung ist das seit der atlantischen Zeit nicht mehr der Fall. Es ist schon bei der Erde nicht mehr der Fall. Wenn wir heute über die Erdschollen gehen - ich habe das öfter schon angedeutet -, dann gehen wir über etwas Sich-Zerbröckelndes, über etwas, was sich gegenüber dem Wachstumsverhältnis der Vorzeit nicht wie ein Fortwachsendes verhält, sondern wie ein Abbröckelndes. Die Erde war viel mehr ein wachsender, sprossender Organismus vor der atlantischen Zeit, bis zur Mitte der atlantischen Zeit. Dann fing sie an, ich möchte sagen, Risse und Sprünge zu bekommen, und dann erst entstanden diese mit Rissen und Sprüngen versehenen Gesteinsarten der Gegenwart. Das weiß heute nicht nur die Geisteswissenschaft. Daß unsere Gegenwartserde eine reißende, zerspringende ist, eine solche, die ihrer Auflösung entgegengeht, das finden Sie von der äußeren Wissenschaft schön dargestellt in dem großen, bedeutungsvollen Werk von Sueß, «Das Antlitz der Erde.» Diese einschneidende Schrift von Sueß faßt in großen Linien zusammen, was aus der gegenwärtigen Beschaffenheit der Gesteine, der Felsarten, der verschiedenen Formationen auf und in der Erde, der organischen Wesen innerhalb des Erdenseins, über den Bau der Erde nach außen hin, also gewissermaßen über das Antlitz der Erde, zu sagen ist. Und wie gesagt, ganz nur von den Tatsachen der äußeren Wissenschaft ausgehend, kommt Sueß zu der Erkenntnis, daß wir es jetzt mit einer verendenden, mit einer zerbröckelnden Welt zu tun haben. So ist es aber auch mit allen Geschöpfen, insofern sie als physische Geschöpfe diese Erde bewohnen. Sie sind in absteigender Entwickelung, und sie sind es im Grunde genommen seit der Mitte der atlantischen Zeit. Nur geht alles in einer gewissen Wellenbewegung innerhalb der Entwickelung vor sich. Man kann sagen: In der vierten nachatlantischen Periode, in der griechisch-lateinischen Zeit, war gewissermaßen eine Art Wiederholung desjenigen da, was in der atlantischen Zeit war, so daß man bis zum Griechentum hin noch nicht am Menschen in so entschiedener Weise bemerken konnte, daß er in absteigender Entwickelung ist. Das Griechentum - das habe ich öfter betont - hat noch die Eigentümlichkeit, daß das Seelische in einer völligen Harmonie mit dem Leiblichen steht. Die Harmonie war natürlich am größten in der Mitte der atlantischen Zeit. Aber im Griechentum wiederholt sich diese Harmonie. Von der gesamtmenschlichen Konstitution, die der Grieche hatte, haben wir ja bei verschiedenen Gelegenheiten, namentlich bei der Charakterisierung der griechischen Kunst, gesprochen, von der wir wissen, daß sie aus ganz andern Impulsen hervorgegangen ist als die Kunst späterer Völker. Der Grieche fühlte zum Beispiel in sich noch das Ätherisch-Formhafte, Gestalthafte des Menschen, brauchte nicht wie der heutige Mensch Modelle, weil er in sich die Form fühlte. So daß man sagen kann: Bis in die Griechenzeit hinein war in gewisser Beziehung das Menschlich-Leibliche durch die unmittelbar räumliche Aufßenwelt bedingt und gehalten. Es war ein intimes Verhältnis zwischen dem Menschen und seiner räumlichen Umgebung. Das ist mit dem Beginn der fünften nachatlantischen Zeit anders. So sonderbar es Ihnen klingen wird, es ist doch wahr: Wir sind eigentlich heute gar nicht mehr auf der Welt, um für unsere eigene Organisation zu sorgen. Wir verkörpern uns zwar noch, aber das hat nicht mehr den Sinn, für die eigene Organisation zu sorgen, denn diese eigene Organisation war in einer aufsteigenden Entwickelung bis in die Mitte der atlantischen Zeit oder bis zum Griechentum. Da waren die Körper der Menschen so vollkommen, wie sie während der Erdenzeit sein können. Eine höhere Vollkommenheitsstufe als Körperlichkeit wird die Menschheit erst wiederum während der Jupiterepoche erfahren. Wir sind eigentlich dazu da, um einer abklingenden Entwickelung nunmehr anzugehören, um uns so zu verkörpern, daß wir allerlei erleben, erfahren dadurch, daß wir in absterbenden, in immer mehr und mehr abbröckelnden, verdorrenden Leibern sind. Die Ausdrücke sind natürlich sehr radikal. Aber das, was wir seelenhaft entwickeln, was wir innerlich sind, das geht nicht mehr in demselben Maße wie früher in die äußere Leiblichkeit über. Das aber wird mancherlei Veränderungen bedingen in der Entwickelung. Im März dieses Jahres ist in Zürich ein sehr bedeutender Mensch gestorben: Franz Brentano. Sie werden einen Nachruf für Franz Brentano in meinem demnächst erscheinenden Buche «Von Seelenrätseln» finden. Das Buch wird in drei Teile und einen Anhang zerfallen: in dem ersten werde ich die Beziehung erörtern zwischen Anthropologie und Anthroposophie; im zweiten Teil werde ich an einem Beispiel zeigen, wie die gegenwärtige sogenannte Gelehrsamkeit der Anthroposophie entgegenkommt, an dem Beispiel des Individuums Dessoir; und im dritten werde ich zeigen, wie ein feiner Geist wie Franz Brentano zwar in den Fesseln der gegenwärtigen Wissenschaft gehalten worden ist, aber so nahe wie möglich an Anthroposophie mit seiner Psychologie herankommt. Dazu werde ich dann einen Anhang geben, der manches von dem kurz bringt, was jetzt unter den gegenwärtigen Verhältnissen eigentlich nur kurz gebracht werden kann, was aber vielleicht sogar Gegenstand mehrerer Bücher sein könnte. Ich habe es in einzelnen, kurzen Kapiteln in dieser neueren Schrift zusammengefaßt, weil eben die Verhältnisse in unserer immer schwerer und schwerer werdenden Zeit einem nicht gestatten, daß es in längerer Weise ausgeführt wird. Man hat schon bei manchem, was in dieser Art für die Gegenwart geschrieben wird, das Gefühl, man schreibe in gewisser Beziehung etwas Testamentarisches. Wer das ganze Gewicht der gegenwärtigen Ereignisse in sich verspürt, der wird solches schon nachfühlen können.

Franz Brentano hat unter dem vielen, das er aus feinsinnigem Geiste heraus gesprochen hat, auch eine Abhandlung geschrieben über das Genie. Das Eigentümliche dieser Abhandlung liegt darin, daß Brentano eigentlich den Begriff des Genies hinwegdiskutiert, daß er überall zeigt, wie das Genie nicht andere Seelenqualitäten und Seelenimpulse hat als andere Menschen auch, wie das Gedächtnis beim Genie, die Kombinationsfähigkeit nur beweglicher, umfassender ist und so weiter. Franz Brentano zeichnet einen Begriff des Genies, der sich sehr unterscheidet von dem Begriff, den man sehr häufig hat. Aber dieser Begriff vom Genie, den man gewöhnlich hat, der enthält ja, wie die begriffsbequemen Schablonen der Gegenwart überhaupt, ohnedies viel Nebuloses. Man kann im allgemeinen sagen: Wie Brentano das Genie charakterisiert, so stimmt das nicht mit dem, was das Genie bisher war, aber es stimmt mit dem, was das Genie werden wird! In dem Sinne, wie das Genie bisher bestanden hat, wird es nicht in die Zukunft hinein sich fortpflanzen. Denn worauf beruhten die Genies der Vergangenheit? Sie beruhten darauf, daß eben die Seelen noch die Gewalt hatten, aus der Vererbung heraus oder durch die Erziehungskräfte Impulse in die Körperlichkeit hineinzusenden, so daß aus dem Körperlichen heraus die Intuitionen, die Inspirationen, die Imaginationen des Genies in unbewußter Art kamen. Mit der aufsteigenden Körperlichkeit war geniale Kraft vorhanden. Mit der abbröckelnden Körperlichkeit der Zukunft wird das nicht der Fall sein. Wo etwas dem Genie Ähnliches in der Zukunft auftreten wird, wird es darauf beruhen, daß die betreffenden Seelen, die man ja auch dann genial nennen mag, eben tiefer hineinsehen in das Leben der geistigen Umgebung, daß also nicht aus dem unbewußten Körperlichen die Impulse heraufsteigen, sondern daß die Betreffenden tiefer hineinsehen in die geistige Welt. Gerade an so etwas wie der Umwandelung des Genies sehen wir den tiefen Einschnitt, der da ist zwischen dem, was Entwickelung in der Vorzeit war und was Entwickelung in der Zukunft sein wird. Man möchte sagen: Aus der Körperlichkeit kam das Genie der Vorzeit, aus dem Hineinschauen der Seele in die Geistigkeit wird das kommen, was an die Stelle des Genies in der Zukunft treten wird. Das fühlt nun solch ein Geist, der mit der Entwickelung der Gegenwart empfindet, wie Brentano, geradeso wie Sueß der Erde es abgesehen hat, daß sie in einer Art Ersterben ist.

Aber worauf beruht denn das Ganze? Es beruht darauf, daß eben das Verhältnis des Menschen zu seiner Umwelt gegenüber früher ein anderes geworden ist. Die räumliche Umwelt spricht heute nicht mehr zum Menschen, so wie sie gesprochen hat, als sein Körper, sagen wir, frisch war. Sie gibt nicht mehr mit ihrem Räumlichen auch das Geistige her. Farben sprechen nicht mehr als geisterfüllte Elemente, Töne tönen nicht mehr als geisterfüllte Elemente; sie tönen als Materialien. Dasjenige, was im Menschen ist, ist innerlicher geworden. Das ist ein merkwürdiger Satz, nicht wahr, daß man sagen muß: Der oberflächliche Mensch der Gegenwart ist eigentlich innerlicher geworden. Aber er :st innerlicher geworden. Es ist das schon das Eigentümliche, daß man dem Oberflächling der Gegenwart gegenüber sagen kann: Er ist deshalb so oberflächlich, weil er, so wie er in der Verkörperung da ist, gar nicht vordringen kann zu seinem eigentlichen Innenwesen. Er wird gar nicht aufmerksam auf sein eigentliches Innenwesen, er entwickelt nicht die Kraft, sich selbst zu kennen, er kommt nicht darauf, was er eigentlich ist.

So sieht derjenige, der geistig die Welt anschaut, gar manche Menschen herumgehen, die eigentlich gar nicht sie selbst sind. Das ist wieder radikal gesprochen. Es sind wandelnde Leiber, und die Seele ist nicht ganz darinnen. Warum? Ja, weil diese Seele eben nicht mehr die Aufgabe hat, ganz den Körper zu durchdringen, der schon abbröckelt, sondern weil sie die Aufgabe hat, sich vorzubereiten für das, was auf dem Jupiter vorgehen wird. Unsere Seele ist schon eine für die Zukunft Vorbereitungen treffende.

Und in diese Situation muß man sich nur hinein-erkennen und hinein-wissen. Wir sind ganz dazu veranlagt, daß ein umfassendes Wesen zu uns spricht: «Mein Reich ist nicht von dieser Welt.» Nur werden sich die Menschen zum Verständnis dieser Wahrheit nur langsam und allmählich entschließen. Wir sind wirklich, trotz der äußeren Oberflächlichkeit, immer weniger und weniger von dieser Welt, was man aber nicht verwechseln darf mit etwas anderem. Wenn man jetzt glauben würde, man kann nun herumgehen, wie die Anhänger Nietzsches, die sich «blonde Bestien» genannt haben, und kann sagen: Wir sind eben in der geistigen Welt, wir gehören nicht der physischen Welt an -, so müßte erwidert werden: Ja, dasjenige, wovon du selber weißt von dir, das gehört schon der physischen Welt an; das andere ist ein Okkultes, ein Verborgenes. - Aber wir haben doch die Aufgabe, mit aller Einsicht, mit aller innerlichen Stärke dieses in uns befindliche Wesenhafte gewahr zu werden, das nicht mehr ganz in dem Körper aufgehen kann, das nicht mehr ganz den Körper durchdringen kann. Wir haben uns zu fühlen als die Kandidaten der Jupiterzeit. Aber das geschieht langsam und allmählich. Die Menschen verbleiben vorderhand noch in dem, was ihnen die Umwelt gibt, das heißt, sie verbleiben in dem, was unter ihnen ist. Aber mit jeder Inkarnation ziehen wir uns eigentlich mehr aus der Körperlichkeit heraus und schweben mehr über der Körperlichkeit drüber.

Wenn das nicht so wäre, so würde es ohnedies um die Fortentwickelung der Menschheit schlimm stehen. Wenn der Mensch ganz darauf angewiesen bliebe, das nur zu sein, was die Griechen waren, dann würde es schlecht stehen um die Menschheitsentwickelung. Denn, so sonderbar das heute klingt, eine gewissenhafte okkulte Forschung, die versucht, die Entwickelungsgesetze des Menschengeschlechts zu durchdringen, die zeigt uns eine vielleicht zunächst bestürzend wirkende Wahrheit, zeigt uns, daß in gar nicht so ferner Zeit, vielleicht schon im 7. Jahrtausend, sämtliche Erdenfrauen unfruchtbar werden. So weit geht es mit der Vertrocknung, mit der Zerbröckelung der Leiber: Im 7. Jahrtausend werden die Erdenfrauen unfruchtbar! Denken Sie sich, wenn nun die Beziehungen bleiben sollten, die sich nur zwischen dem Menschlich-Seelischen und den menschlichen physischen Leibern ausleben können, dann könnten ja nachher die Menschen überhaupt sich nichts mehr zu tun machen auf der Erde. Es werden noch nicht alle Erdenperioden abgelaufen sein, wenn die Menschenfrauen keine Kinder mehr bekommen können. Da muß denn der Mensch ein anderes Verhältnis finden zu dem Erdendasein. Die letzten Epochen der Erdenentwickelung werden den Menschen in die Notwendigkeit versetzen, überhaupt auf eine physische Leiblichkeit zu verzichten und dennoch auf der Erde anwesend zu sein. Das Dasein ist eben doch geheimnisvoller, als man nach den plumpen naturwissenschaftlichen Begriffen der Gegenwart gern annehmen möchte.

Auch diese Sache ist instinktiv gefühlt, empfunden worden in der Abend- und in der Morgendämmerung des vierten beziehungsweise fünften nachatlantischen Zeitalters. Manche Leute haben da Dinge gesagt, die schon zusammenhängen mit der Entwickelung dieses unseres Zeitalters. Aber sie konnten nicht richtig verstanden werden; sie haben sich oftmals selbst nicht richtig verstanden. Denken Sie doch einmal an solche grausam erscheinende Lehren wie die des Augustinus, sogar die des Calvin: daß von vornherein der eine Teil der Menschen bestimmt wäre zum Seligwerden, die andern zum Verdammtwerden, die einen zum Guten, die andern zum Bösen. Solche Lehren hat es gegeben. Sie erscheinen grausam. Und dennoch: für eine richtige Einsicht erscheinen diese Lehren nicht ganz unrichtig, wie überhaupt manches, was unrichtig erscheint, eine gewisse relative Richtigkeit hat. Was im Zeitalter des Augustinus und den nachfolgenden Jahrhunderten über den Menschen gewußt werden konnte, bezieht sich eigentlich gar nicht richtig auf die Menschenseelen und auf den Menschengeist — Sie wissen ja, der Menschengeist wurde sogar auf dem Konzil in Konstantinopel abgeschafft -, sondern es bezieht sich auf den auf der Erde herumwandelnden Menschen. Ich will versuchen, möglichst deutlich zu sprechen über das, worauf es ankommt.

Es kann Ihnen ein Mensch begegnen und ein anderer, und im Sinne der Augustinischen Lehre könnte man sagen: Der ist zum Guten, der ist zum Bösen bestimmt, aber nur seine äußere Körperlichkeit, nicht die Individualität! - Über die wirkliche Individualität hat das Augustinische Zeitalter überhaupt nicht gesprochen. Wenn man nun eine Anzahl von Menschen vor sich hat, so kann man sagen — aber das hat erst einen Sinn von der neueren Zeit an, bei den Griechen hätte es keinen Sinn gehabt -: Da sind die Menschenseelen; die sind natürlich die Schmiede ihres eigenen Schicksals. Da gibt es keine Prädestinationsimpulse. Aber die wohnen in Leibern, die zum Guten oder zum Bösen bestimmt sind. - Und immer weniger werden in der Erdenentwickelung die Menschen in der Lage sein, ihre Seelenentwickelung ganz parallel der Leibesentwickelung zu nehmen. Warum sollte es nicht sein können, daß eine Individualität sich verleiblicht in einem Körper, der nach seiner ganzen Konstitution zum Bösen bestimmt ist? Der Mensch kann ja trotzdem drinnen gut sein, weil die Individualität nicht mehr in einem intimen Zusammenhang mit der Körperlichkeit ist. Das ist wieder keine bequeme Wahrheit, aber eine Wahrheit, mit der man sich bekanntmachen muß.

Kurz, die Verinnerlichung des Menschen nimmt immer mehr und mehr zu. Immer mehr müssen wir Rücksicht nehmen bei dem, was für den Menschen in Betracht kommt, daß sich der Mensch zurückzieht von der äußeren Leiblichkeit in den letzten Epochen der Erdenentwickelung. Die Menschen können sich aber nur langsam und allmählich - wie ich schon öfter betonte — durch die Gewalt der Tatsachen an diese Dinge gewöhnen. Aber die Tatsachen werden die Erkenntnis dieser Dinge aufdrängen. Wenn man heute die Menschen betrachtet nach dem, wie sie äußerlich sind, hat man ein Bild. Wenn man die Menschen nach dem betrachtet, was sie nicht unmittelbar äußerlich sind, hat man das andere Bild. Diese Bilder stimmen heute schon nicht miteinander überein und werden immer weniger miteinander übereinstimmen. Dem Menschen von heute ist es daher schon durchaus notwendig, sich nicht bloß auf das zu verlassen, was die äußere Welt hergibt, wenn er sich Begriffe bilden will, sondern sich Begriffe zu bilden nach Maßgabe desjenigen, was nur aus dem Geiste auf den Menschen wirken kann.

Insbesondere werden solche Begriffe für die Zukunft in all dem notwendig sein, was Politik und Sozialistik ist und so weiter, und namentlich auch im Erziehungswesen. Die Begriffe, die die Umgebung hergibt, die nicht aus dem Spirituellen kommen, reichen nicht mehr aus für das, was der Mensch braucht. Daher die ungenügenden politischen und sozialistischen Theorien der Gegenwart. Die Menschen wollen da nur nach dem urteilen, was in der Umgebung ist, wollen sich nicht inspirieren lassen von etwas Geistigem. Daher sind diese Theorien und auch die politischen Programme so ungenügend. Wir leben nicht mehr in der Zeit, wo man solche Programme machen kann, wie Woodrow Wilson sie jetzt macht, sondern unsere Zeit erfordert, daß aus andern Tiefen heraus Weltenprogramme gemacht werden. Der Geist muß schon Beistand leisten, wenn heute Weltenprogramme gemacht werden.

Aber die Menschen sind noch nicht dazu gelangt, die innere Wahrheit all dessen, was ich Ihnen jetzt auseinandergesetzt habe, wirklich zu ihrem Bewußtsein zu bringen. Sie tapsen nach. Sie sind längst Menschen der fünften nachatlantischen Periode geworden und wollen immer noch urteilen wie die Menschen der vierten nachatlantischen Periode. Ja, damals in der Griechenzeit war das richtig, war das etwas Großes, etwas Harmonisches. Heute zu urteilen wie ein Grieche, ist ein Unding, weil dem Griechen eben die Umgebung alles gegeben hat, was er gebraucht hat. Heute gibt es diese Umgebung nicht mehr. Zunächst macht sich in vielen Beziehungen, ich möchte sagen, ein gewisser Haß fühlbar, eine Abneigung — was nur eine andere Seite der Furcht ist - vor dem innerlichen Betrachten des Menschen. Man will beim Äußerlichen stehenbleiben. Und so treten Reminiszenzen auf, die eben nur Reminiszenzen sind, wo sich die Menschen nicht voll in ihrer Gewalt haben.

Eine sehr interessante Erscheinung, die ich Sie nur bitte, ganz gehörig ins Auge zu fassen, ist diese: Nehmen Sie einmal an, wir hätten es hier zu tun mit einer Anzahl von Köpfen, die vielleicht eine Versammlung bilden - erleuchtete Versammlungen gibt es ja heute überall. Ja, das eigentliche Geistige hat sich schon gelöst, das ist eigentlich nicht mehr so recht bei den Köpfen der Menschen, das ist verinnerlicht. Selbst wenn Oberflächlinge bei einer Versammlung sind, so sind eigentlich die andern, die richtigen, die eigentlich geistigen Köpfe, verborgen da; aber jene, die dasitzen, wissen nichts davon. So kann es sein, daß Versammlungen sind oder auch einzelne Menschen, in denen, wie in einem Uhrräderwerk, alte Ideen ablaufen: In den sichtbaren, in den physischen Köpfen, da rumort es drin von alten Ideen, da rollen alte Ideen ab. Von dem, was zeitgemäß ist, von dem wissen diese Menschen nichts. Diese automatisch wirkenden Gehirne können allerlei nachklingen lassen. Das ist interessant, daß gerade solche Dinge zuweilen auftreten.

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Da hat es einen Kongreß gegeben, der im Jahre 1912 in London stattgefunden hat über eine ganz neue Wissenschaft: Eugenetik. Man hat ja gewöhnlich hochtrabende Namen gerade für das, was an sich am dümmsten ist. Die Ideen dieser Eugenetik, die gingen eigentlich aus den Gehirnen, nicht aus den Seelen der Menschen hervor. Was will diese Eugenetik? Sie will Einrichtungen treffen, so daß künftighin nur ein gesundes menschliches Geschlecht gezeugt wird, daß nicht minderwertige Individuen gezeugt werden; sie will nach und nach durch die Verbindung von Nationalökonomie und Anthropologie Gesetze finden, um Männer und Frauen durch Gesetze so zusammenzubringen, daß ein möglichst starkes Geschlecht zustandekommt.

Ja, über diese Dinge fängt man schon an durchaus nachzudenken. Das Ideal dieses Kongresses, dem der Sohn Darwins vorgesessen hat, bestand darin, verschiedene Gesellschaftsklassen daraufhin zu untersuchen, wie groß der Schädel ist bei den Reichen, wie groß der Schädel ist bei den Armen, die weniger lernen können, wie groß die Empfindungsfähigkeit bei den Reichen, wie groß die Empfindungsfähigkeit bei den Armen ist, wie stark der Widerstand ist, den die Reichen der Ermüdung entgegenbringen können, wie stark der Widerstand ist, den die Armen der Ermüdung entgegenbringen können und dergleichen mehr. Und nun versucht man, auf diese Weise Ansichten zu gewinnen über die menschliche Körperlichkeit, die vielleicht einmal in der Zukunft dazu führen können, daß man genau aufstellt: so muß er aussehen, so muß sie aussehen, wenn es einen richtigen Zukunftsmenschen geben soll; solch einen Grad von Ermüdungsfähigkeit muß er haben, solch einen Grad von Ermüdungsfähigkeit muß sie haben, solch eine Schädelgröße bei ihm, dazu eine passende Schädelgröße bei ihr und so weiter.

Das ist ein Rumoren, ein natürliches Rumoren in den von den Seelen leer gewordenen Gehirnen, ein Rumoren derjenigen Ideen, die eine Realität in der atlantischen Zeit hatten. Da war es wirklich so, daß es gewisse Gesetze gab, durch welche die Menschen Größe, Wachstum und alles mögliche durch Kreuzen, Überkreuzen und dergleichen bewirken konnten. Das war dazumal eine Art von Wissenschaft, eine ausgebreitete Wissenschaft, die - wie ich Ihnen gestern wieder angedeutet habe - gerade im atlantischen Zeitalter so sehr mißbraucht worden ist. Diese Wissenschaft, die aus der Verwandtschaft der Körperlichkeit heraus arbeitete, wußte: Wenn man solch einen Mann mit solch einer Frau —- und Mann und Frau waren in der damaligen Zeit wesentlich verschiedener als heute - zusammenbringt, entsteht ein solches Wesen, und dann kann man wiederum, so wie es heute der Pflanzer macht, variieren. Die Mysterien haben dann aus diesem Sich-Kreuzen, aus diesem Zusammenbringen des Verwandten und Verschiedenen Ordnung gemacht; sie haben Gruppen gebildet und der Menschheit entzogen, was ihr entzogen werden mußte. Es entstand aber wirklich schwärzest-magischer Unfug durch das, was da im atlantischen Zeitalter getrieben worden ist, und Ordnung ist erst dadurch eingetreten, daß man Klassen gebildet hat, daß man diese Dinge den Menschen entzogen hat. Und auf diese Weise sind die Nationen entstanden, die heutigen Rassen entstanden. Das hat mitgewirkt bei der Bildung der heutigen Rassen. Und auch die Nationenfrage rumort wieder im gegenwärtigen Zeitalter als Nachklang der seelenlosen Gehirne aus der atlantischen Zeit. Wieviel spricht man heute von Nationenfragen. Aber es spricht nur die Körperlichkeit. Die zurückgezogene Geistigkeit gehört heute schon einer ganz andern Welt an. Das ist die Diskrepanz zwischen der Wirklichkeit und all den Deklamationen, die sich heute auf das sogenannte Nationalprinzip beziehen. Das kann niemals deshalb zu einem Heil führen, sondern muß immer und immer wieder in das Chaos hineinführen, wenn man die Politik auf die Nationenfragen stellen will, die nicht mehr Fragen der Gegenwart sind, weil die Seele ganz andern Ordnungen und ganz andern Zusammenhängen angehört, als diejenigen sind, die sich im leiblichen Wesen ausdrücken. Das sind alles Dinge, die gewußt werden müssen, die aber nur durch die Geisteswissenschaft gewußt werden können. Dieses Rumoren in den von den Seelen leer gewordenen Gehirnen, das ist die Ursache davon, daß in der heutigen Zeit solche Bestrebungen auftauchen, die den Menschen nach gewissen Gesetzen gestalten wollen.

Und noch in etwas anderem spricht sich solch ein Rumoren verbrauchter Ideen aus, die wohl noch in den vertrocknenden Gehirnen wirken können, aber nicht mehr aus der Seele kommen. Die Seele muß erkraftet werden, so daß die Geisteswissenschaft in sie dringen kann. Dann wird wiederum aus der Individualität der Menschen gesprochen. Sie haben ja gewiß auch schon Bekanntschaft gemacht mit all dem Zeug, das heute nach der Richtung erscheint, daß die verschiedensten Menschen vom Standpunkt der Psychopathologie erklärt werden. Eigentlich darf heute einer nur ein gutes Gedicht schreiben, dann kommt sofort der Arzt und erklärt, welche Krankheit er hat. So haben wir ja die verschiedensten Abhandlungen: Viktor Scheffel vom psychiatrischen Standpunkt, Nietzsche vom psychiatrischen Standpunkt, Goethe vom psychiatrischen Standpunkt, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer vom psychiatrischen Standpunkt. Man kann es all diesen Schriften, wenn man zwischen den Zeilen lesen will, anfühlen, daß eigentlich ihre Autoren gesagt haben: Schade, daß er nicht zur rechten Zeit kuriert worden ist. Wäre er zur rechten Zeit kuriert worden, dann hätte er nicht solche Dinge geschrieben wie zum Beispiel Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, die nur aus dem Kranksein heraus geschrieben werden. -— Das ist aber etwas durchaus in diesem Sinne Zeitgemäßes, daß eben nicht geachtet wird auf die Verinnerlichung des Menschen, die manchmal gerade bei solchen Menschen wie Conrad Ferdinand Meyer so wirken muß, daß ihr äußeres Körperliches diese oder jene Krankheitserscheinung aufweisen muß, damit das Innerliche, unabhängig vom Körperlichen, künstlerisch zu höchster Geistigkeit kommen kann.

Diese Dinge werden hier nicht in dem Sinne besprochen, um Stellung dagegen zu nehmen. Vom rein medizinischen Standpunkt aus sind die Sachen selbstverständlich richtig; es ist gar nichts dagegen einzuwenden. Vom rein medizinischen Standpunkt aus kann man ja auch noch etwas anderes machen, was auch gemacht worden ist: Man kann die Evangelien durchnehmen und kann aus verschiedenen Dingen in den Evangelien zeigen, wie durch den Zusammenfluß ganz besonderer Krankheitsursachen dieses merkwürdige Individuum Christus Jesus entstanden ist. Solch ein Buch ist auch geschrieben worden und kann von jedem gelesen werden: «Jesus Christus vom Standpunkte des Psychiaters.» Es gibt also auch ein Buch, wo gezeigt wird, daß all das, was von der Person Jesu ausgeht, nur dadurch von ihr ausgehen konnte, daß eben diese Person so und so krank war.

Alle diese Dinge muß man verstehen, muß man durchdringen, wenn man sich mit Verständnis in die gegenwärtige Entwickelung hineinstellen will. Ich werde in diesem Zusammenhang insbesondere auch noch das Erziehungsproblem gerade besprechen, um Ihnen zu zeigen, wie die Gegenwart das heranwachsende Kind nicht mehr so betrachten darf, als würde man nur auf das zu sehen haben, was sich äußerlich heute ausleben kann. Da würde man ja manchmal daneben vorbeierziehen an dem, was sich gerade in das Innerlichste heute zurückzieht. Weil man auf solche Dinge nicht achtet, gibt es heute so wenig Menschenkenntnis und so viel Philisterei. In gewisser Beziehung ist ja das Philistertum der Gegensatz einer wirklichen Menschenkenntnis, denn der Philister mag gern irgendwie das Bild eines Normalmenschen vor seiner Seele haben. Was davon abweicht, ist eben unnormal. Aber mit solchem Grundsatz kommt man zu keinem Verstehen der Umwelt, vor allen Dingen nicht zu einem Verstehen des Menschen. Es gehört schon zu den Dingen, die gepflegt werden sollten innerhalb einer solchen Gesellschaft, wie es die Anthroposophische ist, daß man Menschenverständnis lernt, um eingehen zu können auf die Individualität des Menschen; denn die einzelnen Individualitäten sind viel verschiedener als man denkt, weil dadurch, daß der Mensch nicht mehr ganz zusammenstimmt in seinem Seelischen mit seinem äußerlich Leiblichen, ja wirklich der Mensch heute etwas Kompliziertes ist.

Aber damit ist natürlich anderes im Gefolge, das allerdings heute seiner Natur nach nur mit plumpen Händen angefaßt wird, aber wovon man hoffen kann, daß Geisteswissenschaft es dazu bringt, daß die Menschen es nicht mehr mit so plumpen Händen anfassen. Denken Sie nur einmal, daß, wenn wir ins Griechentum zurückgehen, man möchte sagen, der volle Leib ja von der vollen Menschenseele ausgefüllt wird, daß das eine sich mit dem andern vollständig deckt und daß das heute nicht mehr der Fall ist. Es bleiben die Leiber bis zu einem gewissen Grade leer. Ich will nicht im abträglichen Sinne von den leeren Köpfen sprechen; die bleiben leer, das ist einmal so in der Entwickelung. Aber leer bleibt in Wirklichkeit nichts in der Welt. Es bleibt etwas nur leer von einem gewissen Etwas, das in anderer Zeit zur Ausfüllung bestimmt war. Ganz leer bleibt eigentlich nichts. Und indem der Mensch immer mehr und mehr seine Seele von dem Leiblichen zurückzieht, wird dieses Leibliche immer mehr und mehr der Gefahr ausgesetzt, von anderem angefüllt zu werden. Und wenn sich die Seelen nicht dazu bequemen wollen, Impulse aufzunehmen, die nur aus dem spirituellen Wissen kommen können, dann wird der Leib angefüllt von dämonischen Gewalten. Diesem Schicksal geht die Menschheit entgegen, daß die Leiber angefüllt werden können von dämonischen Gewalten, von ahriimanisch-dämonischen Gewalten. Denken Sie, daß zu dem, was ich gestern über die Zukunftsentwickelung gesagt habe, hinzukommt, daß man in der Zukunft Menschen wird erleben können: sie sind der Hans Kunz äußerlich im bürgerlichen Leben, weil die sozialen Zusammenhänge es so ergeben, aber der Leib ist so weit leer, daß ein starkes ahrimanisches Wesen drinnen wohnen kann. Man wird begegnen können ahrimanisch-dämonischen Wesenheiten. Der Mensch wird nur scheinbar der Mensch sein, der er ist. Die Individualität, die ist sehr, sehr innerlich, und äußerlich tritt einem ein ganz anderes Bild entgegen.

So kompliziert wird in der Zukunft das Leben. Man kann schon sagen: Es wird in der Zukunft Verhältnisse geben, bei denen man nicht recht wissen wird, mit wem man es zu tun hat. Und daß Ricarda Huch solche Sehnsucht nach dem Teufel empfindet, das hängt wirklich zusammen mit dem, was da herankommt. Die Institutionen, die Begriffe, die sozialen Ideen, die sich die Menschen heute machen, sind abstrakt und roh, sind plump gegenüber dem, was an komplizierten Verhältnissen herankommt. Und weil die Menschen nicht imstande sind, das, was in der Wirklichkeit da ist, mit ihren Begriffen, mit ihren Vorstellungen zu umfassen, geschieht es, daß sie immer mehr und mehr ins Chaos hineinkommen, wie es sich ja durch diese Kriegsereignisse schon hinlänglich anzeigt. Dieses Chaos kommt eben davon, daß die Wirklichkeit eine andere ist, eine reicher werdende ist, als das, was die Menschen erdenken können, was die Menschen sich ausbilden können in ihren Köpfen. Und man wird sich klarmachen müssen, daß man vor die Wahl gestellt ist: Entweder, weil man die Welt nicht zu ordnen versteht, weiterzumachen mit dem Zusammenhauen, mit dem gegenwärtigen Aufeinanderschießen, oder zu beginnen mit dem Ausbilden solcher Begriffe, solcher Vorstellungen, die den komplizierten Verhältnissen gewachsen sind. Es muß eine geistige Strömung in der Menschheit geben, welche darauf ausgeht, Begriffe auszubilden, die den realen Verhältnissen gewachsen sind. Denn diejenigen, die kleben bleiben wollen an dem, was von alter Zeit weiterrumort, die werden sehr zahlreich sein — heute sind sie ja noch in der Minderzahl -, und die werden aus der äußerlichen Betrachtung heraus und schon auch dadurch, daß die Leiber ausgefüllt werden von ahrimanischer Geistigkeit, welche darauf ausgeht, aus der äußeren Räumlichkeit heraus Begriffe und Vorstellungen und Taten zu prägen, die werden aus dem Äußeren heraus Begriffe und Vorstellungen prägen. Man soll sich nur nichts vormachen. Man steht vor einer ganz bestimmten Bewegung. Wie damals auf jenem Konzil in Konstantinopel der Geist abgeschafft worden ist, das heißt wie man dogmatisch bestimmt hat: Der Mensch besteht nur aus Leib und Seele, von einem Geist zu sprechen ist ketzerisch -, so wird man in einer andern Form anstreben, die Seele abzuschaffen, das Seelenleben. Und die Zeit wird kommen, vielleicht gar nicht in so ferner Zukunft, wo sich auf solch einem Kongreß wie dem, welcher 1912 stattgefunden hat, noch ganz anderes entwickeln wird, wo noch ganz andere Tendenzen auftreten werden, wo man sagen wird: Es ist schon krankhaft beim Menschen, wenn er überhaupt an Geist und Seele denkt. Gesund sind nur diejenigen Menschen, die überhaupt nur vom Leibe reden. - Man wird es als ein Krankheitssymptom ansehen, wenn der Mensch sich so entwickelt, daß er auf den Begriff kommen kann: Es gibt einen Geist oder eine Seele. - Das werden kranke Menschen sein. Und man wird finden — da können Sie ganz sicher sein — das entsprechende Arzneimittel, durch das man wirken wird. Damals schaffte man den Geist ab. Die Seele wird man abschaffen durch ein Arzneimittel. Man wird aus einer «gesunden Anschauung» heraus einen Impfstoff finden, durch den der Organismus so bearbeitet wird in möglichst früher Jugend, möglichst gleich bei der Geburt, daß dieser menschliche Leib nicht zu dem Gedanken kommt: Es gibt eine Seele und einen Geist. — So scharf werden sich die beiden Weltanschauungsströmungen gegenübertreten. Die eine wird nachzudenken haben, wie Begriffe und Vorstellungen auszubilden sind, damit sie der realen Wirklichkeit, der Geist- und Seelenwirklichkeit gewachsen sind. Die andern, die Nachfolger der heutigen Materialisten, werden den Impfstoff suchen, der den Körper «gesund» macht, das heißt so macht, daß dieser Körper durch seine Konstitution nicht mehr von solch albernen Dingen redet wie von Seele und Geist, sondern «gesund» redet von den Kräften, die in Maschinen und Chemie leben, die im Weltennebel Planeten und Sonnen konstituieren. Das wird man durch körperliche Prozeduren herbeiführen. Den materialistischen Medizinern wird man es übergeben, die Seelen auszutreiben aus der Menschheit.

Ja, diejenigen, die glauben, daß man mit spielerischen Begriffen in die Zukunft sehen kann, die irren gar sehr. Mit ernsten, gründlichen, tiefen Begriffen muß man in die Zukunft sehen. Geisteswissenschaft ist nicht eine Spielerei, ist nicht bloß eine Theorie, sondern Geisteswissenschaft ist gegenüber der Entwickelung der Menschheit eine wirkliche Pflicht.

Davon wollen wir dann morgen weiter sprechen.

Fifth Lecture

Before the lecture, Rudolf Steiner spoke in memory of the deceased members Heinrich Mitscher and Olga von Sivers. These words of remembrance are printed in “Our Dead,” GA 261.

It is due to the spiritual constitution of the present age that we are becoming acquainted, as you have already seen, with serious insights and serious truths of the spiritual world. For I had to emphasize that insights such as those that humanity finds comfortable according to present-day habits are not sufficient for the future. But we must know the reasons why they are not sufficient. Only then can we connect with these impulses, which must now be given for the development of humanity in the present, with complete seriousness and dignity. What I want to say today will perhaps be best understood if I take as my starting point the fact that within the fourth post-Atlantean cultural period, which, as you know, began in the eighth century before the Mystery of Golgotha and ended in the fifteenth century after the Mystery of Golgotha, human beings essentially had a completely different relationship to their environment, to the outer world, than they must have now in the fifth post-Atlantean cultural period. I have often emphasized that we must take the development of humanity seriously. Souls change much more than we believe, and it is only a convenient contemporary notion to think that everything in human souls was the same in the Greek era as it is today. But I want to consider only the relationship of souls to the surrounding world in this soul constitution today.

The complacent will say: The Greeks and Romans perceived the sensory world around them, and we also perceive the sensory world around us; therefore, there is no significant difference. But there is a significant difference. One can say quite simply that modern man, who is only at the beginning of the fifth post-Atlantean cultural period, perceives this environment, including the sensory environment, in a completely different way than, for example, the Greeks did. The Greeks also saw colors and heard sounds, but through the colors they also saw spiritual beings. They did not merely think spiritual beings; spiritual beings revealed themselves to them through what color was.

I have attempted to weave this peculiarity of the Greek view like a red thread through my descriptions in “The Riddles of Philosophy.” Modern man thinks thoughts. The Greek did not think thoughts to the same extent as modern man, because he saw thoughts. They came to him from what he perceived in his environment. The environment itself was not merely blue and red, but the blue and the red told him the thoughts that he then thought. This creates an intimate relationship with the environment. It also gives a feeling, an intense feeling, that one is connected with the environment as something spiritual. And this in turn is related to the whole way in which the human constitution was generally constituted in this fourth post-Atlantean period.

We must distinguish in our earthly development — you know this from the general outline of The Secret Science — between great periods: the first, second, Lemurian, and Atlantean periods, our own period, the post-Atlantean period, and two subsequent periods. One can say that during the Atlantean period, both the Earth and human beings reached the middle of their earthly development. Until then, everything was, one might say, growth and development. In a certain sense, this has not been the case since the Atlantean epoch. It is no longer the case with the Earth. When we walk across the earth today — I have often hinted at this — we walk across something that is crumbling, something that, compared to the growth conditions of earlier times, is not continuing to grow but is breaking apart. The earth was much more a growing, sprouting organism before the Atlantean era, until the middle of the Atlantean era. Then it began, I would say, to crack and split, and only then did the rock types of the present day, with their cracks and splits, come into being. This is not only known today by spiritual science. That our present earth is a tearing, bursting earth, one that is heading toward its dissolution, you will find beautifully illustrated by external science in the great, significant work by Sueß, “The Face of the Earth.” This incisive work by Sueß summarizes in broad strokes what can be said about the present condition of rocks, rock types, the various formations on and in the earth, the organic beings within the earth, and the external structure of the earth, that is, in a sense, about the face of the earth. And as I said, based solely on the facts of external science, Suess comes to the conclusion that we are now dealing with a dying, crumbling world. But this is also true of all creatures, insofar as they inhabit this earth as physical creatures. They are in a state of descending development, and they have been so since the middle of the Atlantean epoch. Only everything proceeds in a certain wave-like movement within the evolution. One can say that in the fourth post-Atlantean period, in the Greek-Latin era, there was, in a sense, a kind of repetition of what had been in the Atlantean era, so that until the time of the Greeks it was not yet possible to notice in such a decisive way that human beings were in a descending evolution. Greek culture — as I have often emphasized — still has the peculiarity that the soul stands in complete harmony with the body. This harmony was naturally greatest in the middle of the Atlantean era. But this harmony is repeated in Greek culture. We have spoken on various occasions about the overall human constitution of the Greeks, particularly in our characterization of Greek art, which we know arose from impulses quite different from those of later peoples. The Greeks, for example, still felt within themselves the ethereal, formative, gestalt aspect of the human being and did not need models like people today because they felt the form within themselves. So one can say that until the Greek era, the human body was in a certain sense conditioned and held in place by the immediate spatial world around it. There was an intimate relationship between human beings and their spatial environment. This changed with the beginning of the fifth post-Atlantean epoch. As strange as it may sound to you, it is nevertheless true: today we are no longer on earth to take care of our own organization. We still embody ourselves, but this no longer serves the purpose of ensuring our own organization, because this organization was in an ascending development until the middle of the Atlantic era or until the Greek civilization. At that time, human bodies were as perfect as they could be during the Earth era. Humanity will only experience a higher level of perfection than physicality again during the Jupiter epoch. We are actually here to belong to a declining development, to embody ourselves in such a way that we experience all kinds of things by being in dying, increasingly crumbling, withering bodies. These expressions are, of course, very radical. But what we develop in our souls, what we are inwardly, no longer passes into our outer physical bodies to the same extent as it did in the past. This will, however, bring about various changes in our development. In March of this year, a very important person died in Zurich: Franz Brentano. You will find an obituary for Franz Brentano in my forthcoming book Von Seelenrätseln (On Soul Riddles). The book will be divided into three parts and an appendix: in the first part, I will discuss the relationship between anthropology and anthroposophy; in the second part, I will use an example to show how contemporary so-called scholarship accommodates anthroposophy, using the example of the individual Dessoir; and in the third part I will show how a subtle mind like Franz Brentano, although held in the fetters of contemporary science, comes as close as possible to anthroposophy with his psychology. I will then add an appendix that briefly summarizes some of what can only be briefly summarized under the current circumstances, but which could perhaps even be the subject of several books. I have summarized it in individual, short chapters in this newer work because the circumstances in our increasingly difficult times do not allow for a longer treatment of the subject. Much of what is written in this vein for the present day gives one the feeling that, in a certain sense, it is something of a testament. Anyone who feels the full weight of current events will be able to understand this.

Among the many things he said with his subtle mind, Franz Brentano also wrote a treatise on genius. The peculiarity of this treatise lies in the fact that Brentano actually argues away the concept of genius, showing everywhere that genius has no other qualities or impulses of the soul than other people, that the genius's memory and ability to combine ideas are merely more agile and comprehensive, and so on. Franz Brentano draws a concept of genius that is very different from the concept we commonly have. But this concept of genius that we usually have, like the convenient templates of the present day, contains a great deal of nebulousness anyway. In general, one can say that Brentano's characterization of genius does not correspond to what genius has been up to now, but it does correspond to what genius will become! In the sense in which genius has existed up to now, it will not continue into the future. For what were the geniuses of the past based on? They were based on the fact that souls still had the power to send impulses into physicality, either through heredity or through the forces of education, so that the intuitions, inspirations, and imaginations of genius emerged from the physical in an unconscious manner. With the rise of physicality, genius was present. With the crumbling physicality of the future, this will no longer be the case. Where something similar to genius will appear in the future, it will be based on the fact that the souls in question, which may then also be called genius, will see more deeply into the life of the spiritual environment, so that the impulses will not rise up from the unconscious physical realm, but rather that those concerned will see more deeply into the spiritual world. It is precisely in something like the transformation of genius that we see the deep divide between what development was in the past and what it will be in the future. One might say: the genius of the past came from physicality, and what will replace genius in the future will come from the soul's insight into spirituality. This is what a mind that feels with the development of the present, such as Brentano, senses, just as Süß saw that the earth is in a kind of first death.

But what is the basis for all this? It is based on the fact that the relationship between humans and their environment has changed compared to the past. The spatial environment no longer speaks to man as it did when his body was, so to speak, fresh. It no longer conveys the spiritual through its spatiality. Colors no longer speak as spirit-filled elements, sounds no longer sound as spirit-filled elements; they sound as materials. What is in man has become more internal. It is a strange statement, isn't it, to have to say that the superficial human being of the present day has actually become more inward. But he has become more inward. It is already peculiar that one can say of the superficial person of the present day: he is so superficial because, as he exists in his embodiment, he cannot penetrate to his actual inner being. They do not pay attention to their actual inner being, they do not develop the strength to know themselves, they do not realize what they actually are.

Thus, those who view the world spiritually see many people walking around who are not actually themselves. That is again put in radical terms. They are walking bodies, and the soul is not entirely within them. Why? Because this soul no longer has the task of completely permeating the body, which is already crumbling, but because it has the task of preparing itself for what will happen on Jupiter. Our soul is already making preparations for the future.

And one must simply recognize and know this situation. We are entirely predisposed to hear a comprehensive being say to us: “My kingdom is not of this world.” But people will only slowly and gradually come to understand this truth. Despite our outward superficiality, we are truly less and less of this world, but this should not be confused with something else. If one were to believe that one can now go around like the followers of Nietzsche, who called themselves “blond beasts,” and say, “We are in the spiritual world; we do not belong to the physical world,” one would have to reply: Yes, what you yourself know about yourself already belongs to the physical world; the other is occult, hidden. But we have the task of becoming aware, with all our insight and inner strength, of this essential being within us, which can no longer be completely absorbed by the body, which can no longer completely permeate the body. We must feel ourselves to be candidates of the Jupiter age. But this happens slowly and gradually. For the time being, human beings remain in what their environment gives them, that is, they remain in what is beneath them. But with each incarnation, we actually withdraw more from physicality and float more above physicality.

If this were not so, the further development of humanity would be in a dire state. If human beings were completely dependent on being only what the Greeks were, then the development of humanity would be in a bad way. For, strange as it may sound today, conscientious occult research that attempts to penetrate the laws of human evolution shows us a truth that may at first seem disturbing, namely that in the not too distant future, perhaps as early as the 7th millennium, all women on Earth will become infertile. That is how far the withering and crumbling of the bodies will go: in the 7th millennium, the women of Earth will become infertile! Just imagine, if the relationships that can only be lived out between the human soul and the human physical body were to remain, then people would have nothing left to do on Earth. Not all Earth periods will have come to an end when human women are no longer able to have children. Humans will then have to find a different relationship to earthly existence. The last epochs of Earth's development will compel humans to renounce physical corporeality altogether and yet still be present on Earth. Existence is more mysterious than one would like to believe based on the crude scientific concepts of the present day.

This too has been instinctively felt and sensed in the twilight of the fourth and fifth post-Atlantean epochs. Some people have said things that are already connected with the development of our age. But they could not be properly understood; often they did not understand themselves properly. Think, for example, of such seemingly cruel teachings as those of Augustine, and even those of Calvin: that from the outset, one part of humanity is destined for salvation, the other for damnation, one for good, the other for evil. Such teachings have existed. They seem cruel. And yet, on closer inspection, these teachings do not seem entirely incorrect, just as many things that seem incorrect have a certain relative correctness. What could be known about human beings in the age of Augustine and the centuries that followed does not really apply to the human soul and the human spirit—you know, the human spirit was even abolished at the Council of Constantinople—but rather to human beings walking around on earth. I will try to speak as clearly as possible about what is important.

You may encounter one person and then another, and in the sense of Augustine's teaching, you could say: This one is destined for good, that one for evil, but only in terms of their outer physicality, not their individuality! The Augustinian age did not speak at all about real individuality. If you now have a number of people in front of you, you can say — but this only makes sense from more recent times; it would not have made sense to the Greeks —: There are human souls; they are, of course, the architects of their own destiny. There are no predestination impulses. But they dwell in bodies that are destined for good or evil. And as the earth evolves, fewer and fewer people will be able to develop their souls in parallel with their bodies. Why should it not be possible for an individuality to incarnate in a body that is, according to its entire constitution, destined for evil? The human being can still be good inside, because individuality is no longer intimately connected with physicality. Again, this is not a comfortable truth, but it is a truth that we must familiarize ourselves with.

In short, the inner life of human beings is increasing more and more. We must take ever greater account of the fact that human beings are withdrawing from their outer physicality in the last epochs of Earth's development. However, as I have often emphasized, human beings can only slowly and gradually become accustomed to these things through the force of facts. But the facts will force us to recognize these things. When we look at people today according to their outward appearance, we have one picture. When we look at people according to what they are not immediately outwardly, we have another picture. These pictures already do not correspond with each other today and will correspond less and less with each other. It is therefore absolutely necessary for people today not to rely solely on what the external world offers when they want to form concepts, but to form concepts according to what can only act on people from the spirit.

Such concepts will be particularly necessary for the future in everything that has to do with politics and social science, and especially in education. The concepts provided by the environment, which do not come from the spiritual realm, are no longer sufficient for what human beings need. Hence the inadequacy of contemporary political and socialist theories. People want to judge only by what is in their environment; they do not want to be inspired by anything spiritual. That is why these theories and political programs are so inadequate. We no longer live in a time when programs such as those of Woodrow Wilson can be made; our time requires that world programs be made from other depths. The spirit must lend its support when world programs are made today.

But people have not yet reached the point where they can truly bring to consciousness the inner truth of everything I have now explained to you. They are groping their way along. They have long since become people of the fifth post-Atlantean period and still want to judge like the people of the fourth post-Atlantean period. Yes, back in Greek times that was right, it was something great, something harmonious. To judge today like a Greek is absurd, because the Greek had everything he needed in his environment. Today, this environment no longer exists. At first, in many relationships, I would say that a certain hatred is palpable, an aversion—which is just another side of fear—to looking inward at human beings. People want to remain on the surface. And so reminiscences arise, which are just reminiscences, where people are not fully in control of themselves.

A very interesting phenomenon, which I would ask you to consider very carefully, is this: suppose we are dealing here with a number of minds, perhaps forming an assembly — enlightened assemblies are everywhere today. Yes, the actual spiritual has already detached itself; it is no longer really in people's minds, it has been internalized. Even if there are superficial people at a gathering, the others, the real ones, the truly spiritual minds, are hidden there; but those who are sitting there know nothing about it. So it can be that there are gatherings or even individual people in whom, like in a clockwork mechanism, old ideas run their course: in the visible, physical minds, old ideas rumble around, old ideas roll along. These people know nothing of what is contemporary. These automatically functioning brains can allow all kinds of things to linger. It is interesting that such things sometimes occur.

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There was a congress in London in 1912 on a completely new science: eugenics. People usually give grandiose names to things that are actually the most stupid. The ideas of eugenics actually came from people's brains, not from their souls. What does eugenics want? It wants to establish institutions so that in future only healthy human beings are produced, so that inferior individuals are not produced; it wants, through the combination of national economics and anthropology, to gradually find laws to bring men and women together by means of laws in such a way that the strongest possible race is produced.

Yes, people are already beginning to think about these things. The ideal of this congress, which was chaired by Darwin's son, was to examine different social classes to determine how large the skulls of the rich are, how large the skulls of the poor are, who are less able to learn, how great the sensitivity of the rich is, how great the sensitivity of the poor is, how strong the resistance of the rich to fatigue is, how strong the resistance of the poor to fatigue is, and so on. And now, in this way, attempts are being made to gain insights into human physicality that may one day lead to a precise definition of what a person with a proper future must look like; what degree of fatigue tolerance he must have, what degree of fatigue tolerance she must have, if there is to be a proper future human being; he must look like this, she must look like that. this is what he must look like, this is what she must look like if there is to be a true future human being; he must have this degree of resistance to fatigue, she must have this degree of resistance to fatigue, he must have this skull size, she must have a skull size to match, and so on.

This is a rumbling, a natural rumbling in brains emptied of souls, a rumbling of ideas that were reality in the Atlantean era. It was really the case that there were certain laws by which people could bring about size, growth, and all kinds of things through crossbreeding, interbreeding, and the like. At that time, it was a kind of science, a widespread science which, as I indicated to you yesterday, was greatly abused in the Atlantean era. This science, which worked out of the kinship of physicality, knew that if you brought together such a man with such a woman — and men and women were much more different then than they are today — a certain kind of being would come into being, and then you could vary it, just as planters do today. The mysteries then created order out of this interbreeding, out of this bringing together of the related and the different; they formed groups and took away from humanity what had to be taken away. But what was done in the Atlantean age really did give rise to the blackest magical nonsense, and order only came about when classes were formed and these things were taken away from people. And in this way the nations arose, the races of today arose. This contributed to the formation of the races of today. And the question of nations is also rumbling again in the present age as an echo of the soulless brains of the Atlantean era. How much is spoken today about questions of nations. But it is only physicality that speaks. The withdrawn spirituality already belongs to a completely different world today. That is the discrepancy between reality and all the declamations that refer today to the so-called national principle. That can never lead to salvation, but must always and again lead to chaos if one wants to base politics on national questions that are no longer questions of the present, because the soul belongs to completely different orders and completely different contexts than those expressed in the physical being. These are all things that must be known, but they can only be known through spiritual science. This rumbling in brains that have been emptied of souls is the reason why such efforts are emerging in our time to shape human beings according to certain laws.

And such a rumbling of worn-out ideas, which may still be effective in withering brains but no longer come from the soul, is expressed in something else as well. The soul must be strengthened so that spiritual science can penetrate it. Then it will speak again from the individuality of human beings. You are certainly already familiar with all the stuff that appears today in the direction of explaining the most diverse human beings from the standpoint of psychopathology. Actually, today, someone only has to write a good poem, and immediately the doctor comes and explains what illness he has. Thus we have the most diverse treatises: Viktor Scheffel from a psychiatric point of view, Nietzsche from a psychiatric point of view, Goethe from a psychiatric point of view, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer from a psychiatric point of view. If one reads between the lines of all these writings, one can sense that what their authors actually meant to say was: What a pity that he was not cured at the right time. If he had been treated at the right time, he would not have written things like Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, for example, which were written solely out of illness. — But it is very much in keeping with the spirit of the times that no attention is paid to the inner life of human beings, which sometimes, especially in people like Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, must manifest itself in such a way that their outer physical appearance exhibits this or that symptom of illness, so that their inner life, independent of the physical, can attain the highest spiritual expression.

These things are not discussed here in order to take a stand against them. From a purely medical point of view, they are of course correct; there is nothing to object to. From a purely medical point of view, one can also do something else, which has also been done: one can go through the Gospels and show from various things in the Gospels how this remarkable individual, Christ Jesus, came into being through the confluence of very special causes of illness. Such a book has also been written and can be read by anyone: “Jesus Christ from the standpoint of a psychiatrist.” So there is also a book that shows that everything that emanated from the person of Jesus could only have emanated from him because this person was sick in such and such a way.

All these things must be understood, must be penetrated, if one wants to stand with understanding in the present development. In this context, I will also discuss the problem of education in particular, in order to show you how the present day must no longer view the growing child as if one had to look only at what can be expressed outwardly today. For then one would sometimes miss what is retreating into the innermost depths today. Because we do not pay attention to such things, there is so little knowledge of human nature and so much philistinism today. In a certain sense, philistinism is the opposite of true knowledge of human nature, for the philistine likes to have some kind of image of a normal human being in his mind. Anything that deviates from this is abnormal. But with such a principle, one cannot understand the environment, and above all, one cannot understand human beings. It is one of the things that should be cultivated within a society such as the anthroposophical society, that one learns to understand people in order to be able to respond to their individuality; for individual personalities are much more diverse than one thinks, because human beings are no longer completely in harmony with their outer physical bodies in their souls, and indeed, human beings today are something complicated.

But this naturally has other consequences, which today, by their very nature, can only be addressed clumsily, but we can hope that spiritual science will enable people to address them more skillfully. Just think, when we go back to Greek times, one might say that the whole body was filled by the whole human soul, that one completely coincided with the other, and that this is no longer the case today. The bodies remain empty to a certain extent. I do not mean to speak in a derogatory sense of empty heads; they remain empty, that is simply the way it is in evolution. But in reality, nothing in the world remains empty. Something remains empty only of a certain something that was destined to fill it at another time. Nothing actually remains completely empty. And as human beings withdraw their souls more and more from the physical body, the physical body becomes increasingly exposed to the danger of being filled with something else. And if souls do not want to accept impulses that can only come from spiritual knowledge, then the body becomes filled with demonic forces. Humanity is heading toward this fate, that bodies can become filled with demonic forces, with Ahrimanic-demonic forces. Consider that, in addition to what I said yesterday about future developments, in the future we will be able to experience people who are outwardly like Hans Kunz in their bourgeois lives because social circumstances make it so, but whose bodies are so empty that a strong Ahrimanic being can dwell within them. We will be able to encounter Ahrimanic-demonic beings. People will only appear to be the people they are. Individuality will be very, very internal, and externally a completely different picture will present itself.

Life will become that complicated in the future. One can already say that there will be circumstances in the future where one will not really know who one is dealing with. And the fact that Ricarda Huch feels such longing for the devil really has to do with what is coming. The institutions, the concepts, the social ideas that people have today are abstract and crude, clumsy in comparison to the complicated circumstances that are approaching. And because people are incapable of grasping what is really there with their concepts and ideas, they are sinking deeper and deeper into chaos, as is already abundantly clear from the events of this war. This chaos comes precisely from the fact that reality is different, richer than what people can conceive, than what people can form in their minds. And we will have to realize that we are faced with a choice: either, because we do not know how to organize the world, we continue with the fighting, with the present shooting at each other, or we begin to develop concepts and ideas that are equal to the complicated circumstances. There must be a spiritual current in humanity that aims to develop concepts that are equal to the real conditions. For those who want to cling to what has been rumbling on since ancient times will be very numerous — today they are still in the minority — and they will form concepts and ideas from the outside, and also because their bodies are filled with Ahrimanic spirituality, which aims to shape concepts, ideas, and actions from external space. They will shape concepts and ideas from the outside. We should not delude ourselves. We are facing a very specific movement. Just as the spirit was abolished at the Council of Constantinople, that is, just as it was dogmatically determined that human beings consist only of body and soul, and that it is heretical to speak of a spirit, so will people strive in another form to abolish the soul, the life of the soul. And the time will come, perhaps not so far in the future, when at a congress such as the one that took place in 1912, something completely different will develop, when completely different tendencies will emerge, when people will say: It is already pathological in humans to think about the spirit and the soul at all. Only those people who talk only about the body are healthy. It will be regarded as a symptom of illness if people develop to the point where they can come to the conclusion that there is a spirit or a soul. These will be sick people. And you can be quite sure that the appropriate medicine will be found to treat them. At that time, the spirit was abolished. The soul will be abolished by a medicine. Based on a “healthy view,” a vaccine will be found that will treat the organism in early childhood, if possible at birth, so that the human body does not come to the thought: There is a soul and a spirit. — The two worldviews will clash so sharply. One will have to think about how concepts and ideas can be developed so that they are equal to real reality, the reality of the spirit and the soul. The others, the followers of today's materialists, will seek the vaccine that makes the body “healthy,” that is, makes it so that this body, by its very constitution, no longer talks about such silly things as soul and spirit, but talks “healthily” about the forces that live in machines and chemistry, that constitute planets and suns in the world nebula. This will be brought about by physical procedures. It will be left to materialistic physicians to drive the souls out of humanity.

Yes, those who believe that one can see into the future with playful concepts are very much mistaken. One must look into the future with serious, thorough, and profound concepts. Spiritual science is not a game, it is not merely a theory, but spiritual science is a real duty towards the development of humanity.

We will continue talking about this tomorrow.