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The Rudolf Steiner Archive

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Geographic Medicine
GA 178

15 November 1917, St. Gallen

Translated by Alice Wulsin

Lecture I

Anyone who follows the evolution of the human spirit over the course of centuries, or perhaps millennia, will come to feel that this human spirit moves on to ever new achievements in the realm of knowing and in the realm of doing. There is no need to place too much emphasis on the word progress, for in the dismal time that has now befallen humanity this might call forth bitter doubt in many. If we observe this evolution of the human spirit, however, something else makes a clear impression on us, namely, that the forms and configurations taken by man's striving spirit vary essentially from century to century. And since today in our studies we are chiefly concerned with a striving for knowledge that wishes to penetrate humanity's evolution in a new way, we need only bear in mind, by way of example, how such conceptions, which are to some extent in conflict with the old ones, have difficulty gaining access to evolving humanity.

We should continually recall, for example, how difficult it was to bring the Copernican world view into people's habits of thought, habits of feeling—indeed, in certain realms this took centuries. This Copernican world view had broken with what people for a long time believed necessary to maintain as the truth about the structure of the universe on the basis of their sense perception. Then came the time when a person could no longer rely on what the eye saw as the rising and setting of the sun, as the sun's movement. He had to accept that, contrary to the visual appearance, the sun in a certain way, at least in its relation to the earth, stands still. Human habits of thought and feeling did not easily accommodate themselves to such sudden reversals of knowledge.

In the anthroposophically oriented spiritual science to which our considerations this evening are devoted, we have to do with an even greater reversal of this kind. Those who believe themselves convinced on firm scientific grounds of the content of this spiritual science also believe it necessary for it to have a decisive influence now and in the further evolution of human thinking, sensing, and feeling. It could also be said, if you will allow me these few introductory words, that the introduction of something like the Copernican world view was a matter of dealing with countless prejudices, with traditional opinions. People believed that if anything else were to supersede these it would upset all kinds of religious conceptions and things of that kind.

Many other objections concerning what we are to discuss this evening get in the way. Here the problem is not simply the prejudices such as those that confronted the Copernican theory, for example. In this case there is also the problem that in our time many people, indeed the majority of those considering themselves enlightened and cultured, not only bring with them their prejudices and preconceptions; they are actually ashamed of having to take seriously the realm about which anthroposophy has to speak. Such an individual feels he has to apologize not only to the world in general but to himself if he admits that it is possible to know about the things that are to be spoken of today in as thoroughly scientific a way as about the outer structure of nature. He believes that he has to regard himself as foolish or childish.

These things must be considered if we are to speak today about an anthroposophically oriented spiritual science. Anyone speaking out of knowledge of this science knows the objections that must arise today by the hundreds and thousands. He already knows these objections, because doubt is felt today not only concerning the specific truths and results of this spiritual science; there is also doubt that knowledge of any kind can be acquired concerning the realm with which anthroposophy occupies itself. The possibility of developing conceptual beliefs in the soul, general conceptual beliefs about the realm of the eternal, is certainly still acknowledged as justified by many today; but it is generally considered something dreamy or sentimental to believe that a really factual knowledge can be developed about the facts that can be drawn from the sense world concerning the immortal and eternal in the nature of the human being. This is particularly the case among those who believe themselves to be forming their judgments out of the presently recognized mode of scientific conception.

This evening we will have nothing to do with the dreamy and sentimental. We will rather be dealing with a realm in which you could say that the student, particularly the scientific student, shrinks from its first conditions. I would like to touch very briefly on the fact that this anthroposophically oriented spiritual science has no wish to be sectarian. It is completely misunderstood by anyone who believes that it wishes to arise in the way some new kind of religious faith is founded. It has no such wish. It wishes to arise today as a necessary result of the world view brought by natural scientific development, a general, publicly accepted conception among the widest circles of humanity. This natural scientific development today supplies so many concepts, which are in their turn the source of feelings and sensations. It provides the concepts for the most widely held world view. This natural scientific mode of observation sets itself the task of examining and explaining what is yielded to the outer senses, of examining what is accessible to human understanding by way of the natural laws about facts given to the outer senses.

If only one takes a quick look at what is living, it is possible to see how everywhere today natural science must consider origins, going back to what the construction of the seed reveals concerning growing, becoming, flourishing. (Though this is more prevalent in other realms, it is most clearly apparent in the realm of the living.) If the natural scientist wishes to explain animal life or human life in this sense, he goes back to birth, he studies embryology, he studies that from which growing and becoming evolve. The natural scientist returns to birth, to the beginning of what unfolds before the senses. And when natural science seeks an explanation for the world, it goes back with various hypotheses—with the foundations laid by geology, paleontology, with what the individual branches of natural science can reveal—forming conceptions out of this about the birth of the universe's structure, you could say. Even if one or another may have doubts about the justification for such a way of thinking, it is always being striven for.

The thoughts are well known that people have presented in order to fathom, if not the beginning of earthly evolution, at least far distant epochs (those epochs, for example, before the human being walked the earth) in order to explain in some way out of what went before, out of what lay in a germinal state, what follows, the consequences that the human being takes in of his surroundings through his senses. The whole Darwinian theory, or, if one wishes to leave that aside, the theory of evolution, is based on the search for origins, looking for the emergence of something out of something else, I would say that everywhere we find this thought of going back to youth and birth for explanations.

Spiritual science in the anthroposophical sense finds itself in another position. And by its point of departure it calls forth a vague opposition. Opposition without people being conscious of it; one could say that it calls forth an unconscious opposition, an instinctive opposition. Such opposition is often much more effective than the opposition that is clearly recognized, clearly thought through. In order to arrive at conceptions at all, an anthroposophically oriented spiritual science must not begin now with general, hazy concepts of spirit; to arrive at spiritual facts, it must make death its starting point. It thereby stands from the outset, you could say, in fundamental opposition to what is preferred today, namely to proceeding from birth, youth, growth, and the progress of development. Death encroaches upon life. And if you keep in touch with contemporary scientific literature, you can find everywhere that the conscientious scientist holds the view that death as such cannot be inserted in the series of natural scientific concepts in the same sense as other concepts.

The spiritual scientist must make death his actual starting point, death, the cessation, actually the opposite of birth. How death and all that is related to it encroaches upon life in the widest sense is the basic question. Death terminates what is perceptible to the senses; death dissolves what is becoming, what is developing before the senses. By the way that death encroaches on life, it can be conceived of as having no part in what is working and flourishing here in the sense world, springing forth and producing life. This is what yields the opinion that nothing can be known about what is concealed by death, as it were, cloaked by death. (Within certain limits this opinion is perfectly comprehensible, though totally unjustifiable.) And it is actually from this corner of human feeling that the objections rear up their heads, objections that obviously can be brought up against things that are the results of a science still in its youth today. For spiritual science is young, and for precisely these reasons just referred to, the spiritual scientist is in quite a different position from that of the natural scientist, even when speaking about things in the sphere of his own research. The spiritual scientist cannot proceed in exactly the same way as the natural scientist, who poses some fact and then proves it on grounds by which everyone is convinced: that it can be seen. The spiritual scientist, however, speaks about what cannot be perceived by the senses. Hence, in speaking about the results of his research, he is always obliged to indicate how such results can be reached.

There is a rich literature concerning the realm about which I will be speaking with you this evening. Believing themselves called upon to do so, critics constantly raise the objection when reading my writings, for example, that the spiritual scientist maintains such and such a thing but gives no proof, although this actually shows only how superficially things are read! He does offer proof, but in a different way. To begin with, he tells how he arrived at his results; he must first indicate the path into the realm of facts. This path is generally unknown, because it is not the customary one for today's habits of thinking and feeling. It must first be said that the spiritual investigator is forced by his investigation to conclude that with the methods and procedures by which the ordinary scientist comes to his brilliant results (not rejected by the spiritual scientist but admired) we do not arrive at the super-sensible. It is precisely this experience, namely, the very limitations of the methods of natural scientific thinking, from which the spiritual scientist makes his start. This is not done, however, in the way so prevalent today, which is to declare that certain things, beyond which the ordinary scientist does not go, are the limits of human cognition. No, it is done in such a way that an attempt is made to come to definite experiences that can be attained only at these limits. I have spoken about these boundaries to human cognition particularly in my most recent written work, Riddles of the Soul.

Those people who have not taken knowledge as something that falls into their laps from outside, those who have wrestled with knowledge, wrestled with truth, have always at least certain experiences at these limits of human cognition. Here it must be noted that times change, that the evolution of humanity undergoes changes. Not so very long ago, the most outstanding thinkers and those struggling for knowledge, when they stood before boundaries of this kind, thought that one cannot go beyond these boundaries, that one must remain there. Those of you in the audience who have often heard me speak here know how little it is my habit to touch on personal matters. When the personal has a connection in any way with the question under consideration, however, one may venture to refer to it briefly. I may say that what I have to say about experiences of this sort at the boundaries of cognition is the result of more than thirty years of spiritual research. And it was more than thirty years ago that these very problems, these tasks, these riddles that arise at the boundaries of cognition, made a significant impression on me.

From the many examples that can be cited about such boundaries, I would like to take one that has been referred to by a real wrestler with knowledge, Friedrich Theodor Vischer, the famous aesthetician who was also a philosopher of distinction, though perhaps little known during his lifetime and soon forgotten. A decade or so ago Friedrich Theodor Vischer wrote a very interesting treatise about a book, also very interesting, written by Volkelt concerning dream fantasies. Friedrich Theodor Vischer, in the course of this treatise, touched on a variety of subjects of no further interest to us here. But I would like to quote one sentence, a sentence that may perhaps be passed over in reading but a sentence that can pierce like lightning into the human heart and soul when these are permeated by a striving for knowledge, a true inner striving for knowledge. It is the sentence that burst upon Vischer when he was reflecting, meditating upon the nature of the human soul. Out of what he had gleaned about the human being from contemporary natural science, he deduced that the human soul cannot be merely in the body; this much is clear; but it is just as clear that it cannot be outside the body.

Here we have a complete contradiction, a contradiction that cannot easily be resolved. It is a contradiction that poses itself with immutable necessity if an individual is wrestling for knowledge in all earnest. Vischer was not yet able for the time was not sufficiently ripe—to press on from what we might call his position in knowledge, at these boundaries of knowledge, to press on from cognition in the ordinary sense of the word to inward experience of a contradiction of this kind. Yet from all directions today, from the most knowledgeable people, we hear a particular conclusion when they come up against such a contradiction. (There are indeed hundreds and hundreds of such contradictions du Bois-Reymond a physiologist of great intelligence, has spoken about only seven world riddles, but these seven can be multiplied by hundreds.) Our contemporary man of knowledge says that from this point on human cognition is able to go no further. He says this for the simple reason that at the boundaries of human cognition he cannot determine to go on from mere thinking, from mere mental activity, to experience.

It is necessary to begin at a place where such a contradiction obstructs the way, a contradiction not ingeniously thought out but one that is revealed by the riddle of the world; we must seek to live with such a contradiction again and again, to wrestle with it in everyday life, to immerse the soul in it entirely. We must have no fear while immersing ourselves in this contradiction (and a certain inner courage of thought is part of this), we must have no fear that this contradiction will be able to split asunder the conceptual powers of the soul, or that the soul will not be able to penetrate through it, and so on. I have described this very struggle at such boundaries in detail in my book, Riddles of the Soul.

When an individual comes to such a boundary with his whole soul, instead of with mere mental images, with mere clever thinking and mental strategies, he progresses further. He does not go further on a purely logical path, however, but on the path of living knowledge. I would like to describe what he experiences by means of a comparison, for the paths of the spiritual investigator are really experiences of knowledge, facts of knowledge. Language today has not yet acquired many words for these things, because words have been coined for what is acquired by outer sense perception. Hence what stands clearly before the eye of the spirit can often be expressed only by means of comparison. When we live into such contradictions, we feel as if we were at the border where the spiritual world breaks in; this is not to be found in sense-perceptible reality, where indeed it breaks in but does so from outside, as it were.

Now, whether or not this image is well-founded from a natural scientific point of view is not important here, for it can still be used by way of comparison. It is as if one of the lower forms of life had not yet developed the sense of touch but experienced only inwardly, experienced itself inwardly in constant stirrings of movement, in this way experiencing the borders of the physical world, the surfaces of single objects. A being that has not yet developed the sense of touch and experiences only the surfaces of sense-perceptible objects remains entirely shut within itself, unable as yet to feel, to touch, what is there outside it by way of sense impressions.

In the same way, a person struggling with knowledge feels himself purely soul-spiritually (we should not think here of anything material) when he comes to the kind of place I have just described. In the case of our rudimentary animal, the organism breaks through to the outer, sense-perceptible world by its impact with it, differentiating itself through the sense of touch, by which surfaces are touched and knowledge gained as to their roughness or smoothness, their warmth or cold. In the same way, when what has lived only inwardly opens itself to what is outside, the possibility is acquired to break through, as it were, just at the places we have described and to acquire a spiritual sense of touch. Only when a person has wrestled perhaps for years at these boundaries of cognition, struggling to break through into the spiritual world, can he first acquire real spiritual organs. I am speaking only in an elementary way of how this sense of touch is developed. To use these terms in a more definite way, however, we can say that by ever greater application of inner work, working away from being enclosed within oneself, spiritual eyes, spiritual ears develop. To many people today it still seems absurd to say that at first the soul is just as undifferentiated an organ as the organism of a lower animal, forming its senses out of its own substance and out of this substance developing soul concepts, spiritual organs differentiated as to their soul qualities, which then bring an individual face to face with the spiritual world.

It may be said that a systematically presented spiritual science, which is fully entitled to be called scientific, is something new in the progress of knowledge in human evolution. It is not new, however, in every respect. The struggle for it, the striving after it, is to be seen in the outstanding individuals of knowledge from the past. I have referred to one of these when I mentioned Friedrich Theodor Vischer. I would like to show from his own comments how he stood at such a border of knowledge, how he remained there, never making the transition from being inwardly stirred to actually breaking through the boundary to the spiritual sense of touch. Here I would simply like to read you a passage from Friedrich Theodor Vischer's works, in which he describes how he came to such a boundary where the spirit breaks through into the human soul in the course of his wrestling with natural scientific knowledge. This was at the time in which materialistically directed natural science posed many riddles for those struggling for knowledge in real earnest. Countless people claimed that the soul cannot be said to be anything but a product of material activity.

Here are his words: “No spirit where there is no nerve center, where there is no brain—so say our opponents. We reply: There would be no nerve center, no brain had they not been prepared for by countless stages from below upward; it is easy to speak mockingly of those who say that there is an echo of the spirit in granite and limestone. This is no harder than it would be for us to ask sarcastically how the protein in the brain rises to the level of ideas. Human knowledge cannot discriminate between stages. It will remain a mystery how it comes about that nature, beneath which the spirit must be slumbering, stands there as such a perfect counter-blow of the spirit that we bruise ourselves against it.”

Please take note of how this wrestler for knowledge describes how we bruise ourselves! Here you have the inner experience of bumping against something by one who wrestles for knowledge: “It is a forcible separation with the appearance of such absoluteness that with Hegel's ‘differentiation’ and ‘non-differentiation’ (ingenious as this formula is, though it says as good as nothing) the steepness of the apparent dividing wall is concealed. One finds the right appreciation of the cutting edge and the impact of this counter-blow in Fichte, but no explanation for it,”

Here we have a man's description of his struggle for knowledge in the time before there could be a decision, a spiritual scientific decision, not merely to come to this blow and counter-blow but to break through the dividing wall into the spiritual world. I can speak about these things only in principle here; you will find them described in detail in my books. Particularly in Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and in the second part of my Occult Science, you will find all the details concerning what the soul must take upon itself in the way of inner activity and inner exercise (if I may use the expression) in order really to transform what is undifferentiated in the soul into spiritual organs able to behold the spiritual world.

A great deal is necessary, however, if an individual really wishes to make investigations on this path. So much is necessary just because in our age, due to the habits cultivated in the natural scientific sphere, in the sphere of the natural scientific world view, habits that are perfectly justified in their own field, a particular way of thinking has taken root in human life, a way that is opposed to the one leading to the spiritual world. Thus it goes without saying that from the side of natural science things are heard that demonstrate an utter lack of desire to know the actual facts about the spiritual world.

I will give just one example (as I have said, you can find more exact information in the books I have mentioned) of how the human being has to make every effort to acquire a totally different way of conceiving things. In ordinary life people are satisfied with concepts, with mental images of which it may be said that these concepts, these mental images are such that they offer a likeness to some external fact or object. This cannot satisfy the spiritual investigator. Even mental images, concepts, become something totally different in his soul from what they are due to modern habits of thinking. If I may use another comparison, I would like to show how the spiritual investigator stands today in relation to the world. Those who are materialists, spiritualists, pantheists, individualists, or monadists, and so on, all believe that in some way they can penetrate the world riddle. They try with definite mental images, concepts, to reach a picture of world processes. The spiritual investigator is totally unable to look on concepts in this way; his attitude toward them must be such that he is always clearly conscious of how, in a concept, in a mental image, he has nothing beyond what can be had in the outer sense world when, for example, one particular side of a tree or some other object is photographed and then another picture is taken from another side, from a third side, a fourth side, and so on. The pictures are different from one another. If combined mentally, they together present the tree as a formed mental image. But it can easily be said that one picture contradicts another.

Just consider how completely different an object looks when photographed from one side or another. The spiritual I investigator looks at the conceptions of pantheism, monadism, and so on as if they were simply different ways of looking at reality. Spiritual reality does not actually reveal itself at all to the life of mental images, the life of concepts, in such a way that it is possible to say that any one concept is a faithful image. We must always go all around the matter, forming manifold concepts from various sides. By this means we become capable of developing a much more flexible inner soul life than we are accustomed to when regarding the outer sense world. By doing this it becomes necessary to make our concepts far more alive. They are no longer simply images, but by being experienced they become much more alive than they are in ordinary life and for the things of ordinary life.

Perhaps you will understand me better if I describe it in the following way. Suppose you have a rose cut from the rose bush; you form your mental image of it. You are able to form this mental image yourself. You will often have the feeling about this mental image that it expresses something real for you, that the rose is something real. The spiritual investigator can never make any progress if he is satisfied with the mental image that the rose is something real. Pictured as a blossom on a short stalk, the rose is not real in itself. It can be real only when on the rose bush. The rose bush is something real. And the spiritual investigator must accustom himself to regarding every individual thing, to remaining conscious in what limited sense an issue is something real. People form mental images of these things, believing them to be something real. When the rose is in front of him on its stalk, the spiritual investigator must feel that it is not real; he must have a feeling for, an experience of, the degree of unreality contained in this rose as mere blossom.

By extending this to our observation of the whole world, however, the conceptual life itself is renewed, and we do not thereby get the crippled, dead mental images with which the modern natural scientific world view is satisfied; we get mental images that are living with the objects. It is true that in proceeding from the present habits of thinking, we at first experience a great deal of disappointment, disappointment that arises because what is experienced in this way differs a great deal from present habits of thinking. When speaking out of knowledge acquired in the spiritual world, much has to be said that seems paradoxical when compared with what is generally said and believed today.

A person today may be very learned in the sphere of physics, let us say; he may be an exceptionally learned person who quite rightly excites admiration by his erudition; but such an individual may work with clear concepts that have not been produced nor worked upon in accordance with what I have described, that is, without endowing the conceptual world with life. I have said something quite elementary, but this elementary statement must in the case of the spiritual investigator be extended over the whole observation of the world. I will offer an example. At the beginning of the century, Professor Dewar delivered a very important lecture in London. This lecture could be said to show in every sentence the great modern scholar who was as well acquainted with the conceptions of physics as a modern physicist can be. From his modern conceptions of physics, this scholar seeks to speak about the final condition of the Earth and about some future condition in which much of what is present with us today will have died away. He describes this correctly, because he bases his lecture on really well-founded hypotheses: he describes how one day after millions of years a condition of the earth will have to arise in which a great drop in temperature will occur; this can be well calculated, and this drop in temperature will bring about changes in certain substances. This can be calculated, and he describes how milk, for example, will not be able to maintain its fluid condition but will become solid; how the white of an egg smeared on a wall will become so luminous that people will be able to read a newspaper by its light alone, since so much light will come from the white of an egg; and many other such details are described. The consistency of things that can sustain hardly any weight today will be materially strengthened so that hundreds of pounds will be able to be supported by them. In short, Professor Dewar gives an imposing picture of the future condition of the earth. From the standpoint of physics there is nothing at all to be said against it, but for anyone who has taken living thinking into his soul, the matter has another aspect. When he turns to the conceptual forms of the kind given by the Professor, an example enters his mind that in its methods and manner of approach is very similar to the Professor's deductions and way of thinking.

Suppose, for example, we were to take a man of twenty-five and observe exactly how certain organs, the stomach for example, change from year to year in the course of two, three, four, five years (today such an observation can be managed; I need only remind you of X-rays). They take on different configurations. We can describe this in the same way that the physicist does when he compares successive conditions of the earth and then calculates what the earth will look like after millions of years. This can also be done in the case of the human being. The changes in the stomach or heart, for example, are observed, and a calculation then made of how this man will look after perhaps 200 years according to these alterations. We get just as well-founded a result if it is calculated what this man will look like after 200 years by taking into account all the individual perceptions. The only thing is that the man will have died long before this! He will no longer be there.

You see what I mean. What is important here is that in a particular case we know from direct experience that calculations of this kind do not correspond with reality, because, when 200 years have passed, the human body with its transformations will no longer be there; yet this same kind of calculation is made in connection with the earth. No heed is paid to the fact that after two million years the earth as a physical being will have been dead for a long time, will no longer be there. Thus the whole learned calculation about this condition has no value at all as a reality, because the reality it is applied to will no longer be there.

These matters are very far-reaching. In the case of the human being you can just as well calculate backward as forward; you might, in accordance with the small changes taking place in two years, calculate how a man looked 200 years ago, but he was not there then either! With this same method, however, the Kant-LaPlace theory was formulated. This theory assumes that there was once a condition of fog, a calculation that was based on our present condition. The calculation is entirely correct, the perceptions are good enough; it is just that the spiritual investigator becomes aware that at the time this primeval fog was supposed to be there, the earth was not yet born. The entire solar system did not yet exist.

I wanted to bring these calculations to your notice to show you how the entire inner life of soul must be raised out of abstractions, how it must immerse itself in a living reality, how mental images themselves must be living. In my book, The Riddle of Human Being, I have made a distinction between conceptions corresponding to reality and those corresponding to unreality. To put the matter briefly, the spiritual investigator must point out that his path is such that the means of knowledge that he uses must first be awakened, that he must transform his soul before being able to look into the spiritual world. Then the results take on a form enabling one to see that the spiritual investigator is not speculating as to the immortality of the soul or whether the soul goes through birth and death. His path of investigation leads him to the eternal in the human soul, to what goes through birth and death; the path shows him what lives as the eternal in the human being. He therefore seeks out the object, the thing, the being itself. If we reach the being, we can recognize its characteristics just as we recognize the color of a rose.

Hence it often appears as if the spiritual investigator were asserting that such-and-such is so. For when he presents evidence he must always indicate by what path he arrived at these things. He has to begin where the other science ends. Then, however, a real penetration is possible into spheres that may be said to take death as their starting point, just as natural scientific spheres take their start from birth and youth. We must simply be clear that this death is in no way merely the final event, as it is ordinarily regarded from the viewpoint of outer sense perception. It is rather something that has its part in existence in the same way that the forces called into life with birth have their part in existence. We do not meet death only through its taking hold of us as a one-time event; we carry the forces of death in us—destructive forces, forces that are continually destroying—just as we carry in us the forces of birth, the constructive forces that are given to us at birth.

To have real insight into this we have to be able to pursue research at a boundary between natural science and spiritual science. Today I am only able to cite the results of such research, of course; I only wish to arouse your interest. Were I to go into all the details of what I am suggesting, I would have to offer many lectures. If an individual is to pursue what has been suggested here, he must approach a boundary between natural science and spiritual science. It is widely believed today, and has been believed for some time, that the human nervous system, the human nerve apparatus, is simply an instrument of thinking, feeling, and willing, in short, an instrument for soul experiences, (Science today has for the most part gone beyond this belief, but the world view of the general public usually remains at the standpoint abandoned by science some decades before.) An individual who develops the soul organs—the eyes of the spirit, the ears of the spirit—as I have described at least in principle, comes to recognize the life of the soul.

Whoever really discovers this soul life knows that to call the brain an instrument of our thinking is much the same as to maintain the following. Let us say that I am walking over ground that has become sodden, and in it I leave my footprints. These footprints are found by someone else, who then wishes to explain them. How does he do this? He assumes that underneath in the earth all kinds of forces are surging up and down, and because they surge in this way they produce these footprints. Of course the forces in the earth have nothing to do with the fact that these footprints have been produced, for I myself left them there, but the traces I left can now be reflected upon. This is the way that physiologists today explain what goes on in the brain, what originates in the brain, because all thinking, all mental activity and feeling correspond to something in the nervous system. Just as my tracks correspond with my footsteps, so something actually in the brain corresponds with the impressions of the soul; but the soul has first to leave its imprint there. The earth is just as little an organ for my walking or footprints as the brain is the organ for processes of thinking or mental activity. And just as I cannot walk around without firm ground (I cannot walk on air, I need ground if I want to walk) so the brain is necessary; this is not, however, because it calls forth the soul element but because the soul element needs ground and footing upon which it expresses itself during the time that the human being is living in the body between birth and death. It therefore has nothing to do with all that.

The brilliantly intellectual natural science of today will come to full clarity when this revolution in thinking comes about to which I have referred here. This revolution is more radical than the transition to the Copernican world view from the world view held previously. In face of the real world view, however, it is as justifiable as the Copernican world view was in relation to what preceded it. When we have pressed forward on the path of investigation of the soul, we will find that the processes in the brain, in the nervous system, that correspond to the soul life are not constructive. They are not there so that the productive, growing, flourishing activity is present in the nervous system as it is in the rest of the organism. No! What the soul brings about in the nervous system is a destructive activity. During our waking consciousness outside sleep it is a destructive activity.

Only by virtue of the fact that our nervous system is inserted within us in such a way that it receives constant refreshment from the rest of the organism can there be constant compensation for the destructive, dissolving, disintegrating activity introduced into our nervous system by thinking. Destructive activity is there, activity qualitatively of the same nature as what the human being goes through when he dies, when the organism is completely dissolved. In our mental activity death is living in us continually. You might say that death lives in us continually, distributed atomistically, and that the one-time death that lays hold of us at the end of life is only the summation of what is continually working in us destructively. It is true that this is compensated for, but the compensation is such that in the end spontaneous death is evoked.

We must understand death as a force working in the organism, just as we understand the life forces. Look today at natural science, so thoroughly justified in its own sphere, and you will find that it looks only for the constructive forces; what is destructive eludes it. Hence external natural science is unable to observe what arises anew out of the destruction, not in this case of the body, for the bodily nature is destroyed, but of a soul and spiritual nature, now constructive. This aspect is always lost to observation, being accessible only to the kind of observation I have previously described. Then it becomes evident that, having meanwhile brought our life to this point, the whole activity of our soul does not work only in conjunction with the ground on which it has to develop and which, indeed, it acts upon destructively (in so far as the soul forms mental images, in so far as it is active); instead, the whole of our soul activity is attuned to a spiritual world always around us, in which we stand with our soul-spiritual element just as we stand in the physical, sense-perceptible world with our physical body. Spiritual science is thus striving for a real connection of the human being to the spiritual world that permeates everything physical to the actual, concrete, real spiritual world.

Then the possibility truly arises for a more far-reaching observation of how what is working and weaving within us as soul, working destructively within the limits I described, is a homogeneous whole. What I have called the development of the soul presses on from ordinary consciousness to clairvoyant consciousness. I have spoken about this in my book, The Riddle of Human Being. This clairvoyant consciousness creates the possibility of possessing Imaginative knowledge. This Imaginative knowledge does not yield what belongs to the outwardly perceptible; it yields to the human being himself (I would like to look away from the other world for the moment) what is not perceptible to his senses. To avoid misunderstanding I recently called what can be perceived at first by an awakened knowledge of this kind the body of formative forces. This is the super-sensible body of the human being, which is active throughout the whole course of our life, from birth, or let us say, conception, until our physical death. It also bears our memories, yet it stands in connection with a super-sensible entity, with a super-sensible outer world.

Thus, our sense life with the rest of its consciousness is there as a mere island, but around this island and even permeating it we have the relationship of the human body of formative forces to the super-sensible outer world. Here, it is true, we reach the point of bringing the whole conceptual world (not any different now from the way I have described it) into connection with the physical brain that provides the ground for all this; but we arrive at the insight that the body of formative forces is the carrier of human thoughts, that thoughts develop in this body of formative forces and that in thinking the human being lives in this body of formative forces.

It is different if we go on to another experience of the soul, namely to feeling. Our feeling, our emotions, our passions, stand in a different relationship to our life of soul from that of our thinking. The spiritual investigator finds that the thoughts we usually have are bound up with the body of formative forces. This does not apply, however, to our feelings, our emotions. Feelings and emotions live in us in a much more subconscious way. Thus they are connected with something far more all-encompassing than our life between birth and death. It is not as though the human being is without thoughts in the part of his life about which I am now speaking; all feelings are permeated by thoughts. But the thoughts by which feelings are permeated do not, as a rule, enter man's ordinary consciousness. They remain beneath the threshold of this consciousness. What surges up as feeling is penetrated by thoughts, but these thoughts are more far-reaching, for they are found only when an individual progresses in clairvoyant cognition, when he progresses to what I call the Inspired consciousness (I am not thinking of superstitious conceptions here). You may study the particulars of this in my books.

If we go deeply into what is actually sleeping in regard to ordinary Consciousness (in the same way that from going to sleep to awaking a person sleeps in regard to the ordinary images of the senses) we see that it surges up just as dreams surge up into our sleep. Feelings actually surge up from the innermost depths of the soul; it sounds strange, but it is so. But this deeper region of the soul that is accessible to Inspired knowledge is what lives between death and a new birth. It is what enters into connection with the physical through our being conceived or born, what goes through the portal of death and has a spiritual existence among other conditions until the human being is reborn. Whoever really looks into what is living in the world of feeling with Inspired knowledge sees the human being not only between birth and death but also during the time the soul undergoes between death and a new birth.

The matter is not quite so simple as this, however; it is indeed like this, but it is also shown how forces arise in the soul that make it possible to look upon the feelings, emotions, passions, that make it possible to live in them. Just as in the plant we see what has arisen through the forces of the seed, so we see something that has not arisen with our birth or conception but that has emerged from a spiritual world.

I know very well how many objections can be made to a conception of this kind by those who accept the natural scientific world view. Those who are familiar with this world view will find it easy to say, “Here he comes and like a dilettante describes how the aspects of the soul he wishes to encompass come from a spiritual world; he even describes their special configurations, the colors of the feelings and so on, as if, on the one hand, there were hints in these feelings concerning our life before birth and, on the other hand, something in these feelings that is like the seed of the plant, which will become the plant of the next year. Doesn't this man know,” people will say, “about the wonderful laws of heredity presented by natural science? Is he ignorant of everything that those who created the science of hereditary characteristics have brought about?”

Even if the facts indicated by natural science are entirely correct, it is nevertheless the case that concealed in the emergence of heredity are the forces through which we have been preparing ourselves for centuries and which we ourselves send down. From grandparents and parents, constellations are built up that finally lead to the material result with which we then sheathe ourselves when we leave the spiritual world to descend into the physical. Whoever really keeps in mind the wonderful results of modern research into heredity will find that what spiritual science finds out about the soul (yet in a quite different way, it might be said, in the entirely opposite way) will be fully confirmed by natural science, whereas what natural science itself says is definitely not confirmed in the least by natural science. I can only suggest this here. When we then enter the sphere referred to as that of the will, this totally eludes the contents of man's ordinary consciousness. What does a person know about the processes going on in him when the thought, I want something, shapes itself into a movement of the hand? The actual process of willing is asleep in the human being. Regarding the feelings and emotions it could at least be said that the human being dreams within the human being. This is the reason that the question of freedom is so difficult, because the will is sleeping in relation to the higher consciousness. We come to knowledge about what is going on in the will in clairvoyant consciousness only by reaching the stage of actual Intuitive consciousness. By this I do not mean the vague, everyday consciousness called intuitive, but rather what I refer to in my writings as one of the three stages: Imaginative, Inspired, and Intuitive cognition.

Here we come into the sphere of the will, into the realm that is supposed to live and work within us. This must first be drawn out of the deep regions of the soul. Then we find, however, that this element of the will is also permeated by thoughts, by the spiritual (in addition, the ordinary thought stands by itself). But in bearing the will within us, there works into this will something in addition to what we have experienced in the spiritual world in our feelings, working between death and a new birth. Something is active there that we have experienced in the preceding life on earth. The impulses of earlier earthly lives work into the will nature of the human being. In what we develop or what we cultivate in our present willing live the impulses for our lives on earth to come. For real spiritual science, then, the whole of human life separates into the lives lying between birth and death and those which, because all physical existence has to be built up out of the world, are experienced in far longer periods in the spiritual world. Out of such lives, out of repeated earthly lives, repeated spiritual lives, the complete human life is composed. This is not some fantasy, it is not a capricious thought, but rather something we find when we learn to turn the eye of the spirit to the eternal, the imperishable, in the human soul.

These things do not preclude human freedom. If I build a house this year in which I will live for the next two years, I will be a free man in this house despite having built it for myself. Human freedom is not precluded by this. One earthly life determines the other that follows. Only through a lack of understanding could this be represented as an infringement on the idea of human freedom.

Thus, in spiritual investigation by making death our point of departure, we gradually arrive at the spiritual facts. If in spiritual investigation one makes death the foundation, just as physical investigation is based on birth and embryonic life, this observation reveals the most varied things in individual detail. I will point to something specific here, because I would not like to remain with the indefinite but rather to quote concrete results of anthroposophical research. In the ordinary life of the spirit we are able to differentiate between the forcible entry of death due to an external cause and death that comes from within through illness or by reason of old age. We are therefore able to distinguish two different kinds of death.

Spiritual investigation that goes concretely into the nature of death discovers the following. Let us take as an example the entrance into life of violent death, be it through accident or some other cause. The entrance of such an event brings about an end to life in this earthly existence. The development of spirit consciousness for the spiritual world after death depends on this one-time entrance of death, just as the consciousness we are able to develop in life depends on the forces given us at birth (in the way that I have described). The Consciousness we develop after death is of a different kind. The consciousness developed here on earth stands on the ground of the nervous system, just as when I walk around on the ground my foundation is the ground. In the spiritual world the consciousness after death has different foundations, but it is definitely a consciousness. If a man dies a violent death this is not something that merely lays hold of his mental images. The mental activity of ordinary consciousness ceases with death, and another Consciousness begins, but this lays hold of his will which, as we have seen, passes over into the next earthly life. The spiritual investigator possesses the means to investigate what can arise in an earthly life if, in a previous earthly life, there has been a violent death.

Now when we speak of such things today, people will obviously condemn this way of speaking as foolish, childish, fantastic. Yet the results are attained just as scientifically (and it is only such results that I present) as the results of natural science. If a violent death intervenes in a life, it shows itself in the following life on earth, where its effect produces some kind of change of direction at a definite period in that life. Research is now being done concerning the soul life, but as a rule only the most external things are taken into consideration. In many human lives, at a particular moment, something enters that changes a person's whole destiny, bringing him into a different path in life in response to inner demands. In America they call these things “conversions,” wanting to have a name for such events, but we do not always need to think in terms of religion. A person on another path of life may be forced into a permanent change of the direction of his will. Such a radical change of the direction of his will has its origin in the violent death of his previous life. Concrete investigation reveals the tremendous importance of what happens at death for the middle of the next life. If death comes spontaneously from within through illness or old age, then it has more significance for the life between death and a new birth than for the next earthly life.

I would like to offer the following example so that you may see that I am not speaking about anything vague here. In fact, I am speaking about details arising in life's conditions that can be gained by definite perceptions. Spiritual investigation, which is something new even for those convinced of the immortality of the human soul, makes us aware that we must not speak in merely a general way about immortality. Instead, by grasping the eternal in the human soul, human life as such becomes comprehensible. All the strange processes that are observable if we have a sense for the course taken by the soul life, for the course of the soul life in the human being, all the wonderful events find their place if we know we are dealing with repeated earthly lives and repeated spiritual lives. In the spiritual world (I say this merely parenthetically) the human being lives with spiritual beings—not only other human beings who are closely connected with him by destiny and have also passed through the portal of death, but with other spiritual beings to whom he is related in the same way that on earth the human being is related to three kingdoms: the mineral, plant, and animal kingdoms. The spiritual investigator speaks of particular individual spirits, particular individual spiritual beings, belonging to a concrete, individualized spiritual world, just as here we speak of individualized plant beings, animal beings, and human beings, in so far as they are physical beings between birth and death. It can be shattering to people when knowledge itself approaches the human soul in a totally different way. It is difficult to speak about these things so that they arise out of the dim depths of the spirit in a new way.

From what I have said you will have seen that knowledge about the spiritual world can be acquired. This knowledge has profound significance for the human soul; it makes the soul something different, as it were. It lays hold of the life of the soul, regardless of whether one is a spiritual investigator or has merely heard and understood the results of spiritual investigation and has absorbed them. It is of no importance whether or not one does the research oneself; the result can be comprehensible just the same. Everything can be understood if we penetrate it with sufficient depth. We only need to have absorbed it. Then, however, when we have grasped it in its full essence, it enters the human soul life in such a way that one day it becomes more significant than all the other events of life.

A person may have difficulties, sorrows, that have shattered him, or joy that has elevated him, or some truly sublime experience. It is not necessary to be indifferent to such experiences to be a spiritual investigator, someone who knows the spirit; one can participate as fully with the feelings as other people do who are not investigators of the spirit. But when someone penetrates with his essential being into what is given the soul by spirit knowledge, and when he becomes capable of answering the question, “What are the effects upon the soul of these spiritual results?”—when a full answer is given to the question of what the soul has become through this spiritual knowledge, then this event becomes more important than anything else in destiny, more important than any of the other experiences of destiny that approach the human being. Not that the others become less significant, but this one becomes greater than the others. Knowledge itself then enters through the human soul life in accordance with destiny. If knowledge thus enters through the human soul life, he begins to understand human destiny as such. From this knowledge comes the light that illumines human destiny.

From this moment on, an individual can say this: that if one has this experience of destiny so purely in the spiritual in this way, it becomes clear how one is placed into life in accordance with destiny, how our destiny hangs on threads spun out of previous lives, previous earthly lives and lives between death and a new birth, which again spin themselves out of this life and into a following life. Such an individual goes on to say that ordinary consciousness only dreams through its destiny; ordinary consciousness endures its destiny without understanding it, just as one endures a dream. Clairvoyant consciousness to which one awakes, just as we awake from a dream to ordinary consciousness, acquires a new relationship to destiny. Destiny is recognized as taking part in all that our life embraces, in the life that goes through all our births and deaths.

This matter should not be grasped in a trivial way, as if the spiritual investigator were to say, “You yourself are the cause of your own misfortune.” That would simply betray a misunderstanding and would even be a slander of spiritual investigation. A misfortune may not have its source at all in the previous life. It may arise spontaneously and have its consequences only in the life to follow and also in the life between earthly lives. We can see again and again that out of misfortune, out of pain and suffering, emerges a consciousness of a very different form in the spiritual world, Meaning enters the whole of our life, however, when we learn to understand our destiny, which otherwise we only dream our way through.

One thing particularly stands out when we bear in mind this knowledge of the spirit. We can no longer say, “If, after death, the soul enters another life, we can wait until this happens. Here we take life as it is offered us in the physical body; we can wait for what comes after death.” The matter is a question of consciousness. We may be sure that what happens after death is connected with the life we undergo in the body. Just as in a certain sense we have the Consciousness of our ordinary waking condition by means of our body, so after death we have a Consciousness that is no longer spatial, no longer built up out of the nervous system, but built up out of what has to do with time, built up out of looking backward.

Just as our nervous system in a way is the buttress and counterpart to our ordinary consciousness between birth and death, so our consciousness in the spiritual world between death and a new birth is founded on what takes place here in our consciousness. Just as here we have the world around us, so when we are dead we have before us our life as the significant organ. Hence, a great deal depends upon our consciousness in the physical body, which is able to extend into the consciousness we have after death. An individual may be occupied exclusively with physical conceptions grasped by the senses, as often happens in the habitual thinking of the present time; he may take into his consciousness and also in his capacity of memory, in everything playing itself out in his soul, concerns exclusively having to do with ordinary life. Such an individual, however, is also building up a world for himself after death! The environment there is built out of what a person is inwardly. A person born physically in Europe cannot see America around him, and just as he receives what he is born into physically as his environment, so to a certain extent he determines the environment, the place of his existence, through what he has built up in his body.

Let us take an extreme case, though one unlikely to happen. Let us take the case of someone who fights against all super-sensible conceptions, who has become an atheist, someone who doesn't even have any inclination to occupy himself with religion. Now I know that I am saying something paradoxical here, but it is based on good foundations anthroposophically: such an individual condemns himself to remaining in the earthly sphere with his consciousness, whereas another individual who has absorbed spiritual conceptions is transposed to a spiritual environment. The one who has absorbed only sense-perceptible conceptions condemns himself to remaining in the sense-perceptible environment.

Now we can work properly in the physical body because our physical body is, as it were, a sheath protecting us against the environment. And though we can thus work properly in the physical body when we are present in the physical world, we cannot do so if we hold to the physical world after death. We become destructive if we have physical conceptions in our consciousness after death. In speaking of the problem of heredity, I intimated how, when the human being is in the spiritual world, his forces lay hold of the physical world. Whoever condemns himself, by reason of his merely physical consciousness, to hold to the physical world becomes the center of destructive forces that lay hold of what is happening in human life and in the rest of universal life. As long as we are in the body, we are only able to have thoughts based on the sense-perceptible, we are able to have only materialistic thoughts: the body is a defense.

But how much greater a defense than we imagine! It seems strange, but to anyone who perceives the spiritual world in all its connections, one thing is clear: if an individual were not shut off from the surrounding world by his senses, if the senses were not curbed so that in ordinary consciousness he is incapable of taking up living concepts but takes up only those that are lifeless and designed to prevent him from penetrating into the spiritual environment, if an individual were able to make his conceptions active directly and did not have them merely within him after things have already passed through the senses, then even here in the physical world, if he were to develop his conceptual life, his conceptions would have crippling, deadening effects. For these conceptions are in a certain way destructive of everything they lay hold of. Only because they are held back in us are those conceptions kept from being destructive. They destroy only when they come to expression in machines, in tools, which are also something dead taken from living nature. This indeed is only a picture, but one corresponding with a reality. If an individual enters the spiritual world with merely physical conceptions, he becomes a center of destruction.

Thus I have to bring a conception to your attention as an example of many others: we should not say that we can wait until after death, because it depends on a person's nature whether he develops conceptions of the sense world or of the super-sensible world, whether he prepares for his next life in this way or that. The next life is indeed a very different one, but it is evolved from our life here. This is the essential thing that has to be comprehended. In spiritual science, we encounter something different from what is surmised. For this reason I must still make a few remarks in closing.

The belief might easily arise that anyone now entering the spiritual world must unconditionally become a spiritual investigator himself. This is not necessarily so, although in my book, Knowledge of the Higher Worlds, I have described much of how the soul must transform itself in order really to be able to enter. And to a certain degree, everyone is able to do this today, but it need not be everyone. What a person develops regarding the soul element is a purely intimate concern; what arises from it, however, is the formation of concepts of the investigated truths. What the spiritual investigator can give is clothed in conceptions such as I have developed today. Then it can be shared. For what a person needs, it is quite immaterial whether things are investigated by himself or whether he accepts them from some other credible source. I am speaking here from a law of spiritual investigation. It is not important to investigate the things oneself. What is important is for us to have them within us, for us to have developed them within. Hence, we are in error if we believe that everyone has to become a spiritual investigator.

Today, however, the spiritual investigator has the obligation (as I myself have had the obligation) to render an account, as it were, of his path of research. This is due not only to the fact that everyone today can, to a certain extent, follow the path I have described without harm, but it is also because everyone is justified in asking, “How have you arrived at these results?” This is why I have described these things. I believe that even those who have no wish to become spiritual investigators will at least want to be convinced of how spiritual investigators arrive at the results that everyone needs today, the results of those who wish to lay the foundation for the life which must develop in human souls for human evolution today.

The time is now over during which, in ancient times, so much was held back regarding spiritual research that brought about the evolution of the soul. In those ancient times, to impart what was hidden was strictly forbidden. Even today, those who know of these mysteries of life (of which there are not just a few) still hold these things back. Whoever has learned about these things merely as a student from another teacher does not under any circumstances do well to pass them on. Today it is advisable to pass on only what an individual himself has discovered, the results only of his own investigations. These, however, can and must be put at the service of the rest of humanity.

Already from the few brief indications I was able to give today it can become evident what spiritual investigation can mean for the individual human being, but it is not only significant for the individual. And in order to address this other aspect in closing with at least a few words I would like to point to something that is taken into consideration only a little today. There is a curious phenomenon to which I would like to direct your attention in the following way. In the second half of the nineteenth century we have seen the rise of a certain natural scientific orientation: the explanation of living beings connected with the name Darwin. Enthusiastic scholarly investigators, enthusiastic students have carried these things through the second half of the nineteenth century. Maybe I have already remarked upon the occurrence of a curious fact. Already in the 1860's, under the guidance of Haeckel, there developed a powerful movement based on a world view. This movement wanted to overthrow everything old and to restructure the entire world view in accordance with Darwinistic concepts. Today there are still numerous people who emphasize how great and significant it would be if there were no longer a wisdom-filled world-guidance but instead if the evolution of everything could be explained out of mechanical forces in the sense of Darwinism.

In 1867 Eduard von Hartmann published his Philosophy of the Unconscious (Philosophie des Unbewussten) and turned against the purely external view of the world represented by Darwinism. He pointed to the necessity of inner forces, although he did so in an inadequate way, in a philosophical way (he did not yet have spiritual science). Naturally those who were enthusiastic about the rise of Darwinism were ready to say, “That philosopher is simply a dilettante; we don't need to pay any attention to him.” Counterattacks appeared in which the “dilettante” Eduard von Hartmann was ridiculed and which asserted that the true, educated natural scientist need not pay any attention to such things.

Then there appeared a publication by Anonymous, which brilliantly argued against the publication of Eduard von Hartmann. The natural scientists who all thought as they did were in full agreement with this publication because Eduard von Hartmann was completely contradicted in it. Everything that could possibly be gathered from the basis of natural science was there used by the anonymous author against Eduard von Hartmann just as today so much is brought up against spiritual science. This publication was received very favorably. Haeckel said, “For once a real natural scientist has written against this dilettante, Eduard von Hartmann; here one can see what a natural scientist is able to do. I myself could write no better. Let him identify himself and we will consider him as one of us.” To state it briefly, the natural scientists spread a lot of propaganda in relation to this publication, which they welcomed highly because it solidified their position. The publication was very soon sold out, and a second edition became necessary. There the author revealed himself: it was Eduard von Hartmann!

In that instance someone taught the world a necessary lesson. Whoever writes about spiritual science today and reads what is written against it could without much effort invent everything that is brought against spiritual science. Eduard von Hartmann was able himself to make all the objections that the natural scientists made against him—and he did so.

But I mention this only in introduction to my main point. Oskar Hertwig is one of the most important students of Haeckel who entered upon the industrious, reliable, and great path of natural scientific investigation. Last year Hertwig published a very beautiful book, The Evolution of the Organism. A Rebuttal to Darwin's Theory of Chance (Das Werden der Organismen. Eine Widerlegung von Darwins Zufallstheorie). In this book he points to issues that were already raised by Eduard von Hartmann. Such a matter is pretty much without precedent: already the generation immediately following, which still grew up under the master, had to get away from something that had been believed could build a whole world view; it had even been believed that it could provide elucidation of the spiritual world. A good Darwinist contradicts Darwinism! But he does still more, and that is what is actually important to me.

Oskar Hertwig writes at the conclusion of his superb and beautiful book that the kind of world view that Darwinism represented does not stand there merely as a theoretical edifice; rather it intervenes in the totality of life, encompassing also what people do, will, feel, and think. He says, “The interpretation of Darwin's teaching, which because of its vagueness can have such varied meanings, permitted also a very varied application to other realms of economic, social, and political life. It was possible, just as it was from the Delphic Oracles, to use what was said as desired for specific applications to social, political, health-related, medical, and other questions and to support one's own assertions by basing them on the Darwinistically restructured biology with its immutable natural laws. If these supposed laws are not actually laws, however, could there not exist social dangers—because of their many-sided application in other realms? We had better not believe that human society can for centuries use expressions like, ‘a struggle for existence,’ ‘survival of the fittest,’ ‘the most suitable,’ ‘the most useful,’ ‘perfection by selection,’ etc., applying them to the most varied realms of life, using these expressions like daily bread, without influencing in a deep and lasting way the entire direction of idea formation! The proof for this assertion could easily be demonstrated in many contemporary phenomena. For this very reason the decision concerning the truth or error of Darwinism reaches far beyond the confines of the biological sciences.”

What arises in such a theory shows itself everywhere in life. Then a question arises from the realm of spiritual science that also intervenes in life. We live today in a sad time, in a tragic time for humanity. It is a time that has developed out of human conceptions, out of human ideas. Whoever studies interrelationships with the help of spiritual science knows about the connection of what we encounter externally today with what humanity is now tragically experiencing. A great deal is being experienced; people believe that they can encompass reality with their concepts, but they do not encompass it. And because they do not encompass it, because with natural scientific concepts reality can never be encompassed, reality grows over their head and shows them that human beings can take part in such events but that the result is the chaos by which we are surrounded today.

Spiritual science does not arise only through an inner necessity, though this is also true. It would have arisen through this inner necessity even if the outer events did not stand there as a mighty, powerful sign. Such signs are there, however, from the other side: that the old world views are great in the natural sciences but can never intervene formatively in the social, legislative, political spheres in the world, that reality grows beyond human beings, if that is what they want. These mighty signs point to the need for spiritual science, which seeks concepts that correspond with reality, concepts derived from reality and that are therefore also capable of carrying the world in the social and political realms. No matter how much one believes that the concepts customary outside spiritual science today will enable us to emerge out of the chaos, it will not happen; for within the reality the spirit prevails. And because the human being himself intervenes with his actions in this reality, in the social, in the political life, he requires the conceptions, the feelings, the will impulses that are drawn from the spirit in order to come to fruitful concepts in these realms. In the future politics and social science will need something for which only spiritual science can provide the foundation. This is what is particularly important for contemporary history.

In this lecture, which has already been long enough, I can only hope to offer a few impulses. I only wish to point out that what appears today as spiritual science in a systematic order is wanted by the best. If it were only up to me, I would not give a special name to this spiritual science. For more than thirty years I have been working on the greater and greater elaboration of the conceptions regarding reality that Goethe acquired in his magnificent theory of metamorphosis, in which he had already attempted to make the concept living as opposed to dead. At that time this was only possible in an elementary way. If one does not consider Goethe simply as a historical figure, however, if one considers him still as a contemporary, then today the Goethean teaching of metamorphosis transforms itself into what I call living concepts, which then find their way into spiritual science. Goetheanism is the term I would most like to use for what I mean by spiritual scientific investigation, because it is based on sound foundations of a grasp of reality as Goethe wanted it.

And the building in Dornach that is to be dedicated to this spiritual investigation, and through which this spiritual investigation has become more well known than it would have without the building, I would like most to call the Goetheanum, so that one would see that what arises as spiritual investigation today stands fully in the midst of the healthy process of the evolution of humanity. Certainly many today who wish to acknowledge the Goethean way of looking at the world will still say that Goethe was one who recognized nature as the highest above all and who also permitted the spirit to emerge out of nature. Already as a very young man, Goethe said, “Gedacht hat sie und sinnt beständig” (“She did think and ponders incessantly”), ponders incessantly although not as man but as nature. Even if one is a spiritual investigator one can agree with the kind of naturalism that, like Goethe, thinks of nature as permeated by spirit. And those who always believe that one must stop at the boundaries of knowledge, that one can't get any further there, can be repudiated with Goethe's words. Permit me, therefore, as I conclude here, to add the words that Goethe used concerning another accomplished investigator who represented the later Kantian view:

Into the inner being of nature—
No created spirit penetrates.
Blissful those to whom she only
Reveals the outer shell!

Next to these words Goethe placed others that show how well Goethe knew that when the human being awakes the spirit within himself, he also finds the spirit in the world and himself as spirit:

Into the inner being of nature—
No created spirit penetrates.
Blissful those to whom she only
Reveals the outer shell!
This I hear repeated for sixty years
And damn it but secretly—
Nature has neither core nor shell,
She is everything at once.
Above all simply examine yourself
To see whether you yourself are core or shell!

Spiritual science wishes to work toward the human being learning to examine himself as to whether he is core or shell. And he is core if he grasps himself in his full reality. If he grasps himself as core, then he also penetrates to the spirit of nature. Then in the evolution of humanity in relation to spiritual science something occurs that is similar to when Copernicus pointed from the visible to the invisible, even of this visible itself.

For the super-sensible, however, humanity will have to stir itself to grasp this super-sensible within itself. To do this one does not need to become a spiritual investigator. One needs, however, to remove all prejudices that place themselves before the soul if one wishes to understand what spiritual science intends to say out of such a Goethean attitude.

I wished to offer today only a few impulses to stimulate you further. From this point of view it is always possible at least to stimulate something, but if one wanted to go into all the details, many lectures would be needed. But I believe these few comments will have sufficed to show that something needs to be drawn out of the evolutionary process of humanity, something that will first awaken the soul to full life. No one needs to believe that this will shrivel the soul, that it will kill off anything, not even the religious life. As Goethe said:

Whoever possesses Science and Art,
Has also Religion,
Whoever possesses neither of the two,
Had better have Religion!

So one can say, as the modern way of thinking is evolving, whoever finds spiritual scientific paths will also find the way to true religious life; whoever does not find the spiritual scientific path will be in danger of losing also the religious path so necessary for the future of humanity!

Die Erkenntnis Des Übersinnlichen Und Die Mensch lichen Seelenrätsel

Wer die Entwickelung des Menschengeistes im Laufe der Jahrhunderte oder Jahrtausende verfolgt, der wird ein Gefühl davon sich erwerben, wie dieser Menschengeist zu immer neuen und neuen Errungenschaften auf dem Gebiete des Erkennens, auf dem Gebiete des Handelns weiterschreitet. Man braucht ja nicht gerade das Wort Fortschritt zu sehr dabei zu betonen, denn das könnte in der gegenwärtigen traurigen, über die Menschheit hereingebrochenen Zeit in manchem recht herbe Zweifel aufrufen. Aber das andere wird man klar vor Augen haben, wenn man diese Entwickelung des Menschengeistes betrachtet: daß sich die Formen und Gestalten; in denen dieser Menschengeist strebt, von Jahrhundert zu Jahrhundert wesentlich ändern. Und da wir es heute in dieser Betrachtung vorzugsweise zu tun haben mit einer anzustrebenden Erkenntnis, die sich gewissermaßen in der neueren Art in die Menschheitsentwickelung hineinstellen will, so brauchen wir auch nur vergleichsweise zu gedenken, wie solche Anschauungen, welche mit dem Alten in einer gewissen Beziehung in Widerspruch kommen, es schwierig haben, Fuß zu fassen in der sich fortentwickelnden Menschheit. Immer wieder und wieder muß dabei aufmerksam gemacht werden, wie schwierig es zum Beispiel war, den Denkgewohnheiten, den Empfindungsgewohnheiten der Menschen gegenüber die Kopernikanische Weltanschauung zur Geltung zu bringen - auf gewissen Gebieten hat es ja jahrhundertelang gedauert -, jene Weltanschauung, die gebrochen hat mit dem, was die Menschen durch lange Zeit aus ihrer Sinnesanschauung heraus geglaubt haben für die Wahrheit über das Weltengebäude halten zu müssen. Dann kam die Zeit, in der man nicht mehr sich verlassen durfte, sich verlassen konnte auf dasjenige, was Augen sehen über den Aufgang und Untergang der Sonne, über die Bewegung der Sonne; in der man wider den Augenschein annehmen mußte, daß die Sonne in einer gewissen Beziehung, wenigstens in ihrem Verhältnis zur Erde, stillsteht. Solchen Umschwüngen in der Erkenntnis schmiegen sich die Denk- und Empfindungsgewohnheiten der Menschen nicht leicht an.

In der anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft, welcher die Betrachtungen des heutigen Abends hier gewidmet sein sollen, hat man es nun noch viel mehr zu tun mit einem solchen Umschwung, von dem derjenige, der aus guten wissenschaftlichen Untergründen heraus glaubt überzeugt sein zu dürfen von dem Inhalte dieser Geisteswissenschaft, auch glaubt, daß sie notwendigerweise eingreifen muß in die Gegenwart und in die weitere Entwickelung des menschlichen Denkens, Empfindens und Fühlens. Man darf schon sagen — gestatten Sie mir diese Worte einleitungsweise: Bei so etwas wie der Kopernikanischen Weltanschauung hatte man es zu tun mit unzähligen Vorurteilen, mit althergebrachten Meinungen, von denen die Leute glaubten, wenn etwas anderes an ihre Stelle träte, so sei es geschehen um allerlei religiöse Vorstellungen und dergleichen. Bei dem, wovon heute abend gesprochen werden soll, türmt sich noch manches andere auf. Hier hat man es nicht bloß zu tun mit den Vorurteilen, die sich zum Beispiel dem Kopernikanismus gegenüberstellen, sondern hier hat man es zu tun damit, daß in unserer Zeit gar viele Menschen, ja die Mehrzahl derjenigen, die sich für aufgeklärt und gebildet halten, nicht nur ihre Vorurteile, ihre Vorempfindungen entgegenbringen, sondern daß gewissermaßen der Aufgeklärte, der Gebildete überhaupt sich heute schämt, einzugehen im Ernste auf das Gebiet, von dem Anthroposophie sprechen muß. Man glaubt sich etwas zu vergeben, nicht bloß gegenüber der Umwelt, sondern vor sich selbst, wenn man zugibt, daß man über die Dinge, von denen heute gesprochen werden soll, ebenso gründlich wissenschaftlich etwas wissen könne wie über die Dinge des äußeren Naturgebäudes; man glaubt gewissermaßen vor sich selbst sich töricht oder kindisch halten zu müssen.

Das sind die Dinge, welche in Betracht gezogen werden müssen, wenn heute von anthroposophisch orientierter Geisteswissenschaft die Rede ist. Derjenige, der von ihr spricht aus den Erkenntnissen dieser Wissenschaft heraus, der kennt die Einwände, die sich selbstverständlich heute noch zu Hunderten und zu Tausenden ergeben müssen; er kennt die Einwände schon aus dem Grunde, weil heute nicht nur die einzelnen Wahrheiten und Ergebnisse dieser Geisteswissenschaft bezweifelt werden, sondern weil überhaupt bezweifelt wird, daß man ein Wissen, eine Erkenntnis aufbringen kann für jenes Gebiet, über das sich anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft erstreckt. Daß man über das Gebiet des Ewigen in der Seele Glaubensvorstellungen, allgemeine Glaubensvorstellungen entwickeln kann, das wird gewiß heute noch von sehr vielen Leuten als etwas sehr Berechtigtes anerkannt; daß man über die Tatsachen, die sich der Sinneswelt mit Bezug auf das Unsterblich-Ewige in der Menschennatur entziehen, ein wirkliches Tatsachenwissen entwickeln kann, das gilt in weitesten Kreisen, gerade in jenen, die da glauben, aus der berechtigten wissenschaftlichen Vorstellungsart der Gegenwart heraus zu urteilen, in vielfacher Beziehung als etwas Phantastisches, Schwärmerisches.

Mit Phantastischem und Schwärmerischem werden wir es heute abend nicht zu tun haben; aber mit einem Gebiete, wo schon, ich möchte sagen, den ersten Voraussetzungen nach der menschliche Betrachter und insbesondere der wissenschaftliche Betrachter zurückschreckt. Ich möchte nur noch ganz kurz berühren, daß diese anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft nicht irgend etwas Sektiererisches sein will. Derjenige verkennt sie vollständig, der da glaubt, daß sie wie die Begründung irgendeines neuen Religionsbekenntnisses auftreten wolle. Das will sie nicht. Sie ist so, wie sie heute auftreten will, ein notwendiges Ergebnis gerade dessen, was als Weltanschauungsvorstellung, als allgemeine, selbst populäre Vorstellung der weitesten Menschenkreise gerade die naturwissenschaftliche Entwickelung gebracht hat. Diese naturwissenschaftliche Entwickelung, die heute so viele Begriffe, welche wiederum Ursachen sind von Gefühlen und Empfindungen, für die Weltanschauung der weitesten Kreise abgibt, diese naturwissenschaftliche Betrachtungsweise stellt sich zur Aufgabe, dasjenige, was den äußeren Sinnen gegeben ist, was an Naturgesetzen über die Tatsachen der äußeren Sinne dem menschlichen Verstande zugänglich ist, zu ergründen, zu erklären.

Schon wenn man nur auf das Lebendige Rücksicht nimmt, so kann man sehen — für andere Gebiete ist es etwas weiterliegend, aber am Lebendigen tritt es einem so ganz klar zutage -, wie diese Naturwissenschaft heute darauf bedacht sein muß, überall auf dieUrsprünge, auf dasjenige zurückzugehen, was gewissermaßen die Keimesanlage abgibt für das Wachsende, für das Werdende, für das Gedeihende. Will der Naturforscher das tierische, das menschliche Leben erklären in seinem Sinne, geht er auf die Geburt zurück; er studiert die Embryologie, er studiert dasjenige, aus dem sich das Wachsende, Werdende entwickelt. Auf die Geburt, die der Anfang ist von dem, was sich vor den Sinnen ausbreitet, geht Naturwissenschaft zurück. Und wenn Naturwissenschaft eine Welterklärung sein will, so geht sie auch zurück mit verschiedenen Hypothesen, mit Zugrundelegung dessen, was Geologie, Paläontologie, was die einzelnen Zweige der Naturwissenschaft eben geben können, zu dem, was sie sich an Vorstellungen bilden kann, man möchte sagen, über die Geburt des Weltgebäudes. Wenn auch der eine oder andere bezweifelt, daß solch eine Denkweise berechtigt ist -, sie ist immer angestrebt worden. Und bekannt sind ja die Gedanken, welche die Menschen aufgebracht haben, um, wenn vielleicht nicht den Anfang des irdischen Werdens zu ergründen, so doch wenigstens weit zurückliegende Epochen, solche Epochen, in denen zum Beispiel der Mensch noch nicht auf der Erde. gewandelt ist, um aus dem. Vorhergehenden, aus. demjenigen, was keimhaft zugrunde liegt, das Nachfolgende, was der Mensch in seinem Umkreise für seine Sinne hat, irgendwie zu erklären. Die ganze Darwinische Theorie, oder, wenn man von ihr absehen will, die Entwickelungstheorie, sie fußen darauf, Entstehung aufzusuchen, Hervorgehen aus irgend etwas. Ich möchte sagen, überall ist der Gedanke, zurückzugehen in Jugend und Geburt.

Geisteswissenschaft im anthroposophischen Sinne ist in eine andere Lage versetzt. Und durch diesen Ausgangspunkt schon ruft sie zunächst, ohne daß der Mensch sich dessen klar bewußt ist, Widerspruch hervor: unklaren Widerspruch, man möchte sagen, unterbewußten Widerspruch, instinktiven Widerspruch! Und solcher Widerspruch ist viel wirksamer oftmals als der klar erkannte, klar durchdachte. Diese anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft muß ausgehen, um überhaupt zu Vorstellungen, jetzt nicht über allgemein verschwormmene Geistesbegriffe, sondern über geistige Tatsachen zu kommen, sie muß ausgehen von dem Tode. Dadurch steht sie von vornherein in einem, man möchte sagen, fundamentalen Gegensatz zu dem, was heute beliebt ist: zum Ausgehen von Geburt und Jugend, Wachstum, Vorwätrtsschreiten der Entwickelung. Der Tod greift ein in das Leben. Und Sie können, wenn Sie Umschau halten in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur der Gegenwart, überall finden, daß der gewissenhafte Forscher geradezu der Anschauung ist: Der Tod als solcher kann nicht in demselben Sinne in die naturwissenschaftliche Begriffsreihe hineingestellt werden wie andere Begriffe. Nun muß der Geisteswissenschafter diesen Tod, also das Aufhören, das Gegenteil der Geburt eigentlich, zu seinem Ausgangspunkt machen. Wie der Tod und das Todverwandte eingreift in das Leben im weiteren Sinne, das ist die Grundfrage. Der Tod aber schließt ab dasjenige, was Sinne schauen können; der Tod löst auf dasjenige, was wird, was vor den Sinnen sich entwickelt. Der Tod greift ein als irgend etwas, wovon man sozusagen die Vorstellung haben kann, es sei unbeteiligt an dem, was hier in der Sinneswelt wirkt und gedeiht, quillt und west. Da ergibt sich die Meinung, die in gewissen Grenzen ganz begreiflich, wenn auch eben durchaus unberechtigt ist, daß man über dasjenige, was der Tod gewissermaßen zudeckt, was der Tod verhüllt, nichts wissen könne. Und aus dieser Ecke menschlichen Fühlens heraus erheben sich eigentlich alle die Widersprüche, die sehr selbstverständlich gegen die Dinge vorgebracht werden können, die heute als Ergebnisse einer noch jungen Wissenschaft entwickelt werden. Denn jung ist diese Geisteswissenschaft, und der Geisteswissenschafter ist gerade aus den Gründen, die jetzt angeführt worden sind, in einer ganz andern Lage, auch wenn er über die Dinge seines Forschungsgebietes spricht, als der Naturwissenschafter. Der Geisteswissenschafter kann nicht in genau derselben Weise vorgehen wie der Naturwissenschafter, der irgendeine Tatsache hinstellt und dann auf Grund dessen, wovon gewissermaßen jeder Mensch überzeugt ist, daß man es sehen kann, diese Tatsachen beweist; denn der Geisteswissenschafter spricht ja gerade über dasjenige, was man nicht mit Sinnen wahrnehmen kann. Daher ist der Geisteswissenschafter zunächst, wenn er über Ergebnisse seiner Wissenschaft spricht, immer genötigt, darauf hinzuweisen, wie man zu diesen Ergebnissen kommt.

Es gibt heute eine reiche Literatur über dasjenige Gebiet, das ich heute abend vor Ihnen zu vertreten habe. Kritiker, die sich berufen glauben, wenden gegen dasjenige, was zum Beispiel in meinen Schriften steht, immer wieder und wiederum ein, obwohl dies eigentlich nur beweist, wie ungenau, wie oberflächlich die Dinge gelesen werden: der Geisteswissenschafter behaupte, die Sachen seien so und so, aber er beweise nicht. — Ja, sehr verehrte Anwesende, er beweist schon, aber er beweist eben auf andere Art. Er sagt zunächst, wie er zu seinen Resultaten gekommen ist; er muß zuerst angeben, wie der Weg in das Tatsachengebiet hinein ist. Dieser Weg ist schon vielfach befremdlich, weil er ja für die heutigen Denk- und Empfindungsgewohnheiten ein ungewohnter ist. Zunächst muß gesagt werden: Gerade der Geistesforscher kommt durch seine Forschung zu dem zwingenden Ergebnisse, daß man mit den Methoden, mit den Verfahrungsarten, die der Geistesforscher nicht ablehnt, sondern gerade bewundert, mit denen die Naturwissenschaft zu ihren glänzenden Resultaten gekommen ist, in das Übersinnliche nicht hineinkommt. Ja, gerade von diesem Erlebnis, wie begrenzt die Verfahrungsarten des naturwissenschaftlichen Denkens sind, geht Geisteswissenschaft aus; aber nicht so, wie das heute vielfach gemacht wird, daß man einfach in bezug auf gewisse Dinge, bei denen die Naturwissenschaften an ihren Grenzen sind, sagt: Hier sind Grenzen des menschlichen Erkennens, — nein, sondern in der Weise, daß man an diesen Grenzen gerade versucht, zu ganz bestimmten Erlebnissen zu kommen, die nur erreicht werden können an diesen Grenzen. Ich habe von diesen Grenzorten des menschlichen Erkennens insbesondere in meiner neuesten, in diesen Wochen erscheinenden Schrift «Von Seelenrätseln» einiges gesprochen.

Nun, diejenigen Menschen, welche Erkenntnis nicht als irgend etwas, was ihnen äußerlich angeflogen ist, genommen haben, welche mit den Erkenntnissen gerungen haben, welche mit der Wahrheit gerungen haben, sie haben immer wenigstens an diesen Grenzen gewisse Erlebnisse gehabt. Da muß man eben sagen: Die Zeiten ändern sich, die Entwickelung der Menschheit wandelt sich. - Noch vor verhältnismäßig kurzer Zeit standen die hervorragendsten Denker und Ringer mit der Erkenntnis an solchen Grenzorten so, daß sie eben die Meinung hatten, man kann an diesen Grenzorten nicht weiter, ‚man muß bei ihnen stehenbleiben. Diejenigen der verehrten Zuhörer, welche mich öfter hier gehört haben, wissen, wie wenig es in meinen Gewohnheiten liegt, Persönliches zu berühren. Allein wenn das Persönliche mit dem Sachlichen in irgendeinem Zusammenhange steht, so darf das wohl in Kürze gestattet sein. Ich darf sagen: Gerade dasjenige, was ich über solche Erlebnisse an den Grenzorten des Erkennens zu sagen habe, es ist bei mir das Ergebnis einer mehr als dreißig Jahre andauernden geistigen Forschung. Und es war vor mehr als dreißig Jahren, als gerade diese Probleme, diese Aufgaben, diese Rätsel, die entstehen an den Grenzorten des Erkennens, auf mich einen bedeutsamen Eindruck machten. Aus den vielen Beispielen, die man über solche Grenzorte anführen kann, möchte ich eines herausheben, auf das hingewiesen hat ein wirklicher Ringer mit der Erkenntnis: Friedrich Theodor Vischer, der berühmte Ästhetiker, der aber auch als Philosoph eine sehr bedeutende Persönlichkeit war, wenn er auch vielleicht zu seinen Lebzeiten schon zu wenig anerkannt und schnell vergessen worden ist. Friedrich 'Theodor Vischer, der sogenannte V-Vischer, hat ja vor Jahrzehnten eine sehr interessante Abhandlung geschrieben über ein auch sehr interessantes Buch, das Volkelt über die «Traumphantasie» geschrieben hat. Friedrich 'Theodor Vischer hat dabei manche Dinge berührt, die uns hier nicht weiter interessieren. Aber einen Satz möchte ich herausheben, einen Satz, über den man vielleicht weglesen kann, einen Satz aber auch, der wie ein Blitz einschlagen kann in das menschliche Gemüt, wenn dieses vom Erkenntnisstreben durchdrungen ist, von wahrem, innerem Erkenntnisstreben. Es ist der Satz, der sich Vischer aufdrängt, als er über das Wesen der Menschenseele nachsinnt, nachdenkt. Aus dem, was sich ihm ergeben hatte über das, was Naturwissenschaft in der neueren Zeit vom Menschen zu sagen hat, deduziert er einmal: Daß diese menschliche Seele nicht bloß im Leibe sein kann, das ist ganz klar; daß sie aber auch nicht außerhalb des Leibes sein kann, das ist ebenso klar.

Nun, wir stehen also vor einem vollkommenen Widerspruch, vor einem Widerspruch, der nicht ein solcher ist, daß man ihn ohne weiteres auflösen kann. Wir stehen vor einem solchen Widerspruch, der sich mit unabänderlicher Notwendigkeit hinstellt, wenn man ernst nach Erkenntnissen ringt. V-Vischer konnte noch nicht — denn die Zeit war noch nicht dazu reif - vordringen von dem, was ich nennen möchte: stehen an solchen Erkenntnisorten, an solchen Grenzorten, vordringen vom Erkennen im gewöhnlichen Sinne des Wortes zum innerlichen Erleben eines solchen Widerspruches. Hören wir doch heute noch von weitaus den meisten Erkenntnismenschen der Gegenwart, wenn sie auf einen solchen Widerspruch stoßen, das Folgende es gibt ja davon Hunderte und Hunderte, Da Bois-Reymond, der geistvolle Physiologe, hat seinerzeit von den sieben Welträtseln gesprochen, aber man kann diese sieben Welträtsel in Hunderte vermehren — der heutige, zeitgenössische Erkenntnismensch sagt: Bis hierher geht eben das menschliche Erkennen, weiter kann es nicht kommen. — Einfach aus dem Grunde sagt er dieses, weil er sich an den Grenzorten des menschlichen Erkennens nicht entschließen kann, überzugehen vom bloßen Denken, vom bloßen Vorstellen zum Erleben. Man muß beginnen an einer solchen Stelle, wo sich ein Widerspruch, den man nicht ausgeklügelt hat, sondern der durch die Welträtsel sich einem geoffenbart hat, in den Weg stellt, muß versuchen, mit einem solchen Widerspruch immer wieder und wiederum zu leben, immer wieder und wieder, so wie man mit den Gewohnheiten des Alltags ringt, mit ihm ringen, gewissermaßen seine Seele ganz in ihn untertauchen. Man muß - es gehört ein gewisser innerer Denkermut dazu - in den Widerspruch untertauchen, keine Furcht davor haben, daß dieser Widerspruch etwa das Vorstellen der Seele zersplittern könne, daß die Seele nicht durchkönne oder ähnliches. In den Einzelheiten habe ich dieses Ringen an solchen Grenzorten gerade geschildert in meinem Buch «Von Seelenrätseln».

Dann, wenn der Mensch statt mit dem bloßen Vorstellen, bloßen Ausklügeln, Fixieren, mit seiner vollen Seele an einem solchen Grenzort ankommt, dann kommt er weiter. Aber er kommt nicht auf bloß logischem Wege weiter; er kommt auf einem Erkenntnislebenswege weiter. Und was er da erlebt, ich möchte es durch einen Vergleich ausdrücken; denn das, was geistesforscherische Wege sind, sind wirkliche Erkenntniserlebnisse, sind Erkenntnistatsachen. Die Sprache hat heute noch nicht viele Worte für diese Dinge, weil die Worte geprägt sind für die äußere sinnliche Wahrnehmung. Man kann sich daher oftmals über dasjenige, was klar vor dem Geistesauge steht, nur vergleichsweise ausdrücken. Wenn man in solche Widersprüche sich einlebt, fühlt man sich wie an der Grenze, wo die geistige Welt heranschlägt, die in der sinnlichen Wirklichkeit nicht zu finden ist, wo sie zwar heranschlägt, aber gewissermaßen von außen heranschlägt. Es ist so, wie — ob nun die Vorstellung naturwissenschaftlich gut begründet ist oder nicht, darauf kommt es nicht an, vergleichsweise kann sie herangezogen werden -, es ist so, wie wenn ein niederes Lebewesen es noch nicht bis zum Tastsinn gebracht hat, sondern nur innerlich erlebt, in dem sich regenden, steten Bewegen innerlich erlebt und die Grenze der physischen Welt, die Oberfläche der einzelnen Dinge erlebt. Ein Wesen, das noch nicht den Tastsinn ausgebildet hat und so die Oberfläche der sinnlichen Dinge erlebt, das ist noch ganz in sich beschlossen, das kann gewissermaßen noch nicht erfühlen, ertasten dasjenige, was da draußen an sinnlichen Eindrücken ist. Geradeso fühlt sich rein geistig-seelisch - wir dürfen da an gar nichts Materielles denken -— der Ringer mit der Erkenntnis, wenn er an einer solchen Stelle ist, wie ich sie eben geschildert habe. Wie aber dann beim niederen Lebewesen gewissermaßen der Organismus durchbricht durch das Anstoßen an die äußere sinnliche Welt, sich differenziert zum Tastsinn, wodurch man die Oberfläche ertastet, wodurch man weiß, ob etwas rauh oder glatt, warm oder kalt ist an der Oberfläche, wie sich eröffnet nach außen dasjenige, was nur im Innern lebt, so erringt man sich die Möglichkeit, gewissermaßen durchzubrechen gerade an solchen Stellen, sich einen geistigen Tastsinn zu erwerben. Dann erst, wenn man vielleicht oftmals jahrelang an solchen Grenzorten des Erkennens gerungen hat durchzubrechen in die geistige Welt hinein, dann gelangt man zum Realen von geistigen Organen. Ich spreche nur elementar von dem, wie sich dieser Tastsinn entwickelt. Aber man kann, um diese oder jene Ausdrücke in einem vollkommeneren Sinne zu gebrauchen, davon sprechen, daß sich durch immer weiteres und weiteres inneres Arbeiten, Herausarbeiten aus dem In-sich-Beschlossensein Geistesaugen, Geistesohren entwickeln. Heute erscheint es vielen Menschen noch absurd, davon zu sprechen, daß die Seele ein ebenso undifferenziertes Organ zunächst ist, wie der Organismus eines niederen Wesens, das seine Sinne aus seiner Substanz heraus bildet, und daß sich aus dieser Substanz seelische Begriffe, seelisch differenzierte Geistesorgane herausbilden können, die ihn dann der geistigen Welt gegenüberstellen.

Man darf sagen: Geisteswissenschaft, wissenschaftlich in aller Berechtigtheit systematisch dargestellt, stellt sich heute neu in den Erkenntnisfortschritt der Menschheitsentwickelung hinein. Aber sie ist nicht in jeder Beziehung etwas Neues. Das Ringen nach ihr, das Streben nach ihr, wir schen es gerade bei den hervorragendsten Erkenntnismenschen der Vergangenheit. Und auf einen von ihnen, auf Friedrich Theodor Vischer habe ich ja hingewiesen. Ich möchte gerade noch einmal zeigen an seinen eigenen Aussprüchen, wie er an einer solchen Erkenntnisgrenze gestanden hat, wie er allerdings davor stehengeblieben ist, wie er nicht den Übergang gemacht hat von dem inneren Regen zum Durchbrechen der Grenze, zum geistigen Tastsinn. Und da möchte ich gerade diejenige Stelle aus Friedrich Theodor Vischers Abhandlungen Ihnen vorlesen, wo er schildert, wie er an eine solche Grenze, wo der Geist heranschlägt an die menschliche Seele, gekommen ist gelegentlich seines Ringens mit den naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen. Es war in der Zeit, in der die materialistisch gesinnte Naturwissenschaft den ernsten Erkenntnisringern viele Rätsel vorgelegt hat, wo zahlreiche Menschen gesagt haben, man könne gar nicht von Seele anders sprechen, als daß sie nur ein Produkt sei des materiellen Wirkens.

Hier seine Worte: «Kein Geist, wo kein Nervenzentrum, wo kein Gehirn, sagen die Gegner. Kein Nervenzentrum, kein Gehirn, sagen wir, wenn es nicht von unten auf unzähligen Stufen vorbereitet wäre; es ist leicht, spöttlich von einem Umrumoren des Geistes in Granit und Kalk zu reden, — nicht schwerer als es uns wäre, spottweise zu fragen, wie sich das Eiweiß im Gehirn zu Ideen aufschwinge. Der menschlichen Erkenntnis schwindet die Messung der Stufenunterschiede. Es wird Geheimnis bleiben, wie es kommt und zugeht, daß die Natur, unter welcher doch der Geist schlummern muß, als so vollkommener Gegenschlag des Geistes dasteht, daß wir uns Beulen daran stoßen;» — ich bitte Sie zu beachten, wie der Erkenntnisringer schildert, daß wir uns Beulen daran stoßen; hier haben Sie ein inneres Erlebnis eines Erkenntnisringers: dieses Anschlagen eines Erkenntnisringers! - «es ist eine Diremtion von solchem Scheine der Absolutheit, daß mit Hegels Anderssein und Außersichsein, so geistreich die Formel, doch so gut wie nichts gesagt, die Schroffheit der scheinbaren Scheidewand einfach verdeckt ist. Die richtige Anerkennung der Schneide und des Stoßes in diesem Gegenschlag findet man bei Fichte, aber keine Erklärung dafür.»

Hier haben wir die Schilderung, die ein Mensch von seinem Erkenntnisringen gibt in der Zeit, bevor der Entschluß entstehen konnte, der geisteswissenschaftliche Entschluß: nicht bloß bis zu diesem Schlag und Gegenschlag zu kommen, sondern zu durchbrechen die Scheidewand gegenüber der geistigen Welt. — Ich kann nur ganz im Prinzipiellen über solche Dinge sprechen; Sie finden sie im einzelnen ausgeführt in meinen Büchern. Namentlich in «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?» und im zweiten Teil meiner «Geheimwissenschaft im Umriß» finden Sie in allen Details dasjenige ausgeführt, was die Seele in innerer Regsamkeit, in innerer Übung — wenn der Ausdruck erlaubt ist - mit sich vornehmen muß, um dasjenige, was in ihr undifferenziert ist, zu geistigen Organen, die dann die geistige Welt schauen können, wirklich umzugestalten.

Aber gar vieles ist notwendig, wenn man auf diesem Wege wirklich zu Forschungen kommen will. Es ist deshalb gar vieles notwendig, weil in unserer Zeit durch die Gewohnheiten, die sich gerade auf naturwissenschaftlichem Gebiete, auf dem Gebiete naturwissenschaftlicher Weltanschauung herausgebildet haben, das auf seinem Felde seine volle Berechtigung hat, eine besondere Art zu denken in das Menschenleben eingegriffen hat, die entgegengesetzt ist den Wegen, die in die geistige Welt führen; so daß es ganz selbstverständlich ist, daß man von naturwissenschaftlicher Seite nur Dinge hört, die eigentlich von der geistigen Welt, wie sie wirklich ist, in ihren Tatsachen nichts wissen wollen. Ich will nur eines anführen — wie gesagt, das Genauere finden Sie in den genannten Büchern -, ich will anführen, daß der Mensch sozusagen sich eine ganz andere Art des Vorstellens erringen muß. Im gewöhnlichen Leben ist man zufrieden mit den Begriffen, den Vorstellungen, wenn man sich sagen kann: Diese Begriffe, diese Vorstellungen sind so geartet, daß sie ein Abbild irgendeiner äußeren Tatsache oder eines äußeren Dinges sind. - Damit kann sich der Geistesforscher nicht befriedigen. Schon die Vorstellungen, die Begriffe werden etwas ganz anderes in seiner Seele, als sie nach den Denkgewohnheiten der Gegenwart sind. Wenn ich wiederum einen Vergleich gebrauchen darf, so möchte ich daran zeigen, wie heute der Geistesforscher der Welt gegenübersteht. Materialistische, spiritualistische, pantheistische, individualistische, monadistische und so weiter, alle solche Leute glauben, in die Weltenrätsel irgendwie eindringen zu können; man versucht mit bestimmten Vorstellungen, Begriffen, ein Bild zu bekommen von den Vorgängen der Welt. So kann der Geistesforscher schon Begriffe gar nicht auffassen, sondern er muß sich zu einem Begriff in der Weise stellen, daß er immer sich klar bewußt ist: In einem Begriff, in einer Vorstellung hat er nichts anderes, als was man in der äußeren Sinneswelt hat, wenn man zum Beispiel einen Baum oder einen andern Gegenstand von einer gewissen Seite her photographiert, man bekommt ein Bild von einer gewissen Seite, von einer andern Seite ein anderes Bild, von einer dritten Seite wieder ein anderes, von einer vierten Seite wiederum ein anderes Bild. Die Bilder sind voneinander verschieden; sie alle geben erst zusammen, wenn man sie im Geiste kombiniert, den Baum als gestaltete Vorstellung. Aber man kann sehr gut sagen, das eine Ding widerspricht dem andern! Sehen Sie nur, wie ganz verschieden oftmals ein Gegenstand aussieht, wenn Sie ihn von der einen und von der andern Seite her photographieren! Allen diesen Vorstellungen von Pantheismus, Monadismus und so weiter steht der Geistesforscher so gegenüber, daß sie nichts anderes sind als verschiedene Aufnahmen der Wirklichkeit. Denn die geistige Wirklichkeit ergibt sich in Wahrheit dem Vorstellungsleben, dem Begriffsleben gar nicht so, daß man sagen kann, irgendein Begriff ist ein Abbild, sondern man muß immer um die Sache herumgehen, man muß immer von verschiedenen Seiten her sich die mannigfaltigsten Begriffe bilden. Dadurch ist man in die Lage versetzt, ein viel größeres inneres, seelisch regsames Leben zu entwickeln, als man für die äußere Sinneswelt gewohnt ist; dadurch ist man aber auch genötigt, die Begriffe zu etwas viel Lebendigerem zu machen. Sie sind nicht mehr Abbilder, aber indem man sie erlebt, sind sie etwas viel Lebendigeres, als sie im gewöhnlichen Leben und seinen Dingen sind.

Ich kann mich da in der folgenden Weise verständigen. Nehmen Sie an, Sie haben eine Rose, abgeschnitten vom Rosenstock, vor sich; Sie bilden sich die Vorstellung davon. Nun ja, diese Vorstellung können Sie sich bilden; Sie werden auch oftmals bei dieser Vorstellung das Gefühl haben: sie drückt Ihnen etwas Wirkliches aus, die Rose ist etwas Wirkliches. Der Geistesforscher kann niemals auf seinem Wege vorwärtskommen, wenn er bei solchen Vorstellungen sich befriedigt, die Rose sei etwas Wirkliches. Die Rose, vorgestellt für sich als Blüte mit einem kurzen Stengel, ist gar nichts in sich Wirkliches; sie kann so, wie sie ist, nur da sein am Rosenstock drauf. Der Rosenstock ist etwas Wirkliches! Und der Geistesforscher muß sich nun angewöhnen, für alle einzelnen Dinge, für welche die Menschen sich Vorstellungen bilden, indem sie glauben, das sei auch etwas Wirkliches, immer sich bewußt zu sein, in welch eingeschränktem Sinne solch eine Sache etwas Wirkliches ist. Er muß fühlen, indem er die Rose mit dem Stiel vor sich hat: das ist nichts Wirkliches; er muß den Grad von Unwirklichkeit mitempfinden, mitfühlen, miterleben, der in dieser Rose als bloßer Blüte enthalten ist.

Dadurch aber, daß man das für die ganze Weltbetrachtung ausdehnt, belebt sich das Vorstellungsleben selbst; dadurch bekommt man nicht die schon abgelähmten, die getöteten Vorstellungen, mit denen sich die heutige naturwissenschaftliche Weltanschauung zufrieden gibt, sondern man bekommt Vorstellungen, die mit den Dingen mitleben. Allerdings, man erlebt, wenn man von den Denkgewohnheiten der Gegenwart ausgeht, mancherlei Enttäuschungen zunächst, Enttäuschungen, die sich ergeben, weil dasjenige, was man so erlebt, sich wirklich recht sehr unterscheidet von den Denkgewohnheiten der Gegenwart. Man muß schon manchmal recht paradox sprechen, wenn man aus den Erkenntnissen der geistigen Welt heraus spricht, gegenüber den Dingen, die heute allgemein gesprochen und geglaubt werden.

Man kann heute ein sehr gelehrter Mann sein, sagen wir auf physikalischem Gebiete, ein außerordentlich gelehrter Mann, und man kann mit Recht Bewunderung erregen durch seine Gelehrsamkeit, aber man kann mit lauter Begriffen arbeiten, die nicht herangeholt, nicht herangearbeitet sind an solchen, wie ich es geschildert habe: dem Lebendigmachen der Vorstellungswelt. Ich habe ja nur etwas ganz Elementares gesagt; dieses Elementare aber muß sich beim Geistesforscher ausdehnen über die ganze Weltbetrachtung. Ich will ein Beispiel anführen: Professor Dewar hat im Anfange des Jahrhunderts einen sehr bedeutsamen Vortrag in London gehalten. Dieser Vortrag, möchte ich sagen, zeigt in jedem Satze den großen Gelehrten der Gegenwart, der in physikalischen Vorstellungen bewandert ist, wie man nur bewandert sein kann. Der Gelehrte versucht aus den physikalischen Vorstellungen heraus, wie sie der Physiker der Gegenwart gewinnen kann, über den Endzustand der Erde zu sprechen beziehungsweise über irgendeinen Zukunftszustand, in dem eben vieles von dem abgestorben sein muß, was heute noch gegenwärtig sein kann. Er schildert sehr richtig, weil er auf lauter gut fundierten Voraussetzungen fußt; er schildert, wie einmal nach Jahrmillionen eintreten müsse ein Erdzustand, in dem die Temperatur um so und so viel hundert Grade heruntergegangen ist, und wie sich dann — man kann das sehr gut berechnen — verändert haben müssen gewisse Substanzen. Man kann das berechnen, und er schildert, wie Milch zum Beispiel dann nicht mehr wie heute flüssig sein könne, sondern fest sein muß, wie Eiweiß, wenn man damit Wände bestreicht, so leuchtend wird, daß man Zeitungen dabei lesen kann, ohne daß man ein anderes Licht braucht, da man von dem bloßen Eiweiß Licht erhält, und viele solche Einzelheiten. Dinge, die heute nicht einmal ein paar Gramm Druck aushalten würden, werden in ihrer Konsistenz, in ihrem Materiellen so stark sein, daß man Hunderte von Kilogramm daranhängen kann, kurz, eine großartige Schilderung eines künftigen Zustandes der Erde gibt Professor Dewar. Man kann vom Standpunkte des Physikalischen aus nicht das geringste einwenden; aber für den, der lebendiges Denken in seine Seele aufgenommen hat, stellt sich die Sache anders. Für den, der lebendiges Denken in seine Seele aufgenommen hat, tritt notwendigerweise sogleich, indem er solche Vorstellungsformen aufnimmt, wie sie dieser Professor gibt, das vor seine Seele, daß er sich nun etwas sagen muß, was in der Methode, in der Anschauungsweise ganz ähnlich wäre der Folgerung und Denkweise dieses Gelehrten.

Nehmen Sie an, man nähme zum Beispiel einen fünfundzwanzigjährigen Menschen und beobachtete genau — heute kann man solche Beobachtungen schon anstellen, ich brauche ja nur zu erinnern an das Röntgenwesen -, man beobachtete genau, wie sich gewisse Organe, sagen wir der Magen, von Jahr zu Jahr ändern, im Verlauf von zwei, drei, vier, fünf Jahren ändern; sie nehmen andere Konfigurationen an. Man kann das beschreiben, wie es der Physiker macht, indem er die aufeinanderfolgenden Zustände der Erde vergleicht und dann berechnet, wie nach Jahrmillionen diese Erde ausschauen muß. Nun kann man auch beim Menschen das anstellen: man beobachtet, wie sich, sagen wir, Magen oder Herz von Jahr zu Jahr ändern; dann berechnet man, wie, sagen wir, nach zweihundert Jahren der Mensch ausschauen muß nach diesen Veränderungen. Man bekommt ein ebensogut fundiertes Resultat heraus, wenn man ausrechnet, wie der Mensch nach zweihundert Jahren ausschauen muß, wenn man die einzelnen Anschauungen richtig zusammenrechnet, nur ist der Mensch dann längst gestorben, er ist nicht mehr da!

Sie sehen, was ich meine. Es handelt sich darum, daß man in dem einen Fall aus der unmittelbaren Erfahrung heraus weiß: solche Rechnerei entspricht nicht der Wirklichkeit, weil nach zweihundert Jahren der menschliche Leib mit diesen Veränderungen nicht mehr da wäre, bei der Erde stellt man aber diese Berechnung an. Man beachtet aber nicht, daß die Erde nach zwei Jahrmillionen eben als physisches Wesen auch längst gestorben ist, nicht mehr da ist; daß also die ganze gelehrte Berechnerei über diesen Zustand gar keinen Wirklichkeitswert hat, weil die Wirklichkeit, auf die sie angewendet ist, nicht mehr da ist.

Die Sachen gehen sehr weit. Sie können ja ebensogut beim Menschen wie nach vorwärts auch nach rückwärts rechnen, könnten rechnen, wie der Mensch nach den kleinen Veränderungen von zwei Jahren vor zweihundert Jahren ausgeschaut hat, aber er war noch nicht da! Aber nach derselben Methode ist die Kant-Laplacesche Theorie gebildet, jene Theorie, welche annimmt, daß einstmals ein Nebelzustand da war, der aus dem gegenwärtigen Zustand berechnet ist. Die Rechnung stimmt ganz gut, die Wahrnehmungen sind ganz richtig, nur — für den Geistesforscher stellt sich das hin, daß damals, als dieser ganze Urnebel dagewesen sein soll, die ganze Erde noch nicht geboren war, das ganze Sonnensystem noch nicht vorhanden war.

Ich wollte diese Berechnungen nur heranziehen, um Ihnen zu zeigen, wie das ganze innere Seelenleben aus der Abstraktion herauskommen muß, wie es untertauchen muß in die lebendige Wirklichkeit, wie die Vorstellungen selber lebendig werden müssen. Ich habe in meinem Buch «Vom Menschenrätsel», das vor zwei Jahren erschienen ist, unterschieden zwischen wirklichkeitsgemäßen und unwirklichkeitsgemäßen Vorstellungen. Kurz, worauf es ankommt, das ist, daß der Geistesforscher hinweisen muß darauf, daß sein Weg ein solcher ist, daß die Erkenntnismittel, die er gebraucht, erst erweckt werden müssen, daß er erst seine Seele umgestalten muß, um in die geistige Welt hineinschauen zu können. Dann kommen die Ergebnisse in einer solchen Form, daß man sehen kann: der Geistesforscher spekuliert nun nicht, ob die Seele unsterblich sei, ob die Seele durch Geburt und Tod durchgehe, sondern sein Forschungsweg führt ihn zu dem Ewigen in der Menschenseele, zu dem, was durch Geburten und Tode geht; sein Forschungsweg zeigt ihm, was im Menschen als Ewiges lebt. Also er sucht das Objekt, das Ding, das Wesen selber auf. Hat man das Wesen, so kann man an diesem Wesen seine Eigenschaften erkennen, so wie man an der Rose die Farbe erkennt. Daher entsteht oftmals der Schein, als ob der Geisteswissenschafter nur behaupte, es sei so, denn er muß, indem er Belege angibt, immer darauf hinweisen, auf welchem Wege man zu diesen Dingen kommt; er muß gewissermaßen da anfangen, wo die andere Wissenschaft aufhört. Dann aber ist ein wirkliches Eindringen möglich in diejenigen Gebiete, die, ich möchte sagen, den Tod ebenso zu ihrem Ausgangspunkt haben, wie das auf naturwissenschaftlichem Feld Befindliche die Geburt und die Jugend zum Ausgangspunkte hat. Nur muß man sich klar sein darüber, daß dieser Tod keineswegs bloß dieses, die äußeren sinnlichen Anschauungsformen abschließende Ereignis ist, als das er gewöhnlich angeschaut wird, sondern daß er etwas ist, das teil hat am Dasein, so wie die Kräfte, welche mit der Geburt ins Leben gerufen werden, teil haben am Dasein. Wir begegnen dem Tode nicht nur, indem er uns als einmaliges Ereignis ergreift, sondern wir tragen die Kräfte des Todes in uns - abbauende Kräfte, immerfort abbauende Kräfte -, so wie wir die Kräfte der Geburt, oder die uns bei der Geburt gegebenen, als aufbauende Kräfte in uns tragen.

Um dies einzusehen, muß man allerdings an einem Grenzorte zwischen Naturwissenschaft und Geisteswissenschaft wirklich Forschungen anstellen können. Ich kann ja heute von manchern natürlich nur Ergebnisse anführen, will ja auch nur anregen; sollte ich dasjenige in allen Einzelheiten ausführen, womit ich anregen will, so müßte ich viele Vorträge halten. Man muß sich also, wenn man das Angedeutete verfolgen will, an einen Grenzort begeben zwischen Naturwissenschaft und Geisteswissenschaft. Man glaubt so vielfach und hat es geglaubt — heute ist die Wissenschaft meistens über diese Dinge schon hinaus, nur die populären Weltanschauungsbewegungen stehen noch auf einem Standpunkte, den die Wissenschaft schon vor Jahrzehnten verlassen hat —, man glaubt so vielfach, dieses menschliche Nervensystem, dieser menschliche Nervenapparat sei einfach ein Werkzeug für das Denken, Fühlen, Wollen, kurz, für das seelische Erleben. Derjenige, der mit solchen Seelenorganen, mit Geistaugen, Geistohren, wie ich sie wenigstens prinzipiell beschrieben habe, erkennen lernt das seelische Leben, der es erst wirklich entdeckt, dieses seelische Leben, der weiß, daß sprechen: das Gehirn sei ein Werkzeug für das Denken - ebenso ist, wie wenn man sagt: Ich gehe über einen Weg, der vielleicht aufgeweicht ist, ich trete meine Fußspuren hinein. Diese Fußspuren findet nachher einer, er will sie erklären. Wie erklärt er sie? Er erklärt sie dadurch, daß er sagt: Unten in der Erde sind allerlei Kräfte, die auf und ab schwingen und die dadurch, daß sie auf und ab schwingen, diese Fußspuren erzeugen, - was gar nicht auf Kräfte in der Erde zurückgeht, die diese Fußspuren erzeugen, denn ich habe sie hineingetragen, aber man kann meine Spuren genau darinnen nachweisen! — So erklären die Physiologen heute, daß dasjenige, was in dem Gehirn vorgeht, aus dem Gehirn kommt, weil jedem Denken, Vorstellen, Fühlen etwas in dem Nervensystem entspricht. Geradeso wie meine Spuren meinen Fußtritten entsprechen, so entspricht wirklich im Gehirn etwas demjenigen, was die Seele als Eindrücke hat. Aber die Seele hat es erst eingedrückt. Ebensowenig wie die Erde das Organ ist für mein Gehen oder die Fußspuren, ebensowenig wie sie diese herausbildet, ebensowenig ist das Gehirn das Organ für allerlei Vorgänge von Denken oder Vorstellen. Und so wie ich nicht gehen kann ohne Boden - ich kann nicht in der Luft gehen, ich brauche den Grund, wenn ich gehen will -, so ist das Gehirn notwendig; aber nicht weil es das Seelische hervorbringt, sondern weil das Seelische den Grund und Boden braucht, auf dem es sich, solange der Mensch zwischen Geburt und Tod im Leibe lebt, ausdrückt. Es hat also gar nichts zu tun mit dem allem.

Gerade die heute so glänzend verstandene Naturwissenschaft erfährt ihre vollständige Aufklärung, wenn dieser Umschwung im Denken eintreten wird, den ich hiermit angedeutet habe, der allerdings ein radikaleret ist als der der Kopernikanischen Weltanschauung gegenüber der Weltanschauung, die man früher gehabt hat, aber der vor der wirklichen Weltanschauung so berechtigt ist, wie die Kopernikanische Weltanschauung gegenüber der früheren berechtigt war. Dann, wenn man auf seelenforscherischem Wege vorwärtsdtingt, dann findet man auch, daß die Vorgänge im Gehirn, im Nervensystem, welche dem Seelenleben entsprechen, nicht aufbauende sind, nicht etwas sind, was dadurch da ist, daß die produktive, die wachsende, die gedeihende Tätigkeit im Nervensystem so vorhanden ist wie im übrigen Organismus. Nein! Sondern dasjenige, was die Seele vollführt im Nervensystem, das ist abbauende Tätigkeit, das ist in der Tat während unseres wachen Bewußtseins außerhalb des Schlafes abbauende Tätigkeit. Und nur dadurch, daß das Nervensystem so in uns eingelagert ist, daß es von dem übrigen Organismus immer wieder aufgefrischt wird, kann die abbauende, die auflösende, die zerstörende Tätigkeit, die vom Denken aus eingreift in unser Nervensystem, immer wieder ausgeglichen werden. Abbauende Tätigkeit ist da, Tätigkeit, welche ganz genau qualitativ dieselbe ist wie diejenige, die der Mensch auf einmal durchmacht, wenn er stirbt, wenn der Organismus ganz aufgelöst wird. Der Tod lebt fortwährend in uns, indem wir vorstellen. Ich möchte sagen, atomistisch geteilt lebt der Tod fortwährend in uns; und der einmalige Tod, der uns ergreift, er ist nur summiert dasjenige, was fortwährend abbauend in uns arbeitet, allerdings wiederum ausgeglichen wird, nur sind die Ausgleiche so, daß eben zuletzt auch der spontane Tod hervorgerufen wird.

Man muß den Tod begreifen als eine Kraft, die im Organismus wirkt, so wie man die Lebenskräfte begreift. Sehen Sie sich aber heute die auf ihrem Gebiete durchaus berechtigte Naturwissenschaft an, so werden Sie finden: sie sucht nur die aufbauenden Kräfte. Dasjenige, was abbaut, das entzieht sich ihr. Daher kann auch das aus dem Abbauenden wieder Neuerstehende, nun immerfort jetzt nicht leiblich — denn das Leibliche wird eben abgebaut -, sondern geistig-seelisch sich wieder Aufbauende von der äußeren Naturwissenschaft nicht beobachtet werden, denn es fällt fortwährend aus der Beobachtung heraus und wird nur derjenigen Beobachtung zugänglich, die so vorgeht, wie ich es vorhin beschrieben habe. Dann zeigt sich allerdings, daß, während dem wir unser Leben dahinbringen, unsere gesamte Seelentätigkeit nicht nur zugeordnet ist dem Grund und Boden, auf dem sie sich entwickeln muß und den sie sogar abbaut, insofern sie vorstellt, insofern sie tätig ist, sondern daß diese gesamte Seelentätigkeit auch zugeeignet ist einer geistigen Welt, die uns immer umgibt, in der wir mit unserem Seelisch-Geistigen so drinnenstehen, wie wir drinnenstehen mit unserem physischen Leibe in der sinnlich-physischen Welt. Eine wirkliche Beziehung des Menschen zu der geistigen Welt, die alles durchdringt, was physisch ist, zu der wirklichen, konkreten, realen geistigen Welt, wird also durch die Geisteswissenschaft angestrebt.

Dann ergibt sich allerdings die Möglichkeit, weiter zu beobachten, wie dasjenige, was da in uns wirkt und webt als Seelisches, das in den Grenzen, die ich geschildert hatte, abbaut, ein zusammengehöriges Ganzes ist. Dasjenige, was ich Seelenentwickelung genannt habe, dringt vor vom gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein zum schauenden Bewußtsein. Ich habe davon gesprochen in meinem Buche «Vom Menschenrätsel». Dieses schauende Bewußtsein entwickelt die Möglichkeit, imaginative Erkenntnisse zu haben. Diese imaginativen Erkenntnisse geben nicht das, was äußerlich sinnlich ist, sondern sie geben am Menschen selber - ich will von der andern Welt jetzt absehen -, sie geben am Menschen selber dasjenige, was an ihm nicht sinnlich wahrnehmbar ist. Ich habe in der letzten Zeit, damit kein Mißverständnis entstehe, dieses, was zunächst von einer solchen geweckten Erkenntnis wahrgenommen werden kann, Bildekräfteleib genannt. Das ist jener übersinnliche Leib des Menschen, welcher tätig ist während unseres ganzen Lebens, von der Geburt, oder sagen wir Empfängnis, bis zu unserem physischen Tode, welcher auch der Träger unserer Erinnerungen ist, welcher aber als übersinnliche Wesenheit mit einer übersinnlichen Außenwelt in Verbindung steht. So daß unser sinnliches Leben mit seinem übrigen Bewußtsein nur wie eine Insel dasteht, aber rings um diese Insel herum und sogar diese Insel durchdringend, liegt die Beziehung des menschlichen Bildekräfteleibes mit der übersinnlichen Außenwelt. Da kommen wir allerdings dazu, alle Vorstellungswelt - jetzt nicht anders als wie ich es geschildert habe in Zusammenhang zu bringen mit dem physischen Gehirn, das den Grund und Boden dafür abgibt; aber wir kommen dazu, einzusehen, daß der Bildekräfteleib der Träger der menschlichen Gedanken ist, daß sich die Gedanken entwickeln in diesem Bildekräfteleib, daß der Mensch, indem er denkt, in diesem Bildekräfteleib lebt.

Anders ist es schon, wenn wir vorschreiten zu einem andern Seelenerlebnis, zu dem Fühlen. Unser Fühlen, auch unsere Affekte, unsere Leidenschaften stehen in einem andern Verhältnis zu unserem Seelenleben als unser Denken. Der Geistesforscher findet, daß die Gedanken, die wir uns gewöhnlich machen, an den Bildekräfteleib gebunden sind, nicht aber unsere Gefühle, nicht aber unsere Affekte. Diese Gefühle und Affekte leben in uns in einer viel unterbewußteren Art; dafür stehen sie aber auch mit etwas weit Umfassenderem im Zusammenhang als mit unserem Leben zwischen Geburt und Tod. Nicht als ob der Mensch in diesem Teile seines Lebens, von dem ich jetzt spreche, gedankenlos wäre; alle Gefühle sind von Gedanken durchdrungen; aber die Gedanken, von denen die Gefühle durchdrungen sind, kommen dem Menschen in der Regel nicht in das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein hinein, sie sind unter der Schwelle dieses Bewußtseins. Dasjenige, was als Gefühl heraufwogt, das ist gedankendurchsetzt, aber diese Gedanken sind weiterausgreifend, denn man findet sie nur, wenn man zu einem noch höheren Bewußtsein vorschreitet in der schauenden Erkenntnis: zu dem, was - ich denke nicht an abergläubische Vorstellungen -, was ich das inspirierte Bewußtsein nenne. Das Genauere darüber können Sie in meinen Büchern nachlesen.

Vertieft man sich nun in das, was eigentlich dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein gegenüber so schläft, wie der Mensch vom Einschlafen bis zum Aufwachen schläft mit Bezug auf die gewöhnlichen sinnlichen Vorstellungen, so sieht man es heraufwogen, wie in den Schlaf hinein die Träume wogen. So wogen in der Tat die Gefühle herauf, es klingt paradox, aber es ist so: aus dem Tieferen der Seele. Aber dieses Tiefere der Seele, das der inspirierten Erkenntnis zugänglich ist, das ist dasjenige, was da lebt zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt; das ist dasjenige, was eingetreten ist in den physischen Zusammenhang durch unsere Empfängnis, oder sagen wir Geburt, was durch die Pforte des Todes tritt und unter andern Bedingungen ein geistiges Dasein hat, bis der Mensch wieder geboren wird. Wer mit inspirierter Erkenntnis wirklich hineinschaut in dasjenige, was in der Gefühlswelt lebt, der sieht nicht nur den Menschen zwischen Geburt und Tod, der sieht den Menschen auch in den Zeiten, die die Seele durchlebt zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt.

Das ist nicht nur so einfach hingestellt: so ist es eben, - sondern es ist darauf hingewiesen, wie die Kräfte in der Seele entstehen, welche die Gefühle, Affekte, Leidenschaften so anzusehen vermögen, daß man in ihnen drinnen lebt. So wie man in der Pflanze dasjenige sieht, was durch die Keimeskräfte entstanden ist, so sieht man etwas, was nicht mit unserer Geburt oder Empfängnis entsteht, sondern was aus einer geistigen Welt herausgekommen ist.

Ich weiß sehr wohl, wieviel sich von der heutigen naturwissenschaftlichen Weltanschauung gegen eine solche Vorstellung einwenden läßt. Es werden diejenigen, die bekannt sind mit solchen naturwissenschaftlichen Weltanschauungen, leicht sagen: Ja, da kommt er und schildert in dilettantischer Weise, daß diese Glieder seiner Seele, die er umfassen will, aus einer geistigen Welt herauskommen; schildert die besonderen Konfigurationen, Farben der Gefühle so, als ob in diesen Gefühlen auf der einen Seite der Hinweis wäre auf unser vorgeburtliches Leben, und auf der andern Seite wieder etwas, was so wäre, wie der Keim der Pflanze dasjenige ist, was in der Pflanze des nächsten Jahres sein wird. Kennt denn dieser Mensch nicht — werden die Leute sagen — die wunderbaren Vererbungsgesetze, die durch die Naturwissenschaft heraufgebracht sind? Weiß er denn nicht alles, was diejenigen wissen, welche die Wissenschaft der Vererbungsmerkmale erst schufen, welche erst zusammenprägten alles das, was die Kenntnis der Vererbungsmerkmale hervorgerufen hat?

Ist auf der einen Seite die Tatsache, auf welche Naturwissenschaft hinweist, ganz richtig, so stecken doch in der Entstehung der Vererbung unsere Kräfte, durch die wir uns durch Jahrhunderte vorbereiten und die wir herunterschicken, so daß sich aus Voreltern und Eltern jene Konstellationen herausbilden, welche zuletzt zu dem materiellen Ergebnis führen, mit dem wir uns dann umhüllen, indem wir aus der geistigen Welt in die physische heruntersteigen. Wer wirklich gerade die wunderbaren Ergebnisse der neueren Vererbungsforschung ins Auge faßt, der wird finden, daß das, was Geisteswissenschaft nur auf eine ganz andere Weise, ich möchte sagen, auf dem entgegengesetzten Wege, von der Seele aus findet, vollständig bestätigt wird gerade durch die Naturwissenschaft; während das, was die Naturwissenschaft selber sagt, gar nicht durch die Naturwissenschaft bestätigt wird. Das kann ich nur andeuten.

Und wenn wir dann eintreten in jenes Gebiet, das man als den Willen bezeichnet, so entzieht sich das ja sehr dem, was der Mensch in seinem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein hat. Was weiß der Mensch selbst über das, was in ihm vorgeht, wenn der Gedanke: Ich will etwas haben - sich zu einer Handbewegung gestaltet? Der eigentliche Willensvorgang schläft im Menschen. Mit Bezug auf die Gefühle und Affekte konnte man wenigstens sagen, der Mensch träumt im Menschen. Deshalb ist die Frage über die Freiheit eine so schwierige, weil der Wille schlafend ist dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein gegenüber. Über das, was in dem Willen vorgeht, kommt man nur zu einer Erkenntnis, indem man im schauenden Bewußtsein bis zum wirklichen intuitiven Bewußtsein gelangt, nicht dem verschwommenen alltäglichen, intuitiv genannten Bewußtsein, zu dem, was ich in meinen Schriften die drei Stufen: imaginatives, inspiriertes und intuitives Erkennen genannt habe. Da kommt man hinein in das Willensgebiet, in dasjenige, was in uns wirken, leben soll. Das muß erst aus den unterseelischen Tiefen heraufgeholt werden. Dann aber findet man, daß allerdings dieses Willenselement daneben noch - der gewöhnliche Gedanke steht für sich - von Gedanken, von Geistigem durchsetzt ist. Aber so wie wir den Willen in uns tragen, wirkt in diesen Willen hinein jetzt nicht nur das, was wir in der geistigen Welt erlebt haben, was in unsere Gefühle, in unsere Affekte hinein wirkt zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, sondern es wirkt dasjenige, was wir in vorigen Erdenleben erlebt haben. In die Willensnatur des Menschen wirken hinein die Impulse früherer Erdenleben. Und in dem, was wir im gegenwärtigen Wollen entwickeln, heranzüchten, möchte ich sagen, leben die Impulse für folgende Erdenleben. So daß das gesamte Menschenleben für die wirkliche Geistesforschung zerfällt in solche Leben, die zwischen der Geburt und dem Tod liegen, und in solche, welche - weil das ganze physische Dasein aus der Welt heraus gebaut werden muß — in weit längeren Zeiträumen in der geistigen Welt erlebt werden. Aus solchen Leben, wiederholten Erdenleben, wiederholten geistigen Leben, setzt sich das gesamte menschliche Leben zusammen. Dies ist nicht eine Phantastik, nicht ein Einfall, sondern etwas, das man findet, wenn man wirklich auf das Ewige, Unvergängliche in der Menschenseele lernt das Geistesauge hinzuwenden.

Diese Dinge schließen nicht die menschliche Freiheit aus. Ebensowenig wie es meine Freiheit ausschließt, wenn ich mir dieses Jahr ein Haus baue, in dem ich nach zwei Jahren wohnen werde - ich werde darinnen ein freier Mensch sein, trotzdem ich dieses Haus für mich gebaut habe -, so bestimmen die einen Erdenleben die andern, die folgenden vor. Aber nur mißverstandene Auffassung könnte das als eine Beeinträchtigung des menschlichen Freiheitsgedankens hinstellen.

So kommt man allmählich in geistiger Forschung an die geistigen Tatsachen heran, indem man ausgeht von dem Tode. Auch im einzelnen ergibt diese Beobachtung das Mannigfaltigste, wenn man den Tod der Geistesforschung so zugrunde legt, wie man die Geburt und das Keimesleben der physischen Forschung zugrunde legt. Ich will nur einiges anführen, weil ich nicht im Unbestimmten herumreden. möchte, sondern konkrete Ergebnisse der anthroposophischen Geistesforschung anführe. Wir können unterscheiden im gewöhnlichen Geistesleben zwischen dem gewaltsam eintretenden Tode durch äußere Veranlassung und dem Tod, der von innen heraus, sei es durch Krankheit von innen heraus, sei es durch Altern, eintritt. Wir können also verschiedene Arten des Todes unterscheiden. Geistesforschung, die konkret auf die Natur des Todes eingeht, findet folgendes:

Nehmen wir zum Beispiel den gewaltsamen Tod, der in ein Leben hereintritt, sei es dadurch, daß man verunglückt, oder auf irgendeine andere Weise, kurz, gewaltsam. Das ist der Hereintritt eines Ereignisses, das das Leben in diesem Erdendasein auflöst. Von diesem einmaligen Eintritt des Todes hängt ebenso die Entwickelung des Geistbewußtseins für die geistige Welt nach dem Tode ab, wie von den Kräften, die uns bei der Geburt gegeben werden, die Grundlage abhängt - in der Weise aber wie ich es geschildert habe - dafür, daß wir im Leben ein Bewußtsein entwickeln können. Andersartig ist das Bewußtsein, das wir nach dem Tode entwickeln: Das Bewußtsein, das wir hier auf Erden entwickeln, steht auf dem Boden des Nervensystems, so wie ich auf dem Boden stehe, wenn ich auf dem Boden gehe; in der geistigen Welt begründet ist das Bewußtsein nach dem Tode ein andersartiges, aber durchaus ein Bewußtsein. Wenn der Mensch eines gewaltsamen Todes stirbt, so ist das nicht nur etwas, was hereingreift in seine Vorstellungen. Das gewöhnliche Bewußtseinsvorstellen schließt ja mit dem Tode ab, ein anderes Bewußtsein beginnt, aber es greift herein in seinen Willen, von dem wir gesehen haben, daß er herübergeht in folgende Erdenleben. Der Geistesforscher hat die Mittel, in einem Erdenleben zu untersuchen, was da auftreten kann, wenn in einem vorigen Erdenleben ein gewaltsamer Tod eingetreten ist.

Wenn man über solche Dinge heute spricht, so weiß man selbstverständlich, daß allerlei Menschen sagen: Das ist töricht, kindisch, phantastisch. -— Aber die Ergebnisse sind ebenso gesicherte wissenschaftliche — nur solche bringe ich vor — wie die der Naturwissenschaft. Wenn ein gewaltsamer Tod in ein Leben eingreift, so zeigt sich dieses im nächstfolgenden Erdenleben so, daß dieser Tod nachwirkt, indem er in ganz bestimmten Lebensjahren des nächstfolgenden Lebens irgendwie eine Richtungsänderung des Lebens hervorbringt. Es werden jetzt schon Forschungen angestellt über Seelenleben; nur werden sie in der Regel so angestellt, daß man nur das Alleräußerlichste dabei berücksichtigt. In manchen Menschenleben tritt in einem bestimmten Augenblicke dieses Lebens etwas ein, was das ganze Schicksal des Menschen ändert, was ihn auf andere Lebenswege bringt, wie innerlich herausgefordert. In Amerika nennt man solche Dinge «Bekehrungen», weil man Namen haben will für sie; aber wir brauchen nicht immer an Religiöses zu denken; der Mensch kann in andere Lebenswege, in eine bleibende Änderung seiner Willensrichtung hineingedrängt werden. Solch eine radikale Änderung einer Willensrichtung hat ihren Ursprung in einem gewaltsamen Tode seines vorhergehenden Lebens. Denn wie sehr häufig dasjenige, was im Tode auftritt, gerade für die Mitte des nächsten Lebens wichtig ist, das zeigt sich der konkreten Forschung. Tritt der Tod spontan aus dem Innern durch Krankheit oder durch Altern auf, so hat der Tod viel mehr als für das nächste Erdenleben eine Bedeutung für das Leben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt.

Ich wollte diese Beispiele anführen, damit Sie sehen, daß man nicht im Unbestimmten herumredet, sondern in der Tat über Einzelheiten, die im Zusammenhange des Lebens auftreten, ganz bestimmte Anschauungen gewinnen kann. Und so ist es, daß in der Tat die Geistesforschung neu, selbst auch für diejenigen, die überzeugt sind von der Unsterblichkeit der Menschenseele, in das Bewußtsein hereinbringt, daß man nicht nur im allgemeinen von Unsterblichkeit zu reden hat, sondern daß durch das Begreifen des Ewigen in der Menschenseele das Menschenleben als solches begreiflich wird. All die sonderbaren Vorgänge, die man beobachtet, wenn man Sinn hat für seelischen Lebensverlauf, für den Verlauf des seelischen Lebens im Menschen, all die wunderbaren Ereignisse, sie stellen sich hinein, wenn man weiß, man hat es zu tun mit wiederholten Erdenleben und wiederholten geistigen Leben. In der geistigen Welt — ich sage das nur wie in Parenthese — steht der Mensch mit geistigen Wesenheiten, nicht nur mit den Mitmenschen, die ihm schicksalsmäßig nahegetreten sind und die auch durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen sind, sondern auch mit andern geistigen Wesen so in Beziehung, wie er hier mit den drei Reichen, dem Pflanzenreich, dem Mineralteich, dem Tierreich in Beziehung steht. Der geistige Forscher redet von einzelnen bestimmten Geistern, einzelnen bestimmten geistigen Wesenheiten, von einer konkreten, individualisierten geistigen Welt, wie wir hier von individualisierten Pflanzenwesen und Tierwesen und Menschenwesen reden, insofern sie zwischen Geburt und Tod physische Wesen sind. Was vor allen Dingen den Menschen erschüttern kann — es ist schwierig über die Dinge so zu sprechen, daß sie in einer neuen Weise wie aus grauer Geistestiefe heraustreten —, das ist, was dann eintritt, wenn die Erkenntnis selber in einer ganz bestimmten Weise an die menschliche Seele herantritt. Sie haben aus dem, was ich gesagt habe, gesehen, daß man Erkenntnis über die geistige Welt gewinnen kann. Diese Erkenntnisse haben tiefe Bedeutung für die menschliche Seele; sie machen gewissermaßen aus dieser menschlichen Seele etwas anderes. Es greift ein in das Leben der Seele, gleichgültig ob man Geistesforscher ist oder ob man nur das, was vom Geistesforscher erforscht ist, gehört hat, verstanden hat, es aufgenommen hat; es ist gleichgültig, es kommt nicht darauf an, es selbst erforscht zu haben: man kann es auch begreiflich finden. Alles kann man begreiflich finden, wenn man es nur genügend durchdringt. Man braucht es nur aufgenommen zu haben. Dann tritt es aber, wenn man es in seiner vollen Wesenheit erfaßt, so in dieses menschliche Seelenleben herein, daß man sich eines Tages eines sagt, daß es bedeutungsvoller ist als alle andern Ereignisse des Lebens.

Man kann Schweres, Trauriges erlebt haben, das einen erschüttert hat, Freudiges, was einen erhoben hat, Erhabenes - man braucht nicht stumpf zu sein dagegen, wenn man etwa Geistesforscher oder Geist-Erkenner ist, man kann alles so voll empfindend miterleben wie die andern Menschen, die noch nicht Geistesforscher sind -, aber wenn man in seiner vollen Wesenheit durchdringt, was die GeistErkenntnis der Seele gibt und sich die Frage zu beantworten vermag: Was hat die Seele von diesen geistigen Ergebnissen? — wenn man sich voll sagt, was die Seele geworden ist durch die geistige Erkenntnis, dann wird dieses Ereignis wichtiger als alle andern Schicksale, als alle andern Schicksalserlebnisse, die an den Menschen herantreten. Nicht daß die andern kleiner werden, aber dieses wird größer als die andern. Die Erkenntnis selbst tritt dann schicksalsmäßig durch das menschliche Seelenleben herein. Tritt so die Erkenntnis durch das menschliche Seelenleben herein, dann fängt man an, das menschliche Schicksal als solches zu verstehen: von da aus leuchtet das Licht, das das menschliche Schicksal aufklärt. Man sagt sich von diesem Momente ab: Hat man so rein im Geistigen dieses Schicksalserlebnis, dann wird einem erklärlich, wie man schicksalsmäßig in das Leben hereingestellt ist, wie unser Schicksal an den Fäden hängt, die sich herausspinnen aus vorhergehenden Leben, vorhergehenden Erdenleben und Leben zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt, die sich wieder hineinspinnen aus diesem Leben in ein folgendes Leben. - Und man sagt sich: Das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein durchträumt sein Schicksal nur; das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein nimmt sein Schicksal hin, ohne es zu verstehen, wie man den Traum hinnimmt. Das schauende Bewußtsein, zu dem man erwacht, wie man aus dem Traum zum gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein erwacht, das gewinnt auch ein neues Verhältnis zum Schicksal. Das Schicksal wird erkannt als dasjenige, was mitarbeitet an unserem umfassenden Leben, an dem Leben, das durch Geburten und Tode geht.

Es ist die Sache nicht in der trivialen Weise aufzufassen, als wenn der Geistesforscher nun sagen würde: Dein Unglück hast du selbst verschuldet - nein, das wäre nicht nur ein Verkennen, es wäre sogar eine Verleumdung der Geistesforschung. Ein Unglück braucht sogar gar nicht aus dem vorhergehenden Leben irgendwie verursacht zu sein. Es kann spontan eintreten; es wird nur seine Folgen für das folgende und auch alles Leben zwischen den Erdenleben haben, weil wir sehr häufig sehen, daß aus Unglück, aus Leid und Schmerz dasjenige herauswächst, was andersgestaltetes Bewußtsein in der geistigen Welt ist. Aber Sinn kommt in unser ganzes Leben hinein, Verständnis auch für unser Schicksal, das wir sonst nur durchträumen, das wir nun verstehen lernen.

Eines tritt vor allem hervor, wenn diese Geisteserkenntnis ins Auge gefaßt wird. Man kann nicht etwa dann noch sagen: Nun ja, nach dem Tode mag die Seele in ein anderes Leben eintreten, aber das kann man ja abwarten. Hier nehme man das Leben, wie es sich im physischen Leib darbietet; was nach dem Tode ist, das kann man ja abwarten. — Die Sache ist eine Bewußtseinsfrage. Allerdings steht das, was nach dem Tode eintritt, in einem Zusammenhange mit dem Leben, das wir durchleben im Leibe. So wie wir hier durch unseren Leib in gewissem Sinne das Bewußtsein haben, das wit eben im gewöhnlichen Wachzustande haben, so haben wir nach dem Tode ein Bewußtsein, das sich jetzt nicht räumlich aus dem Nervensystem aufbaut, sondern das sich zeitlich aufbaut, im Zurückschauen aufbaut. So wie unser Nervensystem gewissermaßen die Widerlage und der Gegenschlag ist für unser gewöhnliches Bewußtsein zwischen Geburt und 'Tod, so bildet eine Grundlage für unser Bewußtsein in der geistigen Welt zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt dasjenige, was schon hier in unserem Bewußtsein sitzt. Und so wie wir hier die Welt um uns haben, so haben wir, wenn wir gestorben sind, gerade unser Leben als wichtiges Organ vor uns. Daher hängt viel ab von dem Bewußtsein im physischen Leib, das sich hineinerstrecken kann in das Bewußtsein, das nach dem Toode an uns herantritt. Wer zum Beispiel, wie es oftmals den Denkgewohnheiten der Gegenwart entspricht, sich nur beschäftigt mit physischen Vorstellungen, die durch die Sinne aufgefaßt sind, der bekommt in sein Bewußtsein, auch in sein Erinnerungsvermögen, in all dasjenige, was sich in seiner Seele abspielt, nur Vorstellungen aus dem gewöhnlichen Leben: auch er baut sich eine Welt auf nach dem Tode. Die Umgebung baut man sich auf durch das, was man innerlich ist. So wie einer, der physisch in Europa geboren ist, nicht Amerika um sich herum sehen kann, so wie man durch das, worin man hineingeboren ist leiblich, seine Umgebung erhält, so bestimmt man gewissermaßen die Umgebung, den Ort seines Daseins durch das, was man im Leibe sich gebildet hat.

Nehmen wir den extremen Fall, der aber nicht leicht bei einem Menschen eintreten kann, daß jemand sich gewehrt hat gegen alle übersinnlichen Vorstellungen, Atheist geworden ist, auch von seiten der Religion her nicht einmal ein Gefühl aufgenommen hat, daß er sich damit auch nur beschäftigen wolle - ich weiß, daß ich etwas sehr Paradoxes sage, aber es hat auch gute geisteswissenschaftliche Unterlagen: er verurteilt sich dazu, in der Erdensphäre zu bleiben, mit seinem Bewußtsein dazubleiben, während der andere, der geistige Vorstellungen aufgenommen hat, in eine geistige Umgebung versetzt wird. Derjenige aber, der nur sinnliche Vorstellungen aufgenommen hat, verurteilt sich, in der sinnlichen Umwelt zu bleiben.

Wie man gedeihlich wirken kann im physischen Leib, weil man gewissermaßen in dem physischen Leib die Schutzhülle hat gegen die Umwelt, wie man gedeihlich wirken kann, wenn man im physischen Leib in der physischen Welt anwesend ist, so wirkt man ungedeihlich, wenn man nach dem Tode in der physischen Welt anwesend bleibt. Mit physischen Vorstellungen in dem Bewußtsein nach dem Tode wird man zum Zerstörer. — Ich habe schon bei dem Vererbungsproblem angedeutet, wie die Kräfte des Menschen, wenn er in der geistigen Welt ist, eingreifen in die physische Welt. Wer sich selber durch sein bloßes physisches Bewußtsein verurteilt, in der physischen Welt zu bleiben, der wird zum Zentrum von zerstörenden Kräften, die in dasjenige eingreifen, was im Menschenleben und im übrigen Weltenleben geschieht. Solange wir im Leibe sind, mögen wir bloß sinnliche Gedanken, materialistische Gedanken haben: der Leib ist ein Schutz. Oh, er ist in einem viel höheren Maße, als wir es denken, ein Schutz! Es ist sehr sonderbar, aber dem, der hineinschaut in den ganzen Zusammenhang der geistigen Welt, ist eines klar: Wenn der Mensch nicht durch seine Sinne abgeschlossen wäre von der Umwelt, wenn die Sinne nicht zurückhalten würden, da er im gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein nicht fähig ist, lebendige Begriffe aufzunehmen, sondern die abgetöteten, die ihn zurückhalten sollen von dem Eindringen in die geistige Umgebung, wenn der Mensch unmittelbar wirksam machen könnte seine Vorstellungen, wenn er sie nicht bloß als innerliche in sich hätte, nachdem schon die Dinge durch die Sinne gegangen sind, so würde der Mensch auch hier in der physischen Welt, wenn er sein Vorstellungsleben entwickelt, durch seine Vorstellungen tötend, lähmend wirken. Denn diese Vorstellungen sind in einer gewissen Weise zerstörerisch, abbauend für alles das, was sie ergreifen. Nur weil diese Vorstellungen in uns zurückgehalten werden, sind sie nicht abbauend, bauen sie nur ab, wenn sie in Maschinen zum Ausdruck kommen, in Werkzeugen, die ja auch ein Totes aus der lebendigen Natur heraus sein müssen. Das ist zwar nur ein Bild, das aber einer Wirklichkeit entspricht. Aber wenn der Mensch eintritt in die geistige Welt mit bloß physischen Vorstellungen, wird er ein Zentrum der Zerstörung.

So habe ich diese eine Vorstellung als ein Beispiel nur für viele anzuführen, daß wir nicht sagen dürfen: Wir können warten -, sondern daß es in des Menschen Wesenheit liegt, ob er sinnliche oder übersinnliche Vorstellungen entwickelt, so oder so sich vorbereitet das folgende Leben. Dieses ist freilich ein ganz anderes, aber es wird herausentwickelt aus dem Leben hier; das ist das Wesentliche, was man überschauen muß. Mancherlei tritt einem anders entgegen aus der Geisteswissenschaft, als man vermutet. Deshalb muß ich am Schlusse noch einige Bemerkungen machen.

Es könnte sehr leicht der Glaube entstehen, daß derjenige, der nun in die geistige Welt eintritt, unbedingt selber .ein Geistesforscher werden müsse. Das ist nicht nötig, obwohl ich beschrieben habe in meinem Buche «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?» so vielvon dem, was die Seele aus sich machen muß, damit sie wirklich eintreten kann. Und es kann es heute bis zu einem gewissen Grade jeder, aber es braucht es nicht jeder. Das, was man als Seelisches entwickelt hat, ist eine rein innerliche Angelegenheit; das aber, was daraus entsteht, ist, daß die erforschten Wahrheiten in Begriffe geformt werden, daß man in solche Vorstellungen, wie ich sie heute entwickelt habe, einkleidet, was der Geistesforscher geben kann. Dann kann es mitgeteilt werden. Für das, was der Mensch braucht, ist es ganz gleichgültig — ich spreche damit ein Gesetz der Geistesforschung aus —, ob man die Dinge selber erforscht hat, oder ob man sie von anderer glaubwürdiger Seite erhalten hat. Es kommt nicht. darauf an, die Dinge selbst zu erforschen, sondern es kommt darauf an, daß man sie in sich hat, daß man sie in sich entwickelt hat. Es ist daher eine irrtümliche Vorstellung, wenn man glaubt, ein jeder müsse ein Geistesforscher werden. Der Geistesforscher wird nur heute das Bedürfnis haben, wie ich selber das Bedürfnis gehabt habe, über seinen Forschungsweg gewissermaßen Rechenschaft zu geben. Und nicht nur aus dem Grunde, weil heute bis zu einem gewissen Grade jeder ohne allen Schaden den Weg gehen kann, den ich beschrieben habe, sondern auch, weil jeder berechtigt ist zu fragen: Wie hast du es gemacht, daß du zu solchen Resultaten gekommen bist? — daher habe ich diese Dinge beschrieben. Und ich glaube, daß auch jeder, der nicht ein Geistesforscher werden will, wenigstens sich überzeugen wird wollen, wie der Geistesforscher zu den Resultaten kommt, die ja heute jeder braucht, der im Sinne der heutigen menschlichen Entwickelung die Grundlage legen will für das Leben, das sich in den Menschenseelen entwickeln muß.

Es ist heute die Zeit vorüber, die in alten Zeiten bezüglich der Geistesforschung da war, wo man so sehr zurückgehalten hat dasjenige, was Seelenentwickelung bewirkt hat. Es war in alter Zeit streng verboten, das Verborgene mitzuteilen. Auch heute noch halten diejenigen, die von diesen Geheimnissen des Lebens wissen — es sind ja ihrer nicht wenige -, mit diesen Dingen zurück. Wer bloß als Schüler diese Dinge bekommen hat von einem andern Lehrer, der wird unter allen Umständen nicht gut tun, die Dinge weiterzugeben! Es ist heute nur ratsam, dasjenige weiterzugeben, worauf man selber gekommen ist, was man selber erforscht hat. Das aber kann und muß der übrigen Menschheit dienen. |

Es kann schon aus den wenigen kurzen Andeutungen, die ich heute geben konnte, hervorgehen, was für den einzelnen Menschen Geistesforschung sein kann; aber sie ist nicht bloß für den einzelnen Menschen von Bedeutung. Und um dieses andere zum Schlusse mit ein paar Worten wenigstens anzudeuten, möchte ich auf etwas hinweisen, was recht wenig heute berücksichtigt wird.

Es ist eine eigentümliche Erscheinung, auf die ich aufmerksam machen möchte in der folgenden Art: Wir haben in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts eine gewisse naturwissenschaftliche Richtung groß heraufkommen sehen, es ist die an den Namen Darwin sich knüpfende Erklärung der Lebewesen. Begeisterte, gelehrte Forscher, begeisterte Schüler haben diese Dinge durch die Jahrzehnte der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts getragen. Ich habe vielleicht auch bier schon darauf aufmerksam gemacht, was da für ein eigentümliches Faktum eingetreten ist. In den sechziger Jahren schon war die Sache so, daß unter der Führung FZaeckels eine mächtige Weltanschauungsbewegung entstanden war, welche alles Alte über den Haufen werfen und die ganze Weltanschauung umgestalten wollte nach darwinistischen Begriffen. Heute gibt es noch immer zahlreiche Leute, welche hervorheben, wie groß und bedeutend es gewesen wäre, wenn man nicht mehr eine weisheitsvolle Weltenlenkung hätte, sondern daß aus mechanistischen Kräften heraus im Sinne des Darwinismus das Werden alles hätte erklärt werden können.

1869 trat Eduard von FHlartmann auf mit seiner «Philosophie des Unbewußten» und wendete sich gegen den rein äußerlich die Welt auffassenden Darwinismus, indem er auf die Notwendigkeit innerer Kräfte, wenn auch in unzulänglicher Weise — Geistesforschung hatte er nicht -, in bloß philosophischer Weise hinwies. Selbstverständlich waren diejenigen, welche begeistert waren vom Heraufkommen des Darwinismus, bereit, zu sagen: Nun, der Philosoph ist ein Dilettant, man braucht nicht auf ihn zu hören. — Gegenschriften erschienen, in denen man spöttisch über den Dilettanten Eduard von Hartmann redete: der wahre, gelehrte Naturforscher braucht auf solche Dinge nichts zu geben.

Da erschien auch eine Schrift von einem Anonymus, die diese Schrift von Eduard von Hartmann glänzend widerlegte. Mit dieser Schrift waren die Naturforscher und diejenigen, die in ihrem Sinne dachten, recht einverstanden, denn Eduard von Hartmann wurde vollständig widerlegt. Alles, was man da vorbringen konnte, recht gelehrt aus dem Fond der Naturwissenschaft heraus, wurde in dieser Schrift von einem Ungenannten gegen Eduard von Hartmann vorgebracht geradeso wie heute vieles vorgebracht wird gegen Geistesforschung. Und siehe da, die Schrift wurde sehr beifällig aufgenommen. Haeckel sagte: Das hat einmal ein wirklicher Naturforscher geschrieben gegen diesen Dilettanten Eduard von Hartmann; da sieht man, was ein Naturforscher kann; ich selber könnte nichts Besseres schreiben. Er nenne sich uns, und wir betrachten ihn als einen der Unsrigen. Kurz, die Naturforscher haben für diese Schrift, die ihnen sehr zugute kam, recht Propaganda gemacht, so daß sie bald vergriffen war. Eine zweite Auflage war nötig. Da nannte sich der Verfasser: es war Eduard von Hartmann!

Da hat einmal jemand der Welt eine Lektion erteilt, die wichtig war. Derjenige nämlich, der heute erleben muß als Geistesforscher, was gegen Geistesforschung geschrieben ist, könnte nämlich alles das aus dem kleinen Finger sich saugen ohne viel Mühe, was gegen die Geisteswissenschaft vorgebracht wird. Eduard von Hartmann konnte auch alles das, was die Naturforscher gegen ihn vorbrachten, sich schon selber sagen — und er tat es.

Aber dies nur als Einleitung. Worauf es mir ankommt ist das: Oscar Hertwig ist einer der bedeutendsten Schüler Haeckels, der den emsigen und ehrlichen und großen Forscherweg der Naturwissenschaft beschritten hat. Hertwig hat im vorigen Jahre ein sehr schönes Buch geschrieben. Das Buch heißt «Das Werden der Organismen. Eine Widerlegung von Darwin’s Zufallstheorie», und darin weist er hin auf solche Dinge, wie sie schon Eduard von Hartmann vorgebracht hat. Solch eine Sache ist eigentlich ziemlich ohne Beispiel da: daß schon die nächste Generation, diejenige, die noch unter dem Meister aufgewachsen ist, abkommen muß von etwas, wovon man glaubte, daß es eine ganze Weltanschauung aufbauen, daß es auch über die geistige Welt Aufschluß geben könne. Ein guter Darwinist widerlegt den Darwinismus! Aber er tut noch mehr; und das ist es, worauf es mir zum Schlusse ankommt.

Oscar Hertwig schreibt am Schlusse seines so ausgezeichneten, schönen Buches «Das Werden der Organismen. Eine Widerlegung von Darwin’s Zufallstheorie», so etwas wie eine Weltanschauung, wie der Darwinismus es war, stehe nicht bloß als ein theoretisches Gebäude da, sondern greife ein in das ganze Menschenleben, umfasse gewissermaßen das auch, was die Menschen tun, wollen, fühlen und denken. Er sagt: «Die Auslegung der Lehre Darwins, die mit ihren Unbestimmtheiten so vieldeutig ist, gestattete auch eine sehr vielseitige Verwendung auf anderen Gebieten des wirtschaftlichen, des sozialen und des politischen Lebens. Aus ihr konnte jeder, wie aus einem delphischen Orakelspruch, je nachdem es ihm erwünscht war, seine Nutzanwendungen auf soziale, politische, hygienische, medizinische und andere F ragen ziehen und sich zur Bekräftigung seiner Behauptungen auf die Wissenschaft der darwinistisch umgeprägten Biologie mit ihren unabänderlichen Naturgesetzen berufen. Wenn nun aber diese vermeintlichen Gesetze keine solchen sind, sollten da bei ihrer vielseitigen Nutzanwendung auf andere Gebiete nicht auch soziale Gefahren bestehen können? Man glaube doch nicht, daß die menschliche Gesellschaft ein halbes Jahrhundert lang Redewendungen, wie unerbittlicher Kampf ums Dasein, Auslese des Passenden, des Nützlichen, des Zweckmäßigen, Vervollkommnung durch Zuchtwahl etc. in ihrer Übertragung auf die verschiedensten Gebiete, wie tägliches Brot, gebrauchen kann, ohne in der ganzen Richtung ihrer Ideenbildung tiefer und nachhaltiger beeinflußt zu werden! Der Nachweis für diese Behauptung würde sich nicht schwer aus vielen Erscheinungen der Neuzeit gewinnen lassen. Eben darum greift die Entscheidung über Wahrheit und Irrtum des Darwinismus auch weit über den Rahmen der biologischen Wissenschaften hinaus. »

Im Leben überall zeigt sich dasjenige, was in einer solchen Theorie zutage tritt. Dann entsteht die Frage, die auch ins Leben eingreift, von dem Gebiete der Geisteswissenschaft her. Wir leben heute in einer traurigen, in einer für die Menschheit tragischen Zeit. Es ist die Zeit, die herausentwickelt ist doch aus den menschlichen Vorstellungen, aus den menschlichen Ideen. Derjenige, der die Zusammenhänge geisteswissenschaftlich studiert, weiß es, der kennt den Zusammenhang desjenigen, was uns jetzt äußerlich gegenübertritt mit dem, was die Menschheit jetzt an Tragischem erlebt. Man erlebt gar vieles; die Menschen glauben zu wissen, sie glauben mit ihren Begriffen die Wirklichkeit zu umspannen - sie umspannen sie nicht. Und dadurch, daß sie sie nicht umspannen, weil mit naturwissenschaftlich gearteten Begriffen nie die Wirklichkeit umspannt werden kann, dadurch wächst ihnen die Wirklichkeit über den Kopf und zeigt ihnen, indem die Ereignisse den Menschen über den Kopf wachsen, daß die Menschen wohl eintreten können in solche Ereignisse, aber dann dasjenige Chaos entsteht, von dem wir in der Gegenwart umgeben sind. Geisteswissenschaft entsteht nicht nur — wie es ja wahr ist — durch eine innere Notwendigkeit; sie würde entstanden sein durch eben diese innere Notwendigkeit, wenn die äußeren Ereignisse auch nicht als ein großartiges, gewaltiges Zeichen jetzt dastehen würden. Daß die alten Weltanschauungen zwar auf naturwissenschaftlichem Gebiete groß sind, daß sie aber niemals auf sozialem, auf rechtlichem, auf politischem Gebiete in die Welt gestaltend eingreifen können, daß die Wirklichkeit die Menschen überwächst, wenn sie das wollen, das ist es, was von der andern Seite her in gewaltigen Zeichen auf die Geisteswissenschaft hinweist, die wirklichkeitsgemäße Begriffe sucht, Begriffe, die der Wirklichkeit entlehnt sind und daher auch fähig sein werden, auf sozialem, auf politischem Gebiete die Welt zu tragen. Man mag noch so sehr mit den Begriffen, die außerhalb der Geisteswissenschaft heute üblich sind, glauben aus dem Chaos herauszukommen, man wird es nicht; denn in der Wirklichkeit waltet der Geist. Und weil der Mensch mit seinen Handlungen selbst in diese Wirklichkeit eingreift im sozialen, im politischen Leben, so braucht er, um zu fruchtbaren Begriffen auf diesem Gebiete zu kommen, solche Vorstellungen, solche Empfindungen, solche Willensimpulse, welche aus dem Geiste herausgeholt sind. Politik und Sozialwissenschaft, sie werden in der Zukunft dasjenige brauchen, wozu allein Geisteswissenschaft die Grundlage legen kann. Das ist dasjenige, was auch für die heutige Zeitgeschichte von ganz besonderer Wichtigkeit ist.

Ich selbst kann heute in diesem Vortrage, der schon lang genug geworden ist, nur einzelne Anregungen geben wollen. Hinweisen darauf will ich nur, daß dasjenige, was als Geisteswissenschaft heute in systematischer Ordnung auftritt, von den Besten gewollt ist. Käme es allein auf mich an, so würde ich diese Geisteswissenschaft mit einem besonderen Namen belegen. Denn seit mehr als reichlich dreißig Jahren arbeite ich zu immer größerer und größerer Ausgestaltung diejenigen Vorstellungen aus, die Goe/he an der Wirklichkeit gewonnen hat in seiner großartigen Metamorphosenlehre, wo er schon den Begriff lebendig zu machen versuchte gegenüber den toten Begriffen. Das war dazumal nur elementar möglich. Wenn man aber Goethe nicht nur bloß historisch nimmt, wenn man ihn als einen noch Gegenwärtigen betrachtet, so gestaltet sich heute gerade die Goethesche Metamorphosenlehre um zu demjenigen, was ich lebendige Begriffe nenne, die dann den Weg in die Geisteswissenschaft finden. Goetheanismus möchte ich am liebsten dasjenige nennen, was ich mit der Geistesforschung meine, weil es auf den gesunden Grundlagen einer Wirklichkeitsauffassung beruht, wie sie Goethe gewollt hat. Und den Bau in Dornach, der dieser Geistesforschung gewidmet sein soll, und durch den diese Geistesforschung mehr bekanntgeworden ist, als sie vielleicht ohne ihn bekanntgeworden wäre, ich möchte ihn am liebsten Goetheanum nennen, damit man sehen würde, daß dasjenige, was als Geistesforschung heute auftritt, in vollem, gesundem Entwickelungsprozeß der Menschheit drinnensteht. Freilich sagen heute noch viele, die da glauben, auch sich zur Goetheschen Weltanschauung zu bekennen: Goethe war derjenige, der die Natur vor allen Dingen als das Höchste anerkannte und auch den Geist aus der Natur hervorgehen ließ. - Nun, Goethe hat schon als ganz junger Mann gesagt: «Gedacht hat sie und sinnt beständig»; sinnt beständig, wenn auch nicht als Mensch, sondern als Natur. Mit demjenigen Naturalismus, der die Natur durchgeistigt denkt wie Goethe — man kann mit ihm einverstanden sein, wenn man auch Geistesforscher ist. Und denjenigen, die da immer glauben, man müsse an den Grenzen der Erkenntnis stehenbleiben, könne da nicht weiter, denen kann mit Goethes Worten wohl erwidert werden — und lassen Sie mich daher diese Worte noch am Schlusse anfügen, die Goethe gebrauchte gegenüber einem andern verdienten Forscher, der die spätere Kantsche Anschauung vertrat:

Ins Innere der Natur
Dringt kein erschaffner Geist.
Glückselig, wem sie nur
Die äußere Schale weist!

Dem gegenüber hat Goethe die Worte gestellt, die da bedeuteten, daß Goethe wohl wußte, daß wenn der Mensch den Geist in sich selber erweckt, er auch den Geist in der Welt findet, und sich als Geist:

Geisteswissenschaft will dahin wirken, daß der Mensch sich ernsthaftig prüfen lernt, ob er selbst Kern oder Schale sei. Und er ist Kern, wenn er sich in seiner vollen Wirklichkeit erfaßt. Erfaßt er sich als Kern, dann dringt er auch vor bis zum Geist der Natur; dann wird in der Entwickelung der Menschheit mit Bezug auf die Geistesforschung etwas Ähnliches eintreten, wie es eintreten mußte, als Kopernikus vom Sichtbaren auf das Nichtsichtbare sogar für dieses Sichtbare selbst hingewiesen hat.

Für das Übersinnliche aber wird sich die Menschheit dazu bequemen müssen, in sich selber dieses Übersinnliche zu erfassen. Man braucht dazu kein Geistesforscher zu werden; man muß aber alle Vorurteile hinwegräumen, welche sich vor die Seele lagern, wenn dasjenige verstanden werden soll, was die Geistesforschung gerade aus einer solchen Goetheschen Gesinnung heraus meint.

Dies wollte ich nur als ein paar Anregungen heute geben. Man kann von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus wenigstens immer nur anregen; denn wollte man ausführen dasjenige in allen Einzelheiten, müßte man viele Vorträge halten. Aber ich

Ins Innere der Natur
Dringt kein erschaffner Geist.
Glückselig, wem sie nur
Die äußere Schale weist!
So hör ich schon an die sechzig Jahre wiederholen
Und fluche darauf — aber verstohlen -,
Natur hat weder Kern noch Schale,
Alles ist sie mit einemmale.
Dich prüfe du nur zu allermeist,
Ob du selbst Kern oder Schale seist!

glaube, diese wenigen Ausführungen werden genügt haben, um zu zeigen, daß etwas herausgeholt werden soll aus dem Entwickelungsprozesse der Menschheit, das diese Seele des Menschen erst zum vollen Leben erweckt. Niemand braucht zu glauben, daß er die Seele verkümmert, daß er irgend etwas ersterben läßt in sich, auch das religiöse Leben nicht. Denn geradeso wie Goethe gesagt hat:

Wer Wissenschaft und Kunst besitzt
Hat auch Religion,
Wer jene beiden nicht besitzt,
Der habe Religion!

so darf man sagen, so wie sich die Denkweise der neueren Zeit entwickelt: Wer geisteswissenschaftliche Wege finden wird, wird den Weg zum wahren religiösen Leben auch finden; wer aber den geisteswissenschaftlichen Weg nicht findet, von dem kann befürchtet werden, daß er auch für die Zukunft den für die Menschheit so nötigen religiösen Weg verliert!

The Knowledge of the Supernatural and the Mystery of the Human Soul

Anyone who follows the development of the human spirit over the centuries or millennia will gain a sense of how this human spirit continues to advance toward ever new achievements in the realm of knowledge and action. There is no need to overemphasize the word “progress,” for that could raise some rather harsh doubts in the present sad times that have befallen humanity. But the other aspect will become clear when we consider the development of the human spirit: that the forms and shapes in which this human spirit strives change significantly from century to century. And since we are primarily concerned here with a knowledge that is to be attained and that, in a new way, seeks to establish itself in human evolution, we need only consider how difficult it is for views that contradict the old ways to gain a foothold in a developing humanity. Again and again, attention must be drawn to how difficult it was, for example, to assert the Copernican worldview against the habits of thought and feeling of human beings—in certain areas it took centuries—that worldview which broke with what people had long believed to be the truth about the structure of the world based on their sensory perception. Then came the time when people could no longer rely on what their eyes saw about the rising and setting of the sun, about the movement of the sun; when they had to accept, contrary to what their eyes told them, that the sun stands still in a certain respect, at least in relation to the earth. Such upheavals in knowledge do not easily conform to people's habits of thinking and feeling.

In the anthroposophically oriented spiritual science to which this evening's reflections are devoted, we are now even more concerned with such an upheaval, which who, on the basis of sound scientific foundations, believes they can be convinced of the content of this spiritual science, also believes that it must necessarily intervene in the present and in the further development of human thinking, feeling, and sensing. One may well say — allow me to say this by way of introduction: With something like the Copernican worldview, one had to deal with countless prejudices, with traditional opinions that people believed would be lost if something else took their place, along with all kinds of religious ideas and the like. With what we are going to talk about tonight, many other things are piling up. Here we are not merely dealing with the prejudices that oppose Copernicanism, for example, but with the fact that in our time many people, indeed the majority of those who consider themselves enlightened and educated, not only express their prejudices and preconceptions, but that the enlightened and educated are today, as it were, ashamed to seriously engage with the field that anthroposophy has to address. People believe they are forgiving themselves, not only towards their environment but also towards themselves, if they admit that they can know something about the things that are to be discussed today just as thoroughly scientifically as they can about the things of the external natural world; they believe, in a sense, that they must consider themselves foolish or childish.

These are the things that must be taken into consideration when speaking today of anthroposophically oriented spiritual science. Those who speak of it from the insights of this science know the objections that naturally arise today by the hundreds and thousands; they know the objections simply because today not only are the individual truths and findings of this spiritual science doubted, but because it is doubted at all that one can bring knowledge and insight to bear on the field covered by anthroposophically oriented spiritual science. That one can develop beliefs, general beliefs, about the realm of the eternal in the soul is certainly still recognized by many people today as something very legitimate; that one can develop is regarded in the widest circles, especially by those who believe they are judging from the justified scientific perspective of the present, as something fantastical and fanciful in many respects.

We will not be dealing with the fantastic and the enthusiastic this evening, but with a field where, I would say, the human observer, and especially the scientific observer, recoils from the very outset. I would just like to mention briefly that this anthroposophically oriented spiritual science does not want to be something sectarian. Anyone who believes that it wants to present itself as the foundation of some new religious creed completely misunderstands it. That is not its intention. As it presents itself today, it is a necessary result of precisely what the development of natural science has brought about as a worldview, as a general, even popular conception of the widest circles of humanity. This scientific development, which today provides so many concepts for the worldview of the broadest circles, concepts which in turn are the causes of feelings and sensations, this scientific way of looking at things sets itself the task of investigating and explaining that which is given to the outer senses, that which is accessible to the human mind through the laws of nature via the facts of the outer senses.

Even if one considers only living beings, one can see — for other areas it is somewhat more remote, but in living beings it is very clear — how natural science today must be concerned everywhere with going back to the origins, to that which, in a sense, provides the germ of what is growing, for what is becoming, for what is flourishing. If the natural scientist wants to explain animal and human life in his own terms, he goes back to birth; he studies embryology, he studies that from which the growing, becoming develops. Natural science goes back to birth, which is the beginning of what spreads out before the senses. And if natural science wants to be an explanation of the world, it also goes back with various hypotheses, based on what geology, paleontology, and the individual branches of natural science can provide, to what it can form in its imagination, one might say, about the birth of the world structure. Even if some doubt that such a way of thinking is justified, it has always been strived for. And we are familiar with the ideas that people have come up with, if not to fathom the beginning of earthly existence, then at least to explain, from what is germinally present, the distant past, those epochs in which, for example, humans did not yet walk the earth. The whole Darwinian theory, or, if one wishes to disregard it, the theory of evolution, is based on the search for origins, for emergence from something. The entire Darwinian theory, or, if one wishes to disregard it, the theory of evolution, is based on seeking origins, emergence from something. I would say that everywhere there is the idea of going back to youth and birth.

Spiritual science in the anthroposophical sense is placed in a different position. And from this starting point, it initially provokes contradiction without the individual being clearly aware of it: unclear contradiction, one might say, subconscious contradiction, instinctive contradiction! And such contradiction is often much more effective than clearly recognized, clearly thought-out contradiction. This anthroposophically oriented spiritual science must start from death in order to arrive at ideas, not through generally vague spiritual concepts, but through spiritual facts. In doing so, it stands from the outset in what one might call fundamental opposition to what is popular today: starting from birth and youth, growth, and the progress of development. Death intervenes in life. And if you look around in contemporary scientific literature, you will find everywhere that conscientious researchers are of the opinion that death as such cannot be placed in the same category as other concepts in natural science. Now, the spiritual scientist must take this death, that is, the cessation, the opposite of birth, as his starting point. How death and death-related phenomena intervene in life in the broader sense is the fundamental question. But death brings to an end that which the senses can perceive; death dissolves that which becomes, that which develops before the senses. Death intervenes as something of which one can, so to speak, have the idea that it is uninvolved in what works and flourishes, springs and breathes here in the sensory world. This gives rise to the opinion, which is quite understandable within certain limits, even if it is completely unjustified, that one cannot know anything about what death covers, so to speak, what death veils. And it is from this corner of human feeling that all the contradictions arise which can be raised quite naturally against the things that are being developed today as the results of a still young science. For this spiritual science is young, and the spiritual scientist, precisely for the reasons that have just been mentioned, is in a completely different position from the natural scientist when he speaks about the things in his field of research. The humanities scholar cannot proceed in exactly the same way as the natural scientist, who presents a fact and then proves it on the basis of what everyone is convinced can be seen; for the humanities scholar is talking precisely about that which cannot be perceived by the senses. Therefore, when speaking about the results of his science, the humanities scholar is always obliged to point out how these results were arrived at.

There is a wealth of literature today on the subject I am here to represent before you this evening. Critics who believe themselves to be authorities repeatedly object to what I have written, for example, even though this only proves how inaccurately and superficially they have read my work: the scholar of the humanities claims that things are this way or that way, but he does not prove it. Yes, ladies and gentlemen, he does prove it, but he proves it in a different way. He first explains how he arrived at his results; he must first indicate how he arrived at the facts. This path is often strange because it is unfamiliar to today's habits of thinking and feeling. First of all, it must be said that it is precisely the spiritual researcher who, through his research, comes to the compelling conclusion that one cannot enter into the supersensible realm using the methods and procedures that the spiritual researcher does not reject but rather admires, and which have enabled natural science to achieve its brilliant results. Yes, spiritual science proceeds precisely from this experience of how limited the methods of scientific thinking are; but not in the way that is often done today, where one simply says, with regard to certain things where the natural sciences have reached their limits: Here are the limits of human knowledge — no, but rather in such a way that at these limits one tries precisely to arrive at very specific experiences that can only be attained at these limits. I have spoken about these limits of human knowledge in particular in my latest book, Von Seelenrätseln (On the Riddles of the Soul), which is being published this week.

Now, those people who have not taken knowledge as something that has come to them from outside, who have wrestled with knowledge, who have wrestled with the truth, have always had certain experiences at least at these limits. One must simply say: times change, the development of humanity changes. Even relatively recently, the most outstanding thinkers and wrestlers with knowledge stood at such boundaries in such a way that they believed that one could not go any further at these boundaries, that one must remain where one was. Those of you who have heard me speak here often know how little it is in my nature to touch on personal matters. But when the personal is connected in any way with the objective, a brief reference is surely permissible. I can say that what I have to say about such experiences at the frontiers of knowledge is the result of more than thirty years of intellectual research. And it was more than thirty years ago that these problems, these tasks, these riddles that arise at the frontiers of knowledge made a significant impression on me. From the many examples that can be cited of such borderlands, I would like to highlight one that was pointed out by a true wrestler with knowledge: Friedrich Theodor Vischer, the famous aesthetician, who was also a very important philosopher, even if he was perhaps too little recognized during his lifetime and quickly forgotten. Friedrich Theodor Vischer, known as V-Vischer, wrote a very interesting treatise decades ago on a very interesting book by Volkelt about “dream fantasy.” Friedrich Theodor Vischer touched on many things that are not of interest to us here. But I would like to highlight one sentence, a sentence that one might be tempted to skip over, but one that can strike like lightning in the human mind when it is imbued with a thirst for knowledge, a true, inner thirst for knowledge. It is the sentence that comes to Vischer's mind when he ponders and reflects on the nature of the human soul. From what he had learned about what modern science has to say about human beings, he deduces: “That the human soul cannot be merely in the body is quite clear; but that it cannot be outside the body is equally clear.”

So we are faced with a complete contradiction, a contradiction that cannot be easily resolved. We are faced with a contradiction that presents itself with unalterable necessity when one seriously strives for knowledge. V-Vischer was not yet able—for the time was not yet ripe—to advance from what I would call standing at such places of knowledge, at such borderlands, to advancing from knowledge in the ordinary sense of the word to the inner experience of such a contradiction. Today, when most people who are interested in knowledge encounter such a contradiction, we hear them say the following—and there are hundreds and hundreds of examples of this. Da Bois-Reymond, the brilliant physiologist, spoke in his time of the seven riddles of the world, but these seven riddles can be multiplied into hundreds—and today's contemporary intellectuals say: This is as far as human knowledge goes; it cannot go any further. They say this simply because, at the limits of human knowledge, they cannot bring themselves to move from mere thinking, from mere imagination, to experience. One must begin at a point where a contradiction, which one has not worked out, but which has been revealed to one through the mysteries of the world, stands in one's way. One must try to live with such a contradiction again and again, just as one struggles with the habits of everyday life, and in a sense immerse one's soul completely in it. One must—and this requires a certain inner courage of thought—immerse oneself in the contradiction, without fear that this contradiction might shatter the soul's imagination, that the soul might not be able to get through, or something similar. I have described this struggle at such borderline places in detail in my book Von Seelenrätseln (On the Riddles of the Soul).

Then, when a person arrives at such a borderland with their whole soul, instead of merely imagining, merely figuring things out, or fixing them, they move forward. But they do not move forward by mere logical means; they move forward on a path of knowledge. And what they experience there, I would like to express through a comparison; for what spiritual research paths are, are real experiences of knowledge, are facts of knowledge. Language does not yet have many words for these things, because words are shaped by external sensory perception. Therefore, one can often only express what is clearly before the mind's eye in comparative terms. When one becomes accustomed to such contradictions, one feels as if one is at the boundary where the spiritual world, which cannot be found in sensory reality, is approaching, where it is approaching, but in a sense from outside. It is like—whether the idea is well-founded in natural science or not is irrelevant, it can be used comparatively—it is like when a lower living being has not yet developed the sense of touch, but only experiences inwardly, in the stirring, constant movement within itself, and experiences the boundary of the physical world, the surface of individual things. A being that has not yet developed the sense of touch and thus experiences the surface of sensory things is still completely closed in on itself and cannot, so to speak, feel or touch what is out there in the form of sensory impressions. This is exactly how the wrestler feels, purely spiritually and soulfully — we must not think of anything material here — when he is in the situation I have just described. But then, just as in lower organisms the organism breaks through, as it were, by coming into contact with the external sensory world, differentiating itself into the sense of touch, whereby one feels the surface, whereby one knows whether something is rough or smooth, warm or cold on the surface, whereby that which lives only within opens up to the outside, so one gains the ability break through, as it were, precisely at such points, to acquire a spiritual sense of touch. Only then, when one has perhaps struggled for years at such borderlands of cognition to break through into the spiritual world, does one attain the reality of spiritual organs. I am speaking only in elementary terms about how this sense of touch develops. But in order to use these or those expressions in a more complete sense, one can say that through ever further and further inner work, working out of one's inner resolve, spiritual eyes and spiritual ears develop. Today, it still seems absurd to many people to speak of the soul as initially being an organ just as undifferentiated as the organism of a lower being, which forms its senses out of its substance, and that out of this substance, soul concepts, soul-differentiated spiritual organs can develop, which then confront the spiritual world.

It can be said that spiritual science, presented systematically and with every justification, is now taking a new place in the progress of knowledge in human development. But it is not something new in every respect. The struggle for it, the striving for it, can be seen especially in the most outstanding thinkers of the past. And I have already referred to one of them, Friedrich Theodor Vischer. I would like to show once again, using his own words, how he stood at such a limit of knowledge, how he stopped short of crossing it, how he did not make the transition from inner rain to breaking through the barrier, to spiritual tactility. And here I would like to read to you the passage from Friedrich Theodor Vischer's treatises where he describes how he came to such a boundary, where the spirit strikes the human soul, during his struggle with scientific knowledge. It was at a time when materialistic natural science presented serious seekers of knowledge with many puzzles, when numerous people said that one could not speak of the soul other than as a product of material activity.

Here are his words: “No spirit where there is no nerve center, where there is no brain, say the opponents. No nerve center, no brain, we say, if it were not prepared from below in countless stages; it is easy to speak mockingly of a stirring of the spirit in granite and limestone—no more difficult than it would be for us to ask mockingly how the protein in the brain swings into ideas. Human knowledge is unable to measure the differences in stages. It will remain a mystery how it comes about that nature, under which the spirit must slumber, stands as such a perfect counterstroke of the spirit that we bump our heads against it; I ask you to note how the wrestler with knowledge describes that we bump our heads against it; here you have an inner experience of a wrestler with knowledge: this striking of a wrestler with knowledge! - “It is a distortion of such an appearance of absoluteness that Hegel's otherness and externalization, however ingenious the formula, say as good as nothing, simply concealing the harshness of the apparent dividing wall. The correct recognition of the edge and the blow in this counterblow is to be found in Fichte, but no explanation for it.”

Here we have the description that a person gives of his struggle for knowledge in the time before the decision could arise, the spiritual-scientific decision: not merely to come to this blow and counterblow, but to break through the dividing wall facing the spiritual world. — I can only speak about such things in principle; you will find them explained in detail in my books. Namely in “How to Know Higher Worlds” and in the second part of my “Outline of Occult Science,” you will find explained in detail what the soul must do in inner activity, in inner exercise—if I may use the expression—in order to truly transform what is undifferentiated within it into spiritual organs that can then see the spiritual world.

But much is necessary if one really wants to conduct research in this way. Much is necessary because in our time, habits have developed in the field of natural science, in the field of the natural scientific worldview, which has its full justification in its own field, have interfered in human life in a way that is opposed to the paths that lead to the spiritual world; so that it is quite natural that from the scientific side one hears only things that do not really want to know anything about the spiritual world as it really is in its facts. I will mention just one example—as I said, you will find more details in the books mentioned—I will mention that human beings must, so to speak, acquire a completely different way of thinking. In ordinary life, people are satisfied with concepts and ideas when they can say to themselves: These concepts, these ideas are such that they are a reflection of some external fact or external thing. The spiritual researcher cannot be satisfied with this. The ideas and concepts themselves become something completely different in his soul than they are according to the thinking habits of the present. If I may use another comparison, I would like to show how the spiritual researcher stands today in relation to the world. Materialists, spiritualists, pantheists, individualists, monadists, and so on, all such people believe that they can somehow penetrate the mysteries of the world; they try to obtain a picture of the processes of the world with certain ideas and concepts. The spiritual researcher cannot even grasp concepts in this way, but must approach a concept in such a way that he is always clearly aware that In a concept, in an idea, he has nothing other than what one has in the external sensory world. For example, if one photographs a tree or another object from a certain angle, one obtains an image from one angle, from another angle a different image, from a third angle yet another image, and from a fourth angle still another image. The images are different from each other; only when you combine them in your mind do they give you the tree as a formed idea. But you can very well say that one thing contradicts the other! Just look at how different an object often looks when you photograph it from one side and then from another! The spiritual researcher regards all these ideas of pantheism, monadism, and so on as nothing more than different perceptions of reality. For spiritual reality does not present itself to the life of ideas, to the life of concepts, in such a way that one can say that any concept is a reflection of it. Rather, one must always go around the thing, one must always form the most varied concepts from different sides. This enables us to develop a much greater inner, spiritually active life than we are accustomed to in the external sensory world; but it also compels us to make our concepts much more alive. They are no longer images, but by experiencing them, they become something much more alive than they are in ordinary life and its objects.

I can explain this in the following way. Suppose you have a rose cut from a rose bush in front of you; you form an idea of it. Well, you can form this idea; you will also often have the feeling with this idea that it expresses something real to you, that the rose is something real. The spiritual researcher can never make progress on his path if he is satisfied with such ideas that the rose is something real. The rose, imagined as a flower with a short stem, is nothing real in itself; it can only exist as it is on the rose bush. The rose bush is something real! And the spiritual researcher must now accustom himself to always be conscious, for all the individual things about which people form ideas, believing them to be something real, of the limited sense in which such a thing is something real. He must feel, when he has the rose with its stem before him, that it is not real; he must feel, empathize with, and experience the degree of unreality contained in this rose as a mere flower.

But by extending this to the whole view of the world, the life of imagination itself is enlivened; as a result, one does not obtain the already exhausted, dead ideas with which today's scientific worldview is satisfied, but rather ideas that live with things. Admittedly, if one starts from the thinking habits of the present, one experiences many disappointments at first, disappointments that arise because what one experiences in this way is really very different from the thinking habits of the present. Sometimes one has to speak quite paradoxically when speaking from the insights of the spiritual world about things that are generally spoken and believed today.

One can be a very learned man today, say in the field of physics, an extraordinarily learned man, and one can rightly arouse admiration through one's learning, but one can work with concepts that are not derived from or developed in the way I have described: from bringing the world of ideas to life. I have only said something very elementary; but this elementary thing must extend, for the researcher of the mind, to the whole view of the world. Let me give an example: Professor Dewar gave a very important lecture in London at the beginning of the century. This lecture, I would say, shows in every sentence the great scholar of the present day, who is as well versed in physical concepts as one can be. The scholar attempts, based on the physical concepts that contemporary physicists have developed, to speak about the final state of the earth, or rather about some future state in which much of what is still present today must have died out. He describes this very correctly, because he bases his arguments on well-founded assumptions; he describes how, after millions of years, the Earth must reach a state in which the temperature has fallen by so many hundred degrees, and how certain substances must then have changed—this can be calculated very accurately. One can calculate this, and he describes how milk, for example, will no longer be liquid as it is today, but will have to be solid, like egg white, and when spread on walls, will glow so brightly that one will be able to read newspapers without needing any other light, since the egg white alone will provide light, and many other such details. Things that today would not even withstand a few grams of pressure will be so strong in their consistency, in their material, that hundreds of kilograms can be hung on them. In short, Professor Dewar gives a magnificent description of a future state of the Earth. From a physical point of view, there is not the slightest objection to this; but for those who have living thought in their souls, the matter appears differently. For those who have taken living thought into their souls, as soon as they accept the forms of imagination presented by this professor, it immediately occurs to them that they must now say something to themselves that is very similar in method and perspective to the conclusions and way of thinking of this scholar.

Suppose, for example, that one took a twenty-five-year-old person and observed him closely — today such observations can already be made, I need only remind you of X-rays — one observed closely how certain organs, let us say the stomach, change from year to year, over the course of two, three, four, five years; they take on different configurations. You can describe this as physicists do by comparing the successive states of the earth and then calculating what the earth must look like after millions of years. Now you can do the same with humans: you observe how, say, the stomach or heart changes from year to year; then you calculate what humans must look like after two hundred years according to these changes. You get an equally well-founded result if you calculate what a human being must look like after two hundred years, if you add up the individual observations correctly, only then the human being has long since died, he is no longer there!

You see what I mean. The point is that in one case, we know from direct experience that such calculations do not correspond to reality, because after two hundred years, the human body would no longer exist with these changes, but we make this calculation for the earth. However, one does not take into account that after two million years, the earth as a physical entity has long since died and is no longer there; that all the learned calculations about this state of affairs have no value in reality because the reality to which they are applied no longer exists.

Things go very far. You can just as well calculate backwards as forwards in the case of humans; you could calculate what humans looked like after the small changes of two years two hundred years ago, but they were not there yet! But the Kant-Laplace theory is formed according to the same method, that theory which assumes that there was once a nebular state, which is calculated from the present state. The calculation is quite correct, the perceptions are quite correct, only — for the researcher of the mind, it appears that at the time when this whole primordial nebula is supposed to have existed, the whole earth had not yet been born, the whole solar system did not yet exist.

I only wanted to use these calculations to show you how the whole inner life of the soul must emerge from abstraction, how it must submerge itself in living reality, how the ideas themselves must become alive. In my book “The Mystery of Man,” which was published two years ago, I distinguished between ideas that are in accordance with reality and those that are not. In short, what matters is that the spiritual researcher must point out that his path is such that the means of knowledge he uses must first be awakened, that he must first transform his soul in order to be able to look into the spiritual world. Then the results come in such a form that one can see: the spiritual researcher does not speculate whether the soul is immortal, whether the soul passes through birth and death, but his path of research leads him to the eternal in the human soul, to that which passes through births and deaths; his path of research shows him what lives in the human being as eternal. So he seeks the object, the thing, the essence itself. Once you have the essence, you can recognize its characteristics, just as you recognize the color of a rose. This often gives the impression that the spiritual scientist is merely asserting that this is so, because, in providing evidence, he must always point out how one arrives at these things; he must, so to speak, begin where other sciences end. But then it is possible to really penetrate those areas which, I would say, have death as their starting point, just as birth and youth are the starting points in the natural sciences. One must only be clear that this death is by no means merely the event that concludes the external sensory forms of perception, as it is usually regarded, but that it is something that participates in existence, just as the forces that are brought into life at birth participate in existence. We do not encounter death only when it seizes us as a unique event, but we carry the forces of death within us—forces that break down, forces that are constantly breaking down—just as we carry within us the forces of birth, or those given to us at birth, as forces that build up.

In order to understand this, however, it is necessary to be able to conduct research at the boundary between natural science and spiritual science. Today, of course, I can only cite the findings of others; my aim is merely to stimulate thought. If I were to explain in detail everything I wish to suggest, I would have to give many lectures. So if you want to pursue what I have hinted at, you must go to a borderland between natural science and spiritual science. So many people believe, and have believed, that science has now mostly moved beyond these things, and that only popular worldview movements still hold a position that science abandoned decades ago. So many people believe that the human nervous system, the human nerve apparatus, is simply a tool for thinking, feeling, willing—in short, for spiritual experience. Those who learn to recognize soul life with such soul organs, with spiritual eyes and ears, as I have described in principle, those who truly discover this soul life, know that to say the brain is a tool for thinking is the same as saying I walk along a path that is perhaps soft, and I leave my footprints in it. Someone finds these footprints afterwards and wants to explain them. How does he explain them? He explains them by saying: Down in the earth there are all kinds of forces that vibrate up and down, and by vibrating up and down they produce these footprints—which do not at all originate from forces in the earth that produce these footprints, because I carried them there, but one can prove my tracks exactly there! — This is how physiologists today explain that what goes on in the brain comes from the brain, because every thought, every imagination, every feeling corresponds to something in the nervous system. Just as my footprints correspond to my footsteps, so something in the brain corresponds to what the soul experiences as impressions. But the soul has first imprinted it there. Just as the earth is not the organ for my walking or for my footprints, just as it does not form them, so the brain is not the organ for all kinds of processes of thinking or imagining. And just as I cannot walk without ground—I cannot walk in the air, I need the ground if I want to walk—so the brain is necessary; but not because it produces the soul, but because the soul needs the ground on which it expresses itself as long as man lives in the body between birth and death. So it has nothing at all to do with all that.

It is precisely the natural sciences, which are so brilliantly understood today, that will be completely enlightened when this change in thinking, which I have indicated here, takes place. This change is certainly more radical than that of the Copernican worldview compared to the worldview that people had in the past, but it is just as justified in relation to the real worldview just as the Copernican world view was justified in relation to the earlier one. Then, when one advances along the path of soul research, one also finds that the processes in the brain, in the nervous system, which correspond to the life of the soul, are not constructive, are not something that is there because the productive, growing, thriving activity is present in the nervous system as it is in the rest of the organism. No! Rather, what the soul accomplishes in the nervous system is a destructive activity; it is indeed a destructive activity during our waking consciousness outside of sleep. And only because the nervous system is embedded in us in such a way that it is constantly refreshed by the rest of the organism can the destructive activity that intervenes in our nervous system through thinking be constantly balanced out. There is a destructive activity, an activity that is qualitatively identical to that which a human being undergoes when they die, when the organism is completely dissolved. Death lives on continuously within us through our imagination. I would like to say that death lives on in us in atomistic divisions; and the single death that overtakes us is only the sum of what is constantly working destructively within us, but is balanced out again, only the balancing is such that in the end spontaneous death is brought about.

Death must be understood as a force that acts within the organism, just as one understands the forces of life. But if you look at natural science today, which is entirely justified in its field, you will find that it seeks only the constructive forces. That which breaks down eludes it. Therefore, what arises again from what is destructive, now no longer physically — for the physical is being destroyed — but spiritually and soulfully, cannot be observed by external natural science, for it continually falls out of observation and becomes accessible only to observation that proceeds as I have described above. Then it becomes apparent that, while we live our lives, our entire soul activity is not only assigned to the ground on which it must develop and which it even breaks down, insofar as it represents, insofar as it is active, but that this entire soul activity is also assigned to a spiritual world that always surrounds us, in which we stand with our soul and spirit just as we stand with our physical body in the sensory-physical world. Spiritual science therefore strives to establish a real relationship between human beings and the spiritual world that permeates everything that is physical, a relationship with the real, concrete, actual spiritual world.

Then, however, it becomes possible to observe further how that which works and weaves within us as soul life, which breaks down within the limits I have described, is a coherent whole. What I have called soul development advances from ordinary consciousness to contemplative consciousness. I have spoken about this in my book The Riddle of Man. This contemplative consciousness develops the possibility of imaginative knowledge. This imaginative knowledge does not give us what is outwardly perceptible to the senses, but rather, in the human being himself — I will now disregard the other world — it gives us that which is not perceptible to the senses. In order to avoid misunderstanding, I have recently called what can initially be perceived through such awakened knowledge the “image-forming body.” This is the supersensible body of the human being, which is active throughout our entire life, from birth, or let us say conception, until our physical death, which is also the bearer of our memories, but which, as a supersensible entity, is connected with a supersensible outer world. Thus, our sensory life with its remaining consciousness stands alone like an island, but surrounding this island and even penetrating it is the relationship of the human formative body with the supersensible external world. This brings us to the conclusion that we must relate the entire world of ideas—now in no other way than I have described—to the physical brain, which provides the foundation for it; but we also come to see that the image-forming body is the carrier of human thoughts, that thoughts develop in this image-forming body, and that in thinking, the human being lives in this image-forming body.

It is different when we move on to another soul experience, to feeling. Our feelings, including our emotions and passions, stand in a different relationship to our soul life than our thinking. The spiritual researcher finds that the thoughts we usually form are bound to the image-forming body, but not our feelings, not our emotions. These feelings and emotions live in us in a much more subconscious way; but they are also connected with something far more comprehensive than our life between birth and death. It is not that human beings are thoughtless in this part of their lives of which I am now speaking; all feelings are permeated by thoughts; but the thoughts that permeate feelings do not usually enter into the ordinary consciousness of human beings; they lie below the threshold of consciousness. What wells up as feeling is permeated by thoughts, but these thoughts are more far-reaching, for they can only be found when one advances to an even higher consciousness in contemplative knowledge: to what I call inspired consciousness (I am not thinking of superstitious ideas here). You can read more about this in my books.

If we now delve into what actually lies dormant in relation to ordinary consciousness, just as a person sleeps from the moment they fall asleep until they wake up in relation to ordinary sensory perceptions, we see it welling up, just as dreams well up in sleep. Feelings indeed surge upward; it sounds paradoxical, but it is so: from the depths of the soul. But this deeper part of the soul, which is accessible to inspired knowledge, is that which lives between death and a new birth; it is that which entered into the physical context through our conception, or let us say birth, which passes through the gate of death and has a spiritual existence under different conditions until the human being is reborn. Those who look with inspired knowledge into what lives in the world of feelings see not only the human being between birth and death, but also the human being in the times that the soul experiences between death and a new birth.

This is not simply stated as a fact, but it is pointed out how the forces arise in the soul that enable us to perceive feelings, emotions, and passions in such a way that we live within them. Just as one sees in a plant what has been created by the forces of germination, so one sees something that does not arise with our birth or conception, but has come out of a spiritual world.

I am well aware of how much can be objected to such a view from today's scientific worldview. Those who are familiar with such scientific worldviews will easily say: Yes, here he comes, describing in an amateurish way that these members of his soul, which he wants to comprehend, come from a spiritual world; describes the special configurations and colors of feelings as if these feelings contained, on the one hand, references to our pre-birth life and, on the other hand, something like the seed of a plant that will become the plant of the next year. Don't this man know, people will say, the wonderful laws of heredity that have been brought to light by natural science? Does he not know everything that those know who first created the science of hereditary characteristics, who first brought together everything that has led to the knowledge of hereditary characteristics?

If, on the one hand, the fact pointed out by natural science is entirely correct, then our forces are nevertheless involved in the origin of heredity, through which we prepare ourselves over centuries and which we pass down, so that from our ancestors and parents those constellations emerge which ultimately lead to the material result with which we then surround ourselves as we descend from the spiritual world into the physical. Anyone who really considers the wonderful results of recent research into heredity will find that what spiritual science discovers in a completely different way, I would say in the opposite way, starting from the soul, is completely confirmed by natural science; while what natural science itself says is not confirmed by natural science at all. I can only hint at this.

And when we then enter that realm which we call the will, it is very different from what human beings have in their ordinary consciousness. What does man himself know about what goes on within him when the thought, “I want something,” takes the form of a movement of the hand? The actual process of willing lies dormant in man. With regard to feelings and emotions, one could at least say that man dreams within man. That is why the question of freedom is so difficult, because the will is dormant in relation to ordinary consciousness. One can only gain knowledge of what goes on in the will by reaching, in contemplative consciousness, the level of true intuitive consciousness, not the vague everyday consciousness called intuitive, which I have called in my writings the three stages of imaginative, inspired, and intuitive knowledge. There we enter the realm of the will, that which is supposed to work and live within us. This must first be brought up from the depths of the lower soul. But then we find that this element of the will is also permeated by thoughts, by the spiritual, alongside the ordinary thought, which stands on its own. But just as we carry the will within us, it is not only what we have experienced in the spiritual world, what has worked into our feelings and emotions between death and a new birth, that now works into this will, but also what we have experienced in previous earthly lives. The impulses of earlier earthly lives work into the will nature of the human being. And in what we develop and cultivate in our present will, I would say that the impulses for subsequent earthly lives live. Thus, for true spiritual research, the entire human life is divided into those lives that lie between birth and death and those that — because the entire physical existence must be built up from the world — are experienced in the spiritual world over much longer periods of time. The entire human life is composed of such lives, repeated earthly lives, repeated spiritual lives. This is not a fantasy, not a whim, but something that one finds when one truly learns to turn the spiritual eye toward the eternal, the imperishable in the human soul.

These things do not exclude human freedom. Just as it does not exclude my freedom if I build a house this year in which I will live in two years' time—I will be a free person in it, even though I built the house for myself—so one earthly life determines the next. But only a misunderstanding could present this as an impairment of the idea of human freedom.

Thus, in spiritual research, one gradually approaches spiritual facts by starting from death. This observation also yields the most diverse results in individual cases when one takes death as the basis for spiritual research, just as one takes birth and germ life as the basis for physical research. I will mention only a few examples, because I do not want to talk in vague terms, but rather cite concrete results of anthroposophical spiritual research. In ordinary spiritual life, we can distinguish between death that occurs violently through external causes and death that occurs from within, whether through internal illness or through aging. We can therefore distinguish between different types of death. Spiritual research that deals specifically with the nature of death finds the following:

Let us take, for example, violent death that enters into a life, whether through an accident or in some other way, in short, violently. This is the entry of an event that dissolves life in this earthly existence. The development of spiritual consciousness for the spiritual world after death depends just as much on this one-time occurrence of death as the foundation depends on the forces given to us at birth—in the way I have described—for our ability to develop consciousness in life. The consciousness we develop after death is different: The consciousness we develop here on earth is based on the nervous system, just as I stand on the ground when I walk on the ground; in the spiritual world, consciousness after death is of a different kind, but it is definitely consciousness. When a person dies a violent death, this is not just something that interferes with their ideas. Ordinary consciousness ends with death, and another consciousness begins, but it interferes with the will, which we have seen passes over into the next earthly life. Spiritual researchers have the means to investigate in an earthly life what can happen when a violent death has occurred in a previous earthly life.

When one speaks of such things today, one knows, of course, that all sorts of people will say: That is foolish, childish, fantastic. — But the results are just as certain scientifically — and I present only such results — as those of natural science. When a violent death intervenes in a life, this manifests itself in the next earthly life in such a way that this death continues to have an effect by bringing about a change of direction in life at very specific ages of the next life. Research is already being conducted into the life of the soul, but it is usually conducted in such a way that only the most superficial aspects are taken into account. In some human lives, something happens at a certain moment that changes the entire destiny of the person, leading them onto other paths in life, as if challenged from within. In America, such things are called “conversions” because people want to have names for them; but we do not always have to think of religion; human beings can be forced onto other paths in life, into a lasting change in the direction of their will. Such a radical change in the direction of the will has its origin in a violent death in the previous life. For concrete research shows how often what happens at death is important for the middle of the next life. If death occurs spontaneously from within through illness or aging, it has much more significance for the life between death and a new birth than for the next earthly life.

I wanted to give these examples so that you can see that we are not talking in vague terms, but that it is indeed possible to gain very definite insights into details that arise in the context of life. And so it is that spiritual research, even for those who are convinced of the immortality of the human soul, brings into consciousness that one must not only speak of immortality in general, but that through the understanding of the eternal in the human soul, human life as such becomes comprehensible. All the strange processes that one observes when one has a sense of the course of soul life, of the course of soul life in human beings, all the wonderful events, they come into place when one knows that one is dealing with repeated earthly lives and repeated spiritual lives. In the spiritual world — I say this only as an aside — human beings stand in relationship with spiritual beings, not only with their fellow human beings who have come close to them through fate and who have also passed through the gate of death, but also with other spiritual beings, just as they stand in relationship here with the three kingdoms, the plant kingdom, the mineral kingdom, and the animal kingdom. The spiritual researcher speaks of individual, specific spirits, individual, specific spiritual beings, of a concrete, individualized spiritual world, just as we speak here of individualized plant beings, animal beings, and human beings insofar as they are physical beings between birth and death. What can shake people most of all—and it is difficult to speak about these things in such a way that they emerge in a new way, as if from a gray spiritual depth—is what happens when knowledge itself approaches the human soul in a very specific way. From what I have said, you have seen that it is possible to gain knowledge about the spiritual world. This knowledge has a profound meaning for the human soul; it transforms the human soul into something else, so to speak. It intervenes in the life of the soul, regardless of whether one is a spiritual researcher or has only heard, understood, and absorbed what spiritual researchers have investigated; it does not matter whether one has investigated it oneself: one can also find it comprehensible. Everything can be found comprehensible if one only penetrates it sufficiently. One only needs to have taken it in. But then, when one grasps it in its full essence, it enters into this human soul life in such a way that one day one says to oneself that it is more meaningful than all other events in life.

One may have experienced difficult, sad things that have shaken one, joyful things that have uplifted one, sublime things — one need not be insensitive to these things if one is a spiritual researcher or spiritual knower; one can experience everything as fully as other people who are not yet spiritual researchers — but when one penetrates to the full essence of what spiritual knowledge gives the soul and is able to answer the question: What does the soul gain from these spiritual results? — when you tell yourself fully what the soul has become through spiritual knowledge, then this event becomes more important than all other destinies, than all other experiences of fate that come upon human beings. Not that the others become smaller, but this becomes greater than the others. Knowledge itself then enters fate through the human soul life. When knowledge enters through the human soul life in this way, one begins to understand human fate as such: from there shines the light that illuminates human fate. From this moment on, one says to oneself: if one has this experience of destiny so purely in the spiritual realm, then it becomes clear how one is placed in life by destiny, how our destiny hangs on threads that spin out of previous lives, previous earthly lives and lives between death and new birth, which spin back into this life and into a subsequent life. And one says to oneself: Ordinary consciousness merely dreams through its destiny; ordinary consciousness accepts its destiny without understanding it, just as one accepts a dream. The seeing consciousness to which one awakens, as one awakens from the dream to ordinary consciousness, also gains a new relationship to destiny. Destiny is recognized as that which cooperates in our comprehensive life, in the life that passes through births and deaths.

This should not be understood in a trivial way, as if the spiritual researcher were now saying: You are to blame for your own misfortune—no, that would not only be a misunderstanding, it would even be a slander of spiritual research. Misfortune does not even have to be caused in any way by a previous life. It can occur spontaneously; it will only have consequences for the following life and also for all lives between earthly lives, because we very often see that out of misfortune, suffering, and pain grows that which is differently formed consciousness in the spiritual world. But meaning enters into our whole life, as does understanding of our destiny, which we otherwise only dream through, but which we now learn to understand.

One thing stands out above all when this spiritual insight is grasped. One cannot then say: Well, after death the soul may enter into another life, but we can wait and see. Take life as it presents itself in the physical body; what happens after death, we can wait and see. — The matter is a question of consciousness. However, what happens after death is connected with the life we live in the body. Just as we have consciousness here through our body in a certain sense, which we have in the ordinary waking state, so after death we have a consciousness that is not now built up spatially from the nervous system, but is built up temporally, looking back. Just as our nervous system is, in a sense, the counterbalance and counterforce for our ordinary consciousness between birth and death, so what already exists in our consciousness here forms the basis for our consciousness in the spiritual world between death and new birth. And just as we have the world around us here, when we die we have our life itself as an important organ before us. Therefore, much depends on the consciousness in the physical body, which can extend into the consciousness that approaches us after death. For example, those who, as is often the case with present-day thinking habits, concern themselves only with physical ideas that are perceived through the senses, will receive into their consciousness, into their memory, into everything that goes on in their soul, only ideas from ordinary life: they too build up a world for themselves after death. One constructs one's surroundings through what one is inwardly. Just as someone who is physically born in Europe cannot see America around them, just as one's physical surroundings are determined by what one is born into, so one determines, in a sense, one's surroundings, the place of one's existence, through what one has formed within oneself.

Let us take the extreme case, which is not likely to occur in a human being, that someone has resisted all supernatural ideas, has become an atheist, and has not even felt the slightest inclination to engage with religion – I know that I am saying something very paradoxical, but it is well supported by spiritual science: he condemns himself to remain in the earthly sphere, to remain there with his consciousness, while the other, who has accepted spiritual ideas, is transferred to a spiritual environment. But the one who has only accepted sensory ideas condemns himself to remain in the sensory environment.

Just as one can work fruitfully in the physical body because one has, so to speak, a protective shell against the environment in the physical body, just as one can work fruitfully when one is present in the physical body in the physical world, so one works unfruitfully when one remains present in the physical world after death. With physical ideas in one's consciousness after death, one becomes a destroyer. — I have already indicated in connection with the problem of heredity how the forces of the human being, when he is in the spiritual world, intervene in the physical world. Those who condemn themselves through their mere physical consciousness to remain in the physical world become the center of destructive forces that intervene in what happens in human life and in the rest of the world. As long as we are in the body, we may have merely sensual thoughts, materialistic thoughts: the body is a protection. Oh, it is a protection to a much greater extent than we think! It is very strange, but to those who look into the whole context of the spiritual world, one thing is clear: if human beings were not cut off from their environment by their senses, if the senses did not hold them back, since in ordinary consciousness they are not capable of taking in living concepts, but only dead ones, which are meant to prevent them from penetrating into the spiritual environment, if human beings could immediately put their ideas into effect, if they did not merely have them as inner thoughts after things had already passed through the senses, then human beings would also have a destructive, paralyzing effect here in the physical world when they developed their imaginative life. For these ideas are in a certain sense destructive, destructive of everything they grasp. It is only because these ideas are held back within us that they are not destructive; they only destroy when they are expressed in machines, in tools, which must also be dead things taken out of living nature. This is only a picture, but it corresponds to reality. But when human beings enter the spiritual world with merely physical ideas, they become a center of destruction.

So I have cited this one idea as just one example of many to show that we must not say, “We can wait,” but that it lies in the nature of human beings whether they develop sensual or supersensible ideas, preparing themselves in one way or another for the life that follows. This is, of course, a completely different life, but it is developed out of life here; that is the essential thing to understand. Many things in spiritual science appear differently than one might expect. Therefore, I must make a few concluding remarks.

It could very easily arise that one believes that those who enter the spiritual world must necessarily become spiritual researchers themselves. This is not necessary, although I have described in my book “How to Know Higher Worlds” so much of what the soul must do for itself in order to truly enter. And today, everyone can do this to a certain extent, but not everyone needs to. What one has developed as soul life is a purely inner matter; but what arises from this is that the truths that have been researched are formed into concepts, that one clothes in such ideas as I have developed today what the spiritual researcher can give. Then it can be communicated. For what human beings need, it is completely irrelevant — and I am expressing a law of spiritual research here — whether one has researched things oneself or received them from another credible source. It is not important to research things oneself, but rather to have them within oneself, to have developed them within oneself. It is therefore a mistaken idea to believe that everyone must become a spiritual researcher. Spiritual researchers today will only feel the need, as I myself have felt, to give an account of their path of research, so to speak. And not only because today, to a certain extent, everyone can follow the path I have described without any harm, but also because everyone is entitled to ask: How did you manage to achieve such results? — that is why I have described these things. And I believe that even those who do not wish to become spiritual researchers will at least want to convince themselves how spiritual researchers arrive at the results that are needed today by everyone who wants to lay the foundations for the life that must develop in human souls in accordance with the present stage of human evolution.

The time has passed when, in ancient times, spiritual research was so secretive that what had brought about soul development was kept hidden. In ancient times, it was strictly forbidden to reveal what was hidden. Even today, those who know these secrets of life — and there are quite a few of them — are still reluctant to share them. Anyone who has merely received this knowledge from another teacher as a student would be wrong to pass it on under any circumstances! Today, it is only advisable to pass on what one has discovered for oneself, what one has researched oneself. This, however, can and must serve the rest of humanity. |

Even from the few brief hints I have been able to give today, it is clear what spiritual research can mean for the individual; but it is not only of significance for the individual. And in order to at least hint at this other aspect in a few words, I would like to point out something that is given very little consideration today.

It is a peculiar phenomenon that I would like to draw attention to in the following way: In the second half of the 19th century, we saw the emergence of a certain scientific trend, namely the explanation of living beings associated with the name Darwin. Enthusiastic, learned researchers and enthusiastic students carried these ideas through the decades of the second half of the 19th century. I may have already pointed out what a peculiar fact occurred there. In the 1860s, under the leadership of FZaeckel, a powerful worldview movement arose that wanted to throw everything old overboard and reshape the entire worldview according to Darwinist concepts. Today, there are still numerous people who emphasize how great and significant it would have been if we no longer had a wise world order, but instead could explain everything in terms of Darwinism, based on mechanistic forces.

In 1869, Eduard von Hartmann appeared with his “Philosophy of the Unconscious” and turned against Darwinism, which viewed the world purely from the outside, by pointing out the necessity of inner forces, albeit in an inadequate way — he had no knowledge of spiritual research — in a purely philosophical manner. Of course, those who were enthusiastic about the advent of Darwinism were ready to say: Well, the philosopher is a dilettante, there is no need to listen to him. Counter-writings appeared in which the dilettante Eduard von Hartmann was mocked: the true, learned natural scientist has no need to pay any attention to such things.

Then a work by an anonymous author appeared that brilliantly refuted Eduard von Hartmann's work. Natural scientists and those who thought along the same lines were in complete agreement with this work, because it completely refuted Eduard von Hartmann. Everything that could be brought up, quite learnedly from the field of natural science, was brought up in this writing by an anonymous author against Eduard von Hartmann, just as much is brought up today against spiritual research. And lo and behold, the writing was very well received. Haeckel said: “This was written by a real natural scientist against this dilettante Eduard von Hartmann; here you can see what a natural scientist can do; I myself could not write anything better. Let him call himself one of us, and we will consider him one of our own.” In short, the natural scientists made good propaganda for this writing, which was very beneficial to them, so that it was soon out of print. A second edition was necessary. The author called himself Eduard von Hartmann!

Someone once taught the world an important lesson. Anyone who today, as a spiritual researcher, has to experience what has been written against spiritual research could easily come up with everything that has been said against spiritual science. Eduard von Hartmann could also tell himself everything that natural scientists brought against him — and he did so.

But this is only an introduction. What matters to me is this: Oscar Hertwig is one of Haeckel's most important students, who followed the diligent, honest, and great path of scientific research. Last year, Hertwig wrote a very fine book. The book is called “The Development of Organisms: A Refutation of Darwin's Theory of Chance,” and in it he points to things that Eduard von Hartmann had already brought up. Such a thing is actually quite unprecedented: that the very next generation, the one that grew up under the master, must depart from something that was believed to form an entire worldview, that could also provide insight into the spiritual world. A good Darwinist refutes Darwinism! But he does even more, and that is what matters to me in the end.

At the end of his excellent, beautiful book “Das Werden der Organismen. Eine Widerlegung von Darwin's Zufallstheorie” (The Origin of Organisms: A Refutation of Darwin's Theory of Chance), Oscar Hertwig writes that something like a worldview, as Darwinism was, does not exist merely as a theoretical construct, but intervenes in the whole of human life, encompassing, as it were, what people do, want, feel, and think. He says: “The interpretation of Darwin's teachings, which are so ambiguous due to their vagueness, also allowed for a very versatile application in other areas of economic, social, and political life. From it, everyone could, as from a Delphic oracle, draw whatever applications they desired for social, political, hygienic, medical, and other questions and, to confirm their assertions, refer to the science of Darwinian biology with its immutable laws of nature. But if these supposed laws are not such, should there not also be social dangers in their versatile application to other areas? One should not believe that human society can use phrases such as relentless struggle for existence, selection of the fittest, the useful, the expedient, perfection through selective breeding, etc., in their application to the most diverse areas, such as daily bread, for half a century without being deeply and lastingly influenced in the whole direction of its thinking! Proof of this assertion would not be difficult to find in many phenomena of modern times. That is precisely why the decision on the truth or error of Darwinism extends far beyond the scope of the biological sciences.

What emerges in such a theory is evident everywhere in life. This raises a question that also has implications for life, from the perspective of spiritual science. We are living in a sad and tragic time for humanity. It is a time that has developed out of human conceptions and ideas. Those who study the connections from a spiritual scientific perspective know this; they know the connection between what we now encounter externally and what humanity is now experiencing in terms of tragedy. We experience many things; people believe they know, they believe that their concepts encompass reality—but they do not. And because they do not encompass it, because reality can never be encompassed with scientific concepts, reality grows over their heads and shows them, as events grow over their heads, that people can indeed enter into such events, but then the chaos arises that surrounds us in the present. Spiritual science does not arise solely — as is indeed true — out of an inner necessity; it would have arisen out of this very inner necessity even if external events did not now stand before us as a magnificent, powerful sign. The fact that the old worldviews are great in the field of natural science, but that they can never intervene in the world in a formative way in the social, legal, or political spheres, that reality overwhelms people when they want it to, is what points from the other side in powerful signs to spiritual science, which seeks concepts that correspond to reality, concepts that are borrowed from reality and will therefore also be capable of sustaining the world in the social and political spheres. No matter how much one believes that one can escape from chaos with the concepts that are common today outside of spiritual science, one will not succeed; for in reality, the spirit reigns supreme. And because human beings themselves intervene in this reality through their actions in social and political life, they need, in order to arrive at fruitful concepts in this field, such ideas, such feelings, such impulses of the will that are drawn from the spirit. Politics and social science will in the future need what only spiritual science can provide as a foundation. This is what is of particular importance for contemporary history.

In this lecture, which has already become long enough, I can only offer a few suggestions. I would just like to point out that what appears today as spiritual science in a systematic order is desired by the best minds. If it were up to me alone, I would give these humanities a special name. For more than thirty years, I have been working on the ever-increasing elaboration of the ideas that Goethe gained from reality in his magnificent theory of metamorphosis, where he attempted to bring the concept to life in contrast to dead concepts. At that time, this was only possible in an elementary way. But if one does not take Goethe merely historically, if one regards him as still present, then Goethe's theory of metamorphosis is today transforming itself into what I call living concepts, which then find their way into spiritual science. I would like to call Goetheanism what I mean by spiritual research, because it is based on the healthy foundations of a view of reality as Goethe intended it. And the building in Dornach, which is to be dedicated to this spiritual research and through which this spiritual research has become better known than it might have been without it, I would like to call the Goetheanum, so that people would see that what appears today as spiritual research is part of the full, healthy development process of humanity. Of course, many who profess to believe in Goethe's worldview still say today that Goethe was the one who recognized nature above all else as the highest and also allowed the spirit to emerge from nature. Well, Goethe said as a very young man: “She has thought and is constantly thinking”; constantly thinking, if not as a human being, then as nature. With the kind of naturalism that thinks nature through spirit, as Goethe did — one can agree with him, even if one is a researcher of the spirit. And to those who always believe that one must remain at the limits of knowledge, that one cannot go further, one can well reply with Goethe's words — and let me therefore add these words at the end, which Goethe used in response to another distinguished researcher who represented the later Kantian view:

No creative spirit penetrates
into the inner nature of nature.
Blessed are those to whom it shows
only its outer shell!

Goethe responded to this with words that meant that he knew that when humans awaken the spirit within themselves, they also find the spirit in the world and themselves as spirit:

Inside nature
No creative spirit penetrates.
Blessed are those to whom it shows only
its outer shell!
For sixty years I have heard this repeated,
and cursed it—but secretly—
Nature has neither core nor shell,
It is all one and the same.
Examine yourself most of all,
Whether you yourself are core or shell!

Spiritual science aims to enable human beings to examine themselves seriously to see whether they are core or shell. And they are core when they grasp themselves in their full reality. If they grasp themselves as core, then they also penetrate to the spirit of nature; then, in the development of humanity with regard to spiritual research, something similar will occur as had to occur when Copernicus pointed from the visible to the invisible, even for the visible itself.

But for the supersensible, humanity will have to make itself comfortable with grasping this supersensible within itself. One does not need to become a spiritual researcher to do this; but one must clear away all prejudices that lie before the soul if one is to understand what spiritual research means precisely from such a Goethean attitude.

I just wanted to offer a few suggestions today. From this point of view, one can only ever offer suggestions; for if one wanted to explain everything in detail, one would have to give many lectures. But I believe that these few remarks will suffice to show that something must be brought out of the process of human development that awakens the human soul to full life. No one needs to believe that they are stunting their soul, that they are allowing something within themselves to die, not even their religious life. For, as Goethe said:

Those who possess science and art
Also possess religion,
Those who possess neither of these two,
Let them have religion!

One may say, in accordance with the way of thinking of modern times: Those who find spiritual scientific paths will also find the path to true religious life; but those who do not find the spiritual scientific path may be feared to lose, in the future, the religious path that is so necessary for humanity!