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Ancient Myths, Their Meaning and Connection with Evolution
GA 180

4 January 1918, Dornach

Lecture I

In the course of the public lectures lately given in Switzerland I have frequently remarked that knowledge, that way of thinking which prevails among the men of our time and has taken root in human souls, is not adapted to grasp the social-moral life. Present conditions can only be brought to a healthy state if men are able to come again to such a thinking, such a grasp of the universe, as will give what lives in the soul a direct link with reality.

I said that what prevails in the historical, the social, the ethical life is more or less dreamt, slept through by mankind, that in any case abstract ideas are not fitted to take hold of the impulses which must be active in the social life. I stated that in earlier times men were aided through older, what we call atavistic, knowledge, through myths. They brought to expression in the form of a myth what they thought concerning the world, what entered their vision of the world secrets. Myths—the contents of mythology—can be viewed in the most manifold ways, and in fact I pointed in these observations to a positively magnificent materialistic explanation of the myth by Dupuis. In other places we have repeatedly for years examined this or the other myth. However, the myth permits of many points of view and when something has been said about it, its content is far from being exhausted. Again and again from different standpoints different things may be asserted in regard to a myth. It would be very useful for the man of today if he made himself acquainted with the nature of that thinking which underlies the mode of thought found in the concepts of mythology. For the ideas which are formed about the origin of myths, the creation of mythology, belong indeed to the realm of the modern superficial judgment which is so widespread.

Deep truths are embedded in the myths, truths more concerned with reality than those which are expressed through modern natural science about this thing or the other. Physiological, biological truths about man are to be found in the myths, and the origin of what they express rests upon the consciousness of the connection of man as microcosm with the macrocosm. Especially can one realize—and this I shall deal with today and tomorrow—when one has in mind the nature of the thinking employed in the myths, how deeply, or actually how little deeply, one is concerned with reality in ordinary modern concepts. It is therefore useful to recollect sometimes how myths have been formed among neighbouring peoples of the pre-Christian ages. Neighbours to one another and much interconnected in their culture are the ancient Egyptians, the Greeks and the Israelites. Moreover, one can say that a great part of the thinking that still rules in the soul today is connected with the knowledge of the Egyptians, Greeks and Israelites as expressed by them in the form of myth.

The myth which I should first like to discuss—but as already said, from a certain standpoint—is the Osiris-Isis-Myth belonging to the Egyptian culture. I have already called your attention to the fact that the Osiris-Isis-Myth is also conceived by Dupuis as a mere priest lie, that the priests as far as they themselves were concerned, had meant nothing but astronomical, astronomical-astrological events, and had fabricated such a myth for the common people.

One can observe in an interesting way how the Greeks not only have a number of Gods connected with their own life, but how they have whole generations of Gods. The oldest God-generation was linked with Gaia and Uranus, the next generation with Chronos and Rhea, the Titans, and all that is related to them, and the third generation of Gods, the successors of the Titans—Zeus and the whole Zeus circle. We shall see how the construction of such God-myths springs from a special type of soul.

The Greeks, Israelites and Egyptians had different conceptions of their connection with the universe. Nevertheless there prevailed in all, as we shall shortly see, a deep relationship as regards other standpoints, as well as in reference to the one I shall take as a basis today. Of the Egyptians one must say that in the age when the Osiris-Isis-Myth arose as the representative for profounder truths, they developed a knowledge which had a longing to know the deeper foundations of the human soul. The Egyptians desired in this way to turn their gaze to that element in the human soul which lives not only between birth and death, but which passes through birth and death and also leads a life between death and a new birth. Even from external perception one can see how the Egyptians—in their preservation of mummies, in their peculiar death-ceremonies—turned the eye of the soul to that element in the soul which passes through the Gate of Death and in new form experiences new destinies when man treads ways that lie on the other side.

What is it in man that passes through the gate of death and that enters through birth into earthly existence? This question, more or less unconscious and unexpressed, underlay the thought and aspirations of the Egyptians. For it is this eternal-imperishable element—I have often already expressed it in another form—that is united in the Egyptian consciousness with the name of Osiris. Now, in order to have a foundation, let us consider the Osiris-Myth in its most important aspects, let us just consider it, as it has been preserved.

It is related of Osiris that at one time he ruled in Egypt. It is related that above all the Egyptians owed to him the suppression of cannibalism, that they owed to him the plough, agriculture, the preparation of food from the plant kingdom, the building of cities, certain legal ideas, astronomy, rhetoric, even a script and so on. It is then related that Osiris inaugurated not only among the Egyptians such beneficent arts and institutions but that he undertook journeys into other lands and there too spread similar useful arts. And in fact it was expressly stated that Osiris did not spread them by the sword but by persuasion.

Then it is further related that Typhon, the brother of Osiris, wanted to institute new things in opposition to what had proved beneficial for the Egyptians throughout centuries through the influence of Osiris. Typhon wanted to inaugurate all sorts of novelties. We should say today: after the institution of Osiris had existed for hundreds of years, Typhon made a revolution while Osiris was absent extending his institutions among other peoples. This differs a little from the latest example of revolution ... there something happened which newcomers brought about, not while the other was extending beneficent institutions among other nations ... But between Osiris and Typhon there took place what has been stated. Then, however, the myth proceeds:

Isis waited at home in Egypt. Isis, the consort of Osiris, did not permit the innovations to be really sweeping. That, however, had the effect of enraging Typhon, and as Osiris came back from his wanderings Typhon slew him and made away with the dead body. Isis had to search a long time for the corpse. She found the body at last in Phoenicia, and brought it back home to Egypt. Typhon now became angrier and tore the corpse in pieces. Isis collected the pieces and out of each piece, by means of spices and all sorts of other arts she made a being again which had the complete form of Osiris. She then gave to the priests of the land a third of the whole territory of Egypt, so that the tomb of Osiris should be kept a secret, but his service and worship all the more fostered.[See Egyptian Myths and Mysteries.]

The remarkable statement was then added to this myth, that Osiris now came up out of the underworld—when his worship had already been inaugurated in Egypt—and that he then occupied himself with the instruction of Horus, the son whom Isis had borne after the death of Osiris. Then it is related that Isis had the imprudence to release Typhon whom she had succeeded in imprisoning. Thereupon Horus, her son, became angry, tore the crown from her head and set cow-horns there instead and Typhon was defeated in two battles with the assistance of Hermes—that is the Roman Mercury, the Greek Hermes. A kind of Horus-cult, the cult of the son of Osiris and Isis was instituted.

The Greeks in some way or other heard of these Egyptian stories of world-mysteries. It is remarkable how in Greece they often spoke of the same being as was spoken of over in Egypt, or over in Phoenicia or Lydia, etc. These God-conceptions flowed into one another, as it were, and this is very characteristic and significant. When a Greek heard the name Osiris, he could picture something from it, he identified what the Egyptian understood under the name Osiris, with something of which he too had certain concepts. Although the name was different, what the Egyptian conceived of as Osiris was no stranger to the Greek. I ask you to take note of this. It is very significant.

We have the whole thing once more. Read the ‘Germania’ of Tacitus; there Tacitus also describes the Gods that he finds in the North a hundred years after the founding of Christianity, and he describes them with Roman names. He thus gives Roman names to the Gods whom he finds there. In spite of the fact that the Gods whom he found there had of course other names yet he recognized their being and could give them the Roman names. We find in the ‘Germania’ that he knew that in the North men had a God, that was the same God as Hercules and so on. That is very significant and it points to something very deep and of great meaning. It shows that in those ancient times there was a certain common consciousness concerning spiritual things. The Greek knew how to picture something of Osiris, independent of the Osiris-name, because he had something similar. What was concealed behind the name Osiris was not unfamiliar to him.

That is something that one must keep well in mind in order to recognize that in spite of the difference of the separate myths, there existed a certain community of soul! One could sometimes wish that there might be as much common understanding among modern men as, let us say, between the Greeks and the Egyptians, so that the Greeks understood what the Egyptians expressed! A Greek would never have uttered so much nonsense about Egyptian conceptions as Woodrow Wilson is able to think in one week about European conceptions—if one can call it thinking! The Greeks related that Chronos had begotten a son by Rhea in an irregular way. Thus the Greeks speak of Chronos and Rhea—we shall see immediately how they fit into the Greek myth—and this irregular son, who was so begotten, was Osiris. So just think: the Greeks hear that the Egyptians have an Osiris, and the Greeks on their part relate of Osiris that he is the son of Chronos and Rhea, but not begotten in the right way, so incorrectly begotten that Helios, the Sun-God became so angry about the matter that he made Rhea barren.

Thus the Greeks find a certain relationship between their own conception of the Gods and the Egyptian conceptions. But again on the other hand, what the Egyptians in a certain sense formed as their highest concept of a God—the Osiris-concept—is connected among the Greeks with an irregular origin—from the Titan race—from Chronos and Rhea.

One grasps this externally in the first place—we shall have to grasp it much more deeply presently—if we are clear that the Egyptians sought to learn of the eternal part of the human soul. They sought to know about that which goes through births and deaths—but in order to know of this eternal part in life the Egyptians expressly turned the soul's gaze beyond death. To the people of Egypt through whom the Greeks learnt of Osiris, he is no longer the God of the living, but the God of the dead, the God who sits on the Throne of the World and passes judgment when man has gone through the gate of death, that is, the God whom man has to meet after death. At the same time, however, the Egyptian knew: the same God who judges men after death, has at one time ruled over the living.

As soon as one takes these ideas together, one is no longer inclined to agree with the Dupuis verdict that it was only a matter of star-events. These Dupuis judgments have much that is captivating, but on closer inspection they reveal themselves as very superficial. I have said that the Egyptians—in the age when the Greeks received from them the Osiris-concept—directed their mind above all to the human soul after death. This lay far from the Greek mind. To be sure, the Greeks spoke too of the human soul after death, but inasmuch as they spoke of their Gods, they did not really speak of the Osiris-nature of such Gods as primarily give judgment after death. The race to which Zeus belongs is a race of Gods for the living. Man preferably looked up to this world when he turned his mind's eye to the world to which man belongs between birth and death—a race of Gods for the living: Zeus, Hera, Pallas-Athene, Mars, Apollo, etc. But these Gods were, so to say, the last God-race for the Greeks. For the Greeks turned their gaze to three successive generations of Gods.

As you know, the oldest generation of Gods was around Uranus and Gaea or better said: Gaea and Uranus. They were the earliest divine pair with all the brothers and sisters and so on who belonged to them. From this divine pair were descended the Titans, to whom also Chronos and Rhea belonged, but above all Oceanus. As you know, through certain cruel regulations—so says the myth—Uranus had evoked the wrath of his spouse Gaea, so that she prevailed upon Chronos their son, to make his father on the world-throne, impotent, and we then have this rulership of the older Gods succeeded by that of the younger, Chronos and Rhea with all that belongs to it. You know too that in the Greek myth, Chronos had the somewhat unsympathetic, in many respects, characteristic of swallowing all his children as soon as they were born, which was not pleasant for the mother, Rhea. (I am calling attention to various features which we shall particularly need.) And you know too that she saved Zeus and brought him up to overthrow Chronos, just as Chronos overthrew Uranus, only in another way, so that then the new race of Gods arrives. And then we have Hera and Zeus with all that belongs to them with all the brothers and sisters, children and so on.

An important feature in the myth, which I must relate since we shall need it if we wish to regard the myth as foundation for all sorts of world-conceptions, is the following. Zeus, before he overcame the Titans and cast them into Tartarus, had prevailed on the Goddess Metis, the Goddess of cunning, to provide him with an emetic, so that all the children swallowed by Chronos could be brought again to the light of day, and be once more in existence. Thus Zeus could have his brothers and sisters again ... for they had been in the body of Chronos. Zeus himself alone had been rescued by his mother Rhea.

And so we have three successive generations of Gods: Gaea-Uranus; Uranus overthrown through Gaea, because he was cruel, supplanted by the children, Chronos and Rhea; then Chronos overthrown again through Zeus, likewise at the instigation of Rhea. In the Zeus-circle we have the Gods who meet us where actual Greek history makes its appearance.

Now I should like to call special attention to a very significant feature of this. Greek mythology. It is not clearly enough stressed, in spite of being one of the most important features. Three successive races of Gods: these are thus the rulers of the macrocosm. But while Gaea and Uranus, Rhea and Chronos, Hera and Zeus are ruling, the human being, according to the Greek conception is already everywhere in existence. Man is already there without question. When therefore Chronos with Rhea had not yet reigned, when the rulers were still Gaea and Uranus, particularly, however, when Chronos reigned with Rhea and Zeus was not yet in possession of his emetic and so on, there were already men upon the earth, according to the view of the Greeks. And, what is more, as the Greeks related, they lived a happier life than in later times. The later human beings are the descendants of these earlier men. We must say then that the Greeks had this consciousness: up above rules Zeus, but we human beings descend from other forefathers who were not yet ruled over by Zeus. That is an important feature of the Grecian teaching of the Gods: that the Greek venerated his Zeus, his Hera, his Pallas-Athene, but was quite clear that they had not created him, what in general one calls ‘created’, but that men were there much earlier than the reign of these Gods. This is important concerning the Greek Gods.

That this is especially important for the Greek Gods can strike you when you compare the question with the Jewish teaching of the Gods. It is, of course, quite unthinkable that one would find the same feature in the Jewish teaching. You could not possibly imagine that according to the Old Testament men were pointed to ancestors who had not yet come under the rulership of Jahve and the Elohim. This therefore is something which differs radically in the Grecian teaching of the Gods. The Greek looks up to his Gods and knows: they indeed are ruling now, but they have nothing to do with what I call ‘creation’ of the human race.

This was absolutely impossible within the Old Testament conception. In the Old Testament those whom men looked upon as Gods were in the main far more concerned with the creation of man. In observing the course of world events it is very necessary to consider such things. The point is not merely to form concepts, the point is that one is able to form concepts that connect one with reality; the especially characteristic, the especially representative concepts, these are what one must have in mind.

And with this, we have considered an important feature of Greek mythology. Let us just examine it. When the Greek looked up to his Gods, they were not those of whom he had the consciousness: they have created me. For human beings were already there, as we have said, before these Gods had assumed their rulership. What these Gods were able to do was, for the Greeks, quite a respectable amount, but they could not produce for him a human race on a planet. That lay in the Greek consciousness: these Gods could not produce a human race.

Now, what actually were the Gods of the Zeus circle, the Olympian Gods, for the Greek consciousness? To form even an historical concept of what these Gods were—I mean now in the Greek consciousness, we have of course said various things about these Gods, but let us place ourselves into the Greek consciousness—what were they? Well, they were not beings which went about among men under ordinary circumstances. They dwelt in fact on Olympus, they dwelt in the clouds and so on. They paid only at times sympathetic or unsympathetic visits; Zeus in particular, as you know, sometimes paid sympathetic or unsympathetic visits into the human world. They were in a certain respect useful; but they also did things about which the modern man, who is somewhat more narrow-minded than the Greeks, would probably take the law into his own hands and involve such a Zeus in a divorce suit and so on. In any case, these Gods had a half-divine, half-human connection with men, and such beings, so it was thought, are not materialized in the flesh ... When Zeus wanted to conduct his affairs he took on all sorts of forms, did he not—a swan, golden rain, and so on; thus in ordinary life these Gods were not incarnated in the flesh. But on the other hand, if one looks deeper, one finds that the Greeks had the consciousness that these Gods were connected with men who lived in primeval times. Far more than looking up to the connection with the stars, as Dupuis supposed, the Greeks looked up to men of primeval times and brought the concept of the being of Zeus—please note exactly how I form the sentence, for that is the point—into connection with some ancient ruler of a long-past age. Please note that I have not said that the Greeks had the idea that what they meant by Zeus had been an ancient ruler; but I said: that which they pictured as Zeus they brought into connection with an ancient ruler who had once lived in long gone-by ages. For the kind of connection for Zeus and also for the other Gods was a somewhat complicated one.

We will examine the words a little, so that we can form an idea of what really underlies them. Let us suppose that at some time a personality had lived in Thrace, a region in Northern Greece, on whom the Zeus-concept was fastened. Now the Greek, even the quite ordinary Greek was quite clear: I do not, as it were, venerate this ancestor, nor do I venerate the single individuality which has lived in this ancestor, nevertheless I venerate something which had some connection with this ancient forefather, this ancient king in Thrace, or in Epirus. The Greek had in fact this idea: There was once such a king in whose whole being not only his own individuality had lived, but the individuality of a super-sensible being; this had expressed itself, had lived upon the earth, by once descending into a human being. The Zeus-concept was not made earthly in this way, it was brought into connection with an ancient ruler, who at one time had furnished the garment—or let us say—the dwelling place for this Zeus-being. Thus the Greek differentiated essentially that which he conceived of as Zeus from the human individuality which had lived in the body to which the Zeus-concept was referred. But the Zeus-rulership, the rule of Zeus and the Gods, took its starting point, as it were, from the fact that Zeus had descended, had lived in a human being, had found his centre there in order to work in the being of man—but who then went on working no longer as an ordinary man but in fact as an ‘Olympian’. And it was the same in the case of the other Greek Gods.

Why did the Greek form this conception—that there was once a ruler who was possessed, so to say, by Zeus, but that now there is no longer a ruler who can be possessed by Zeus, but that Zeus only rules as a super-sensible being—why did the Greek form this concept? Because the Greek knew that human evolution had progressed, that it had changed. In other words, the Greek knew that there were ancient times when human beings could have Imaginations in a particularly outstanding degree. A certain clairvoyance naturally remained for some few, but the authority of the Imaginations, that disappeared: the beings who can still have real Imaginations, these can only hold sway for the life that man knows between birth and death, in super-sensible worlds.

This is the essence of what the Greeks pictured to themselves concerning their Gods: there were Beings who could imagine. But the time is past when such Beings as can ‘imagine’, can enter into human bodies. For human bodies are no longer adapted to Imaginations. So said the Greeks to themselves: we are governed by a race of Beings who can have Imaginations, while we no longer can have them. The Greek had a quite unsentimental concept of his Gods. It would moreover have been rather difficult to be sentimental over Zeus. Yet the Greek said to himself quietly (I shall again elaborate the matter somewhat, one must add detail when one wants to be quite clear), “We men are going through a definite evolution; we have developed from atavistic clairvoyance in Intuition, Inspiration, Imagination; now we must have ordinary objective thinking. But the Gods have not ventured upon it, they have remained in their imaginative consciousness, otherwise they would have to be men and wander about here in the flesh. It did not suit them (so thought the Greeks in their unsentimental way of regarding the Gods) to pass over to objective thinking, so they have not descended to the earth, but kept to their imaginative consciousness. In this way, however, they rule over us, for they have more power, as it were, since the Imaginative concept, when it is utilized fully, is more powerful than the objective concept.”

From this, however, you see that the Greeks looked back to a time when man's forming of concepts, his observation and perception were different, and that this looking back went hand in hand with the ideas they formed of the Gods. Thus they looked back to Zeus, Hera, and said: These are ruling over us now, at one time we were also as they are, but we have developed further and have become weaker. Therefore they can rule over us, they have remained as it was at that time. A certain Luciferic character, as we should say today, was given to their Gods by the Greeks. And those Beings who had remained at the Imagination stage—this developed in the Greek consciousness—these were themselves successors of these Beings who remained at the Inspiration stage. Hera and Zeus remained behind at Imagination, Rhea and Chronos at Inspiration, Gaea and Uranus at Intuition.

You see, the Greek examined his own soul, and he brought his generations of Gods into connection with the evolution of mankind and the different states of consciousness. This he felt, this he perceived. The eldest Gods, Gaea and Uranus, were Beings whose whole inner relation to the world was ordered by the fact that they had an intuitive consciousness. They wanted to remain at the stage of Intuition; and those at the stage of Inspiration set themselves against them. And again the inspiring Beings wished to remain at Inspiration; and those living in the Imaginative consciousness set themselves against them. The Intuitive were thus overthrown through the Inspiring, the Inspiring through the Imagining. We live as human beings and above us the Imaginings. Now you know that in the Prometheus myth, the Greek already desired to find some kind of instrument against the Imagining.

Gaea-Uranus = Intuition

Rhea-Chronos = Inspiration

Hera-Zeus = Imagination

The Greeks graded their Gods in such a way that in this gradation they showed how they looked back to earlier states of consciousness of that being who has at the same time evolved as humanity. The Greeks showed how they connected this with their retrospect of the Gods. Just think how deeply significant this is for the understanding of the Greek consciousness! Thus the Greek in looking back to his generations of the Gods looked back to the past in the mental life. He connected the ancient Intuitional Beings with Gaea, the Earth, and Uranus, the Heavens, and connected the Inspirational Gods with Rhea and Chronos. They still perceived what Gaea and Uranus were. Rhea and Chronos are described as Titans—What are they actually?

Now for some centuries mankind has lost practically all consciousness of what lies at the foundation of all this.

Let me remind you that you know how a few hundred years ago the human being was brought into connection with three fundamental elements. You can still find this knowledge in Jacob Boehme and Paracelsus, even up to the time of Saint Martin. Jacob Boehme still gives: Sal == Salt; Mercur == Quicksilver; Sulphur == Sulphur. In the Middle Ages one said:

Salt
Mercury
Sulphur.

What was understood was not the same but yet had something to do with what the Greek meant when he spoke of Uranus-Gaea, or Gaea-Uranus; Rhea-Chronos; Hera-Zeus. For you see Chronos drove Uranus from World-rulership, Gaea became—shall we say—as good as widow. For what did she become? She became what is ‘Earth’—not the ordinary earth which we find outside, but the earth that man carries in himself, i.e.—Salt. Could man—this was known to the investigator of nature in the Middle Ages—make use consciously of the salt that existed in him, then he would have Intuition. Thus the process which has sunk down deep into the nature of man was a more living one in the old Gaea-Uranus time.

A younger process which has also entered deep down into human nature is that which can be described as the Rhea-Chronos-process. The Greeks said: the power of Rhea was once widespread, and ‘Chronos’ represented the forces that confronted Rhea. Chronos was overthrown. What has been left? Well, just as from Uranus-Gaea the dead salt has been left, so from Chronos-Rhea, the fluid, Mercury, has been left; the fluid in man that can take a drop formation; that has remained behind. But neither can man make conscious use of this; it has sunk into unconscious depths.

Today, of course, that is long past and in the time of the Greeks it was already gone by, for the Greeks said to themselves: the time of Zeus upon earth was in hoary primeval ages, but at that time man could make use of the Sulphur to be found in him. Were man able to make use consciously of his Salt, he would be able to use Intuition in an atavistic way. If he could consciously make use of his Mercury, his fluid element, he would be able to use Inspiration, and Imagination if he could use his Sulphur—not in that transmitted sense, but in the actual sense as the Alchemists of the Middle Ages still understood it, when they spoke of the ‘philosophical sulphur’. Today there is also a philosophical sulphur1Schwefel (Sulphur) has also a slang meaning of ‘hot air’. Trans. Professors of philosophy manufacture it in vast quantities, but this is not what the Alchemists understood by it. They understood an imaginative consciousness, an atavistic Imagining, which was connected with the use of this active sulphur in man. Human beings, so said the Greeks, and their priests of the Mysteries also said so, for the mysteries of Salt, Mercury and Sulphur are ancient; human beings, through their evolution have overcome atavism, making use of sulphur atavistically. But Zeus and his circle have withdrawn into the super-sensible and avail themselves of the Sulphur processes: hence Zeus can hurl his lightning. If man, like Zeus, could hurl lightning, that is, if he could transform the sulphur through Imagination into reality, if he could inwardly and consciously hurl lightning, then he would use Imagination atavistically. That is what the Greeks wished to say when they said of Zeus that he could hurl lightning.

It was known, even by Saint Martin, that with the Sulphur of the Alchemists something different is meant from the ordinary earthly sulphur, of which one could at most say—excuse the plain speaking—it is the excrement of that which was understood by Saint Martin and those before him as the real sulphur, which they also called the ‘philosophical sulphur’. And Saint Martin still speaks of how thunder and lightning are really connected with the processes of the macrocosmic, or one could say the cosmic sulphur. Today, indeed, many a physical-natural scientific explanation creeps into science, which is also a sulphur,2See former note. Trans. but not exactly a ‘philosophical sulphur’. Yet, remember that the really clever people of today are, of course, far beyond talking of sulphur processes in the cosmos when thunder and lightning arise; for lightning and thunder arise, as you can read in elementary books on physics, through some sort of friction processes in the clouds—don't they? Anything really rational one cannot find in what is said about lightning and thunder; for the wet clouds in their mutual action are supposed to create the electricity which comes about through thunder and lightning! But if an electrical experiment is made in the schoolroom each apparatus is most carefully dried, for the least dampness prevents any electricity from arising. The clouds up there, however, are apparently not wet! The teacher can do nothing with an electric machine which is damp, which indeed is not completely dry, but at the same time he explains that the wet clouds are supposed to be connected with the creation of electricity. Yes, indeed such things get thoroughly mixed up, don't they! I wanted, however, only to say that in Saint Martin there was still a consciousness that this element of which the Greeks dreamt when they spoke of Hera and Zeus, had something to do with lightning and thunder.

You see, even superficial ideas can indicate to us that certain nature processes, the Salt, Mercury, Sulphur-processes, but in their older sense—are connected with what the Greeks possessed in their mythology. Let us hold that fact to begin with. We must have such fundamental concepts in order to pass over in the right way to our own time.

Thus the Greeks looked back to generations of Gods, to conditions that had ceased to exist, but that in earlier ages were also perceptible to man. They connected what lived in their Gods with what we call processes of nature. Mythology was therefore at the same time a sort of natural science. And the more one learns to know mythology, the deeper is the natural science one finds in it, only a different one, which is at the same time a science of the Soul. This is how the Greeks thought, and how the Egyptians too conceived of their Osiris, who once had ruled but who was now in the underworld.

Do you notice how different the things are and yet how they are all to be traced back to a common type? If the Greeks refer to earlier ages when such a being as Zeus, who in their own time could live only supersensibly, could even incorporate in a man, so could the Egyptians also point to an older age when Osiris or Osirises—the number is not the point—ruled, when they had descended into human beings, when they were present. But that time has gone by ... now (in the Egyptian Osiris-culture) one can no longer look to a human being on the physical plane if one wants to find Osiris, one must look to the world which man enters when he goes through the portal of death. Osirises are no more in the world where human beings live, but man meets them after death. Thus the Egyptian too looked back to an ancient time in the sense of the change of human consciousness, when he distinguished between the Osiris who could once wander the Earth, and the Osiris who can now no longer wander the Earth, who only belongs to the Kingdom of death.

If we confine ourselves today to the two mythologies and tomorrow touch briefly upon the Old Testament teachings before we draw any conclusions, we can make the following statement: We observe from the whole way in which Greek and Egyptian stood to their Gods, that at the same time there was expressed in this consciousness a remembrance of the ancient times of atavistic clairvoyance. They have vanished, they are no more there. With the destinies which the human being has gone through together with his Gods—whether with Zeus or Chronos in Greece, or with Osiris in Egypt, man was describing to himself at the same time this knowledge: If I look farther back, I was related as a human being to the macrocosm in a different way from how I am now. This relation has altered.

To look back in this way to earlier ages when the Gods walked among men, had a distinct reality for these ancient peoples, since they knew that the human being stood as microcosm to macrocosm in a different way from in their own time. The old atavistic clairvoyance actually faded away in the fourth post-Atlantean epoch. This was what it was sought to express through the Greek mythology, what it was also sought to express through the Osiris-mythology of the Egyptians.

Achter Vortrag

Die Zeit, die uns zur Verfügung steht, will ich benützen, um noch einiges geltend zu machen, das sich an unsere bisherigen Betrachtungen anschließen, aber sie doch im wesentlichen erweitern wird. Dazu ist notwendig, daß wir heute einleitungsweise einmal einen kleinen Rückblick auf ältere Weltanschauungen machen.

Ich habe dieses Mal im Laufe der öffentlichen Vorträge in der Schweiz öfter gesagt, daß jenes Wissen, jene Art des Denkens, welche gegenwärtig die Menschen beherrscht, die in den menschlichen Seelen Platz gegriffen hat, nicht geeignet ist, einzugreifen in das sozial-sittliche Leben, und daß eine Gesundung von den gegenwärtigen Verhältnissen erst dadurch eintreten kann, daß die Menschen wiederum die Möglichkeit finden, zu einem solchen Denken, zu einem solchen Begreifen der Welt zu kommen, durch welches das, was in der Seele lebt, wiederum eine unmittelbare Verbindung mit der Wirklichkeit hat.

Ich sagte, daß dasjenige, was im geschichtlichen, im sozialen, im ethischen Leben waltet, von den Menschen mehr oder weniger verträumt, verschlafen wird, daß abstrakte Begriffe jedenfalls nicht geeignet sind, die Impulse zu ergreifen, die im sozialen Leben wirksam sein müssen. Ich sagte, in früheren Zeiten haben sich die Menschen aus älteren, wie wir oftmals sagen, aus atavistischen Erkenntnissen heraus durch den Mythus beholfen. Sie haben in mythischer Form zum Ausdruck gebracht dasjenige, was sie von der Welt dachten, was von den Weltengeheimnissen in ihre Anschauung hereinkam. Mythen, den Inhalt der Mythologie, kann man in der mannigfaltigsten Weise betrachten, und ich habe ja auf eine geradezu grandios materialistische Ausdeutung des Mythus durch Dupuis in diesen Betrachtungen hingewiesen.

Wir haben an andern Orten wiederholt seit Jahren diesen oder jenen Mythus betrachtet. Aber gegenüber den Mythen sind viele Gesichtspunkte möglich, und wenn dies oder jenes über einen Mythus gesagt ist, so ist sein Inhalt noch längst nicht erschöpft. Es kann immer wieder und wiederum von verschiedenen andern Gesichtspunkten anderes in bezug auf den Mythus geltend gemacht werden. Es wäre sehr nützlich für die Menschen heute, wenn sie sich die Natur jenes Denkens klarmachen würden, welche der mythischen, der mythologischen Vorstellungsweise zugrunde lag. Denn die Begriffe, die man sich über die Entstehung der Mythen, über die Schöpfungen der Mythologien macht, die gehören ja eben in den Bereich der heute so häufigen oberflächlichen Urteile.

In den Mythen stecken tiefe Wahrheiten, die mit der Wirklichkeit mehr zusammenhängen als diejenigen Wahrheiten, welche durch die moderne Naturwissenschaft über diese oder jene Dinge ausgesprochen werden. Physiologische, biologische Wahrheiten über den Menschen stecken in den Mythen, und sie stecken so in den Mythen, daß beim Entstehen desjenigen, was im Mythus zum Ausdruck kommt, das Bewußtsein von der Zusammengehörigkeit des Menschen als Mikrokosmos mit dem Makrokosmos zugrunde liegt. Insbesondere kann man - und darauf möchte ich heute und morgen hinauskommen -, wenn man die Natur des mythischen Denkens ins Auge faßt, sich eine Vorstellung machen, wie tief oder eigentlich wie wenig tief man mit den gewöhnlichen heutigen Begriffen in der Wirklichkeit drinnensteckt. Da ist es nützlich, einmal sich zu erinnern, wie bei einander benachbarten Völkern der vorchristlichen Zeit Mythen ausgebildet worden sind. Einander benachbart und vielfach in ihrer Kultur voneinander abhängig sind ja die alten Ägypter, die Griechen und wiederum die Israeliten. Außerdem kann man sagen, daß ein großer Teil des Denkens, das heute noch immer in den Seelen waltet, zusammenhängt mit demjenigen, was in mythischer Form und in der Art ihres Wissens die Ägypter, die Griechen, die Israeliten zu ihren Erkenntnissen hatten.

Der Mythus, auf den ich zunächst heute - aber wie gesagt wiederum von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus - mit Bezug auf die Kultur der Ägypter hindeuten möchte, das ist der Osiris-Isismythus. Ich habe ja schon darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß auch der Osiris-Isismythus von Dupuis als eine bloße Priesterlüge aufgefaßt wird, da eigentlich die Priester für sich nichts anderes gemeint hätten als gewisse astronomische, astrologisch-astronomische Vorgänge, und für das Volk einen solchen Mythus gezimmert hätten.

Bei den Griechen kann man ja in interessanter Weise betrachten, wie sie mit ihrem eigenen Leben zusammenhängend nicht nur eine Anzahl von Göttern haben, sondern wie sie ganze Göttergenerationen haben: die älteste Göttergeneration zusammenhängend mit Gäa und Uranos; die nächste Göttergeneration mit Kronos und Rhea, die Titanen, alles was mit ihnen verwandt ist; und die dritte Göttergeneration: die Nachkommen der Titanen, Zeus und der ganze ZeusGötterkreis. Wir werden sehen, wie die Ausbildung solcher Göttermythen besonderer Seelenartung entspringt.

Die griechische, die israelitische, die ägyptische Art, sich zum Weltenall zu verhalten, sind verschieden. Dennoch herrscht in alldem, wie wir gleich sehen werden, eine tiefe Verwandtschaft sowohl in bezug auf andere Gesichtspunkte, als auch in bezug auf den, den ich heute zugrunde legen will. Bei den Ägyptern muß man sagen, daß sie vor allen Dingen in der Zeit, in der die Osiris-Isismythe entstand als Repräsentanz für tiefere Wahrheiten, ein Wissen ausbildeten, das die Sehnsucht hatte, tiefere Grundlagen der menschlichen Seele zu erkennen. Die Ägypter wollten den Blick dabei richten auf dasjenige in der menschlichen Seele, welches nicht nur lebt zwischen Geburt und Tod, sondern welches durch Geburt und Tod durchgeht und auch ein Leben führt zwischen dem Tode und einer neuen Geburt. Schon äußerlich betrachtet kann man an den Ägyptern sehen, wie sie den Seelenblick hinrichten - in der Bewahrung der Mumien, in ihrem eigentümlichen Totendienste — auf dasjenige in der Seele, was durch die Pforte des Todes durchgeht und in einer neuen Gestalt neue Schicksale erlebt, wenn der Mensch Bahnen wandelt, die jenseits des Todes liegen.

Was ist das im Menschen, welches die Pforte des Todes durchschreitet und welches hereinkommt durch die Geburt in das irdische Dasein? Diese Frage lag mehr oder weniger unausgesprochen, unbewußt dem Sinnen und Trachten der Ägypter zugrunde. Denn dieses Ewig-Unvergängliche - ich habe es in anderer Form ja schon öfter ausgesprochen - ist dasjenige, das doch zusammengeknüpft ist im ägyptischen Bewußtsein mit dem Osirisnamen. Nun betrachten wir einmal, damit wir eine Grundlage haben, die Osirismythe mit Bezug auf ihre wichtigsten Gesichtspunkte; betrachten wir sie einmal so, wie sie aufbewahrt ist.

Von Osiris wird erzählt, daß er einstmals in Ägypten geherrscht habe. Es wird erzählt, daß ihm die Ägypter vor allem die Abschaffung der Menschenfresserei verdanken; daß ihm dann die Ägypter verdanken den Pflug, den Ackerbau, die Zubereitung von Speisen aus dem Pflanzenreiche, den Städtebau, gewisse Rechtsbegriffe, Astronomie, Beredsamkeit, sogar die Schrift und dergleichen. Es wird dann erzählt, daß Osiris nicht nur unter den Ägyptern solche wohltätigen Künste und Einrichtungen einführte, sondern daß er auch Reisen unternahm in andere Länder und dort ähnliche wohltätige Künste verbreitete. Und zwar wird ausführlich bemerkt, Osiris verbreite sie nicht durch das Schwert, sondern durch die Überredung.

Dann wird weiter erzählt, daß des Osiris Bruder Typhon gegenüber dem, was sich durch den Einfluß des Osiris durch Jahrhunderte wohltätig für die Ägypter erwiesen habe, Neuerungen einführen wollte. Typhon wollte allerlei Neuerungen einführen. Wir würden heute sagen: Nachdem die Einrichtungen, die von Osiris herrührten, jahrhundertelang bestanden haben, machte Typhon eine Revolution, während Osiris abwesend war, bei andern Völkern seine Einrichtungen verbreitete. — Es unterscheidet sich ja das ein wenig von dem letzten Beispiel der Revolution: da geschah dasjenige, was Neuerer taten, nicht, während der andere wohltätige Einrichtungen bei andern Nationen verbreitete. Aber eben, zwischen Osiris und Typhon spielte sich das Erwähnte ab.

Dann aber erzählt der Mythus weiter: Isis wachte zu Hause in Ägypten. Isis, die Gemahlin des Osiris, ließ nicht zu, daß die Neuerungen nun besonders durchgreifend sein konnten. Das hatte aber zur Folge, daß Typhon wütend wurde, und als Osiris zurückkam von seinen Wanderungen, da tötete ihn Typhon und brachte den Leichnam irgendwie auf die Seite. Isis mußte viel suchen nach dem Leichnam. Sie fand endlich den Leichnam in Phönizien, brachte ihn nach Hause, nach Ägypten. Typhon wurde noch wütender, riß den Leichnam in Stücke. Isis sammelte die Stücke, machte aus jedem einzelnen Stück des Leichnams durch Spezereien, durch allerlei andere Mittel wiederum ein Wesen, das die ganze Gestalt des Osiris hatte. Dann schenkte sie den Priestern des Landes ein Drittel des gesamten Gebietes von Ägypten, damit das Grabmal des Osiris geheimgehalten werde, sein Dienst aber um so mehr gepflegt würde.

Es wird das Merkwürdige an diesen Mythus geschlossen, daß nun Osiris aus der Unterwelt heraufkam, als schon sein Dienst eingeführt war in Ägypten, und daß er sich damit beschäftigte, den Horus, den Sohn, den Isis nachgeboren hatte, nachdem Osiris schon tot war, zu unterrichten. Dann wird erzählt, daß Isis die Unvorsichtigkeit hatte, den Typhon, den einzusperren ihr gelungen war, wiederum freizulassen. Darüber wurde Horus, ihr Sohn, wütend, riß ihr die Krone vom Haupte herab, setzte ihr Kuhhörner auf statt dessen, und Typhon wurde mit dem Beistande des Hermes - also dessen, was der römische Merkur dann ist, auch der griechische Hermes — in zwei Schlachten besiegt. Eine Art Horuskultur, die Kultur des Sohnes des Osiris und der Isis, griff Platz.

Die Griechen haben durch diesen oder jenen Mittler gehört von dem, was die Ägypter sich erzählten über die Weltengeheimnisse. Es ist merkwürdig, in welcher Weise oft in Griechenland von demselben gesprochen wurde, von dem in Ägypten drüben, oder auch in Phönizien drüben, oder Lydien oder dergleichen gesprochen worden ist. Es flossen gewissermaßen ineinander — das ist sehr bezeichnend und bedeutsam - diese Göttervorstellungen. Wenn der Grieche den Osirisnamen hörte, dann konnte er sich etwas darunter vorstellen; dann identifizierte er dasjenige, was sich der Ägypter unter dem Osiris vorstellte, mit etwas, wovon er auch gewisse Vorstellungen hatte. Es war, trotzdem der Name ein anderer war, den Griechen nicht fremd dasjenige, was der Ägypter unter dem Osiris sich vorstellte. Das bitte ich Sie zu berücksichtigen. Das ist sehr bedeutsam.

Die ganze Sache tritt noch einmal ein. Lesen Sie einmal die «Germania» von Tacitus. Da schildert Tacitus auch die Götter, die er hundert Jahre nach der Begründung des Christentums in nordischen Gegenden findet, und er schildert sie mit den römischen Namen. Er gibt also den Göttern, die er da findet, römische Namen. Trotzdem selbstverständlich die Götter, die Tacitus da antraf, mit ganz andern Namen belegt wurden, so erkannte er ihre Wesenheit und konnte ihnen die römischen Namen geben. Wir finden in der «Germania», daß er wußte: die Menschen nordwärts haben einen Gott, das ist derselbe Gott wie der Herkules und so weiter. Das ist sehr bedeutsam, und das zeigt auf etwas sehr Tiefes und Bedeutsames. Das zeigt, daß in diesen älteren Zeiten ein gewisses gemeinsames Bewußtsein über geistige Dinge vorhanden war. Der Grieche wußte sich bei Osiris etwas zu denken, unabhängig von dem Osirisnamen, weil er etwas Ähnliches hatte. Es war ihm nicht fremd dasjenige, was sich hinter dem Osirisnamen verbarg.

Das ist etwas, was man wohl ins Auge fassen muß, um zu erkennen, daß trotz der Verschiedenheit der einzelnen Mythen eine gewisse Seelengemeinschaft vorhanden war. Man möchte zuweilen, daß so viel Gemeinschaft als da, sagen wir, zwischen den Griechen und den Ägyptern vorhanden war, so daß die Griechen das verstanden, was die Ägypter ausdrückten, man möchte wünschen, daß unter den modernen Menschen so viel Verständnis vorhanden sein könnte! Ein Grieche würde niemals so viel Unsinn über ägyptische Vorstellungen gesprochen haben, wie der Herr Wilson über europäische Vorstellungen in einer Woche zu denken - wenn man das denken nennen kann - in der Lage ist!

Die Griechen erzählten, daß Kronos mit Rhea auf eine nicht richtige Weise einen Sohn gezeugt habe. Also die Griechen sprechen von Kronos und Rhea - wir werden gleich nachher sehen, wie sie in die griechische Mythe hineingehören, Kronos und Rhea -, und dieser unrechtmäßige Sohn, der so erzeugt worden ist, das war der Osiris. Also denken Sie einmal: Die Griechen hören von den Ägyptern, daß die einen Osiris haben; und die Griechen ihrerseits erzählen über diesen Osiris, daß er ein Sohn sei von Kronos und Rhea, aber auf eine nicht richtige Weise gezeugt, so unrichtig gezeugt, daß der Helios, der Sonnengott, über die Sache so wütend wurde, daß er die Rhea deshalb unfruchtbar gemacht hat.

Also eine gewisse Verwandtschaft finden die Griechen zwischen ihren eigenen Göttervorstellungen und den ägyptischen Göttervorstellungen. Aber auf der andern Seite wiederum: was die Ägypter in gewissem Sinne als ihren höchsten Gottesbegriff doch auffassen, den Osirisbegriff, das verbinden die Griechen mit einer ungesetzlichen Entstehung, durch Kronos und Rhea, aus dem Titanengeschlecht also.

Äußerlich zunächst begreift man dieses - wir werden es viel tiefer noch zu begreifen haben -, wenn man sich klarmacht: Die Ägypter wollten das Ewige der Menschenseele kennenlernen, dasjenige, das durch Geburten und Tode geht. Aber um dieses Ewige im Leben kennenzulernen, richteten die Ägypter vor allen Dingen ihren Seelenblick nach dem Tode hin. Osiris ist den Menschen in Ägypten, durch welche die Griechen von Osiris erfahren haben, nicht mehr der Gott der Lebendigen, sondern der Gott der Toten, der Gott, der auf dem Weltenthrone sitzt und richtet, wenn der Mensch durch des Todes Pforte gegangen ist, der Gott also, den der Mensch nach dem Tode zu begrüßen hat. Gleichzeitig aber wußte der Ägypter: derselbe Gott, der die Menschen richtet nach dem Tode, er hat einmal über die Lebendigen geherrscht.

Schon wenn man diese Vorstellungen zusammennimmt, wird man nicht mehr geneigt sein, dem Dupuisschen Urteile zuzustimmen, daß es sich nur um Sternenvorgänge gehandelt hat. Diese Dupuis-Urteile haben viel Bestrickendes; aber bei einem intimeren Zuschauen erweisen sie sich doch als recht oberflächlich. Ich sagte, die Ägypter richteten sich vor allen Dingen - in der Zeit, als die Griechen von ihnen den Osirisbegriff bekamen - auf die menschliche Seele nach dem Tode hin. Das lag den Griechen fern. Gewiß, diese Griechen sprachen schon auch von der menschlichen Seele nach dem Tode. Aber indem sie von ihren Göttern sprachen, sprachen sie nicht eigentlich von Osirisnaturen, nicht von solchen Göttern, die vorzugsweise richten nach dem Tode. Das Geschlecht, dem Zeus angehört, das ist ein Göttergeschlecht für Lebende. Zu dem blickte der Mensch vorzugsweise hinauf, wenn er diejenige Welt seelisch ins Auge faßte, welcher der Mensch angehört zwischen der Geburt und dem Tode - ein Göttergeschlecht für Lebende: Zeus, Hera, Pallas Athene, Mars, Apollo und so weiter. Aber es waren eben diese Götter, man könnte sagen, das für die Griechen zunächst letzte Göttergeschlecht, denn die Griechen richteten ihren Blick auf drei hintereinanderliegende Göttergenerationen.

Die älteste Göttergeneration schließt sich an Uranos und Gäa an, oder besser gesagt an Gäa und Uranos. Das war das älteste Götterpaar, mit allen Geschwistern und so weiter, die dazugehörten. Von diesem Götterpaar stammten die Titanen ab, zu denen auch Kronos und Rhea gehörten, vor allen Dingen aber auch Okeanos. Sie wissen, daß durch gewisse grausame Maßregeln - so wird erzählt im Mythus der Uranos den Zorn seiner Gattin Gäa hervorgerufen hat, so daß diese den Kronos, ihren Sohn, bewogen hat, den Vater auf dem Weltenthron unmöglich zu machen. Und wir sehen dann abgelöst diese ältere Götterherrschaft von der jüngeren, von Kronos und Rhea, mit alledem, was dazugehört. Sie wissen ja auch, daß der Kronos im griechischen Mythus — ich hebe einzelne Züge hervor, die wir besonders brauchen werden - die in mancher Beziehung etwas unsympathische Eigenschaft hatte, daß er seine Kinder alle verschlang, nachdem sie geboren waren, was der Mutter Rhea unangenehm war. Und Sie wissen auch, daß sie den Zeus dann bewahrt hat, und den Zeus wiederum herangezogen hat, seinerseits den Kronos zu stürzen, wie der Kronos den Uranos gestürzt hat, nur auf eine andere Weise; so daß dann das neue Göttergeschlecht kommt. Es ist besser, wenn ich es umgekehrt schreibe, also: Rhea-Kronos. Und dann haben wir Hera und Zeus mit allem, was dazugehört, mit allen Geschwistern, Kindern und so weiter.

Ein bedeutsamer Zug in der Mythe, den ich erwähnen muß, weil wir ihn brauchen werden, wenn wir die Mythe als Grundlage für allerlei Weltanschauungsvorstellungen betrachten wollen, ist der, daß Zeus, bevor er die Titanen besiegt und in den Tartaros gestürzt hat, ehe er das getan hat, die Göttin Metis, die Göttin der Klugheit bewogen hatte, ihm ein Brechmittel zu fabrizieren, wodurch die von Kronos sämtlich verschlungenen Kinder wiederum an den Tag befördert werden konnten, so daß sie also wieder da waren. Also dadurch konnte Zeus zu seinen Geschwistern wiederum kommen, nicht wahr, denn die waren ja in dem Leib des Kronos drinnen gewesen; nur Zeus selber war durch die Mutter Rhea gerettet worden.

Und so haben wir drei aufeinanderfolgende Göttergenerationen: Gäa-Uranos; Uranos durch die Gäa gestürzt, weil er grausam war, durch die Kinder Kronos und Rhea verdrängt; dann Kronos wiederum gestürzt durch Zeus, ebenfalls auf Anstiften der Rhea. In dem Zeuskreise haben wir diejenigen Götter, die uns da entgegentreten, wo die eigentliche griechische Geschichte an uns herantritt.

Nun möchte ich Sie besonders aufmerksam machen auf einen sehr bedeutsamen Zug dieser griechischen Göttermythologie. Er wird wenig klar hervorgehoben, trotzdem er einer der wichtigsten Züge ist. Drei aufeinanderfolgende Göttergeschlechter: das sind also die Herrscher des Makrokosmos. Aber während Gäa und Uranos, Rhea und Kronos, Hera und Zeus regieren, ist überall nach der griechischen Vorstellung der Mensch schon da. Von dem Menschen ist schon durchaus die Rede. Als also Kronos mit der Rhea noch gar nicht regierte, sondern noch die Gäa mit dem Uranos, namentlich aber als der Kronos mit der Rhea regierte und der Zeus noch gar nicht im Besitze seines Brechmittels und dergleichen war, da waren schon nach Anschauung der Griechen die Menschen auf der Erde. Und sie lebten, wie die Griechen erzählten, sogar ein glücklicheres Leben als später. Die späteren Menschen sind die Nachkommen dieser früheren Menschen. So daß man also sagen muß, der Grieche hatte das Bewußtsein: oben regiert Zeus, aber wir Menschen stammen ab von andern Vorfahren, die noch nicht von Zeus regiert worden sind. Das ist ein wichtiger Zug der griechischen Götterlehre: daß der Grieche seinen Zeus, seine Hera, seine Pallas Athene verehrte, aber sich klar war, daß die nicht ihn geschaffen haben, was man im allgemeinen «schaffen» nennt, sondern daß die Menschen viel früher da waren, als die Herrschaft dieser Götter begonnen hat.

Daß dies besonders wichtig ist für die griechischen Götter, kann Ihnen dann auffallen, wenn Sie die Sache vergleichen mit der jüdischen Götterlehre. Es ist natürlich ganz undenkbar, daß Sie denselben Zug auf die jüdische Götterlehre übertragen. Sie können sich unmöglich vorstellen, daß nach dem Alten Testament die Menschen auf Vorfahren hinweisen würden, die noch nicht unter der Herrschaft von Jahve und den Elohim gestanden hätten. Also das ist etwas, was in gewaltiger Weise verschieden ist in der griechischen Götterlehre. Der Grieche sieht hinauf zu seinen Göttern und weiß: die regieren zwar jetzt, aber die haben mit dem, was ich «Schaffen des Menschengeschlechts» nenne, zunächst nichts zu tun.

Das war durchaus nicht möglich innerhalb der alttestamentlichen Vorstellungen. Da hatten diejenigen, zu denen man als zu Göttern aufsah, in der Hauptsache wohl mehr mit der Schöpfung des Menschen zu tun. Bei den Dingen, die man so im Weltengange betrachtet, da ist es schon wichtig, daß solche Sachen ins Auge gefaßt werden. Und nicht darauf kommt es an, daß man sich bloß Vorstellungen macht, sondern darauf, daß man die Vorstellungen, die einem die Wirklichkeit vermitteln, ins Auge zu fassen vermag; die besonders charakteristischen, die besonders tragenden Vorstellungen, die muß man ins Auge fassen. Und damit haben wir sogleich einen wichtigen Zug der griechischen Götterlehre ins Auge gefaßt. Sie wollen wir zunächst einmal vor unserer Seele hinstellen. Wenn der Grieche also zu seinen Göttern hinaufsah, so waren sie ihm nicht diejenigen, von denen er das Bewußtsein hatte: sie haben mich erschaffen. Denn die Menschen waren eben, wie gesagt, schon früher da, bevor diese Götter ihr Regiment angetreten haben. Also dasjenige, was diese Götter konnten, das war für den Griechen gewiß etwas recht Respektables, aber sie konnten für ihn nicht ein Menschengeschlecht auf einem Planeten hervorbringen. Das lag im griechischen Bewußtsein: diese Götter konnten nicht ein Menschengeschlecht hervorbringen.

Nun, was waren denn für dieses griechische Bewußtsein eigentlich die Götter dieses Zeuskreises, diese olympischen Götter? Wenn man auch nur geschichtlich sich eine Vorstellung davon machen will, was diese Götter waren - ich meine jetzt im griechischen Bewußtsein, wir haben ja natürlich verschiedenes über diese Götter gesagt, aber wir wollen uns jetzt einmal in dieses griechische Bewußtsein versetzen -, was waren denn da diese Götter? Nun, sie waren nicht Wesen, die unter gewöhnlichen Umständen unter den Menschen herumspazierten. Sie wohnten ja auf dem Olymp, sie wohnten auf den Wolken und dergleichen. Sie machten nur manchmal sympathische oder auch unsympathische Besuche. Besonders Zeus, wie Sie wissen, machte manchmal sympathische oder unsympathische Besuche innerhalb der Menschenwelt. Sie waren in gewisser Beziehung nützlich; aber sie verrichteten auch Dinge, über die sich der moderne Mensch, der etwas philiströser ist als die Griechen, wahrscheinlich dadurch Recht verschaffen würde, daß er solch einem Zeus - einen Ehescheidungsprozeß an den Hals hinge oder so etwas. Jedenfalls, nicht wahr, waren diese Götter mit den Menschen in einem halb göttlichen, halb menschlichen Verhältnisse, und solche Wesen, so dachte man, sind nicht im Fleische verwirklicht. Wenn Zeus seine Dinge verrichten wollte, nicht wahr, dann nahm er ja allerlei Gestalten an: Schwan, goldener Regen oder dergleichen; also sie waren im gewöhnlichen Leben nicht im Fleische inkarniert, diese Götter.

Aber wenn man wiederum tiefer schaut auf der andern Seite, dann ist es doch so, daß die Griechen das Bewußtsein hatten: Diese Götter hängen zusammen mit Menschen, die in der Vorzeit gelebt haben. Viel mehr als auf den Zusammenhang mit den Sternen, den Dupuis meint, schauten die Griechen doch auch hinauf zu Menschen der Vorzeit und brachten - ich bitte, jetzt genau zuzuhören, wie ich den Satz forme, denn darauf kommt es an -, und brachten die Vorstellung von dem Wesen des Zeus in Verbindung mit irgendwelchen alten Herrschern oder dergleichen, einer längst vergangenen Zeit. Also bitte, ich habe nicht gesagt, daß die Griechen die Vorstellung hatten, das, was sie sich unter dem Zeus vorstellten, das wäre ein alter Herrscher gewesen; sondern ich sage: Das, was man sich als den Zeus vorstellte, brachte man in Verbindung mit einem alten Herrscher, der einmal in längst vergangenen Zeiten gelebt hat. Denn die Art der Verbindung für den Zeus und auch für andere Götter, war eine ziemlich komplizierte.

Wir wollen einmal die Worte etwas pressen, damit wir uns Vorstellungen bilden können über das, was da eigentlich zugrunde liegt. Nehmen wir also an, irgendeinmal habe in Thrazien, in einem der Gebiete des nördlicheren Griechenland, eine Persönlichkeit auf dem physischen Plane gelebt, an welche die Zeusvorstellung anknüpft. Nun, da war der Grieche, schon der ganz gewöhnliche Grieche, sich durchaus klar: Ich verehre nicht etwa diesen Vorfahren, ich verehre auch nicht die einzelne Individualität, die in diesem Vorfahren gewohnt hat, aber ich verehre doch etwas, was mit diesem alten Vorfahren, diesem alten König in Thrazien oder Epirus, irgendwo, etwas zu tun hat. - Der Grieche hatte nämlich die Vorstellung, es gab einmal einen solchen König, in dessen ganzem Wesen nicht nur dessen eigene Individualität gelebt hat, sondern die Individualität eines übersinnlichen Wesens; die hat sich ausgedrückt, hat sich auf der Erde dargelebt dadurch, daß sie einmal in einen Menschen gefahren ist. Also damit war der Zeusbegriff nicht verirdischt, aber er war in Zusammenhang gebracht mit einem alten Herrscher, der einmal das Gewand, oder sagen wir die Behausung, abgegeben hatte für dieses Zeuswesen.

Es unterschied der Grieche also wesentlich dasjenige, was er sich von Zeus vorstellte, von der Menschenindividualität, die in dem Körper gelebt hat, auf welche die Zeusvorstellung bezogen wurde. Aber gewissermaßen den Ausgangspunkt nahm die Zeusherrschaft, die Zeus-Götterherrschaft dadurch, daß der Zeus zunächst heruntergestiegen ist, in einem Menschen gewohnt hat, von da aus seine Angriffspunkte gefunden hat, um im Menschenwesen weiter zu wirken — jetzt nicht mehr wie ein gewöhnlicher Mensch, sondern eben als «Olympier». Und so ist es auch bei den andern griechischen Göttern.

Warum hat sich denn der Grieche eine solche Vorstellung gemacht, die Vorstellung: Da hat es einmal einen Herrscher gegeben, der war gewissermaßen von Zeus besessen; jetzt gibt es aber keinen Herrscher mehr, der von Zeus besessen sein kann, sondern der Zeus regiert nur noch als übersinnliches Wesen. Warum hat sich der Grieche diese Vorstellung gebildet? Weil der Grieche wußte, daß die Menschenentwickelung fortgeschritten war, daß sie sich geändert hat; mit andern Worten, weil der Grieche wußte, daß es alte Zeiten gegeben hat, wo in besonders hervorragendem Maße die Menschen Imaginationen haben konnten, und als sie diese Imaginationen haben konnten, da konnten sie solche Wesen wie den Zeus aufnehmen, da konnte er im Menschenleibe wohnen. Dann ging die Zeit vorüber, in der die Menschen auf Erden Imaginationen in besonders hervorragendem Maße haben konnten. Es blieb ja natürlich immer ein gewisses Hellsehen für einige. Aber das Maßgebende der Imaginationen, das verging. Die Wesen, die noch reale Imaginationen haben können, die können für das Leben, das der Mensch kennt zwischen Geburt und Tod, nur im Übersinnlichen walten.

Das ist das Wesentliche, was die Griechen von ihren Göttern sich vorstellten: es waren Wesen, die imaginieren konnten. Aber die Zeit ist vorbei, wo solche Wesen, die imaginieren können, in Menschenleiber hineingehen können; denn die Menschenleiber sind nicht mehr geeignet zum Imaginieren. So sagten sich die Griechen: Wir werden beherrscht von einem Wesensgeschlechte, welches imaginieren kann, während wir nicht mehr imaginieren können. - Der Grieche hatte eine ganz unsentimentale Vorstellung von seinen Göttern. Es wäre ja auch schwer geworden, dem Zeus gegenüber sentimental zu sein. Der Grieche sagte sich doch im stillen, nun, ich werde die Sache jetzt wieder etwas pressen, man muß aber die Dinge manchmal etwas retuschieren, wenn man ganz deutlich werden will: Wir Menschen machen eine richtige Entwickelung durch; wir haben die Entwickelung durchmachen müssen von atavistischem Hellsehen in Intuition, in Inspiration, in Imagination. Jetzt müssen wir das gewöhnliche gegenständliche Denken haben. Aber die Götter, die haben sich darauf nicht eingelassen, die sind bei ihrem Imaginieren geblieben; sonst müßten sie Menschen werden, müßten im Fleische hier herumwandeln. Das hat denen nicht gepaßt — so etwa dachten doch die Griechen in ihrer unsentimentalen Art, sich zu den Göttern zu verhalten -, zum gegenständlichen Denken überzugehen, daher sind sie nicht heruntergestiegen auf die Erde, sondern sind beim Imaginieren geblieben. Aber dadurch beherrschen sie uns; denn sie haben gewissermaßen mehr Macht, weil das imaginative Vorstellen mächtiger ist, wenn es ausgenützt wird, als das gegenständliche Vorstellen.

Daraus aber ersehen Sie, daß die Griechen zurückblickten auf eine Zeit, wo das Vorstellen, das Anschauen, das Wahrnehmen des Menschen anders war, und daß dieses Zurückblicken zusammenhing mit den griechischen Göttervorstellungen. So blickten sie zurück auf Zeus, Hera, und sagten: Die beherrschen uns jetzt; früher waren wir auch so, aber wir haben uns weitergebildet, sind schwächer geworden. Daher können die über uns herrschen; die sind so geblieben, wie es dazumal war. - Einen gewissen luziferischen Charakter, würden wir heute sagen, gaben die Griechen damit ihren Göttern. Und diejenigen Wesen, welche beim Imaginieren stehengeblieben waren - das bildete sich im griechischen Bewußtsein heraus -, das waren wiederum die Nachkommen derjenigen Wesen, die nun gar beim Inspirieren stehengeblieben sind. Hera und Zeus sind beim Imaginieren, Rhea und Kronos beim Inspirieren stehengeblieben, Gäa und Uranos beim Intuitieren.

Der Grieche hat auf seine eigene Seele geschaut, und mit der Entwickelung der Menschheit und ihren Bewußtseinszuständen brachte er seine Göttergenerationen in Zusammenhang. Das fühlte er, das empfand er. Die ältesten Götter, Gäa und Uranos waren solche Wesen, deren ganzes inneres Verhältnis zur Welt dadurch geordnet war, daß sie intuitierten. Sie wollten beim Intuitieren bleiben; dagegen haben sich die Inspirierenden gewendet. Und wiederum die Inspirierenden wollten beim Inspirieren bleiben; dagegen haben sich die Imaginierenden gewendet. Es sind also die Intuitierenden untergegangen durch die Inspirierenden, die Inspirierenden durch die Imaginierenden. Wir leben als Menschen, über uns die Imaginierenden. Nun, Sie wissen ja, daß der Grieche im Prometheusmythus schon das Gelüste hatte, auch gegen die Imaginierenden irgendwelche Mittel zu finden.

Mensch =

Gäa - Uranos = Intuition
Rhea - Kronos = Inspiration
Hera - Zeus = Imagination

So stuften die Griechen ihre Götter ab, daß die Griechen in der Abstufung ihrer Götter zeigten, wie sie zurückblickten auf frühere Bewußtseinszustände derjenigen Wesenheit, die sich als Menschheit zu gleicher Zeit entwickelt hat. Die Griechen zeigten, daß sie das mit diesem Zurückblicken auf die Götter verbanden. Denken Sie, wie tief bedeutsam dieses für das Verständnis des griechischen Bewußtseins ist! So sah der Grieche, indem er auf seine Göttergenerationen zurücksah, zurück auf Vergangenes im geistigen Leben. Er brachte die alten intuitierenden Wesen mit Gäa, der Erde, und Uranos, dem Himmel, in Zusammenhang; er brachte die inspirierenden Götter mit Rhea und Kronos in Zusammenhang. Gäa und Uranos merkt man noch an, was sie sind, Rhea und Kronos, sie werden als Titanen geschildert. Was sind sie eigentlich?

Nun, von dem, was da zugrunde liegt, ist der Menschheit seit ein paar Jahrhunderten fast alles Bewußtsein geschwunden. Aber ich erinnere Sie daran: Sie werden dies ja wissen, daß vor ein paar Jahrhunderten — Sie können das noch bei Jakob Böhme und Paracelsus finden, es geht bis Saint-Martin - das Menschenwesen noch in Zusammenhang gebracht worden ist mit drei grundlegenden Elementen.

Bei Jakob Böhme heißt es noch: Sal - das Salz, Mercur - das Quecksilber, Sulfur — der Schwefel. Im Mittelalter sagte man: Sal - Mercur — Sulfur. Man meinte nicht dasselbe, aber was man meinte, hatte etwas zu tun mit dem, worauf der Grieche deutete, wenn er sagte: UranosGäa, beziehungsweise Gäa-Uranos, Rhea-Kronos, Hera-Zeus. Denn sehen Sie, der Kronos hat den Uranos entfernt von der Weltenherrschaft. Die Gäa ist, würden wirsagen, so gut wie Witwe geworden. Was ist sie denn da geworden? Da ist sie erst das geworden, was Erde ist, aber nicht die gewöhnliche Erde, die wir draußen finden, sondern diejenige Erde, die der Mensch in sich trägt: das Salz. Könnte der Mensch - das wußten die mittelalterlichen Naturforscher — sich in bewußter Weise seines in ihm befindlichen Salzes bedienen, dann würde er intuitieren können. Also der Prozeß war noch ein lebendiger in der alten Gäa-Uranoszeit, der in die Tiefe der menschlichen Natur hinuntergegangen ist.

Ein jüngerer Prozeß, der aber auch schon in die Tiefe der menschlichen Natur hinuntergegangen ist, ist der, den man bezeichnen könnte als Rhea-Kronosprozeß. Die Griechen sagten: Die Gewalt der Rhea hat sich einmal ausgebreitet, und «Kronos» waren die Kräfte, die der Rhea gegenüberstanden. Kronos ist gestürzt worden. Was ist geblieben? Nun, so wie von Uranos--Gäa das tote Salz geblieben ist, so ist von Kronos-Rhea das Flüssige, das Merkur geblieben; das im Menschen Flüssige, das Tropfenform annehmen kann, das ist zurückgeblieben. Aber der Mensch kann sich dessen auch nicht bewußterweise bedienen; es ist in die unbewußten Tiefen heruntergegangen.

Heute ist das natürlich längst vorbei, und in der Griechenzeit selber war es schon vorbei; denn die Griechen sagten sich ja: Auf der Erde war die Zeuszeit in grauer Vorzeit, aber dazumal konnte sich der Mensch des in ihm befindlichen Schwefels bedienen. Würde der Mensch bewußt sich seines Salzes bedienen können, würde er intuitieren in atavistischer Weise. Könnte er sich seines Merkur, seines Flüssigen bedienen in bewußter Weise, würde er inspirieren; er würde imaginieren, wenn er sich seines Schwefels bedienen könnte - nicht in jenem übertragenen Sinne, sondern in wirklichem Sinne, wie es noch die mittelalterlichen Alchimisten verstanden, wenn sie von dem «philosophischen Schwefel» sprachen. Heute gibt es auch einen philosophischen Schwefel: Philosophieprofessoren, die fabrizieren ihn im reichlichsten Maße, aber das haben die Alchimisten nicht darunter verstanden, sondern sie haben verstanden ein Imaginieren, ein atavistisches Imaginieren, welches zusammenhing mit dem Gebrauche dieses im Menschen tätigen Schwefels. Die Menschen, so wollten die Griechen sagen - und ihre Mysterienpriester sagten es auch, denn die Mysterien von Sal, Mercur und Schwefel sind alt -, die Menschen, wollten die Griechen sagen, sie haben durch ihre Entwickelung überwunden den Atavismus, sich atavistisch des Schwefels zu bedienen. Aber Zeus und seine Geschwister haben sich ins Übersinnliche zurückgezogen und bedienen sich der Vorgänge des Schwefels. Daher kann Zeus seineBlitze schleudern. Könnte der Mensch ebenso wie ZeusBlitze schleudern, das heißt, könnte er den Schwefel durch Imagination in Realitäten umsetzen, könnte der Mensch innerlich bewußt Blitze schleudern, dann würde er atavistisch imaginieren. Das wollten die Griechen sagen, wenn sie von Zeus sprachen, daß er Blitze schleudern kann.

Nicht wahr, noch Saint-Martin, könnte man sagen, hat ja gewußt, daß mit dem Schwefel der Alchimisten etwas anderes gemeint ist als der gewöhnliche irdische Schwefel, von dem man höchstens sagen könnte - verzeihen Sie den harten Ausdruck -, er ist das Exkrement desjenigen, was noch Saint-Martin und die älteren unter dem wirklichen Schwefel verstanden, den sie auch den «philosophischen Schwefel» nannten. Und Saint-Martin spricht noch davon, wie das Blitzen und Donnern wirklich zusammenhängt mit den Vorgängen des makrokosmischen, oder man könnte sagen, des kosmischen Schwefels.

Heute schlängelt sich ja so manche physikalisch-naturwissenschaftliche Erklärung in die Wissenschaft hinein, welche - auch ein Schwefel ist, aber nicht gerade ein «philosophischer Schwefel». Denken Sie doch, heute sind die ganz gescheiten Leute natürlich darüber hinaus, von diesen Schwefelvorgängen im Kosmos zu sprechen, wenn Blitz und Donner entstehen; denn Blitz und Donner entstehen, so wie Sie es in den elementaren Physiklehrbüchern lesen können, durch so etwas wie Reibungsvorgänge in den Wolken, nicht wahr. Was rechtes Vernünftiges kann man sich ja nicht vorstellen bei dem, was über Blitz und Donner da gesagt wird; denn die nassen Wolken in ihrer gegenseitigen Wirkung sollen diese Elektrizität, die ja durch Blitz und Donner zutage tritt, erzeugen. Wenn man nun aber ein elektrisches Experiment macht in der Schulstube, so trocknet man sorgfältig alle Apparate, denn wenn nur ein bißchen Nässe ist, so entsteht nichts Elektrisches. Aber die Wolken sind scheinbar da oben nicht naß! Der Herr Lehrer kann nicht einmal mit einer nassen, ja nicht einmal mit einer nicht ganz trockenen Elektrisiermaschine etwas anfangen; aber gleichzeitig erklärt er, daß die nassen Wolken da mit der Entstehung der Elektrizität zusammenhängen sollen. Ja, solche Dinge mischen sich da schon hinein. Aber ich wollte nur sagen, daß bei Saint-Martin noch ein Bewußtsein davon vorhanden ist, daß dieses Element, von dem die Griechen träumten, wenn sie von Hera und Zeus sprachen, etwas zu tun hat mit Blitz und Donner.

Die Dinge liegen so, daß selbst schon oberflächliche Vorstellungen uns darauf hinweisen können, daß gewisse Naturprozesse, die Salz-, Merkur-, Schwefelprozesse, aber im alten Sinne aufgefaßt, zusammenhängen mit demjenigen, was die Griechen in ihrer Götterlehre hatten. Halten wir das zunächst fest. Wir müssen solche grundlegenden Begriffe haben, damit wir dann auf unsere Zeit in entsprechender Weise übergehen können.

Also die Griechen sahen zurück auf Göttergeschlechter, aber auf untergegangene Verhältnisse, die in älteren Zeiten auch dem Menschen wahrnehmbar waren. Dasjenige, was in ihren Göttern lebte, brachten sie in Zusammenhang mit dem, was wir Naturprozesse nennen. Es war also die Mythologie zugleich eine Art Naturwissenschaft. Und je mehr man die Mythologie kennenlernt, desto tiefere Naturwissenschaft wird man darin finden, nur eine andere Naturwissenschaft, die zu gleicher Zeit Seelenwissenschaft ist. So hatten die Griechen gedacht, und ebenso die Ägypter mit ihrem Osiris, der ein mal geherrscht hat und der nun in der Unterwelt ist.

Merken Sie, wie verschieden die Dinge sind, und daß sie doch auf einen gewissermaßen gleichen Typus zurückgehen? Wenn die Griechen auf ältere Zeiten zurückweisen, wo so ein Wesen wie der Zeus, der jetzt nur noch überirdisch — «jetzt» bezieht sich auf die griechische Zeit - leben kann, auch in einem Menschen sich verkörpern konnte, so konnten die Ägypter auch hinweisen auf eine ältere Zeit, wo Osiris oder Osirisse - auf die Zahl kommt es dabei nicht an - geherrscht haben, wo sie in den Menschen hineingestiegen waren, wo sie da waren. Aber die Zeit ist dahin; jetzt kann man nicht mehr auf einen Menschen auf dem physischen Plan schauen — das «jetzt» bezieht sich wiederum auf die ägyptische Osiriskultur —, sondern man muß in die Welt schauen, die der Mensch betritt, wenn er durch die Pforte des Todes geht, wenn man überhaupt an den Osiris denken will. Osirisse sind nicht mehr auf der Welt, wo die Menschen leben, sondern der Mensch begegnet ihnen nach dem Tode. Also auch der Ägypter blickte zurück auf eine alte Zeit im Sinne der Veränderung des menschlichen Bewußtseins, wenn er unterschied zwischen dem Osiris, der einmal auf Erden wandeln konnte, und dem Osiris, der jetzt nicht mehr auf der Erde wandeln kann, der nur dem Totenreiche angehört.

Wenn wir uns heute beschränken auf die zwei Mythologien und morgen, bevor wir auf die Konklusionen eingehen, kurz streifen werden die alttestamentliche Mythologie, so merken wir es heraus aus der Art und Weise, wie die Griechen, wie die Ägypter zu ihren Göttern standen, daß sich in diesem Bewußtsein zugleich ausdrückte die Erinnerung an die alten atavistischen Hellseherzeiten. Diese sind dahin, sie sind nicht mehr da. Mit den Schicksalen, die der Mensch mit seinen Göttern zusammen erlebt hat, sei es mit Zeus oder Kronos in Griechenland, sei es mit Osiris in Ägypten, schilderte der Mensch für sich zugleich das, was er wußte: Wenn ich weiter zurückblicke, da stand ich als Mensch in einer anderen Weise mit dem Makrokosmos in Beziehung als jetzt. Das hat sich geändert.

In dieser Art und Weise zurückzublicken auf die früheren Zeiten, wo die Götter unter den Menschen wandelten, das hatte etwas Tatsächliches für diese alten Völker, weil sie wußten: der Mensch stand in dieser alten Zeit in einer andern Weise als Mikrokosmos zum Makrokosmos als jetzt. Untergegangen ist das alte atavistische Hellsehen im wesentlichen im vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum. Das wollte man sagen durch die griechische Mythologie, das wollte man entsprechend auch sagen durch die Osirismythologie der Ägypter.

Eighth Lecture

I would like to use the time available to me to make a few additional points that follow on from our previous considerations, but which will nevertheless expand on them considerably. To do this, it is necessary that we begin today with a brief review of older worldviews.

During the course of my public lectures in Switzerland, I have said frequently that the knowledge and way of thinking that currently dominate people and have taken root in the human soul are not suitable for intervening in social and moral life, and that a recovery from the present conditions can only come about when people once again find the possibility of arriving at such a way of thinking, such an understanding of the world, through which what lives in the soul once again has a direct connection with reality.

I said that what prevails in historical, social, and ethical life is more or less dreamt away or slept through by people, that abstract concepts are in any case not suitable for grasping the impulses that must be effective in social life. I said that in earlier times, people helped themselves through myth, based on older, as we often say, atavistic insights. They expressed in mythical form what they thought about the world, what entered their view of the world from the mysteries of the universe. Myths, the content of mythology, can be viewed in many different ways, and I have already referred to Dupuis's truly magnificent materialistic interpretation of myth in these reflections.

We have repeatedly examined this or that myth in other places over the years. But there are many possible perspectives on myths, and when this or that is said about a myth, its content is far from exhausted. Different aspects of the myth can always be brought to bear from different perspectives. It would be very useful for people today to understand the nature of the thinking that underlies the mythical, mythological way of thinking. For the ideas we have about the origin of myths and the creation of mythologies belong precisely to the realm of superficial judgments that are so common today.

Myths contain profound truths that are more closely connected with reality than the truths expressed by modern science about this or that thing. Physiological and biological truths about human beings are contained in myths, and they are contained in myths in such a way that the emergence of what is expressed in the myth is based on an awareness of the unity of the human being as a microcosm with the macrocosm. In particular, if we consider the nature of mythical thinking, we can gain an idea of how deeply, or rather how shallowly, we are rooted in reality with our ordinary modern concepts. It is useful to recall how myths developed among neighboring peoples in pre-Christian times. The ancient Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Israelites were neighbors and often dependent on each other culturally. In addition, it can be said that a large part of the thinking that still prevails in people's minds today is connected with what the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Israelites knew in mythical form and in the nature of their knowledge.

The myth to which I would like to refer today – but, as I said, again from a certain point of view – with regard to the culture of the Egyptians is the Osiris-Isis myth. I have already pointed out that Dupuis also regards the Osiris-Isis myth as a mere priestly lie, since the priests themselves meant nothing more than certain astronomical, astrological-astronomical processes and concocted such a myth for the people.

In the case of the Greeks, it is interesting to note how they not only have a number of gods connected with their own lives, but how they have entire generations of gods: the oldest generation of gods connected with Gaia and Uranus; the next generation of gods with Cronus and Rhea, the Titans, everything related to them; and the third generation of gods: the descendants of the Titans, Zeus, and the entire Zeus circle of gods. We will see how the formation of such god myths arises from a particular type of soul.

The Greek, Israelite, and Egyptian ways of relating to the universe are different. Nevertheless, as we shall soon see, there is a deep kinship in all of them, both in relation to other points of view and in relation to the one I want to take as my basis today. In the case of the Egyptians, it must be said that, especially in the period when the Osiris-Isis myth arose as a representation of deeper truths, they developed a knowledge that longed to recognize the deeper foundations of the human soul. The Egyptians wanted to focus their gaze on that part of the human soul which not only lives between birth and death, but which passes through birth and death and also leads a life between death and a new birth. Even from an external perspective, one can see how the Egyptians directed their gaze toward the soul—in the preservation of mummies, in their peculiar funeral rites—toward that part of the soul that passes through the gate of death and experiences new destinies in a new form when human beings walk paths that lie beyond death.

What is it in human beings that passes through the gate of death and enters earthly existence through birth? This question lay more or less unspoken, unconscious, at the root of the Egyptians' thoughts and aspirations. For this eternal and imperishable thing—I have already expressed it in other forms many times—is that which is linked in the Egyptian consciousness with the name Osiris. Now, in order to have a basis, let us consider the Osiris myth with reference to its most important aspects; let us consider it as it has been preserved.

It is said that Osiris once ruled in Egypt. It is said that the Egyptians owe him above all the abolition of cannibalism; that they also owe him the plow, agriculture, the preparation of food from the plant kingdom, city planning, certain legal concepts, astronomy, eloquence, even writing, and the like. It is then said that Osiris not only introduced such beneficial arts and institutions among the Egyptians, but that he also traveled to other countries and spread similar beneficial arts there. It is noted in detail that Osiris did not spread them by the sword, but by persuasion.

It is then further recounted that Osiris' brother Typhon wanted to introduce innovations in contrast to what had proved beneficial to the Egyptians for centuries through the influence of Osiris. Typhon wanted to introduce all kinds of innovations. Today we would say: After the institutions established by Osiris had existed for centuries, Typhon made a revolution while Osiris was absent, spreading his institutions among other peoples. — This differs somewhat from the last example of revolution: there, what the innovators did did not happen while the other spread beneficial institutions among other nations. But precisely this happened between Osiris and Typhon.

But then the myth continues: Isis watched at home in Egypt. Isis, the wife of Osiris, did not allow the innovations to be particularly radical. This made Typhon angry, and when Osiris returned from his travels, Typhon killed him and somehow carried the body away. Isis had to search long and hard for the body. She finally found it in Phoenicia and brought it home to Egypt. Typhon became even angrier and tore the body into pieces. Isis gathered the pieces and, using spices and all kinds of other means, made a being out of each individual piece of the body that had the entire form of Osiris. Then she gave the priests of the country a third of the entire territory of Egypt so that the tomb of Osiris would be kept secret, but his service would be all the more carefully maintained.

The strange thing about this myth is that Osiris rose from the underworld when his worship had already been established in Egypt, and that he devoted himself to teaching Horus, the son whom Isis had given birth to after Osiris' death. Then it is told that Isis had the imprudence to release Typhon, whom she had managed to imprison. This made Horus, her son, angry, and he tore the crown from her head, put cow horns on her instead, and Typhon was defeated in two battles with the help of Hermes—that is, the Roman Mercury, who is also the Greek Hermes. A kind of Horus culture, the culture of the son of Osiris and Isis, took hold.

The Greeks heard through this or that intermediary what the Egyptians told each other about the secrets of the world. It is remarkable how often the same things were spoken of in Greece as were spoken of in Egypt, or in Phoenicia, or Lydia, or similar places. These ideas about the gods flowed into one another, so to speak — which is very significant and meaningful. When the Greeks heard the name Osiris, they could imagine something; they identified what the Egyptians imagined Osiris to be with something they also had certain ideas about. Although the name was different, what the Egyptians imagined Osiris to be was not foreign to the Greeks. Please bear this in mind. This is very significant.

The whole thing happens again. Read Tacitus' Germania. There Tacitus also describes the gods he finds in northern regions a hundred years after the founding of Christianity, and he describes them with Roman names. So he gives the gods he finds there Roman names. Even though the gods Tacitus encountered there were given completely different names, he recognized their essence and was able to give them Roman names. We find in Germania that he knew: the people to the north have a god who is the same god as Hercules and so on. This is very significant and points to something very profound and important. It shows that in those ancient times there was a certain common awareness of spiritual things. The Greeks knew what to think of Osiris, regardless of the name Osiris, because they had something similar. What lay behind the name Osiris was not foreign to them.

This is something we must take into account in order to recognize that, despite the differences between the individual myths, there was a certain spiritual community. One would sometimes wish that there was as much community as there was, say, between the Greeks and the Egyptians, so that the Greeks understood what the Egyptians were expressing; one would wish that there could be as much understanding among modern people! A Greek would never have spoken so much nonsense about Egyptian ideas as Mr. Wilson is capable of thinking about European ideas in a week—if you can call it thinking!

The Greeks said that Kronos had begotten a son with Rhea in an improper manner. So the Greeks speak of Kronos and Rhea — we will see in a moment how they fit into Greek mythology, Kronos and Rhea — and this illegitimate son who was thus begotten was Osiris. So think about it: the Greeks hear from the Egyptians that they have an Osiris; and the Greeks, for their part, tell about this Osiris that he is a son of Kronos and Rhea, but begotten in an improper way, so improperly begotten that Helios, the sun god, became so angry about it that he made Rhea barren.

So the Greeks find a certain kinship between their own ideas of gods and the Egyptian ideas of gods. But on the other hand, what the Egyptians in a certain sense regard as their highest concept of God, the concept of Osiris, the Greeks associate with an unlawful origin, through Kronos and Rhea, that is, from the race of the Titans.

Outwardly, this can be understood – we will have to understand it much more deeply later – when we realize that the Egyptians wanted to know the eternity of the human soul, that which passes through birth and death. But in order to know this eternity in life, the Egyptians directed their spiritual gaze above all toward death. Osiris is no longer the god of the living for the people of Egypt, through whom the Greeks learned about Osiris, but the god of the dead, the god who sits on the throne of the world and judges when man has passed through the gates of death, the god whom man must greet after death. At the same time, however, the Egyptians knew that the same god who judges people after death once ruled over the living.

Even when these ideas are taken together, one is no longer inclined to agree with Dupuis' judgment that these were merely celestial phenomena. Dupuis' judgments are very appealing, but on closer inspection they prove to be quite superficial. I said that the Egyptians, at the time when the Greeks received the concept of Osiris from them, focused above all on the human soul after death. This was far from the Greeks' minds. Certainly, these Greeks also spoke of the human soul after death. But when they spoke of their gods, they did not actually speak of Osiris natures, not of gods who primarily judge after death. The race to which Zeus belongs is a race of gods for the living. This is what people looked up to when they thought about the world between birth and death—a family of gods for the living: Zeus, Hera, Pallas Athena, Mars, Apollo, and so on. But it was precisely these gods, one might say, who were initially the last race of gods for the Greeks, for the Greeks looked to three successive generations of gods.

The oldest generation of gods follows Uranus and Gaia, or rather Gaia and Uranus. This was the oldest pair of gods, with all their siblings and so on who belonged to them. The Titans descended from this pair of gods, including Cronus and Rhea, but above all Okeanos. You know that through certain cruel measures — so the myth tells us — Uranus provoked the wrath of his wife Gaia, so that she persuaded her son Cronus to overthrow his father from the throne of the world. And then we see this older reign of the gods replaced by the younger one, that of Cronus and Rhea, with all that belongs to it. You also know that in Greek mythology—I am emphasizing certain features that we will need in particular—Cronus had the somewhat unsympathetic characteristic of devouring all his children after they were born, which was unpleasant for their mother Rhea. And you also know that she then saved Zeus and raised him to overthrow Kronos, just as Kronos had overthrown Uranos, only in a different way; so that the new race of gods came into being. It is better if I write it the other way around, that is: Rhea-Cronus. And then we have Hera and Zeus with everything that goes with them, with all their siblings, children, and so on.

A significant feature of the myth that I must mention, because we will need it if we want to consider the myth as the basis for all kinds of worldviews, is that Zeus, before he defeated the Titans and cast them into Tartarus, before he did that, persuaded the goddess Metis, the goddess of wisdom, to make him an emetic, by which all the children swallowed by Kronos could be brought back to life, so that they were there again. This enabled Zeus to rejoin his siblings, who had been inside Kronos' body; only Zeus himself had been saved by his mother Rhea.

And so we have three successive generations of gods: Gaia-Uranus; Uranus was overthrown by Gaia because he was cruel, and was displaced by his children Cronus and Rhea; then Cronus was in turn overthrown by Zeus, also at the instigation of Rhea. In the circle of Zeus we have those gods who confront us where the actual Greek history approaches us.

Now I would like to draw your attention to a very significant feature of Greek mythology. It is not emphasized very clearly, even though it is one of the most important features. Three successive generations of gods: these are the rulers of the macrocosm. But while Gaia and Uranus, Rhea and Cronus, Hera and Zeus reign, according to Greek belief, humans are already present everywhere. There is already talk of humans. So when Kronos did not yet rule with Rhea, but Gaia still ruled with Uranus, and especially when Kronos ruled with Rhea and Zeus did not yet possess his emetic and the like, humans already existed on Earth according to the Greeks. And they lived, as the Greeks told, an even happier life than later. The later humans are the descendants of these earlier humans. So one must say that the Greeks had the consciousness: Zeus rules above, but we humans are descended from other ancestors who were not yet ruled by Zeus. This is an important feature of Greek theology: that the Greeks worshipped their Zeus, their Hera, their Pallas Athena, but were aware that they did not create them in the sense of what is generally called “creation,” but that humans existed long before the reign of these gods began.

You can see that this is particularly important for the Greek gods when you compare it with the Jewish theology. It is, of course, completely unthinkable that you could transfer the same feature to Jewish theology. You cannot possibly imagine that, according to the Old Testament, people would refer to ancestors who were not yet under the rule of Yahweh and the Elohim. So this is something that is vastly different in Greek theology. The Greek looks up to his gods and knows that although they rule now, they have nothing to do with what I call the “creation of the human race.”

This was absolutely impossible within the Old Testament conception. There, those who were regarded as gods had mainly to do with the creation of man. When considering things in the course of the world, it is important to take such things into account. And it is not important to merely form ideas, but to be able to grasp the ideas that convey reality to us; we must grasp the particularly characteristic, particularly fundamental ideas. And with that we have immediately grasped an important feature of Greek theology. Let us first of all place this before our mind. When the Greek looked up to his gods, they were not those of whom he was conscious as having created him. For, as I have said, human beings existed before these gods came into being. So what these gods could do was certainly something quite respectable for the Greeks, but they could not bring forth a human race on a planet. That was in the Greek consciousness: these gods could not bring forth a human race.

Now, what were the gods of this circle of Zeus, these Olympian gods, in the Greek consciousness? If we want to get an idea of what these gods were, even if only from a historical perspective – I mean in the Greek consciousness; we have of course said various things about these gods, but let us now put ourselves in the Greek consciousness – what were these gods? Well, they were not beings who walked among humans under ordinary circumstances. They lived on Mount Olympus, they lived on the clouds and the like. They only paid visits, sometimes pleasant, sometimes unpleasant. Zeus in particular, as you know, sometimes paid pleasant or unpleasant visits to the human world. They were useful in a certain sense, but they also did things that modern people, who are somewhat more philistine than the Greeks, would probably justify by bringing a divorce suit against Zeus or something like that. In any case, these gods were in a semi-divine, semi-human relationship with humans, and such beings, it was thought, were not realized in the flesh. When Zeus wanted to do his things, he took on all kinds of forms: a swan, golden rain, or the like; so these gods were not incarnated in the flesh in ordinary life.

But if you look deeper on the other side, it is nevertheless the case that the Greeks were aware that these gods were connected to people who had lived in ancient times. Much more than the connection with the stars that Dupuis means, the Greeks also looked up to people of ancient times and brought—please listen carefully now to how I phrase this sentence, because this is important—and brought the idea of the nature of Zeus into connection with some ancient rulers or the like from a long-past time. So please, I did not say that the Greeks had the idea that what they imagined Zeus to be was an ancient ruler; rather, I am saying that what they imagined Zeus to be was associated with an ancient ruler who once lived in times long past. For the nature of the connection between Zeus and other gods was quite complicated.

Let us compress the words a little so that we can form an idea of what actually lies behind this. Let us assume that at some point in Thrace, in one of the regions of northern Greece, there lived a person on the physical plane to whom the idea of Zeus was connected. Now, there was this Greek, just an ordinary Greek, who was quite clear: I do not worship this ancestor, nor do I worship the individuality that lived in this ancestor, but I do worship something that has something to do with this ancient ancestor, this ancient king in Thrace or Epirus, somewhere. The Greek had the idea that there was once such a king in whose whole being not only his own individuality lived, but also the individuality of a supernatural being; this expressed itself and lived out on earth by once entering into a human being. Thus, the concept of Zeus was not earthbound, but it was connected with an ancient ruler who had once given up his robe, or let us say his dwelling, for this Zeus being.

The Greeks thus made a fundamental distinction between what they imagined Zeus to be and the human individuality that lived in the body to which the concept of Zeus was applied. But in a sense, the starting point was the rule of Zeus, the rule of the Zeus gods, in that Zeus first descended, lived in a human being, and from there found his points of attack in order to continue working in human beings—now no longer as an ordinary human being, but as an “Olympian.” And so it is with the other Greek gods.

Why did the Greeks form such a conception, the conception that there was once a ruler who was, in a sense, possessed by Zeus, but that now there is no longer a ruler who can be possessed by Zeus, but that Zeus now rules only as a supernatural being? Why did the Greeks form this conception? Because the Greeks knew that human development had progressed, that it had changed; in other words, because the Greeks knew that there had been ancient times when people were capable of imagination to a particularly high degree, and when they were capable of this imagination, they could accept beings such as Zeus, who could dwell in the human body. Then the time passed when human beings on earth were able to have imaginations to a particularly outstanding degree. Of course, a certain clairvoyance always remained for some. But the decisive factor of the imaginations passed away. The beings who can still have real imaginations can only rule in the supersensible world for the life that human beings know between birth and death.

This is the essence of what the Greeks imagined their gods to be: beings who could imagine. But the time is past when such beings who can imagine can enter human bodies, for human bodies are no longer suited to imagination. So the Greeks said to themselves: We are ruled by a race of beings that can imagine, while we can no longer imagine. The Greeks had a completely unsentimental conception of their gods. It would have been difficult to be sentimental toward Zeus. The Greeks said to themselves in silence, well, I will press the matter a little now, but sometimes you have to retouch things a little if you want to be completely clear: We humans are undergoing a real development; we have had to go through the development from atavistic clairvoyance to intuition, to inspiration, to imagination. Now we must have ordinary concrete thinking. But the gods did not go along with this; they remained with their imagining; otherwise they would have to become human beings, would have to walk around here in the flesh. That did not suit them — at least that is how the Greeks thought in their unsentimental way of relating to the gods — to switch to concrete thinking, so they did not descend to earth but remained in the realm of imagination. But in this way they rule over us; for they have, in a sense, more power, because imaginative thinking is more powerful when it is used than concrete thinking.

From this you can see that the Greeks looked back to a time when human imagination, perception, and perception were different, and that this looking back was connected with the Greek conceptions of the gods. So they looked back to Zeus and Hera and said: They rule us now; we used to be like that too, but we have evolved and become weaker. That is why they can rule over us; they have remained as they were in the past. We would say today that the Greeks thus gave their gods a certain Luciferic character. And those beings who had remained at the stage of imagination—this was formed in the Greek consciousness—were in turn the descendants of those beings who had now remained at the stage of inspiration. Hera and Zeus remained at the stage of imagination, Rhea and Kronos at inspiration, Gaia and Uranus at intuition.

The Greeks looked at their own souls and connected their generations of gods with the development of humanity and its states of consciousness. They felt this, they sensed it. The oldest gods, Gaia and Uranus, were beings whose entire inner relationship to the world was ordered by their intuition. They wanted to remain in the stage of intuition, but the inspirers turned away from them. And in turn, the inspirers wanted to remain with inspiration; the imaginers turned against them. So the intuitives were destroyed by the inspirers, and the inspirers by the imaginers. We live as human beings, with the imaginers above us. Now, you know that in the myth of Prometheus, the Greeks already had the desire to find some means of opposing the imaginers.

Human =

Gaia - Uranus = Intuition
Rhea - Cronus = Inspiration
Hera - Zeus = Imagination

The Greeks ranked their gods in such a way that, in their ranking, they showed how they looked back on earlier states of consciousness of the entity that developed as humanity at the same time. The Greeks showed that they associated this with looking back on the gods. Think how deeply significant this is for understanding Greek consciousness! By looking back at their generations of gods, the Greeks looked back on the past in spiritual life. They associated the ancient intuitive beings with Gaia, the earth, and Uranus, the sky; they associated the inspiring gods with Rhea and Cronus. Gaia and Uranus can still be recognized for what they are, but Rhea and Cronus are described as Titans. What are they really?

Well, almost all awareness of what lies beneath this has disappeared from humanity over the last few centuries. But I remind you: you will know that a few centuries ago — you can still find this in Jakob Böhme and Paracelsus, it goes back to Saint-Martin — human beings were still associated with three fundamental elements.

Jakob Böhme still refers to salt, mercury, and sulfur. In the Middle Ages, they said: salt, mercury, sulfur. They didn't mean the same thing, but what they meant had something to do with what the Greeks meant when they said: Uranus-Gaia, or Gaia-Uranus, Rhea-Cronus, Hera-Zeus. For you see, Cronus removed Uranus from world domination. Gaia, we might say, became virtually a widow. What did she become then? She became what earth is, but not the ordinary earth we find outside, but the earth that man carries within himself: salt. If man could consciously make use of the salt within him, as medieval natural scientists knew, then he would be able to intuit. So the process was still alive in the ancient Gaia-Uranus era, which has descended into the depths of human nature.

A more recent process, which has also sunk deep into human nature, is what could be called the Rhea-Cronus process. The Greeks said that the power of Rhea once spread, and “Cronus” were the forces that opposed Rhea. Cronus was overthrown. What remained? Well, just as the dead salt remained from Uranus-Gaia, so the liquid, Mercury, remained from Kronos-Rhea; that which is liquid in human beings, which can take the form of drops, has remained behind. But human beings cannot consciously make use of it; it has sunk down into the unconscious depths.

Today, of course, this is long past, and even in Greek times it was already past; for the Greeks said to themselves: On earth there was the age of Zeus in ancient times, but then man could make use of the sulfur within him. If man could consciously make use of his salt, he would intuit in an atavistic way. If he could make conscious use of his mercury, his fluid, he would be inspired; he would imagine if he could make use of his sulfur—not in a figurative sense, but in a real sense, as the medieval alchemists still understood when they spoke of “philosophical sulfur.” Today there is also a philosophical sulfur: philosophy professors fabricate it in abundance, but that is not what the alchemists understood by it. They understood it to be imagination, an atavistic imagination connected with the use of this sulfur active in human beings. The Greeks wanted to say that humans – and their mystery priests said it too, for the mysteries of salt, mercury, and sulfur are ancient – the Greeks wanted to say that humans, through their development, had overcome the atavism of making atavistic use of sulfur. But Zeus and his siblings withdrew into the supersensible and make use of the processes of sulfur. That is why Zeus can hurl his thunderbolts. If humans could hurl thunderbolts like Zeus, that is, if they could transform sulfur into reality through imagination, if humans could consciously hurl thunderbolts inwardly, then they would be imagining atavistically. That is what the Greeks meant when they spoke of Zeus being able to hurl thunderbolts.

Isn't that right? Even Saint-Martin, one might say, knew that the sulfur of the alchemists meant something other than ordinary earthly sulfur, of which one could at most say—forgive the harsh expression—that it is the excrement of what Saint-Martin and the older ones understood as real sulfur, which they also called “philosophical sulfur.” And Saint-Martin still speaks of how lightning and thunder are really connected with the processes of macrocosmic, or one might say, cosmic sulfur.

Today, many physical and scientific explanations have found their way into science, which are also sulfur, but not exactly “philosophical sulfur.” Just think, today the really clever people have of course moved beyond talking about these sulfur processes in the cosmos when lightning and thunder occur; because lightning and thunder arise, as you can read in elementary physics textbooks, through something like friction processes in the clouds, right? It is impossible to imagine anything reasonable in what is said about lightning and thunder; for the wet clouds, in their mutual interaction, are supposed to generate this electricity, which manifests itself in lightning and thunder. But when you do an electrical experiment in the classroom, you dry all the apparatus carefully, because if there is even a little moisture, nothing electrical will happen. But the clouds up there are apparently not wet! The teacher cannot even do anything with a wet, or even a not quite dry, electrifying machine; but at the same time he explains that the wet clouds are supposed to be connected with the creation of electricity. Yes, such things do come into play. But I just wanted to say that Saint-Martin is still aware that this element, which the Greeks dreamed of when they spoke of Hera and Zeus, has something to do with lightning and thunder.

The situation is such that even superficial ideas can point us to the fact that certain natural processes, the salt, mercury, and sulfur processes, understood in the old sense, are connected with what the Greeks had in their theology. Let us keep that in mind for now. We need to have such basic concepts so that we can then move on to our own time in an appropriate manner.

So the Greeks looked back on families of gods, but on conditions that had disappeared, which in earlier times were also perceptible to humans. They connected what lived in their gods with what we call natural processes. Mythology was therefore also a kind of natural science. And the more one learns about mythology, the deeper natural science one finds in it, only a different natural science, which is at the same time a science of the soul. This is how the Greeks thought, and so did the Egyptians with their Osiris, who once ruled and is now in the underworld.

Notice how different things are, and yet how they all go back to the same type, in a sense. When the Greeks refer to older times, when a being like Zeus, who now lives only in the supernatural world — “now” refers to Greek times — could live, even incarnate themselves in a human being, the Egyptians could also point to an earlier time when Osiris or Osirises — the number is not important here — ruled, when they had entered into human beings, when they were there. But that time is gone; now one can no longer look at a human being on the physical plane — the “now” again refers to the Egyptian Osiris culture — but one must look into the world that human beings enter when they pass through the gate of death, if one wants to think of Osiris at all. Osiris is no longer in the world where humans live, but humans encounter him after death. Thus, the Egyptians also looked back on an ancient time in the sense of a change in human consciousness when they distinguished between the Osiris who once walked on earth and the Osiris who can no longer walk on earth, who belongs only to the realm of the dead.

If we limit ourselves today to the two mythologies and tomorrow, before we go into the conclusions, briefly touch on Old Testament mythology, we notice from the way the Greeks and Egyptians related to their gods that this consciousness also expressed the memory of the ancient atavistic times of clairvoyance. These are gone, they are no longer there. With the fates that man experienced together with his gods, be it with Zeus or Kronos in Greece, be it with Osiris in Egypt, man described for himself at the same time what he knew: When I look further back, I stood as a human being in a different relationship with the macrocosm than I do now. That has changed.

Looking back in this way to earlier times, when the gods walked among humans, had a real meaning for these ancient peoples, because they knew that in those ancient times, humans stood in a different relationship to the macrocosm than they do now. The old atavistic clairvoyance essentially disappeared in the fourth post-Atlantean period. This is what Greek mythology sought to express, and the Egyptian mythology of Osiris sought to express in a similar way.