Anthroposophical Life Gifts
GA 181
1 April 1918, Berlin
II. The Relativity of Knowledge, and Spiritual Cosmology
When I tried in the last lecture to explain the influence exercised on man by the part of the Earth on which he as physical man develops, I had chiefly in mind to point out very distinctly that the whole Earth is an organism, an ensouled organism, permeated by spirit. For, as an organism has its separate, distinct differentiated members, each of which has a special task,—the arms have not the task of the legs, nor the heart that of the brain, and so on, if we consider the Earth as one whole, as an ensouled organism permeated by spirit, each part of the Earth has its own special task. The special task of the separate human organic members is perceptible in the form of these separate members. The arms are formed differently from the legs, the heart from the brain. This difference is not so marked as regards the Earth with respect to the physical. To an external materialistic geographer, who observes the separate continents or any other parts of the Earth arranged according to this or that point of view, it does not occur straight away that these different parts of the Earth have different sorts of activity; that only occurs to one who can, to a certain extent, grasp the nature of the psychic and spiritual element of the Earth. To understand this, really signifies rising concretely to the perception that the Earth is an ensouled, spiritual organism, and that man, living on Earth as physical man, is a member of this organism. All kinds of questions arise if one takes this into account, and he looks at the life of man as if it only ran its course once between birth and death, will not come to any very reasonable conclusions about them. For man, as physical man, can indeed only become a member of a particular part of the Earth. He would therefore be condemned to be quite specialized and differentiated by this particular part of the Earth, and would in a sense not be able to be in any way a complete whole, but only a part of the Earth's organism. On the other hand an important discovery results from this insight into the ensouled spiritualized part of the Earth; the discovery that the real deeper being of man, to which he says “I,” can in the real sense, only be connected indirectly with this differentiation of man over the Earth, that's the psycho-spiritual kernel of man's being in a sense only dwells in what is in us specialized through the peculiarity of the Earth. Thus man can obtain, from this very circumstance, the knowledge that his spiritual-psychic kernel cannot subsist in what immediately confronts us in man; that with which, in a sense, man confronts us, can only be the “dwelling place,” the dwelling place of man determined by virtue of the special circumstances of the Earth. I do not mention this because it might appear to those already acquainted with spiritual science as a very weighty truth; of course it cannot be that. But it is to show that a real searching into and pondering over the relationships of the Earth can lead man to build himself up in spiritual science, by this means, in a purely logical manner. For the belief that Spiritual Science can only be comprehensible to one who sees into the spiritual world, must be swept away as one of the most fatal prejudices. This is a prejudice which has over and over again to be taken into account. I might say, for the satisfaction of all the comfort-loving ones who, because they like to believe that they could never acquire clairvoyant cognition, would like to represent Spiritual Science chiefly as a kind of provisional arrangement, or as something which does not concern mankind at all, that in truth, comprehensive, penetrating thought can really understand the spiritually scientific. Only the thought must be really accurate and comprehensive! It must be prepared to relate the phenomena of life to what Spiritual Science confirms. He who brings what is within his grasp in the way of knowledge of the characteristic traits of the different nations of the Earth, and of the different inhabitants of the Earth, to bear upon what Spiritual Science says, will soon acknowledge that what was here explained in the last lecture is verified. We must really relate what life offers to this knowledge; we must be ready to test, free from prejudice, the teachings of Spiritual Science by the experience of life; then a reasonable penetration of the matter will lead to the acknowledgment of Spiritual Science.
It is very important to emphasize this at the present day. For we may say that traditions, containing many of the truths of Spiritual Science, are far more numerous than is usually believed. There is a certain opinion, however, which was fully justified up to the approach of the recent historical age—but which has also been propagated in our own times by many who possess Spiritual Scientific knowledge—the opinion that one should not communicate publicly certain deeper knowledge about life. I have often explained the reasons which people who know something of these things have, for thus withholding these communications, and I have also pointed out why these reasons no longer hold good at the present day. In a certain respect however these facts present a difficulty. For not only have we the opposition to Spiritual Science of by far the greatest part of mankind to contend with, but we also have to contend with the opinion of those who do know something;—the opinion that one who gives publicity to things which come from the fountain of Spiritual Science as one gives publicity to other truths, is wrong. Those who believe that the veil of secrecy over certain things must not be raised, will be healed of this error when they recognize the importance of what has been said, certainly in a somewhat scientific form, but clearly enough, it seems to me, in the foreword and introduction to my book “Riddles of Man.”
It is necessary to comprehend that the conception of truth and righteousness which most men still have today, will indeed have to be overcome. Most men have the idea: One thing is right—and another is wrong. But I must emphasize the fact over and over again, and have also done so more particularly in the preface to “Riddles of Man,” the man's separate view of things from one particular side is like a photograph of an object from one side only. If one photographs a tree, first from the one side and then another, the second picture is still a picture of the same tree, only it looks different. Now today, when men have become so very abstract, when they have become so accustomed to the theoretical, in spite of believing themselves to be men of reality, one view of a thing is reckoned as all-comprehensive, as comprising the whole reality. People believe that it is possible to express reality in thoughts—or in something else. They are particularly arrogant in this belief of being able to express the reality by means of thought. I mean the “arrogant” somewhat in the following sense. People say, “We today have the Copernican world-conception ... but with regard to the men who lived before Copernicus (this is not expressed so abruptly, but still they think it) they were all children (indeed we might say ‘duffers’), for they did not yet have the Copernican world-conception. That alone is correct, all the other world-conceptions are false.” This is an attitude which must be overcome. Even the Copernican world-conception is just one view, it is one definite way of making pictures, thoughts and ideas of things. Certainly there are men to-day, who oppose Spiritual Science as soon as they observe that it gives one a view, a real and regular view of a thing, by placing something else in opposition to it. No one will contest this who knows that there are different points of view about a thing. Today, however, many people wish for something else, something quite special, which may be compared somewhat to the person in the room saying: “When we have lighted up the room from one point and look at it from there, this gives only the view in perspective; it is not the reality; let us turn out the light and make the room quite dark and touch everything separately, then all who have thus touched the things will have the same opinion.” We all know that when we look at the room in the light, one who stands there has this view, and another who stands somewhere else has that view and so on. So today certain ideal of natural science would be to turn out the light and only ‘touch’ everything. Spiritual Science must certainly “turn the light” on to that. Thus the different points of view implies something surveyed from different places.
Now more especially by us should the effort be made to go about trying to form opinions from different points of view. This has already been striven after for many years. Many might object that the one contradicts the other, but that is precisely the essential thing, that in the above-mentioned sense one view should contradict another; for thereby we get an all-round view of a thing, which is what we want. But this is not at all easy, or people would prefer to have a little book, as slender as possible, in which a whole world-philosophy is tabulated. Or, if they wish to have world-philosophies discussed, they would like to have the same thing reeled off, over and over again. Of course this cannot be. Our printed cycles are increasing, are becoming more and more numerous, so that things may be illuminated from different sides, that we may obtain concepts and views from various sides, which only then give a complete picture of reality. We must certainly offend people in a certain respect (and what has just been said will make this comprehensible to you) if we have to repudiate more and more the accepted prejudices, by the truths of Spiritual Science. But chiefly when we thus ‘sin’ against the demand of certain occultists not to communicate important things publicly, we must speak about things which shock people, perhaps even anger and excite them; for these things, like many others, give offense for instance to all those who say that things can only be ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect.’ Rather must we acquire the view that in the successive stages of the evolution of mankind there can never be a condition in which one can really say: “Now we have the absolute truth in regard to any particular matter for thought,” or: “We now know, what is absolute untruth.” There cannot be absolute truth or absolute truth. Searching great conceptions of life do not originate in order at last to give men what is ‘correct,’ so that they may now look arrogantly upon their forefathers as upon children; they spring up from very different reasons.
Let us call to mind something we all know. In the 15th century of our era, mankind entered the fifth cultural epoch of the Post-Atlantean development, which we call that of the “development of the human Consciousness or Spiritual Soul.” What especially appeared in the fifth cultural epoch began with the 15th century A.D. Till then it was the Intellectual or Rational Soul which, in the course of the cultural development of mankind was specially developed. In order then that the Spiritual Soul might arise, certain thoughts, certain kinds of concepts, took on a quite distinct character. Not because the Copernican world-philosophy is the absolutely correct one—I have affirmed often enough that it had to appear; and that in a certain respect it is the right one for us in accordance with the times. I shall declare again and again—not because it is the absolutely correct one did it appear, but because it serves the evolution of man, in that he can best attain the development of the Spiritual Soul if he allows the Copernican world-philosophy to enter his flesh and blood, if he reaches the point of being able to calculate certain constellations of stars through the Copernican world-philosophy, as has been done in more recent times.
What is then really good in the Copernican world-philosophy? Not that at last it has told us the truth in contradistinction to the ‘untruth’ of former centuries, but that it erected a spiritual wall between Earth and Heaven, between the physical world and the spiritual world. Of course this appears frightfully paradoxical, something which excites opposition as a matter of course among those who have the above-mentioned prejudices. But it is true that man has begun to conceive the circumference, a cosmic circumference of the Earth in the Copernican manner, in that by transferring the Copernican conceptions into the circumference of the Earth, he has constructed this spiritual wall which he cannot get through. He is cut off from the spiritual thereby, and can remain with his concepts limited to the environs of the Earth, and there he develops the Spiritual Soul. Thus, in order that man should limit himself as ‘egotistically’ as possible to what is earthly, the Copernican world-philosophy, which erects its virtual wall around the Earth, fell to his lot. The more completely the Copernican world-philosophy is developed, the more certain is it that, through external perception, man is cut off from the spiritual world; but it also becomes the more necessary that he should again through inner perception, and by animating his inner life, find the connection with the spiritual. Remarkable things, very remarkable things run parallel. When such things are uttered, it is rather difficult to follow them, but if in the whole wide world there are none but the anthroposophists to understand them, they must take all the more trouble to do so.
There exists today a something like a “Theory of Knowledge;” that particular philosophical science which is based on Kant is called “Theory of Knowledge.” Yet this theory of knowledge is really—one might say—a nail in the coffin of human knowledge. Take a main thought about the ordinary theory of knowledge which as a rule runs in the minds of people today. It is said: Over there is an object: but what is out there is really only the vibration of ether, it has nothing to do with color or sound but is the movement of the smallest particles in space. The air moves out there, soundless; these concussions of the air approach our ear,—Schopenhauer spoke somewhat disrespectfully of the theory of knowledge, he said that these concussions ‘drum’ on the ear—and afterwards become what we call ‘sound.’ All is silent without, there are merely ‘concussions’ in the air. Then there are waves of ether outside. They strike upon the eye. But the matter does not end there; the waves strike upon the eye and the image is produced on the retina. Man knows nothing of this image, however, until it is investigated by science. The processes continue further with the optic nerve. These can only be of a material nature however; they go as far as the membrane covering the brain and there a quite mysterious process takes place. Then the soul comes in to make a concept of what is outside, of what is ‘dark and silent,’ a shining and colored concept, a warm and cold concept and so on; it creates the objects there within itself, and ‘dreams’ the whole world.
It is very remarkable that that is the road along which the Theory of Knowledge would penetrate from the external material world to the human spirit. But what is really the substance of this Theory of Knowledge? It is strange: if one remains at the things which have sound and color (the Theory of Knowledge calls what uneducated people believe ‘simple realism’), then at least one has a resounding and a colored world. But now, through the Theory of Knowledge, one brings this world for example before one's eyes. One has the image on the retina; within one has only the continuation of the image in the workings on the optic nerve; in the cerebrum there is nothing of the outer world, but the inner being charms forth the whole world again from the ‘vibrations.’ This makes one feel it is Baron Münchhausen again drawing himself up by his own tuft of hair! First, everything is eliminated and one has nothing left but brain-vibrations; and afterwards the soul recreates the outer world which has first been put away; then like Münchhausen, one lays hold of oneself by one's own tuft of hair and draws oneself up. But this is ‘basic philosophical knowledge,’ anyone who has not this, does not stand at the height of present-day knowledge.
If we try to follow up the whole diversified world as far as man himself, what have we finally? The processes in the membrane covering the cerebrum are not nearly as complicated as those in the optic nerve; they are the simplest of all. If we investigate how the world is in man we come to something extremely simple. We look for the spirit, but yet only come to a spirit which ‘dreams’ the world. There we must make a leap for so far no one has succeeded in distilling the spirit. In the quest of the spirit we come first to the brain vibrations, and we must then make something, which is nothing. This is the method science has followed in order to get to the spirit from the external sense-world.
On the earth we have many different conditions of life, and of life-influences, before the manifold variety of which we stand in respect and awe. Then we observe the difference in human beings in the different parts of the world—no matter whether the individual human characters are sympathetic or unsympathetic to us—if we consider the differentiations in mankind, we find that it is really as diversified as the sense-world outside is in its relation to man. In that bygone period in which the so-called childish ‘duffers’ lived, men try to understand the multiplicity of the Earth by rising to Heaven, by rising from the sensible to the spiritual. This they no longer do today. As we ascend farther and farther away from the diversified Earth, we have the same feeling as if we were coming from the external sense-world to the human Spirit through the eye and the brain; we come to what Copernicanism represents to us as the great Spiritual Cosmos. Just as the physiological theory of knowledge adopted the method of erecting a barrier in the vibrations of the brain in order to avoid coming to the human soul by way of the outer world, so in the same way does Copernicanism board up the world spiritually in the direction of the spiritual world. If we wish to realize the value of a world-conception we must know the point of view from which it is conceived. The point of view of Copernicanism does not pretend to place the true in the place of the false, once and for all; but it ‘boards up the world with planks’ so that man shall cultivate his consciousness soul within this ‘earthly tenement.’ This is the secret of the matter. We must look at these things in cold blood and with energy. We must first be able to shatter in our own selves that on which the easy-going people, who accept the world-philosophies of today, believe themselves to stand so firmly. As long as we are not able to shatter this in ourselves, as long as we are not able to see that really through Copernicanism the world is ‘boarded up with planks’—so long shall we not reach the point of acquiring a relationship to Spiritual Science, for which many things are necessary.
Just imagine for a moment what the Cosmos consists of, apart from the Earth. According to the Copernican world-conception, it is a calculation! It can never be that to Spiritual Science but something that presents itself to spiritual cognition. Why have we a geology which believes that the Earth has only evolved from the purely mineral world? Because the Copernican world-conception has to produce the present-day materialistic geology. For it has nothing in itself which could prove that the Earth, from the point of view of the Cosmos or spiritual world, might be conceived as an ensouled, spiritualized being. A universe as conceived by Copernicus could only be a dead Earth! An animated ensouled and spiritualized Earth must be conceived as coming from a different Cosmos, really from quite another Cosmos from that of Copernicus. But of course one can only mention a few features of the Earth's being, as it appears when viewed from the Cosmos
Is it a quite unreal conception to imagine the Earth's being as coming from the Cosmos? It is no unreal conception, it is a very ‘real’ one. A conception which, for example, once existed in the imagination of Herman Grimm, but he excused himself immediately after having written it. In an essay written in 1858 he says: “One might imagine—(but he immediately adds: I am not presenting an article of faith, this is only a fancy picture)—that when the soul of man is freed from the body it moves around the Earth freely in the Cosmos and that in this free movement it would observe the Earth from the outside; what happens on the Earth would then appear to man in quite another light.” That was the fancy of Hermann Grimm.‘Man would become acquainted with all occurrences from a different point of view. For instance he would look into the human heart “as into a glass beehive.’ The thoughts arising in the human heart would spring up as from a glass bee-hive!” That is a fine picture. And he pictured further that this man who had hovered around the Earth for a time, and had looked at it from the outside, now reincarnated on the Earth. He would have a Father and Mother, a Fatherland and everything usual on the Earth, and would have to forget everything he had experienced from another point of view. And if he were perhaps an historian in the sense of today (Hermann Grimm is here describing from a subjective point of view) he could not then do otherwise then forget what went before, for one cannot write history with the other concepts.
This is a fancy which comes very close to the truth. For it is absolutely true that the human soul between death and rebirth is, as it were, floating around the Earth, and—as I have often depicted—conditioned by karmic relations, it looks down upon the Earth. The soul that has altogether the feeling that this Earth is an ensouled and spiritualized organism—and the prejudice that considers it as something without soul, something purely geological, ceases. And then the Earth becomes very greatly differentiated; to man's perception between death and rebirth it becomes so differentiated that in fact the East looks different from the American West. It is not possible to speak about the Earth to the dead, as one would to geologists; for the dead do not understand the geological conceptions. But they know that looking down from cosmic space at the East—from Asia across into Russia—the Earth appears as if covered with a bluey sheen; blue or bluish-mauve. Thus does that side of the Earth appear, seen from cosmic space. When we come towards the Western Hemisphere, to the American side, it then appears as more or less a fiery red. There we have a polarity of the Earth, as seen from the Cosmos. Of course the Copernican world-conception cannot of itself give this; but it is another perception, from a different point of view. It will be comprehensible to anyone who has this point of view, that this Earth, this ensouled Earth-organism, appears different in its Eeastern half from its Western half, when viewed from outside. In its Eastern half it has a blue covering, in its Western it has something like a flashing-forth from within outwards; hence the fiery red seen externally. Here you have one example by which man between death and rebirth can direct himself by what he then learns. He learns to know the configuration of the Earth, it's a different appearance when seen from the Cosmos and the spiritual world; he learns to realize that on one side it is bluish-violet, on the other fiery red. And in accordance always with the spiritual needs which he will develop from his karma, this knowledge decides for him where he will reincarnate. Of course one must imagine things as being much more complicated than this; but from such conditions does man between death and rebirth, develop the forces which occasion him to reincarnate in a child body having a certain inheritance.
I have only mentioned two modifications of color, but there are of course other modifications besides those of color, many others. For the present I will only mention that in the center between the East and the West, for example, in our regions, the Earth is more of a green shade when seen from outside. So that this gives us a three-foldness which can throw a deal of light on the way in which man can determine, by what he beholds between death and rebirth, whether he is to appear in the East or West or elsewhere on the Earth.
If we bear this in mind we shall gradually gain the idea that in the relations between the man incarnated here in the physical body and the discarnate man, certain things come into play which, for the most part, are not taken into consideration at all. If we go into a foreign land and wish to understand the people, we must learn their language. If we wish to understand the dead you must gradually acquire the language of the dead. But this is at the same time the language of Spiritual Science, for it is spoken by all the so-called living and all of the so-called dead. It is this which passes to and fro between us and the beyond. It is particularly important to acquire pictures such as these of the universe, and not mere abstract concepts. We get a picture of the Earth if we imagine a sphere hovering in space, on the one side glowing bluish-mauve, on the other burning a flashing reddish-yellow, and between these a green zone. Pictorial representations gradually carry man over into the spiritual world. That is the point. One is of course obliged to set up pictorial representations when speaking seriously of the spiritual world, and it is further necessary not merely to think of such pictorial representations as a sort of fiction, but to make something out of them. Let us once again recall the bluish-violet glimmering Orient and the reddish-yellow flashing Occident. Here various differentiations come in. When a dead person in our present era observe certain places, then from the place which here on Earth is known as Palestine, as Jerusalem, something with a golden form, a golden crystal form, is to be seen in the middle of the bluish-mauve color and this becomes animated. That is the Jerusalem as seen from the spirit! This it is which also in the Apocalypse (speaking of imaginative conceptions) figures as the heavenly Jerusalem. These are not ‘thought-out’ things, they are things which can be observed, seen spiritually. The Mystery of Golgotha appeared like what physical observation precedes when the astronomer directs his telescope to space and beholds something which fills him with wonder like, for example the flashing-up of new stars. Seen spiritually, from the Universe, the Event of Golgotha was the flashing-up of a star of gold in the blue aura of the Eastern half of the Earth. Here you have the Imagination for what I developed at the close of my lecture the day before yesterday. It is really a question of acquiring, by means of such Imaginations, ideas of the Universe which bring the human soul into union with the Spirit of the Universe.
Try to think with someone who has passed over, of the crystal form of the heavenly Jerusalem building itself up into golden splendor in the bluish-violet aura of the Earth, and that will bring you near to him; for that is something which belongs to the realm of the Imaginations into which she entered at death: “Out of God we are born, and in Christ we die.”
There are means by which we can shut ourselves off from the spiritual reality and there are means by which we can draw near to it. We can shut ourselves off from spiritual reality by trying to ‘calculate’ it. Certainly mathematics do belong to the realm of the spirit, pure spirit; but in their application to physical reality they are the means of cutting us off from the spiritual. In so far as you calculate, just so far do you cut yourself off from the spirit. Kant once said: “There is just the same amount of science in the world as there is mathematics.” But one might also say, from the other point of view, which is equally justifiable, that there is darkness in the world to the same degree as man has succeeded in judging the world by means of calculation. We approached the spiritual life when we press on from external perception, and particularly from abstract concepts, towards Imaginations, to pictorial ideas. Copernicus has led man to calculate the universe; the opposite perception must lead men once more again to picture the universe, to imagine a universe with which the human soul can identify itself, so that the Earth appears as an organism shining into the universe, blue-violet, with the heavenly Jerusalem radiating golden light on the one side, and the yellowish-red flashing on the other side.
Whence comes the blue-violet on the one side of the Earth-aura? When one sees this side of the Earth-sphere, the physical part of the Earth disappears from external view, the aura of light becomes transparent, and the dark part of the Earth disappears. This creates the blue which penetrates through. You can explain the phenomenon from Goethe's theory of color. But because in the Western Hemisphere the inner part of the Earth flashes up—flashes up anyway which verifies what I described the day before yesterday: namely, that in America man is determined by the subterranean element, by what is under the Earth—for that reason the inner part of the Earth rays out and flashes like a red-yellow shimmer, like a reddish-yellow sparkling fire radiating into the Cosmos. This is only meant to be a picture sketched in quite fine outlines, but it should show you that it is indeed possible to speak, not merely in ordinary abstract thoughts, but in very, very concrete concepts about the world in which we live between death and rebirth. Finally, all this is adapted to prepare our souls to obtain a connection with the spiritual world, with the higher Hierarchies; with that world in which man lives between death and rebirth. But I intend to speak specially about this tomorrow; today I should only like to mention just one other thing.
The present era of human evolution, the fifth Post-Atlantean epoch, which exists for the development of the Spiritual or Consciousness Soul, contains manifold secrets. One of these is especially well guarded by those who believe that such truths should not yet be communicated to the humanity of to-day. This again is somewhat difficult. But since in the whole wide world there is no one else inclined to receive such things, you must really condescend to recognize them. In the course of this culture epoch, which began in the 15th century of our era, a remarkable longing began to make itself felt in men, along which lives chiefly in the subconsciousness, but must ever more and more be brought up into consciousness. This longing proceeds from a very definite cause.
I have often said that man is a twofold being. He is a being composed of many more than two parts; but particularly he is a twofold being, and consists as such as head and the rest of the body. The head is in particular that to which we should apply the Darwinian theory, the head is that which can be traced back to animal forms. During the Old Moon period man had animal forms, not those of the present animal kingdom, but a more spiritual, etherical animal form. This has hardened into the human head, and now, when animals on the Earth are developing as they are, man is not developing under the same conditions as were suitable for the head, for that he has inherited; but, according to the requirements of the rest of his body. This however does not descend from the animals. The head descends from the animals, but only from the etheric animals. We therefore carry an animal nature in our head, but it is an etheric animality. That entered men's unconscious nature in the fifth post-Atlantean epoch. They noticed more and more that there is something of the animal in man, but they could no longer think of it as anything spiritual. They got it into their heads that man must have ‘animal’ feelings, and this culminated in the Darwinian theory of the descent of man from the animal. This was not only expressed in the Darwinian doctrine of descent. The animal has a different perception from man; it stands in a more intimate connection with things than does man. Man is the superior being of the Earth just because he has cut himself off from the things so as to be obliged to build a bridge again from himself to them. The animal experiences the outer world much more inwardly than does man; if it were philosophically inclined it would not speak of ‘boundaries of knowledge,’ because there are no boundaries to knowledge for the animal such as those of which man speaks; these only exist because of the higher organization of man. The animal feels in a sense the whole universe within it through its group-soul; it has no boundaries of knowledge, knows nothing of them. Man began to feel more and more that he carries an animal within him. He did not wish to conceive this relation spiritually, supersensibly, etherically; he thought man was related to the animals physically. He then wanted to have a knowledge subconsciously, such as the animal has. He was however obliged to prove that he could not have that. The animal lives with the ‘thing in itself.’ The ‘thing in itself’ is unknown to man, when he says: “I should really like to be an animal, I should like to be as well off as the animal, but I cannot be as well off.” To affirm a ‘thing in itself’ which limits our knowledge, proceeds from the longing of man to feel himself animal, while he yet knows that he cannot have such a knowledge as the animal. This is the secret of Kantism. What can be said of the boundaries of knowledge is intimately connected with the impulse of modern humanity towards the consciousness of the animal. The Ancients knew that the animal has no boundaries of knowledge; for that reason they considered it good fortune to understand, for example, the language of the animals. You all know the fable connected with this.
That is one thing which the Ancients knew: that the animal has no boundaries of knowledge, in the sense in which man has them in modern times. But they knew something else as well: they knew that the beings belonging to the Hierarchy of the Angels are free beings, beings with freedom of will. And they knew that man is on the way to become an Angel. When the Earth shall have completed the Jupiter-stage man will have reached the stage of the Angel. He is now on the way to freedom. Freedom is developing within him. But what is left for the epoch which is gradually appearing with the evolution of the Spiritual Soul, if mankind turns away from his evolution to the stage of the Angels? There remains only the thought: freedom is an illusion! Man, in respect to his activity, is subject to the necessities of nature. To the degree in which boundaries of knowledge are erected does man turn away from his development to freedom. This is intimately connected with what has appeared—only in a coarser way—in the declaration of the descent of man from the animals; whereas in reality man has a very complicated descent, as I have often explained.
Today I have burdened you with some of the more difficult concepts. But they were necessary, and tomorrow we shall be able to speak principally on the connection between the present earthly life in the physical body and the life between death and rebirth, from a certain point of view. The concepts will then not be so difficult; but what you were so good as to listen to today in respect to more difficult concepts will help you tomorrow in regard to others.
Neunter Vortrag
Als ich vorgestern versuchte, auseinanderzusetzen die Beeinflussung des Menschen durch den Teil der Erde, auf dem er sich als physischer Mensch entwickelt, da hatte ich vorzugsweise im Auge, einmal besonders deutlich darauf hinzudeuten, wie die gesamte Erde ein Organismus, ein beseelter, durchgeistigter Organismus ist. Denn wie ein Organismus seine einzelnen verschiedenen, differenzierten Glieder hat, von denen jedes eine besondere Aufgabe hat - die Arme haben nicht die Aufgabe der Beine, das Herz nicht die Aufgabe des Gehirns und so weiter -, so hat, wenn man die Erde als Ganzes, als beseelten, durchgeistigten Organismus betrachtet, jeder Teil der Erde seine besondere Aufgabe. Diese besondere Aufgabe der einzelnen menschlichen organischen Glieder ist ersichtlich an der Gestalt dieser einzelnen Glieder. Die Arme sind anders geformt als die Beine, das Herz anders als das Gehirn. Bei der Erde ist das nicht so deutlich mit Bezug auf das Physische. Wer nur als äußerer materialistischer Geograph die einzelnen Kontinente oder sonst irgendwie Teile der Erde, nach diesen oder jenen Gesichtspunkten geordnet, betrachtet, dem fällt nicht von vorneherein auf, daß diese verschiedenen Glieder der Erde verschiedene Wirkungsweisen haben. Das fällt erst dem auf, der gewissermaßen das Seelische und das Geistige der Erde ins Auge fassen kann. Dies erkennen, heißt aber tatsächlich, sich im Konkreten zu der Anschauung aufschwingen, daß die Erde ein beseelter, durchgeistigter Organismus ist, und daß der Mensch, wie er als physischer Mensch auf der Erde lebt, ein Glied innerhalb dieses Organismus ist.
Da entstehen denn, wenn man dies berücksichtigt, mancherlei Fragen, und wer das Leben des Menschen so betrachtet, als ob es nur ein Mal zwischen Geburt und Tod verliefe, der wird mit diesen Fragen sehr wenig vernünftigerweise zurechtkommen. Denn der Mensch, wie er als physischer Mensch einmal ist, kann sich ja nur einem bestimmten Teile der Erde eingliedern. Er würde also dazu verurteilt sein, sich ganz spezialisieren, differenzieren zu lassen durch diesen besonderen Teil der Erde, gewissermaßen nicht irgendwie ein Ganzes sein zu können, sondern nur ein Glied im Erdenorganismus. Aber auf der “andern Seite ergibt sich gerade aus dieser Einsicht in das Beseelte, Durchgeistigte der Erde eine wichtige Erkenntnis, die Erkenntnis, daß das eigentliche, tiefere Wesen des Menschen, zu dem der Mensch im eigentlichen Sinne «Ich» sagt, nicht unmittelbar, sondern nur mittelbar mit dieser Differenzierung des Menschen über die Erde hin zusammenhängen kann, daß des Menschen seelisch-geistiger Wesenskern in demjenigen gewissermaßen nur wohnt, was so durch die Besonderheit der Erde spezifiziert wird. Also gerade die Erkenntnis kann der Mensch aus so etwas sich allmählich erringen, daß in dem, was uns zunächst am Menschen entgegentritt, sein geistig-seelischer Kern nicht bestehen kann, daß gewissermaßen dasjenige, in dem der Mensch uns entgegentritt, nur das Wohnhaus, das durch die besonderen Verhältnisse der Erde bestimmte Wohnhaus des Menschen sein kann. — Ich erwähne das nicht, weil es dem schon mit der Geisteswissenschaft Bekannten als eine besonders erhebliche Wahrheit erscheinen könnte. Das kann es natürlich nicht sein. Aber es soll zeigen, wie wirkliches, eindringlicheres Nachdenken über die Verhältnisse der Erde den Menschen dazu führen kann, sich durch dieses Nachdenken rein vernunftgemäß an die Geisteswissenschaft heranzubilden. Denn das muß als eines der fatalsten Vorurteile hinweggeräumt werden, was sich darin ausdrückt, daß man sagt: Geisteswissenschaft könne doch nur für den begreiflich sein, der in die geistige Welt hineinsieht! - Dies ist das Vorurteil, welches immer wieder und wieder, ich möchte sagen, zur Beruhigung aller der Bequemlinge sich geltend machen will, welche, weil sie sich darauf berufen, sie könnten nicht an das hellschauende Erkennen heran, Geisteswissenschaft zunächst wie eine Art Provisorium oder wie irgend etwas hinstellen möchten, was die Menschheit überhaupt nichts angehe. In Wahrheit kann umfassendes, eindringliches Denken wirklich das Geisteswissenschaftliche begreifen. Nur muß das Denken eben eindringlich, umfassend sein. Es muß dieses Denken bereit sein, die Erscheinungen des Lebens an das heranzutragen, was die Geisteswissenschaft konstatiert. Wer das, was ihm erreichbar ist an Wissen über die Charaktereigenschaften der verschiedenen Völker auf der Erde, der verschiedenen Erdenbewohner, wer es an das heranbringt, was ihm die Geisteswissenschaft sagt, der wird schon erkennen: An den Charaktereigenschaften der Völker bewahrheitet sich das, was hier das letzte Mal auseinandergesetzt worden ist. Man muß das, was einem das Leben bietet, wirklich an- diese Erkenntnis herantragen. Man muß bereit sein, vorurteilsfrei an den Lebenserfahrungen die geisteswissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse zu prüfen, dann führt vernünftiges Durchschauen der Sache zur Anerkennung der Geisteswissenschaft.
Dies ist in der heutigen Zeit recht wichtig zu betonen. Denn man kann sagen: Traditionen, die im geisteswissenschaftlichen Sinne das eine oder das andere enthalten, gibt es in viel größerer Verbreitung, als man gewöhnlich denkt. Aber es gibt eine gewisse Meinung, welche bis zum Heranrücken der neueren geschichtlichen Zeit ihre gute Berechtigung hatte, die aber von manchen geisteswissenschaftlich Wissenden auch in unsere Zeit herein fortgepflanzt wird, die Meinung, daß man gewisse tiefere Erkenntnisse über das Leben nicht öffentlich mitteilen sollte. Ich habe öfter die Gründe auseinandergesetzt, welche die Leute, die etwas von diesen Dingen wissen, für dieses Nichtmitteilen haben, und ich habe auch darauf hingewiesen, warum diese Gründe für die heutige Zeit nicht mehr gelten. Aber in gewisser Beziehung bieten gerade diese Tatsachen eine Schwierigkeit. Denn man hat nicht nur das Sich-Stemmen des weitaus größten Teiles der Menschheit gegen die Geisteswissenschaft gegen sich, sondern man hat auch die Meinung derer, die etwas wissen, gegen sich: daß derjenige unrecht habe, der aus dem Born der Geisteswissenschaft der Öffentlichkeit Dinge übergibt, wie man andere Wahrheiten der Öffentlichkeit übergibt. Die da glauben, daß der Schleier des Geheimnisses über gewisse Dinge noch immer nicht gelüftet werden darf, sie werden dann geheilt werden, wenn sie das Wichtige anerkennen, das zum Beispiel — allerdings in etwas wissenschaftlicher Form, aber deutlich genug, wie mir scheint - in dem Vorworte und in der Einleitung zu meinem Buche «Vom Menschenrätsel» gesagt worden ist.
Es ist nämlich notwendig, einzusehen, daß dieser Begriff von Wahrheit und von Richtigkeit, den die meisten Menschen heute noch haben, eben überwunden wird. Die meisten Menschen haben heute den Begriff: Etwas ist richtig — etwas ist unrichtig. Aber immer wieder muß ich betonen und habe es auch in der Vorrede der «Menschenrätsel» besonders betont: Was des Menschen einzelne Ansicht über eine Sache von einer bestimmten Seite ist, nimmt sich aus wie die Photographie eines Gegenstandes von einer bestimmten Seite her. Wenn man einen Baum erst von der einen Seite, nachher von einer andern Seite photographiert, so ist das zweite Bild doch ein Bild desselben Baumes, es sieht nur anders aus. Nur heute, wo die Menschen so sehr abstrakt geworden sind, wo sie sich so sehr an das 'Theoretische gewöhnt haben, trotzdem sie glauben, Wirklichkeitsmenschen zu sein, heute gilt eine Ansicht von einer Sache als allumfassend, als die Wirklichkeit begreifend. Man glaubt, in einem Gedanken — oder in etwas anderem - die Wirklichkeit aussprechen zu können. Man ist insbesondere hochmütig in diesem Glauben, die Wirklichkeit durch einen Gedanken aussprechen zu können. Ich meine hochmütig etwa in der folgenden Art. Die Leute sagen: Wir haben heute die Kopernikanische Weltanschauung. Und die Menschheit vor Kopernikus man spricht es nicht in dieser Schroffheit aus, aber man denkt es doch -, das waren alles Kinder, wenn man nicht gar sagen möchte: Rindviecher, denn sie haben noch nicht die Kopernikanische Weltanschauung gehabt! Die ist richtig, denkt man, die andern Weltanschauungen sind falsch. — Das ist etwas, was überwunden werden muß. Auch die Kopernikanische Weltanschauung ist eben eine Ansicht, ist eine bestimmte Art, sich über die Dinge Gedanken, Vorstellungen, Bilder zu machen. Es gibt allerdings heute Menschen, welche die Geisteswissenschaft, sobald sie nur bemerken, daß sie eine Ansicht, eine reguläre Ansicht über eine Sache geben kann, bekämpfen, indem sie eine andere Ansicht der Sache ihr gegenüberstellen. Das wird derjenige aber auch gar nicht leugnen, der da weiß, daß es verschiedene
Ansichten über eine Sache gibt. Nur wollen heute manche Menschen noch etwas ganz Besonderes, was sich etwa damit vergleichen läßt, daß man, wenn man zum Beispiel in einem Zimmer ist, sagen würde: Wenn man das Zimmer von einem Punkte aus beleuchtet hat und es dann von dieser Stelle aus durch die Beleuchtung übersieht, dann gibt das doch immer nur eine perspektivische Ansicht; das ist nicht die Wirklichkeit, löschen wir vielmehr das Licht aus, machen wir das Zimmer ganz finster und tasten wir alles einzelne ab. Dann haben wir alle, die wir so die Dinge abtasten, dieselbe Ansicht. Wenn wir das Zimmer im Lichte anschauen, dann hat der eine, der dort steht, diese Ansicht, ein anderer, der woanders steht, hat jene Ansicht und so weiter. — So möchte heute ein gewisses Ideal der Naturwissenschaft das Licht auslöschen und alles nur abtasten. Demgegenüber muß die Geisteswissenschaft allerdings das Licht anzünden. Dann aber sind natürlich die Ansichten etwas von verschiedenen Punkten Aufgenommenes.
Nun wird ja gerade bei uns die Bemühung zugrunde gelegt, in der Welt herumzugehen, um an verschiedene Punkte zu kommen, von verschiedenen Punkten aus Ansichten aufzunehmen - das wird schon seit Jahren angestrebt -, von verschiedenen Punkten aus Ansichten aufzunehmen. Dazu könnte nun mancher sagen: Das eine widerspricht dem andern. - Aber das ist gerade das Wesentliche, daß in dem “ eben ausgesprochenen Sinne eines dem andern widerspricht, denn dadurch bekommt man gerade die allseitige Ansicht einer Sache. Und darauf kommt es gerade an. Nur ist dies durchaus nicht bequem. Denn die Menschen möchten am liebsten ein Büchelchen haben, möglichst dünn, worin eine ganze Weltanschauung notifiziert ist. Oder, wenn sie schon öfter über Weltanschauungen gesprochen haben wollen, dann möchten sie, daß immer dieselbe Sache abgebetet wird. Das kann ja natürlich nicht sein. Unsere gedruckten Zyklen mehren sich, werden immer mehr, um von verschiedenen Seiten die Dinge zu beleuchten, um von verschiedenen Seiten Anschauungen, Ansichten zu gewinnen, die dann erst ein Gesamtbild der Wirklichkeit geben können. Man muß allerdings — das eben Gesagte wird es Ihnen begreiflich erscheinen lassen - in einer gewissen Beziehung die Leute vor den Kopf stoßen, wenn man mit den geisteswissenschaftlichen Wahrheiten gegen die angekündigten und angedeuteten Vorurteile immer mehr verstoßen muß. Namentlich aber, wenn man also sündigt gegen die Forderung gewisser Geheimwissenschafter, wichtige Dinge nicht der Öffentlichkeit mitzuteilen, muß man über Sachen sprechen, welche die Leute schockieten, vielleicht auch ärgern und aufreizen, weil diese Dinge unter vielem andern eben zum Beispiel Anstoß erregen bei allen, die da sagen: Etwas kann doch nur richtig oder unrichtig sein. — Die Anschauung muß vielmehr Platz greifen, daß in der Aufeinanderfolge der Entwickelungszustände der Menschheit es niemals einen Zustand geben kann, in dem man sagen kann: Jetzt haben wir in bezug auf irgendein Gedankenmaterial die absolute Wahrheit -, oder: Wir wissen jetzt, was das absolut Unrichtige ist. - Das kann es gar nicht geben. Nicht darum kommen gewisse Anschauungen herauf, um den Menschen endlich das «Richtige» zu geben, so daß sie nun hochmütig auf die Vorfahren als auf Kinder oder noch etwas anderes hinschauen, sondern aus einem ganz andern Grunde. | |
Erinnern wir uns an etwas, was wir alle wissen. Mit dem 15. Jahrhundert unserer Zeitrechnung ist die Menschheit in den fünften Kulturzeitraum der nachatlantischen Entwickelung eingetreten, was wir den Zeitraum der menschlichen Bewußtseinsseelenentwickelung nennen. Was mit diesem fünften Kulturzeitraum besonders heraufgekommen ist, hat also mit dem 15. nachchristlichen Jahrhundert begonnen. Bis dahin war es die Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele, die sich im Laufe der Kulturentwickelung der Menschheit besonders ergeben hat. Damit dann aber die Bewußtseinsseele herauskommen kann, nahmen gewisse Gedanken, gewisse Vorstellungsarten ein ganz bestimmtes Gepräge an. Nicht weil dieKopernikanische Weltanschauung das absolut Richtige ist - daß sie heraufkommen mußte, betone auch ich oft genug, und daß sie in gewisser Beziehung das für uns Zeitgemäße ist, werde ich immer wieder und wieder betonen -, aber nicht weil sie das absolut Richtige ist, kam sie herauf, sondern weil sie der Entwickelung der Bewußtseinsseele dient, weil der Mensch am besten zur Entwickelung der Bewußtseinsseele kommt, wenn er die Kopernikanische Weltanschauung allmählich sich in Fleisch und Blut übergehen läßt, wenn er es dahin bringt, durch die Kopernikanische Weltanschauung gewisse Konstellationen der Sterne so errechnen zu können, wie es die neuere Zeit errechnet.
Was ist denn eigentlich das Gute an der Kopernikanischen Weltanschauung? Nicht das ist es, daß sie uns endlich das «Richtige» gesagt hat gegenüber dem «Falschen» früherer Jahrtausende, sondern daß sie eine geistige Mauer aufrichtete zwischen der Erde und dem Himmel, zwischen der physischen Welt und der geistigen Welt. Es kommt natürlich gleich etwas furchtbar Paradoxes heraus, etwas, womit man selbstverständlich bei denjenigen Menschen Anstoß erregt, welche die früher charakterisierten Vorurteile haben. Aber wahr ist es: Darum handelt es sich, daß die Menschen anfingen, kopernikanisch den Umkteis, den kosmischen Umkreis der Erde zu denken, weil sie, indem die kopernikanischen Vorstellungen sie in den Umkreis der Erde versetzten, eine geistige Mauer aufrichteten. Da kann man nicht durch. Dadurch ist man vom Geistigen abgeschlossen und kann mit seinen Vorstellungen im Umkreis der Erde bleiben und aus dem Umkreis der Erde gerade die Bewußtseinsseele entwickeln. Also, damit der Mensch möglichst egoistisch sich beschränkt auf das Irdische, wurde ihm die Kopernikanische Weltanschauung zuteil, die eine geistige Mauer um die Erde herum aufrichtet. Je vollkommener die Kopernikanische Weltanschauung sich ausbildet, desto sicherer ist es, daß der Mensch durch die äußere Anschauung von der geistigen Welt abgeschlossen wird, desto notwendiger wird es aber auch, daß er durch die innere Anschauung, durch die Belebung seines Inneren den Zusammenhang mit dem Geistigen wiederfindet. Es gehen merkwürdige Dinge parallel, ganz merkwürdige Dinge. Ich muß da schon ein wenig schwierig werden, wenn solche Dinge erörtert werden, aber, ich möchte sagen, da in der ganzen weiten Welt, um diese Dinge zu verstehen, nichts ist, als just die Anthroposophie, so müssen die Anthroposophen sich eben Mühe geben, diese Dinge zu verstehen.
Es gibt heute so etwas wie eine Erkenntnistheorie; namentlich diejenige philosophische Wissenschaft, die auf Kant fußt, wird Erkenntnistheorie genannt. Doch diese Erkenntnistheorie ist wirklich, man möchte schon sagen, ein Nagel zum Sarge der menschlichen Erkenntnis. Nehmen Sie nur einen Hauptgedanken, wie er heute gewöhnlich den Leuten über die landläufige Erkenntnistheorie durch den Kopf schießt. Da sagt man: Draußen ist das Ding. Aber was da draußen ist, das ist eigentlich nur Äthervibration, etwas, was nichts zu tun hat mit der Farbe, mit dem Ton, sondern das ist Bewegung kleinster Teile im Raume. Draußen schwingt die Luft, tonlos. Diese Lufterschütterungen kommen an unser Ohr heran — Schopenhauer sagte etwas respektlos gegen die Erkenntnistheorie: trommeln an das Ohr heran — und werden nachher zu dem, was wir Ton nennen. Draußen ist alles stumm, dort sind bloß Erschütterungen in der Luft. Dann sind draußen Ätherwellen. Die kommen an das Auge heran. Aber jetzt ist ja die Sache nicht fertig: Es kommen die Wellen an das Auge heran, auf der Netzhaut wird das Bild erzeugt; von diesem Bilde aber weiß der Mensch nichts, wenn es nicht durch die Wissenschaft erforscht wird. Dann pflanzen sich die Vorgänge auf den Sehnerv fort. Diese können aber nur materieller Natur sein; sie gehen bis zur Gehirnrinde, und dort geht ein ganz geheimnisvoller Prozeß vor sich. Da kommt die Seele dazu, das, was draußen ist, was finster und stumm ist, leuchtend und farbig, warm und kalt und so weiter vorzustellen, schafft da die Dinge erst in sich selber, «träumt» die ganze Welt.
Es liegt das sehr Merkwürdige vor: Das ist der Weg, auf dem die Erkenntnistheorie von der äußeren materiellen Welt zum menschlichen Geist vordringen will. Aber was ist eigentlich in dieser Erkenntnistheorie? Es ist kurios, wenn man draußen bei den Dingen bleibt, die Töne und Farben haben - die Erkenntnistheorie nennt es naiven Realismus, den die ungebildeten Leute haben -, dann hat man wenigstens eine tönende und farbige Welt. Aber jetzt führt man diese Welt durch die Erkenntnistheorie zum Beispiel an das Auge heran. Jetzt hat man das Bild auf der Netzhaut, drinnen hat man dann nur die Fortpflanzung des Bildes in den Vorgängen auf den Sehnerv; im Großhirn ist nichts von der äußeren Welt, aber das Innere zaubert wieder aus den Schwingungen die ganze Welt heraus. Man hat dabei das Gefühl: Es ist schon der Münchhausen, der sich an seinem eigenen Haarschopf heraufzieht! Erst wird alles weggeschafft, dann hat man nichts mehr als Gehirnvibrationen, und nachher schafft wieder die Seele die Außenwelt, die man erst weggeschafft hat -— wie Münchhausen: Man faßt sich beim eigenen Haarschopf und hebt sich in die Höhe. Aber das ist gründliche philosophische Wissenschaft, und wer das nicht hat, der steht nicht auf der Höhe der heutigen Erkenntnis!
Es ist eigentümlich: Man versucht, die ganze mannigfaltige Welt bis in den Menschen hinein zu verfolgen. Was hat man zuletzt? Die Vorgänge in der Großhirnrinde sind nämlich gar nicht so kompliziert wie die Vorgänge im Sehnerv, sondern sie sind die einfachsten. Wenn man untersucht, wie die Welt im Menschen ist, so kommt man zu etwas höchst Einfachem. Man sucht den Geist, aber man kommt doch nur zu einem Geist, der die Welt träumt. Da muß man einen Sprung machen, denn es ist bisher noch keinem gelungen, den Geist herauszudestillieren. Auf der Suche nach dem Geist kommt man zuerst zu den Gehirnvibrationen, dann muß man [das, was nicht mehr da ist, wieder herschaffen]. Das ist der Weg, den die Wissenschaft genommen hat, um von der äußeren Sinneswelt hinein zum Geist zu kommen.
Auf der Erde haben wir eine Mannigfaltigkeit von Lebensverhältnissen, von Lebenseinflüssen, eine große Mannigfaltigkeit, vor der wir ehrfurchtsvoll erstaunen. Wenn wir die Verschiedenheit der Menschen über die Erde hin betrachten -— mögen uns die einzelnen menschlichen Charaktere sympathisch oder unsympathisch anmuten, darauf kommt es nicht an -, und wenn wir bedenken, was da an Differenziertheit der Menschen herauskommt, so ist es im Grunde genommen so mannigfaltig, wie die Sinneswelt draußen im Verhältnis zum Menschen ist. In jener Vorzeit, als die «Kinder-Rindviecher» gelebt haben, da haben die Menschen versucht, diese Mannigfaltigkeit der Erde zu begreifen, indem sie hinaufgestiegen sind zum Himmel, indem sie vom Sinnlichen zum Geistigen hinaufgestiegen sind. Das tun sie nicht mehr. Indem man aufsteigt von der mannigfaltigen Erde, immer weiter und weiter, geht es einem so, wie wenn man von der äußeren Sinneswelt durch das Auge und das Gehirn zum menschlichen Geist kommt: Man kommt zu dem, was der Kopernikanismus aus dem großen geistigen Kosmos vorstellt. Geradeso wie die physiologische Erkenntnistheorie zu der Methode gegriffen hat, in den Vibrationen des Gehirns das Brett aufzurichten, um von der Außenwelt nicht zur Menschenseele zu kommen, geradeso verschlägt der Kopernikanismus geistig die Welt, eben gegen die geistige Welt hin.
Wenn man den Wert einer Weltanschauung erkennen will, muß man den Gesichtspunkt wissen, von dem aus diese Weltanschauung da ist. Der Gesichtspunkt des Kopernikanismus ist nicht der, einmal das Richtige an die Stelle des Falschen gestellt zu haben, sondern der: die Welt mit Brettern zu verschlagen, damit der Mensch innerhalb dieser irdischen Bretterbude seine Bewußtseinsseele ausbilde. Das ist es, worauf es ankommt. Diese Dinge muß man mit kühlem Blut und Energie anschauen. Man muß zuerst bei sich das erschüttern können, worauf die Bequemlinge der heutigen Weltanschauungen so festzustehen glauben. Solange man es nicht wird erschüttern können, solange man nicht wird einsehen können, daß eigentlich durch den Kopernikanismus die Welt mit Brettern verschlagen ist, so lange wird man nicht dazu kommen, ein Verhältnis zur Geisteswissenschaft zu gewinnen. Denn diese Geisteswissenschaft hat mancherlei notwendig.
Man stelle sich nur einmal vor, was, von der Erde abgesehen, der Kosmos für die bloße Kopernikanische Weltanschauung ist: ein Rechenexempel! Für die Geisteswissenschaft kann er kein Rechenexempel sein, sondern muß er etwas sein, was sich eben dem geistigen Erkennen darbietet. Warum haben wir eine Geologie, die da glaubt, daß sich die Erde nur durch die rein mineralische Welt entwickelt habe? Weil die Kopernikanische Weltanschauung selbstverständlich die heutige materialistische Geologie heraufbringen mußte! Denn die hat nichts in sich, was zeigen könnte, wie vom Kosmos oder vom Geistigen herein die Erde als ein durchseeltes, durchgeistigtes Wesen aufzufassen wäre. Ein kopernikanisch gedachtes Weltall könnte nur eine tote Erde sein! Eine belebte, durchseelte und durchgeistigte Erde muß von einem andern Kosmos aus vorgestellt werden, wirklich von einem andern Kosmos aus, als der kopernikanische ist. Da kann man natürlich nur immer einzelne Züge des Erdenwesens angeben, wie es sich ausnimmt, wenn es vom Kosmos aus angeschaut wird.
Ist das eine ganz irreale Vorstellung: vom Kosmos aus das Erdenwesen vorzustellen? Es ist keine irreale Vorstellung, es ist eine sehr reale Vorstellung, eine Vorstellung, die zum Beispiel einmal Herman Grimm vorgeschwebt hat; aber er hat sich gleich hinterher entschuldigt, als er diese Vorstellung hingeschrieben hat. In einem Aufsatz aus dem Jahre 1858 sagt er, man könnte sich vorstellen - aber er bemerkt dazu sogleich: «Ich stelle hier keinen Glaubensartikel auf, es ist nur eine Phantasie» -, daß die Seele des Menschen, wenn sie vom Leibe befreit ist, frei im Kosmos sich um die Erde herumbewegte und dann die Erde von außerhalb in dieser freien Bewegung betrachten würde; da erschiene das, was auf der Erde vorgeht, dem Menschen in einem ganz andern Lichte, meint Herman Grimm. Der Mensch würde alle Ereignisse von einem andern Gesichtspunkte aus kennenlernen. Er würde zum Beispiel in die menschlichen Herzen hineinschauen «wie in einen gläsernen Bienenkorb». Die im menschlichen Herzen entstehenden Gedanken würden wie einem gläsernen Bienenkorbe entspringen! — Das ist ein schönes Bild. - Und dann stelle man sich weiter vor: Dieser Mensch, der eine Zeitlang die Erde umschwebt hat, sie von außen angeschaut hat, käme nun dazu, sich wieder auf der Erde zu verkörpern. Er hätte Vater und Mutter, hätte Patriam und alles, was es auf der Erde gibt, und müßte nun alles vergessen, was er von einem andern Standpunkte aus erlebt hat. Und wenn er etwa Geschichtsschreiber im heutigen Sinne wäre — Herman Grimm schildert hier subjektiv —, so könnte er nicht anders, als jenes andere vergessen, da man mit dem andern Vorstellen nicht Geschichte schreiben kann.
Dies ist eine Vorstellung, die sehr stark an die Wahrheit herankommt. Denn es ist durchaus richtig, daß die Menschenseele zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt wie schwebend ist um die Erde herum, aber wie ich es oft geschildert habe - durch die karmischen Verbindungen bedingt, auf die Erde hinunterschaut. Dann aber hat die Seele durchaus das Gefühl: Diese Erde ist ein beseelter und durchgeistigter Organismus, und das Vorurteil hört auf, als wenn sie nur etwas Unbeseeltes, nur etwas Geologisches wäre. Und dann wird die Erde recht differenziert, dann wird sie für das Anschauen zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt so differenziert, daß in der Tat der Orient zum Beispiel anders ausschaut als der amerikanische Okzident. Mit den Toten läßt sich nicht so über die Erde reden, wie man mit Geologen über sie redet; denn die geologischen Vorstellungen verstehen die Toten nicht. Aber sie wissen: Wenn aus dem Weltenraume herab der Orient, von Asien bis herüber tief in Rußland hinein, angeschaut wird, so erscheint die Erde wie von einem bläulichen Schein belegt, bläulich, bläulich-violettlich; so ist die Erde auf dieser Seite aus dem Weltenraume gesehen. Kommt man nach der westlichen Halbkugel, schaut man sie an, wo sie amerikanisch ist, so erscheint sie mehr oder weniger in brennendem Rot. Da haben Sie eine Polarität der Erde, aus dem Kosmos angeschaut. Das kann die Kopernikanische Weltanschauung von sich aus selbstverständlich nicht geben; aber es ist ein anderes Anschauen von einem andern Gesichtspunkte aus. Und demjenigen, der diesen Gesichtspunkt hat, wird jetzt begreiflich: Diese Erde, dieser beseelte Erdenorganismus zeigt sich nach außen hin anders in seiner östlichen Hälfte als in seiner westlichen. In seiner östlichen hat er seine blaue Überdeckung, in seiner westlichen hat er etwas wie ein Auflodern seines Inneren nach außen hin, daher das rötlich Brennende nach außen hin. -— Da haben Sie eines der Beispiele, wie sich der Mensch zwischen 'Tod und neuer Geburt nach dem richten kann, was er dann erkennen lernt. Er lernt die Konfiguration der Erde erkennen, das verschiedene Aussehen der Erde nach dem Kosmos und nach dem Geistigen hinaus. Er lernt erkennen: Sie ist nach der einen Seite bläulich-violettlich, nach der andern brennend-rot. Und je nach seinem geistigen Bedürfnis, das er aus seinem Karma heraus entwickeln wird, ist das für ihn in bezug darauf bestimmend, wo er sich wieder verkörpern will. Natürlich muß man sich die Dinge viel komplizierter vorstellen, als ich es jetzt gesagt habe. Aber aus solchen Verhältnissen heraus entwickelt der Mensch zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt die Kräfte, die ihn dann dahin bringen, in eine bestimmte vererbte Kindesleiblichkeit hinein sich zu verkörpern.
Das sind nur zwei Farbenbestimmungen, die ich angegeben habe. Es sind natürlich außer Farben noch andere Bestimmungen, viele andere. Ich will vorläufig nur erwähnen, zwischen dem Osten und dem Westen, in der Mitte, ist die Erde mehr grünlich, nach außen hin gesehen, für unsere Gegenden zum Beispiel grünlich. So daß in der Tat damit schon eine Dreigliedrigkeit gegeben ist, die wichtige Aufschlüsse geben kann über die Art und Weise, wie der Mensch das, was er zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt schaut, für sich bestimmend machen kann, um da oder dort auf der Erde zu erscheinen.
Wenn man dies berücksichtigt, wird man allmählich die Vorstellung bekommen, daß in dem Verhältnis zwischen dem hier im physischen Leibe verkörperten Menschen und zwischen dem entkörperten Menschen gewisse Dinge mitspielen, die meistens gar nicht in Erwägung gezogen werden. Wenn wir in ein fremdes Land gehen und die Leute verstehen wollen, müssen wir uns ihre Sprache aneignen. Auch wenn wir mit den Toten in Verständigung kommen wollen, müssen wir uns allmählich die Sprache der Toten aneignen. Die ist aber die Sprache der Geisteswissenschaft zugleich, denn diese Sprache sprechen alle sogenannten Lebenden und alle sogenannten Toten. Sie ist das, was von drüben herüber- und von hier hinüberreicht. Aber besonders wichtig ist es, nicht bloß abstrakte Vorstellungen, sondern Bilder vom Weltenall sich. anzueignen. Wir bekommen ein Bild von der Erde, wenn wir uns vorstellen: eine im Weltenraume schwebende Kugel, die von der einen Seite bläulich-violettlich glimmt, nach der andern Seite rötlich-gelblich brennt, sprüht; und dazwischen ist ein grüner Gürtel. Bildliche Vorstellungen tragen den Menschen allmählich hinüber in die geistige Welt. Darauf kommt es an. Man ist natürlich genötigt, solche bildliche Vorstellungen hinzustellen, wenn man im Ernste von den geistigen Welten spricht, und es ist weiter nötig, daß nicht nur geglaubt werde, es handle sich bei solchen bildlichen Vorstellungen um irgendwelche Erdichtungen, sondern man ist darauf angewiesen, daß etwas daraus gemacht werde. -— Fassen wir noch einmal ins Auge: die bläulich-violettlich glimmende Osterde, die rötlich-gelblich sprühende Westerde. Aber da kommen noch verschiedene Differenzierungen hinein. Wenn der Tote in unserem gegenwärtigen Zeitenzyklus gewisse Punkte betrachtet, dann bekommt er von der Stätte aus, die hier auf der Erde dadurch signiert ist, daß es Palästina, daß es Jerusalem ist, mitten aus dem Bläulich-Violettlichen heraus etwas von goldigem Gebilde, von goldigem Kristallgebilde zu schauen, das sich dann belebt: das ist Jerusalem, vom Geiste aus gesehen! Das ist das, was auch in der Apokalypse — indem ich von Imaginationen spreche - als «himmlisches Jerusalem» hineinspielt. Das sind keine ausgedachten Dinge, das sind Dinge, die geschaut werden können. Geistig betrachtet war es mit dem Mysterium von Golgatha so, wie man es bei der physischen Betrachtung erleben kann, wenn heute der Astronom sein Fernrohr in den Weltenraum hinausrichtet und dann schaut, was ihn in Verwunderung versetzt, wie zum Beispiel das Aufleuchten von Sternen. Geistig, vom Weltenall aus betrachtet, war das Ereignis von Golgatha das Aufleuchten eines Goldsternes in der blauen Erdenaura der Osthälfte der Erde. Da haben Sie die Imagination für das, was ich vorgestern am Schlusse entwickelt habe. Es handelt sich wirklich darum, daß man durch solche Imaginationen sich wiederum Vorstellungen vom Weltenall verschafft, welche die Menschenseele in den Geist dieses Weltenalls fühlend hineinstellen.
Versuchen Sie mit einem Hingestorbenen zu denken die in Goldglanz sich aufbauende Kristallgestalt des himmlischen Jerusalems innerhalb der blau-violetten Erdenaura, so wird das Sie nahebringen; denn das ist etwas, was zu den Imaginationen gehört, wohinein der Tote stirbt: Ex Deo nascimur — In Christo morimur!
Es gibt ein Mittel, wie man sich von der geistigen Wirklichkeit abschließen kann, und es gibt eines, wie man sich ihr nähern kann. Abschließen kann man sich von der geistigen Wirklichkeit, indem man versucht, die Wirklichkeit zu errechnen. Zwar ist die Mathematik noch Geist, sogar reiner Geist, aber in ihrer Anwendung auf die physische Wirklichkeit ist sie das Mittel, um sich vom Geistigen abzuschließen. Soviel Sie errechnen, soviel schließen Sie sich vom Geiste ab. Kant hat einmal gesagt: Es ist so viel Wissenschaft in der Welt, als Mathematik in ihr ist. - Aber man könnte von dem andern Standpunkte aus, der ebenso berechtigt ist, auch sagen: Es ist so viel Finsternis in der Welt, als es den Menschen gelungen ist, von der Welt zu errechnen. Und man nähert sich dem geistigen Leben, wenn man von der äußeren Anschauung, besonders von den abstrakten Vorstellungen, immer mehr und mehr zu den Imaginationen, zu den Bildvorstellungen vordringt. Kopernikus hat die Menschen dazu gebracht, das Weltenall zu errechnen. Die entgegengesetzte Anschauung muß die Menschen dazu bringen, sich das Weltenall wieder zu verbildlichen, ein Weltenall zu denken, mit dem sich die Menschenseele identifizieren kann, so daß die Erde erscheint wie der ins Weltenall hineinleuchtende Organismus: blau-violett, mit dem goldstrahlenden himmlischen Jerusalem auf der einen Seite, rötlich-gelb sprühend nach der andern Seite.
Woher stammt das Blauviolette auf der einen Seite der Erdenaura? Wenn man diese Seite der Erdenkugel sieht, so verschwindet das Physische der Erde, von außen gesehen; es wird mehr die Lichtaura durchsichtig, und das Dunkle der Erde verschwindet. Das macht das Blau, was da durchschaut. Sie können sich die Erscheinung aus der Goetheschen Farbenlehre erklären. Weil aber das Innere der Erde heraufsprüht aus der Westhälfte, so heraufsprüht, daß da wahr ist, was ich vorgestern geschildert habe: In Amerika ist der Mensch vom Unterirdischen bestimmt, von dem, was unter der Erde ist, deshalb strahlt und sprüht auch das Innere der Erde wie ein rot-gelber Schimmer, wie ein rötlich-gelbes Sprühfeuer in das Weltenall hinaus. — Dies soll nur ein in ganz schwachen Umrissen entworfenes Bild sein. Es soll Ihnen aber zeigen, wie es doch möglich ist, nicht bloß in allgemeinen, abstrakten Gedanken heute schon über die Welt zu reden, in der wir zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt leben, sondern in sehr, sehr konkreten Vorstellungen. Schließlich ist das alles dazu geeignet, unsere Seele zu präparieren, um Verbindung zu bekommen mit der geistigen Welt, Verbindung zu bekommen mit den höheren Hierarchien, Verbindung zu bekommen mit jener Welt, in welcher der Mensch lebt zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt. Doch davon will ich noch morgen besonders sprechen. Heute möchte ich nur noch eines erwähnen.
Der jetzige Zeitraum der Menschheitsentwickelung, dieser fünfte nachatlantische, der zur Ausbildung der Bewußtseinsseele da ist, enthält gar mancherlei Geheimnisse. Eines derselben wird besonders gut gehütet von denjenigen, die da glauben, daß man der heutigen Menschheit solche Wahrheiten noch nicht mitteilen dürfe. Das ist wieder etwas schwierig. Aber da auf der ganzen weiten Welt niemand weiter da ist, um die Geneigtheit zu haben, solche Dinge aufzunehmen, so müssen Sie sich schon herbeilassen, solche Dinge anzuerkennen. — Im Laufe dieses, mit dem 15. Jahrhundert unserer Zeitrechnung beginnenden Kulturzeitraumes begann eine merkwürdige Sehnsucht der Menschen sich geltend zu machen, die zunächst im Unterbewußtsein lebt, aber immer mehr und mehr ins Bewußtsein heraufgeholt werden muß. Diese Sehnsucht rührt von etwas ganz Bestimmtem her.
Ich habe öfter gesagt: Der Mensch ist ein zwiespältiges Wesen. Er ist ein mehrspältiges Wesen, besonders aber ein zwiespältiges und besteht als solches aus dem Haupte und dem übrigen Organismus. Das Haupt, sagte ich, ist besonders das, worauf man die Darwinsche Theorie anwenden sollte, denn das Haupt ist das, was auf Tierformen zurückführt. Während der alten Mondenzeit hatte der Mensch Tierformen, aber nicht die der jetzigen Tierheit, sondern noch eine geistigere, ätherische Tierform. Die hat sich zum menschlichen Kopf verhärtet. Und jetzt, wo sich die Tiere auf der Erde so entwickeln, wie sie sind, da entwickelt sich der Mensch nicht unter denselben Bedingungen, wie sie einmal für sein Haupt zutrafen, denn das hat er ererbt, sondern nach den Bedingungen seines übrigen Organismus. Aber der stammt nicht von den Tieren ab. Das Haupt stammt von den Tieren ab, aber auch nur von den ätherischen Tieren. Wir tragen daher in unserem Haupt eine Tierheit, aber eine ätherische Tierheit. Das kam ins Unbewußte der Menschen im fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraume hinein. Immer mehr und mehr spürten sie: Es ist etwas vom Tier im Menschen -, aber sie konnten es sich nicht mehr geistig vorstellen. Sie setzten sich in den Kopf, daß sich der Mensch «tierisch» fühlen müsse, was dann gipfelte in der Darwinschen Abstammungstheorie des Menschen vom Tier. Aber dies kam nicht bloß in der Darwinschen Abstammungslehre zum Ausdruck. Das Tier nimmt die Dinge anders wahr als der Mensch; es steht mit den Dingen in einer innigeren Verbindung als der Mensch. Der Mensch ist gerade dadurch dieses vorzügliche Wesen auf der Erde, daß er sich von den Dingen abtrennt, um dann erst wieder von sich aus die Brücke zu den Dingen schlagen zu müssen. Das Tier erlebt die Außenwelt viel mehr in sich als der Mensch. Wenn es philosophisch veranlagt wäre, würde es nicht von Erkenntnisgrenzen sprechen, weil es für das Tier keine Erkenntnisgrenzen in dem Sinne gibt, wie der Mensch davon redet; die sind erst gerade durch die höhere Organisation des Menschen da. Das Tier fühlt gewissermaßen durch seine Gruppenseele das ganze Weltenall in sich, es hat keine Erkenntnisgrenzen, kennt nichts davon. — Das fing man an, immer mehr und mehr zu fühlen: Man trägt ein Tier in sich. Geistig, übersinnlich, ätherisch wollte man es nicht vorstellen; physisch dachte man den Menschen mit den Tieren verwandt. Nun wollte man auch eine Erkenntnis unterbewußt haben, wie das Tier. Man konnte aber nur beweisen, daß man diese nicht haben konnte. Das Tier lebt mit dem «Ding an sich». Dem Menschen wird das «Ding an sich» unbekannt, wenn er sagt: Ich möchte eigentlich ein Tier sein, ich möchte es so gut haben wie das Tier, aber ich kann es nicht so gut haben. — Ein «Ding an sich» zu konstatieren, welches uns Erkenntnisgrenzen entgegensetzt, das geht hervor aus der Sehnsucht des Menschen, sich tierisch zu fühlen und doch einzusehen, daß man nicht eine solche Erkenntnis haben kann wie das Tier. Das ist das Geheimnis des Kantianismus! Es hängt innig zusammen mit der Bewegung der modernen Menschheit zum Bewußtsein von der Tierheit, was auch von den Erkenntnisgrenzen gesagt werden kann. Die Alten haben gewußt, daß das Tier keine Erkenntnisgrenzen hat; daher empfanden sie es als ein Glück, die Sprache der Tiere zum Beispiel zu verstehen. Sie kennen alle die entsprechende Sage.
Das ist das eine, was die Alten gewußt haben: daß das Tier keine Erkenntnisgrenzen in dem Sinne habe, wie sie der Mensch in der modernen Zeit kennt. Aber noch etwas anderes wußten sie: daß diejenigen Wesen, die in die Hierarchie der Angeloi gehören, freie Wesen sind, Wesen mit Freiheit des Willens sind. Und sie wußten, daß der Mensch auf dem Wege zum Engel ist. Wenn die Erde von der Jupiterzeit abgelöst sein wird, dann wird der Mensch auf der Stufe der Engel stehen. Er ist jetzt auf dem Wege zur Freiheit. Die Freiheit entwickelt sich in ihm. Aber was bleibt der Zeit übrig, die allmählich mit der Entwickelung der Bewußtseinsseele heraufkommt, wenn die Menschheit die Entwickelung zur Stufe der Angeloi ablehnt? Es bleibt übrig der Gedanke: Freiheit ist eine Illusion! Der Mensch unterliegt in bezug auf seine Tätigkeit der Naturnotwendigkeit. So viel Erkenntnisgrenzen aufgerichtet werden, so viel wird von der Entwickelung zur Freiheit abgelehnt. Die hängt innig zusammen mit dem, was dann, nur in gröberer Weise, in der Statuierung der Abstammung des Menschen von den Tieren herausgekommen ist, während er in Wahrheit eine so komplizierte Abstammung hat, wie ich es auseinandergesetzt habe.
Ich habe Ihnen heute einige schwierigere Vorstellungen zugemutet. Aber sie sind nötig gewesen, und wir werden dann morgen namentlich über den Zusammenhang des gegenwärtigen irdischen Lebens im physischen Leibe mit dem Leben zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus sprechen können. Die Vorstellungen werden dann nicht so schwierig sein. Was Sie aber heute so gut waren anzuhören mit Bezug auf schwierigere Vorstellungen, das wird Ihnen morgen in bezug auf andere Vorstellungen helfen.
Ninth Lecture
When I attempted the day before yesterday to explain the influence of the part of the earth on which human beings develop as physical beings, I had in mind above all to point out very clearly how the whole earth is an organism, an organism with a soul, an organism imbued with spirit. For just as an organism has its individual, differentiated limbs, each of which has a special task—the arms do not have the task of the legs, the heart does not have the task of the brain, and so on—so, when we consider the earth as a whole, as an animated, spiritual organism, each part of the earth has its special task. This special task of the individual human organic limbs is evident in the form of these individual limbs. The arms are shaped differently from the legs, the heart differently from the brain. With the earth, this is not so clear in physical terms. Anyone who, as an external, materialistic geographer, considers the individual continents or other parts of the earth, classified according to this or that point of view, does not immediately notice that these different parts of the earth have different modes of action. This is only apparent to those who can, as it were, grasp the soul and spirit of the earth. To recognize this, however, means actually rising to the concrete view that the earth is an animated, spiritual organism and that human beings, as physical beings living on earth, are members of this organism.
Taking this into account, many questions arise, and anyone who views human life as if it only existed once between birth and death will find it very difficult to come to terms with these questions. For human beings, as physical beings, can only integrate themselves into a certain part of the earth. They would therefore be condemned to become completely specialized, differentiated by this particular part of the earth, unable to be a whole in any sense, but only a member of the earth's organism. But on the other hand, it is precisely from this insight into the soul life, the spiritual essence of the earth, an important insight arises, namely that the actual, deeper essence of the human being, to which the human being in the true sense says “I,” cannot be directly connected with this differentiation of the human being over the earth, but only indirectly, that the soul-spiritual core of the human being dwells, as it were, only in that which is specified by the particular nature of the earth. It is precisely this insight that human beings can gradually gain from something like this: that in what first meets us in human beings, their spiritual-soul core cannot exist, that what we encounter in human beings is, so to speak, only the dwelling place, the dwelling place of human beings determined by the special conditions of the earth. I mention this not because it might appear to be a particularly significant truth to those already familiar with spiritual science. Of course, it cannot be that. But it is intended to show how real, more penetrating reflection on the conditions of the earth can lead people to approach spiritual science in a purely rational way through this reflection. For one of the most fatal prejudices must be dispelled, which is expressed in the statement that spiritual science can only be comprehensible to those who can see into the spiritual world! This is the prejudice that wants to assert itself again and again, I might say, to reassure all those who are complacent and who, because they claim that they cannot attain clear insight, want to present spiritual science at first as a kind of provisional measure or as something that does not concern humanity at all. In truth, comprehensive, penetrating thinking can really grasp spiritual science. But thinking must be penetrating and comprehensive. This thinking must be prepared to relate the phenomena of life to what spiritual science establishes. Anyone who brings what they have achieved in terms of knowledge about the character traits of the various peoples on Earth, of the various inhabitants of Earth, to what spiritual science tells them, will recognize that what was discussed here last time is true in the character traits of the peoples. One must really apply what life offers to this insight. One must be prepared to examine spiritual scientific insights without prejudice in the light of life experience, then a reasonable understanding of the matter will lead to the recognition of spiritual science.
This is quite important to emphasize in today's world. For it can be said that traditions that contain one or the other in the spiritual-scientific sense are much more widespread than is commonly thought. But there is a certain opinion, which was well justified until the advent of the modern historical era, but which is still perpetuated in our time by some people knowledgeable in the spiritual sciences, namely that certain deeper insights into life should not be communicated publicly. I have often discussed the reasons why people who know something about these things do not communicate them, and I have also pointed out why these reasons no longer apply in our time. But in a certain sense, these very facts present a difficulty. For one has not only the opposition of the vast majority of humanity against spiritual science, but also the opinion of those who know something: that anyone who passes on things from the source of spiritual science to the public in the same way as other truths are passed on to the public is wrong. Those who believe that the veil of secrecy must still not be lifted from certain things will be healed when they recognize the importance of what has been said, for example — albeit in a somewhat scientific form, but clearly enough, it seems to me — in the preface and introduction to my book The Mystery of Man.
It is necessary to realize that this concept of truth and correctness, which most people still have today, is being overcome. Most people today have the concept that something is right and something is wrong. But I must emphasize again and again, and I have also emphasized this particularly in the preface to The Mystery of Man: What is a person's individual view of a thing from a certain point of view is like a photograph of an object taken from a certain angle. If you photograph a tree first from one side and then from another, the second picture is still a picture of the same tree; it just looks different. Only today, when people have become so abstract, when they have become so accustomed to theory, even though they believe themselves to be realistic, does a view of a thing count as all-encompassing, as grasping reality. People believe that they can express reality in a thought—or in something else. People are particularly arrogant in this belief that they can express reality through a thought. I mean arrogant in the following way. People say: Today we have the Copernican worldview. And humanity before Copernicus—one does not express it so bluntly, but one thinks it nonetheless—was all children, if one does not want to say cattle, because they did not yet have the Copernican worldview! That is correct, one thinks, the other worldviews are false. That is something that must be overcome. The Copernican world view is also just a view, a certain way of thinking about things, of forming ideas and images. There are, of course, people today who, as soon as they notice that spiritual science can give a view, a regular view of a thing, fight against it by setting another view of the thing opposite it. But no one who knows that there are different views of a thing will deny this. It is just that some people today want something very special, which can be compared to saying, for example, when you are in a room: If you illuminate the room from one point and then look at it from that spot through the light, you only ever get a perspective view; that is not reality. Let us rather turn off the light, make the room completely dark, and feel our way around. Then all of us who are feeling our way around will have the same view. When we look at the room in the light, the person standing there has this view, another person standing somewhere else has that view, and so on. — Today, a certain ideal of natural science wants to extinguish the light and only feel everything. In contrast, spiritual science must turn on the light. But then, of course, the views are something taken from different points.
Now, our endeavor is based precisely on going around in the world to arrive at different points, to take in views from different points — this has been the goal for years — to take in views from different points. Some might say that these two things contradict each other. But that is precisely the point: that one contradicts the other in the sense just mentioned, because that is how you get a comprehensive view of a thing. And that is what matters. Only this is not at all convenient. People would prefer to have a little book, as thin as possible, in which a whole worldview is laid out. Or, if they have already talked about worldviews on several occasions, they want to hear the same thing repeated over and over again. Of course, that cannot be. Our printed cycles are multiplying, becoming more and more numerous, in order to illuminate things from different sides, to gain insights and views from different sides, which can then give a complete picture of reality. However, you will understand from what I have just said that in a certain sense you have to shock people when you have to increasingly violate the announced and implied prejudices with the truths of the spiritual sciences. In particular, however, when one sins against the demand of certain secret scientists not to communicate important things to the public, one must speak about things that shock people, perhaps even annoy and provoke them, because these things, among many other things, cause offense to all those who say: Something can only be right or wrong. — Rather, the view must prevail that in the succession of stages of human development there can never be a state in which one can say: Now we have the absolute truth about some subject of thought, or: We now know what is absolutely wrong. That cannot be. Certain views do not arise in order to finally give people the “right” answer, so that they can then look down haughtily on their ancestors as children or something else, but for a completely different reason.
Let us remember something we all know. With the 15th century of our calendar, humanity entered the fifth cultural period of post-Atlantean development, which we call the period of the development of the human consciousness soul. What has particularly come to the fore in this fifth cultural period began in the 15th century AD. Until then, it was the intellectual or emotional soul that had particularly emerged in the course of human cultural development. But in order for the conscious soul to emerge, certain thoughts and certain ways of thinking took on a very specific character. Not because the Copernican worldview is absolutely right—I emphasize often enough that it had to come about, and I will emphasize again and again that in a certain respect it is appropriate for our times—but not because it is absolutely right did it come about, but because it serves the development of the consciousness soul, because human beings develop their consciousness best when they gradually allow the Copernican worldview to become second nature, when they learn to calculate certain constellations of the stars in the same way as modern science does.
What is actually good about the Copernican world view? It is not that it has finally told us what is “right” as opposed to what was “wrong” in previous millennia, but that it has erected a spiritual wall between the earth and the heavens, between the physical world and the spiritual world. Of course, this immediately gives rise to something terribly paradoxical, something that naturally offends those people who hold the prejudices characterized earlier. But it is true: the point is that people began to think in a Copernican way about the Umkteis, the cosmic orbit of the Earth, because the Copernican ideas placed them in the orbit of the Earth and thus erected a spiritual wall. There is no way through it. This cuts one off from the spiritual and allows one to remain with one's ideas within the sphere of the Earth and develop the consciousness soul from within the sphere of the Earth. So, in order that human beings might limit themselves as selfishly as possible to the earthly, they were given the Copernican worldview, which erects a spiritual wall around the Earth. The more perfectly the Copernican worldview develops, the more certain it is that human beings will be cut off from the spiritual world through their external perception, but the more necessary it becomes for them to rediscover their connection with the spiritual through their inner perception, through the enlivening of their inner being. Strange things happen in parallel, very strange things. I have to be a little difficult when such things are discussed, but I would like to say that since there is nothing in the whole wide world to understand these things except anthroposophy, anthroposophists must make an effort to understand them.
Today there is such a thing as a theory of knowledge; namely, the philosophical science based on Kant is called epistemology. But this theory of knowledge is really, one might say, a nail in the coffin of human knowledge. Take just one main idea that usually crosses people's minds today when they think about the common theory of knowledge. They say: The thing is out there. But what is out there is actually only ether vibrations, something that has nothing to do with color or sound, but is the movement of tiny particles in space. Outside, the air vibrates, soundlessly. These air vibrations reach our ears—Schopenhauer said something disrespectful about the theory of knowledge: they drum against the ear—and are then transformed into what we call sound. Outside, everything is silent; there are only vibrations in the air. Then there are ether waves outside. They reach the eye. But now the matter is not finished: the waves reach the eye, the image is produced on the retina; but man knows nothing of this image unless it is investigated by science. Then the processes are transmitted to the optic nerve. However, these can only be of a material nature; they go to the cerebral cortex, and there a very mysterious process takes place. Then the soul comes in, imagining what is outside, what is dark and silent, bright and colorful, warm and cold, and so on, creating things within itself, “dreaming” the whole world.
This is very strange: this is the path by which epistemology seeks to advance from the external material world to the human mind. But what is actually in this theory of knowledge? It is curious: if one remains outside with things that have sounds and colors—the theory of knowledge calls this the naive realism of uneducated people—then at least one has a world of sounds and colors. But now, through the theory of knowledge, this world is brought to the eye, for example. Now you have the image on the retina, and inside you only have the reproduction of the image in the processes on the optic nerve; there is nothing of the external world in the cerebrum, but the inner world conjures up the whole world again from the vibrations. You get the feeling that it is Münchhausen pulling himself up by his own hair! First everything is removed, then you have nothing but brain vibrations, and afterwards the soul recreates the external world that you first removed—like Münchhausen: you grab yourself by your own hair and lift yourself up. But this is thorough philosophical science, and anyone who does not have it is not at the height of today's knowledge!
It is peculiar: one tries to trace the whole manifold world into the human being. What does one find in the end? The processes in the cerebral cortex are not at all as complicated as those in the optic nerve, but are in fact the simplest. When one investigates how the world is in the human being, one arrives at something extremely simple. One searches for the spirit, but one only arrives at a spirit that dreams the world. One must take a leap here, for no one has yet succeeded in distilling the spirit. In the search for the spirit, one first arrives at brain vibrations, then one must [recreate what is no longer there]. This is the path that science has taken to get from the external sensory world to the spirit.
On Earth, we have a diversity of living conditions, of influences on life, a great diversity that fills us with awe and wonder. When we consider the diversity of human beings on earth — whether we find individual human characters likable or unlikable is irrelevant — and when we consider the resulting diversity of human beings, it is basically as diverse as the sensory world outside is in relation to human beings. In those ancient times, when the “child cattle” lived, human beings tried to comprehend this diversity of the earth by ascending to heaven, by ascending from the sensual to the spiritual. They no longer do this. As one ascends from the diverse earth, further and further, one experiences something similar to passing from the external sensory world through the eye and the brain to the human spirit: one arrives at what Copernicanism presents as the great spiritual cosmos. Just as physiological epistemology has resorted to the method of erecting the board in the vibrations of the brain in order not to arrive at the human soul from the external world, so Copernicanism spiritually turns the world away from the spiritual world.
If one wants to recognize the value of a worldview, one must know the point of view from which this worldview exists. The point of view of Copernicanism is not that it has replaced what was wrong with what is right, but that it has boarded up the world so that humans can develop their conscious soul within this earthly shack. That is what matters. These things must be viewed with a cool head and energy. One must first be able to shake oneself free from what the complacent people of today's worldview believe so firmly. As long as one cannot shake this free, as long as one cannot see that Copernicanism has actually boarded up the world, one will not be able to gain a relationship to spiritual science. For spiritual science requires many things.
Just imagine what, apart from the Earth, the cosmos is for the mere Copernican worldview: a mathematical problem! For spiritual science, it cannot be a mathematical problem, but must be something that presents itself to spiritual cognition. Why do we have a geology that believes that the Earth developed solely through the purely mineral world? Because the Copernican worldview naturally had to produce today's materialistic geology! For it has nothing in itself that could show how the Earth could be understood as a soulful, spiritual being originating from the cosmos or from the spiritual realm. A Copernican universe could only be a dead Earth! A living, soul-filled, and spiritual Earth must be conceived from another cosmos, truly from a cosmos other than the Copernican one. Of course, one can only ever describe individual features of the Earth as it appears when viewed from the cosmos.
Is this a completely unrealistic idea: to imagine the Earth from the cosmos? It is not an unrealistic idea, it is a very realistic idea, an idea that Herman Grimm, for example, once had in mind; but he immediately apologized when he wrote it down. In an essay from 1858, he says that one could imagine — but he immediately adds: “I am not proposing this as an article of faith, it is only a fantasy” that when the human soul is freed from the body, it moves freely around the Earth in the cosmos and then observes the Earth from outside in this free movement; then, according to Herman Grimm, what is happening on Earth would appear to humans in a completely different light. Humans would experience all events from a different perspective. For example, they would look into human hearts “as if into a glass beehive.” The thoughts arising in the human heart would spring forth like a glass beehive! — That is a beautiful image. And then imagine further: this human being, who has been hovering around the Earth for a while, looking at it from the outside, would now come to incarnate itself on Earth again. He would have a father and mother, a homeland, and everything that exists on earth, and would now have to forget everything he experienced from another point of view. And if he were a historian in the modern sense — Herman Grimm is describing this subjectively — he could not help but forget the other, since one cannot write history with a different set of ideas.
This is an idea that comes very close to the truth. For it is quite true that between death and rebirth the human soul hovers around the earth, but, as I have often described, it looks down upon the earth because of its karmic connections. But then the soul has the distinct feeling that this earth is an animated and spiritual organism, and the prejudice ceases, as if it were only something inanimate, only something geological. And then the earth becomes quite differentiated, so differentiated for viewing between death and rebirth that, for example, the Orient actually looks different from the American Occident. One cannot talk about the earth with the dead in the same way that geologists talk about it, for the dead do not understand geological concepts. But they know: when the Orient, from Asia to deep into Russia, is viewed from outer space, the earth appears as if covered by a bluish glow, bluish, bluish-violet; this is how the earth is seen from this side of outer space. If you come to the western hemisphere and look at it where it is American, it appears more or less in a burning red. There you have a polarity of the Earth, viewed from the cosmos. Of course, the Copernican worldview cannot explain this; but it is a different view from a different perspective. And to those who have this perspective, it now becomes clear: this Earth, this animated Earth organism, appears different on the outside in its eastern half than in its western half. In its eastern half, it has its blue covering, in its western half it has something like an outward blazing of its inner life, hence the reddish burning on the outside. Here you have one of the examples of how the human being can orient himself between death and new birth according to what he then learns to recognize. He learns to recognize the configuration of the earth, the different appearance of the earth in relation to the cosmos and to the spiritual world. He learns to recognize that it is bluish-violet on one side and fiery red on the other. And depending on his spiritual needs, which he will develop out of his karma, this will determine where he wants to reincarnate. Of course, one must imagine things to be much more complicated than I have now described. But out of such circumstances, between death and new birth, the human being develops the forces that then lead him to incarnate into a particular inherited child's body.
These are only two color determinations that I have indicated. Of course, there are other determinations besides colors, many others. For the moment, I will only mention that between the East and the West, in the middle, the earth is more greenish when viewed from the outside, greenish for our regions, for example. So that in fact there is already a threefold division that can provide important insights into the way in which human beings can determine for themselves what they see between death and new birth in order to appear here or there on Earth.
If we take this into account, we will gradually come to understand that certain things play a role in the relationship between the human being embodied here in the physical body and the disembodied human being, things that are usually not even considered. When we go to a foreign country and want to understand the people there, we have to learn their language. Even if we want to communicate with the dead, we must gradually learn the language of the dead. But this is also the language of spiritual science, for this language is spoken by all so-called living beings and all so-called dead beings. It is what passes over from the other side and reaches us here. But it is particularly important to acquire not merely abstract ideas, but images of the universe. We get a picture of the earth when we imagine a sphere floating in space, glowing bluish-violet on one side and burning reddish-yellow on the other, with a green belt in between. Pictorial ideas gradually carry people over into the spiritual world. That is what matters. One is naturally compelled to present such pictorial ideas when speaking seriously about the spiritual worlds, and it is further necessary that one not merely believe that such pictorial ideas are mere fabrications, but that one is dependent on something being made of them. Let us consider this once more: the bluish-violet glowing Easter earth, the reddish-yellowish sparkling Western earth. But there are various differentiations here. When the dead person in our present cycle of time looks at certain points, he sees something golden, a golden crystal structure, emerging from the bluish-violet, which is signified here on earth by the fact that it is Palestine, that it is Jerusalem, and this then comes to life: this is Jerusalem, seen from the spirit! This is what also plays into the Apocalypse — speaking in terms of imagination — as the “heavenly Jerusalem.” These are not imaginary things; they are things that can be seen. Spiritually speaking, the mystery of Golgotha was like what we experience physically when an astronomer points his telescope into space and then looks at what amazes him, such as the twinkling of stars. Spiritually, viewed from the universe, the event of Golgotha was the shining of a golden star in the blue aura of the eastern half of the Earth. There you have the imagination for what I developed at the end of the day before yesterday. It is really a matter of using such imaginations to gain ideas about the universe, which the human soul then places into the spirit of this universe in a feeling way.
Try to think with a dying person about the crystal form of the heavenly Jerusalem building itself up in golden splendor within the blue-violet aura of the earth, and this will bring you closer to it; for this is something that belongs to the imaginations into which the dead die: Ex Deo nascimur — In Christo morimur!
There is a way to shut oneself off from spiritual reality, and there is a way to approach it. One can shut oneself off from spiritual reality by trying to calculate reality. Mathematics is still spirit, even pure spirit, but when applied to physical reality, it is a means of shutting oneself off from the spiritual. The more you calculate, the more you shut yourself off from the spirit. Kant once said: There is as much science in the world as there is mathematics in it. But from another point of view, which is equally valid, one could also say: There is as much darkness in the world as people have succeeded in calculating from the world. And one approaches spiritual life when one advances more and more from external perception, especially from abstract ideas, to imagination, to mental images. Copernicus led people to calculate the universe. The opposite view must lead people to imagine the universe again, to think of a universe with which the human soul can identify, so that the earth appears as an organism shining into the universe: blue-violet, with the golden-rayed heavenly Jerusalem on one side and reddish-yellow spraying on the other.
Where does the blue-violet on one side of the Earth's aura come from? When you look at this side of the Earth, the physical aspect of the Earth disappears when viewed from the outside; the light aura becomes more transparent and the darkness of the Earth disappears. This is what makes the blue shine through. You can explain this phenomenon using Goethe's theory of colors. But because the interior of the Earth springs up from the western half, it springs up in such a way that what I described the day before yesterday is true: in America, human beings are determined by the subterranean, by what is beneath the Earth, which is why the interior of the Earth also radiates and sparkles like a red-yellow shimmer, like a reddish-yellow spray of fire into the universe. This is only meant to be a very vague outline. But it should show you how it is possible today to talk about the world in which we live between death and new birth, not only in general, abstract thoughts, but in very, very concrete ideas. After all, all of this is suitable for preparing our souls to connect with the spiritual world, to connect with the higher hierarchies, to connect with that world in which human beings live between death and new birth. But I will speak more about that tomorrow. Today I would like to mention just one more thing.
The current period of human development, this fifth post-Atlantean period, which is intended for the formation of the consciousness soul, contains many secrets. One of these is particularly well guarded by those who believe that such truths should not yet be revealed to humanity today. This is again somewhat difficult. But since there is no one else in the whole wide world who is inclined to accept such things, you must bring yourselves to acknowledge them. During this cultural period, which began in the 15th century of our calendar, a strange longing began to assert itself among people, which initially lives in the subconscious but must be brought more and more into consciousness. This longing stems from something very specific.
I have often said: Man is an ambivalent being. He is a multi-faceted being, but above all he is ambivalent and as such consists of the head and the rest of the organism. The head, I said, is particularly where Darwin's theory should be applied, because the head is what can be traced back to animal forms. During the ancient lunar period, humans had animal forms, but not those of the present animal kingdom, rather a more spiritual, etheric animal form. This hardened into the human head. And now, with animals developing on Earth as they are, humans are not developing under the same conditions that once applied to their head, for they have inherited this, but according to the conditions of the rest of their organism. But this does not come from animals. The head comes from animals, but only from ethereal animals. We therefore carry animal nature in our heads, but it is an ethereal animal nature. This entered the unconscious of human beings in the fifth post-Atlantean epoch. More and more they felt that there was something animal in man, but they could no longer imagine it intellectually. They got it into their heads that man must feel “animalistic,” which then culminated in Darwin's theory of the descent of man from animals. But this was not only expressed in Darwin's theory of evolution. Animals perceive things differently than humans; they have a more intimate connection with things than humans. It is precisely because humans separate themselves from things that they are such excellent beings on Earth, because they then have to build bridges back to things on their own. Animals experience the outside world much more within themselves than humans do. If they were philosophically inclined, they would not speak of limits to knowledge, because for animals there are no limits to knowledge in the sense that humans speak of them; these exist only because of the higher organization of humans. Animals feel, as it were, the whole universe within themselves through their group soul; they have no limits to knowledge and know nothing of them. — People began to feel this more and more: we carry an animal within us. They did not want to imagine it as something spiritual, supernatural, or ethereal; physically, they thought humans were related to animals. Now they also wanted to have a subconscious knowledge, like animals. But they could only prove that they could not have it. Animals live with the “thing in itself.” The “thing in itself” becomes unknown to humans when they say: I would actually like to be an animal, I would like to have it as good as animals do, but I cannot have it as good. — To assert a “thing in itself” that opposes our limits of knowledge arises from the human longing to feel animalistic and yet to realize that we cannot have the same knowledge as animals. That is the secret of Kantianism! It is intimately connected with the movement of modern humanity toward an awareness of animality, which can also be said of the limits of knowledge. The ancients knew that animals have no limits to their knowledge; therefore, they considered it a blessing to understand the language of animals, for example. You all know the corresponding legend.
That is one thing the ancients knew: that animals have no limits to their knowledge in the sense that humans in modern times know them. But they knew something else: that those beings who belong to the hierarchy of the Angeloi are free beings, beings with freedom of will. And they knew that humans are on the way to becoming angels. When the earth is replaced by the Jupiter epoch, human beings will stand on the level of the angels. They are now on the path to freedom. Freedom is developing within them. But what remains of the time that gradually arises with the development of the consciousness soul if humanity rejects development to the level of the angeloi? What remains is the thought: Freedom is an illusion! Human beings are subject to natural necessity in their activities. The more limits are set on knowledge, the more the development toward freedom is rejected. This is closely connected with what has emerged, albeit in a cruder form, in the assertion that humans are descended from animals, whereas in reality they have such a complicated ancestry, as I have explained.
I have asked you to consider some difficult ideas today. But they were necessary, and tomorrow we will be able to speak from a certain point of view about the connection between the present earthly life in the physical body and the life between death and rebirth. The ideas will then not be so difficult. But what you have been so kind to listen to today with regard to more difficult ideas will help you tomorrow with regard to other ideas.