From Symptom to Reality in Modern History
GA 185
1 November 1918, Dornach
Lecture VII
In the course of our enquiries during the next few days I should like to draw your attention to two things which seemingly bear little relation to each other. But when we have concluded our enquiries you will realize that they are closely connected. I should like in fact to touch upon certain matters which will provide points of view, symptomatic points d'appui concerning the development of religions in the course of the present fifth post-Atlantean epoch. And on the other hand, I would also like to show you in what respect the spiritual life that we wish to cultivate may be associated with the building which bears the name ‘Goetheanum.’
It seems to me that the decisions taken in such a case have a certain importance, especially at the present time. We are now at a stage in the evolution of mankind when the future holds unknown possibilities and when it is important to face courageously an uncertain future and when it is also important, from out of the deepest impulses, to take decisions to which one attaches a certain significance. The external reason for choosing the name ‘Goetheanum’ seems to be this: I expressed the opinion a short time ago in public lectures that, for my part, I should like the centre for the cultivation of the spiritual orientation that I envisage to be called for preference the Goetheanum. The name to be decided upon had already been discussed last year; and this year a few of our members decided to support the choice of the name ‘Goetheanum.’ As I said recently there are many reasons for this choice, reasons which I find difficult to express in words. Perhaps they will become clear to you if I start today from considerations similar to those which I dealt with here last Sunday, by creating a basis for the study of the history of religions which we will undertake in these lectures.
You know of course—and I would not touch upon personal matters if they were not connected with revelant issues, and also with matters concerning the Goetheanum—you know that my first literary activity is associated with the name of Goethe and that it was developed in a domain in which today, even for those who refuse to open their eyes, who prefer to remain asleep, the powerful catastrophic happenings of our time are adumbrated. My view of Goethe from the standpoint of spiritual science, and equally what I said recently in relation to The Philosophy of Freedom, are of course a personal matter; on the other hand, however, this personal factor is intimately linked with the march of events in recent decades. The origin of my The Philosophy of Freedom and of my Goethe publications is closely connected with the fact that, up to the end of the eighties I lived in Austria and then moved to Germany, first to Weimar and then to Berlin, a connection of course that is purely external. But when we reflect upon this external connection we are gradually led, in the light of the facts, if we apprehend the symptoms aright, to an understanding of the inner significance. From the historical sketches I have outlined you will have observed that I am obliged to apply to life what I call historical symptomatology, that I must comprehend history as well as individual human lives from out of their symptoms and manifestations because they are pointers to the real inner happenings. One must really have the will to look beyond external facts in order to arrive at their inner meaning.
Many people today would like to learn to develop super-sensible vision, but clairvoyance is difficult to achieve and the majority would prefer to spare themselves the effort. That is why it is often the case today that for those naturally endowed with clairvoyance there is a dichotomy between their external life and their clairvoyant faculty. Indeed, where this dichotomy exists super-sensible vision is of little value and is seldom able to transcend personal factors. Our epoch is an age of transition. Every epoch, of course, is an age of transition. It is simply a question of realizing what is transmitted. Something of importance is transmitted, something that touches man in his inmost being and is of vital importance for his inner life. If we examine objectively what the so-called educated public has pursued the world over in recent decades, we are left with a sorry picture—the picture of a humanity that is fast asleep. This is not intended as a criticism, nor as an invitation to pessimism, but as a stimulus to awaken in man those forces which will enable him to attain, at least provisionally, his most important goal, namely, to develop insight, real insight into things. Our present age must shed certain illusions and see things as they really are.
Do not begin by asking: what must I do, what must others do? For the majority of people today such questions are inopportune. The important question is: how do I gain insight into the present situation? When one has adequate insight, one will follow the right course. That which must be developed will assuredly be developed when we have the right insight or understanding. But this entails a change of outlook. Above all men must clearly recognize that external events are in reality simply symptoms of an inner process of evolution occurring in the field of the super-sensible, a process that embraces not only historical life, but also every individual, every one of us in the fullness of our being.
Let me quote1R. Hamerling (1830–89). Early work lyrical poems. Homunculus (1888) attacked the soullessness of the epoch. Philosophy opposed to monism and pessimism. by way of illustration. Today we are very proud that we can apply the law of causality in all kinds of fields; but this is a fatal illusion. Those who are familiar with Hamerling's life know how important for his whole inner development was the following circumstance. After acting for a short time as a ‘supply’ teacher in Graz (i.e. a kind of temporary post before one is appointed to a permanent position in a Gymnasium) he was transferred to Trieste. From there he was able to spend several holidays in Venice. When we recall the ten years which Hamerling spent on the Adriatic coast—he divided his time between teaching in Trieste and visiting Venice—we see how he was fired with ardent enthusiasm for all that the south could offer him, how he derived spiritual nourishment for his later poetry from his experiences there. The real Hamerling, the Hamerling we know, would have been a different person if he had not spent the ten years in question in Trieste with the opportunity for holidays in Venice!
Now supposing some thoroughly philistine professor is writing a biography of Hamerling and wanted to know how it was that Hamerling came to be transferred to Trieste precisely at this decisive moment in his life, and how a man without means, who was entirely dependent upon his salary, happened to be transferred to Trieste at this particular moment. I will give you the external explanation. Hamerling, as I have said, held at that time a temporary appointment (he was a supply teacher, as we say in Austria) at the Gymnasium2The Gymnasium prepared pupils for the Abitur and the University. Main subjects Greek and Latin; two foreign languages, usually French and English, included in the curriculum. in Graz. These supply teachers are anxious to find a permanent appointment, and since this is a matter for the authorities, the applicant for such a post has to send in his various qualifications—written on one side of the application form—enclosing testimonials, etcetera. The application is then forwarded to a higher authority who in turn forwards it to still higher authorities, etcetera, etcetera. There is no need to describe the procedure further. The headmaster of the Gymnasium in Graz where Hamerling worked as a temporary assistant, was the worthy Kaltenbrunner. Hamerling heard that there was a vacancy for a master in Budapest. At that time the Dual Monarchy did not exist and teachers could be transferred from Graz to Budapest and from Budapest to Graz. Hamerling applied for the post in Budapest and handed in his application, written in copper plate, together with the necessary testimonials to the headmaster, the worthy Kaltenbrunner, who placed it in a drawer and forgot all about it. Consequently the post in Budapest was given to another candidate. Hamerling was not appointed because Kaltenbrunner had forgotten to forward the application to the higher authorities, who, if they had not forgotten to do so, would have forwarded it to their immediate superiors and these in their turn to their superiors, etcetera, until it reached the minister, when it would have been referred back to the lower echelons and have passed down the bureaucratic ladder. Thus another candidate was appointed to the post in Budapest, and Hamerling spent the ten years which were decisive for his life, not in Budapest, but in Trieste, because sometime later a post feil vacant here to which he was appointed—and because, of course, the worthy Kaltenbrunner did not forget Hamerling's application a second time!
From the external point of view therefore Kaltenbrunner's negligence was responsible for the decisive turning point in Hamerling's life; otherwise Hamerling would have stagnated in Budapest. This is not intended as a ctiticism of Budapest; but the fact remains that Budapest would have been a spiritual desert for Hamerling and he would have been unable to develop his particular talents. And our biographer would now be able to tell us how it was that Hamerling had been transferred from Graz to Trieste—because Kaltenbrunner had simply overlooked Hamerling's application.
Now this is a striking incident and one could find countless others of its kind in life. And he who seeks to measure life by the yard-stick of external events will scarcely find causes, even if he believes that he is able to establish causal relationships, that are more closely connected with their effects than the negligence of the worthy Kaltenbrunner with the spiritual development of Robert Hamerling. I make this observation simply to call your attention to the fact that it is imperative to implant in the hearts of men this principle: that external life as it unfolds must be seen simply as a symptom that reveals its inner meaning.
In my last lecture I spoke of the forties to the seventies as the critical period for the bourgeoisie. I pointed out how the bourgeoisie had been asleep during these critical years and how the end of the seventies saw the beginning of those fateful decades which led to our present situation.T1i.e. the war of 1914–18 I spent the first years of these decades in Austria. Now as an Austrian living in the last third of the nineteenth century one was in a strange position if one wished to participate in the cultural life of the time. It is of course easy for me to throw light on this situation from the standpoint of a young man who spent his formative years in Austria and who was German by descent and racial affiliation. To be a German in Austria is totally different from being a German in the ReichT2i.e. Imperial Germany. or in Switzerland. One must, of course, endeavour to understand everything in life and one can understand everything; one can adapt oneself to everything. But if, for example, one were to raise the question: what does an Austro-German feel about the social structure in which he lives and is it possible for an Austro-German without first having adapted himself to it, to have any understanding of that peculiar civic consciousness one finds in Switzerland? Then the answer to this question must be an emphatic no! The Austro-German grew up in an environment that makes it totally impossible for him to understand—unless he forced himself to do so artificially—that inflexible civic consciousness peculiar to the Swiss.
But these national differentiations are seldom taken into account. We must however give heed to them if we are to understand the difficult problems in this domain which face us now and in the immediate future. It was significant that I spent my formative years in an environment where the most important things did not really concern me. I would not mention this if it were not in fact the most important experience of the true-born German-Austrian. In some it finds expression in one way, in others in another way. To some extent I lived as a typical Austrian. From the age of eleven to eighteen I had to cross twice a day the river Leitha which formed the frontier between Austria and Hungary since I lived at Neudörfl in Hungary and attended school in Wiener-Neustadt. It was an hour's journey on foot and a quarter of an hour's by slow train—there were no fast trains, nor are there any today I believe—and each time I had to cross the frontier. Thus one came to know the two faces of what is called abroad ‘Austria.’ Formerly things were not so easy in the Austrian half of the Empire. Today one cannot say things are easier (that is unlikely), but different. Up till now one had to distinguish two parts of the Austrian Empire. Officially one half was called, not Austria, but ‘the Kingdoms and “lands” represented in the Federal Council’, i.e. Cis-Leithania, which included Galicia, Bohemia, Silesia, Moravia, Upper and Lower Austria, Salzburg, the Tyrol, Styria, Carniola, Carinthia, Istria and Dalmatia. The other half, Trans-Leithania,3Realschule. Here emphasis an Mathematics and Natural Sciences. This type of school had a vocational bias. consisted of the ‘lands’ of the Crown of St. Stephen, i.e. what is called abroad Hungary, which included also Croatia and Slavonia. Then, after the eighties, there was the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, occupied up to 1909 and later annexed, which was jointly administered by the two halves of the Empire.
Now in the area where I lived, even amongst the most important centres of interest, I did not find anything which really interested me between the ages of eleven and eighteen. The first important landmark was Frohsdorf, a castle inhabited by Count de Chambord, a member of the Bourbon family, who had made an unsuccessful attempt in 1871 to ascend the throne of France under the name of Henry V. There were many other peculiarities attaching to him. He was an ardent supporter of clericalism. In him, and in everything associated with him, one could perceive a world in decline, one could catch the atmosphere of a world that was crumbling in ruins. There were many things one saw there, but they were of no interest. And one felt: here is something which was once considered to be of the greatest importance and which many today still regard as immensely important. But in reality it is a bagatelle and has no particular importance.
The second thing in the neighbourhood was a Jesuit monastery, a genuine Jesuit monastery. The monks were called Redemptorists,4Leitha and Leithania. The Leitha a tributory of the Danube. Up till 1918 formed the frontier between Austria and Hungary. The Austrian half of the Empire called Cis-Leithania, the Hungarian half, Trans-Leithania. See The Hapsburg Empire by C. S. Macartney, 1968. an offshoot of the Jesuits. This monastery was situated not far from Frohsdorf. One saw the monks perambulating, one learned of the aims and aspirations of the Jesuits, one heard various tales about them, but this too was of no interest. And again one felt: what has all this to do with the future evolution of mankind? One felt that these monks in their black cowls were totally unrelated to the real forces which are preparing man's future development.
The third thing in the locality where I lived was a masonic lodge. The local priest used to inveigh against it, but of course the lodge meant nothing to me for one was not permitted to enter. It is true the porter allowed me on one occasion to look inside, but in strict secrecy. On the following Sunday, however, I again heard the priest fulminating against the lodge. In Brief, this too was something that did not concern me.
I was therefore well prepared when I matured and became more aware to be influenced by things which formerly held no interest for me. I regard it as very significant and a fortunate dispensation of my karma that, whilst I had been deeply interested in the spiritual world in my early years, in fact I lived my early life on the spiritual plane, I had not been forced by external circumstances into the classical education of the Gymnasium. All that one acquires through a humanistic education I acquired later on my own initiative. At that time the standard of the Gymnasium education in Austria was not too bad; it has progressively deteriorated since the seventies and of recent years has come perilously close to the educational system of neighbouring states. But looking back today I am glad that I was not sent to the Gymnasium in Wiener-Neustadt. I was sent to the Realschule and thus came in touch with a teaching that prepared the ground for a modern way of thinking, a teaching that enabled me to be closely associated with a scientific outlook. I owed this association with scientific thinking to the fact that the best teachers—and they were few and far betweenin the Austrian Realschule, which was organized on the most modern lines, were those who were connected in some way with modern scientific thinking.
This was not always true of the school in Wiener-Neustadt. In the lower classes—in the Austrian Realschule religious instruction was given only in the four lower classes—we had a teacher of religion who was a very pleasant fellow, but was quite unfitted to bring us up as devout and pious Christians. He was a Catholic priest and that he was hardly fitted to inspire piety in us is shown by the fact that three young boys who used to call for him everyday after school were said to be his sons. But I still hold him in high regard for everything he taught in class apart from his religious instruction. He imparted this religious instruction in the following way: he called an a pupil to read a few pages from a devotional work; then it was set for homework. One did not understand a word, learned it by heart and received high marks, but of course one had not the slightest idea of the contents. His conversation outside the classroom was sometimes beautiful and stimulating and above all warm and friendly.
Now in such a school one passed through the hands of a succession of teachers of widely different calibre. All this is of symptomatic significance. We had two Carmelites as teachers, one was supposed to teach us French, the other English. The latter in particular scarcely knew a word of English; in fact he could not string together a complete sentence. In natural history we had a man who had not the faintest understanding of God and the world. But we had excellent teachers for mathematics, physics, chemistry and especially for projective geometry. And it was they who paved the way for this inner link with scientific thinking. It is to this scientific thinking that I owed the impulse which is fundamentally related to the future aims of mankind today.
When, after struggling through the Realschule one entered the University, one could not avoid—unless one was asleep—taking an interest in public affairs and the world around. Now the Austro-German—and this is important—arrives at a knowledge of the German make-up in a totally different way from the Reich German.5Redemptorists. St. Alfonso de Liguori (1696–1787) founded the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer. Members of this congregation called Redemptionists. Undertook missionary work in the dioceses around Naples, heard confession and supervised schools. St. Alfonso beatified 1816 and canonized 1839. One could have, for example, a superficial interest in Austrian state-affairs, but one could scarcely feel a real inner relationship to them if one were interested in the evolution of mankind. On the other hand, as in my own case, one could have recourse to the achievements of German culture at the end of the eighteenth and at the beginning of the nineteenth century and to what I should like to call Goetheanism. As an Austro-German one responds to this differently from the Reich German. One should not forget that once one has become inured to the natural scientific outlook through a modern education one outgrows a certain artificial milieu which has spread over the whole of Western Austria in recent time. One outgrows the clerical Catholicism to which the people of Western Austria only nominally adhere, an extremely pleasant people for the most part—I exclude myself of course. This clerical Catholicism has never touched their lives deeply.
In the form it has assumed in western Austria this clerical Catholicism is a product of the Counter-Reformation, of the ‘Hausmacht’ policy of the Hapsburgs. The ideas and impulses of Protestantism were fairly widespread in Austria, but the Thirty Years' War and the events connected with it enabled the Hapsburgs to initiate a counter Reformation and to impose upon the extremely gifted and intelligent Austro-German people that terrible obscurantism, which must be imposed when one diffuses Catholicism in the form which prevailed in Austria as a consequence of the Counter Reformation. Consequently men's relationship to religion and religious issues becomes extremely superficial. And happiest are those who are still aware of this superficial relationship. The others who believe that their faith, their piety is honest and sincere are unwittingly victims of a monstrous illusion, of a terrible lie which destroys the inner life of the soul.
With a Background of natural science it is impossible of course to come to terms with this frightful psychic mishmash which invades the soul. But there are always a few isolated individuals who develop themselves and stand apart from it. They find themselves driven towards the cultural life which reached its zenith in Central Europe at the end of the eighteenth and in the early nineteenth century. They came in touch with the current of thought which began with Lessing, was carried forward by Herder, Goethe and the German Romantics and which in its wider context can be called Goetheanism.
In these decades it was of decisive importance for the Austro-German with spiritual aspirations that—living outside the folk community to which Lessing, Goethe, Herder etcetera belonged, and transplanted into a wholly alien environment over the frontier—he imbibed there the spiritual perception of Goethe, Schiller, Lessing and Herder. Nothing else impressed one; one imbibed only the Weltanschauung of Weimar classicism—and in this respect one stood apart, isolated and alone. For again one was surrounded by those phenomena which did not concern one.
And so one was associated with something that one gradually felt to be second nature, something, however, that was uprooted from its native soil and which one cherished in one's inmost soul in a community which was interested only in superficialities. For it was anomalous to cherish Goethean ideas at a time when the world around was enthusiasticbut the words of enthusiasm were pompous and artificial, without any suggestion of sincere and honest endeavourabout such publications (and I could give other examples) as the book of the then Crown Prince Rudolf An illustrated history of Austria. The book in fact was the work of ghost writers. One had no affinity with this trash, though, it is true, one belonged outwardly to this world of superficiality. One treasured in one's soul that which was an expression of the Central European spirit and which in a wider context I should like to call Goetheanism.
This Goetheanism, with which I associate the names of Schiller, Lessing, Herder and also the German philosophers, occupies a singularly isolated position in the world. And this isolation is extremely significant for the whole evolution of modern mankind for it causes those who wish to embark upon a serious study of Goetheanism to become a little reflective.
Looking back over the past one asks oneself: what have Lessing, Goethe and the later German Romantics, approximately up to the middle of the nineteenth century, contributed to the world? In what respect is this contribution related to the historical evolution prior to Lessing's time? Now it is well known that the emergence of Protestantism out of Catholicism is intimately connected with the historical evolution of Central Europe. We see, an the one hand, in Central Europe, in Germany for example—I have already discussed the same phenomenon in relation to Austria—the survival of the universalist impulse of Roman Catholicism. In Austria its influence was more external, as I have described, in Germany more inward. Now there is a vast difference between the Austrian Catholic and the Bavarian Catholic, and many of these differences which have survived date back to the remote past. Then came the invasion of Catholic culture by Protestantism or Lutheranism, which in Switzerland took the form of Calvinism or Zwinglianism.6The ‘Reich German’ refers to the German who was born and lived in Imperial Germany pre-1918. Now a high proportion of the German people, especially the Reich Germans, was Lutheran. But strangely enough there is no connection whatsoever between Lutheranism and Goetheanism! It is true that Goethe had studied both Lutheranism and Catholicism, though somewhat superficially. But when one considers the ferment in Goethe's soul, one can only say that throughout his life it was a matter of indifference to him whether one professed Catholicism or Protestantism. Both confessions could be found in his entourage, but he was in no way connected with them. To this aperçu the following can be added. Herder7Gottfried Herder (1744–1807). A seminal influence in theology, history, philosophy and pedagogy. Friend of Goethe. See any history of German literature. was pastor and later General Superintendent in Weimar. As pastor, of course, he had received much from Luther externally and was familiar with his teachings; he was aware that his outlook and thinking had nothing in common with Lutheranism and that he had entirely outgrown the Lutheran faith. Thus, in everything associated with Goetheanism—and I include men such as Herder and others—we have in this respect a completely isolated phenomenon. When we enquire into the nature of this isolated phenomenon we find that Goetheanism is a crystallization of all kinds of impulses of the fifth post-Atlantean epoch. Luther did not have the slightest influence on Goethe; Goethe, however, was influenced by Linnaeus,8Karl von Linnä or Linnaeus (1707–78). Swedish naturalist. Inventor of artificial system of plant classification. Spinoza and Shakespeare, and on his own admission these three personalities exercised the greatest influence upon his spiritual development.
Thus Goetheanism stands out as an isolated phenomenon and that is why it can never become popular. For the old entrenched positions persist; not even the slightest attempt was made to promote the ideas of Lessing, Schiller, and Goethe amongst the broad masses of the population, let alone to encourage the feelings and sentiments of these personalities. Meanwhile an outmoded Catholicism on the one hand, and an outmoded Lutheranism on the other hand, lived on as relics from the past. And it is a significant phenomenon that, within the cultural stream to which Goethe belonged and which produced a Goethe, the spiritual activities of the people are influenced by the sermons preached by the Protestant pastors. Amongst the latter are a few who are receptive to modern culture, but that is of no help to them in their sermons. The spiritual nourishment offered by the church today is antediluvian and is totally unrelated to the demands of the time; it cannot lend in any way vitality or vigour. It is associated, however, with another aspect of our culture, that aspect which is responsible for the fact that the spiritual life of the majority of mankind is divorced from reality. Perhaps the most significant symptom of modern bourgeois philistinism is that its spiritual life is remote from reality, all its talk is empty and unreal.
Such phenomena, however, are usually ignored, but as symptoms they are deeply significant. You can read the literature of the war-mongers over recent decades and you will find that Kant is quoted again and again. In recent weeks many of these war-mongers have turned pacifist, since peace is now in the offing. But that is of no consequence; philistines they still remain, that is the point. The Stresemann9Gustav Stresemann (1878–1929). National liberal politician. Post-1918 advocated a policy of reconciliation. Chancellor 1923. Foreign Minister 1923–9. Nobel Peace Prize 1926. of today is the same Stresemann of six weeks ago. And today it is customary to quote Kant as the ideal of the pacifists. This is quite unreal. These people have no understanding of the source from which they claim to have derived their spiritual nourishment.
That is one of the most characteristic features of the present time and accounts for the strange fact that a powerful spiritual impulse, that of Goetheanism, has met with total incomprehension. In face of the present catastrophic events this thought fills us with dismay. When we ask: what will become of this wave—one of the most important in the fifth post-Atlantean epoch—given the atmosphere prevailing in the world today, we are filled with sadness.
In the light of this situation the decision to call the centre which wishes to devote its activities to the most important impulses of the fifth post-Atlantean epoch the ‘Goetheanum’ irrespective of the fate which may befall it, has a certain importance. That this building shall bear the name ‘Goetheanum’ for many years to come is of no consequence; what is important is that the thought even existed, the thought of using the name ‘Goetheanum’ in these most difficult times.
Precisely through the fact I have mentioned to you, Goetheanism in its isolation could become something of unique importance when one lived at the aforesaid time in Austria where one's interests were limited. For if people had understood that Goetheanism was something which concerned them, the present catastrophe would not have arisen. This and many other factors enabled isolated individuals in the German-speaking areas of Austria—the broad masses live under the heel of the Catholicism of the CounterReformation—to develop a deep inner relationship to Goetheanism. I made the acquaintance of one of these personalities, Karl Julius Schröer10K. J. Schröer (1825–1900). Literary historian. Professor of history of literature at the Technische Hochschule in Vienna. Teacher of R. Steiner. See latter's Course of my Life. who lived and worked in Austria. In every field in which he worked he was inspired by the Goethe impulse. History will one day record what men such as Karl Julius Schröer thought about the political needs of Austria in the second half of the nineteenth century. These people who never found a hearing were aware to some extent how the present situation could have been avoided, but that it was nevertheless inevitable because no one would listen to them.
On arriving in Imperial Germany one had above all the impression, when one had developed a close spiritual affinity with Goethe, that there was nowhere any understanding of this affinity. I came to Weimar in autumn 1889—I have already described the pleasing aspects of life in Weimar—but what I treasured in Goethe (I had already published my first important book on Goethe) met with little understanding or sympathy because it was the spiritual element in him that I valued. Outwardly and inwardly life in Weimar was wholly divorced from any connection with Goethean impulses. In fact these Goethean impulses were completely unknown in the widest circles, especially amongst professors of the history of literature who lectured on Goethe, Lessing and Herder in the universities—unknown amongst the philistines who perpetrated the most atrocious biographies of Goethe. I could only find consolation for these horrors by reading the publications of Schröer and the excellent book of Herman Grimm which I came across relatively early in my life. But Herman Grimm was never taken seriously by the universities. They regarded him as a dilettante, not as a serious scholar.
No genuine university scholar of course has ever made the effort to take K. J. Schröer seriously; he is always treated as a light-weight. I could give many examples of this. But one should not forget that the literary world with its many ramifications—including, if I may say so, journalism—has been under the influence of a bourgeoisie that has been declining in recent decades, a bourgeoisie which is fast asleep and which, when it embarks upon spiritual activities, has no understanding of their real meaning. Under these circumstances it is impossible of course to arrive at any understanding of Goetheanism. For Goethe himself is, in the best sense of the word, the most modern spirit of the fifth postAtlantean epoch.
Consider for a moment his unique characteristics. First, his whole Weltanschauung—which can be raised to a higher spiritual level than Goethe himself could achieve—rests upon a solid scientific foundation. At the present time a firmly established Weltanschauung cannot exist without a scientific basis. That is why there is a strong scientific substratum to the book with which I concluded my Goethe studies in 1897. (The book has now been republished for reasons similar to those which led to the re-issue of The Philosophy of Freedom.) The solid body of philistines said at that time (it was a time when my books were still reviewed, the title of the book is Goethe's Conception of the World:T3Anthroposophical Publishing Co., London and Anthroposophic Press, New York, 1928. in reality he ought to call it ‘Goethe's conception of nature.’ The so-called Goethe scholars, the literary historians, philosophers and the like failed to realize that it is impossible to present Goethe's Weltanschauung unless it is firmly anchored in his conception of nature.
A second characteristic which shows Goethe to be the most modern spirit of the fifth post-Atlantean age is the way in which that peculiar spiritual path unfolds within him which leads from the intuitive perception of nature to art. In studying Goethe it is most interesting to follow this connection between perception of nature and artistic activity, between artistic creation and artistic imagination. One touches upon thousands of questions—which are not dry, theoretical questions, but questions instinct with life, when one studies this strange and peculiar process which always takes place in Goethe when he observes nature as an artist, but sees it on that account no less in its reality, and when he works as an artist in such a way that, to quote his own words, one feels art to be something akin to the continuation of divine creation in nature at a higher level.
A third characteristic typical of Goethe's Weltanschauung is bis conception of man. He sees him as an integral part of the universe, as the crowning achievement of the entire universe. Goethe always strives to see him, not as an isolatcd being, but imbued with the wisdom that informs nature. For Goethe the soul of man is the stage on which the spirit of nature contemplates itself. But these thoughts which are expressed here in abstract form have countless implications if they are pursued concretely. And all this constitutes the solid base on which we can build that which leads to the supreme heights of spiritual super-sensible perception in the present age. If one points out today that mankind as a whole has failed to give serious attention to Goethe—and it has failed in this respect—has failed to develop any relation ship to Goetheanism, then it is certainly not in order to criticize, lecture or reproach mankind as a whole, but simply to invite them to undertake a serious study of Goetheanism. For to pursue the path of Goetheanism is to open the doors to an anthroposophically orientated spiritual science. And without Anthroposophy the world will not find a way out of the present catastrophic situation. In many ways the safest approach to spiritual science is to begin with the study of Goethe.
All this is related to something else. I have already pointed out that this shallow spiritual life which is preached from the pulpit and which then becomes for many a living lie of which they are unconscious—all this is outmoded. And fundamentally the erudition in all the faculties of our universities is equally outmoded. This erudition becomes an anomaly where Goetheanism exists alongside it. For a further characteristic feature of Goethe's personality is his phenomenal universality. It is true that in various domains Goethe has sowed only the first seeds, but these seeds can be cultivated everywhere and when cultivated contain the germ of something great and grandiose, the great modern impulse which mankind prefers to ignore, and compared with which modern university education in its outlook and attitude is antediluvian. Even though it accepts new discoveries, this modern university education is out of date. But at the same time there exists a true life of the spirit, Goetheanism, which is ignored. In a certain sense Goethe is the universitas litterarum, the hidden university, and in the sphere of the spiritual life it is the university education of today that usurps the throne. Everything that takes place in the external world and which has led to the present catastophe is, in the final analysis, the result of what is taught in our universities. People talk today of this or that in politics, of certain personalities, of the rise of socialism, of the good and bad aspects of art, of Bolshevism, etcetera; they are afraid of what may happen in the future, they envisage such and such occupying a certain post, and there are those who six weeks ago said the opposite of what they say today ... such is the state of affairs. Where does all this originate? Ultimately in the educational institutions of the present day. Everything else is of secondary importance if people fail to see that the axe must be laid to the tree of modern education. What is the use of developing endless so-called clever ideas, if people do not realize where in fact the break with the past must be made.
I have already spoken of certain things which did not concern me. I can now teil you of something else which did not concern me. When I left the Realschule for the university I entered my name for different lecture courses and attended various lectures. But they held no interest for me; one felt that they were quite out of touch with the impulse of our time. Without wishing to appear conceited I must confess that I had a certain sympathy for that universitas, Goetheanism, because Goethe also found that his university education held little interest for him. And at the royal university of Leipzig in the (then) Kingdom of Saxony, and again at Strasbourg university in later years, he took virtually no interest in the lectures he attended. And yet everything, even the quintessence of the artistic in Goethe rests upon the solid foundation of a rigorous observation of nature. In spite of all university education he gradually became familiar with the most modern impulses, even in the sphere of knowledge. When we speak of Goetheanism we must not lose sight of this. And this is what I should have liked to bring to men's attention in my Goethe studies and in my book Goethe's Conception of the World. I should have liked to make them aware of the real Goethe. But the time for this was not ripe; to a large extent the response was lacking. As I mentioned recently the first indications were visible in Weimar where the soil was to some extent favourable. But nothing fruitful came of it. Those who were already in entrenched positions barred the way to those who could have brought a new creative impulse. If the modern age were imbued in some small measure with Goetheanism, it would long for spiritual science, for Goetheanism prepares the ground for the reception of spiritual science. Then Goetheanism would again become a means whereby a real regeneration of mankind today could be achieved. One cannot afford to take a superficial view of our present age.
After my lecture in Basel yesterdayT4Rechtfertigung der übersinnlichen Erkenntnis durch die Naturwissenschaft, 31st October, 1918 (see Bibl. Nr. 72). I felt that no honest scientist could deny what I had to say on the subject of super-sensible knowledge if he were prepared to face the facts. There are no logical grounds for rejecting spiritual knowledge; the real cause for rejection is to be found in that barbarism which in all regions of the civilized world is responsible for the present catastrophe. It is profoundly symbolic that a few years ago a Goethe society had nothing better to do than to appoint as president a former finance minister—a typical example of men's remoteness from what they profess to honour. This finance minister who, as I said recently, bears, perhaps symptomatically, the Christian name ‘Kreuzwendedich’ believes of course, in his fond delusion, that he pays homage to Goethe. With a background of modern education he has no idea and can have no idea how far, how infinitely far removed he is from the most elementary understanding of Goetheanism.
The climate of the present epoch is unsuited to a deeper understanding of Goetheanism. For Goetheanism has no national affiliation, it is not something specifically German. It draws nourishment from Spinoza, from Shakespeare, from Linnaeus—none of whom is of German origin. Goethe himself admitted that these three personalities exercised a profound influence upon him—and in this he was not mistaken. (He who knows Goethe recognizes how justified this admission is.) Goetheanism could determine men's thinking, their religious life, every branch of science, the social forms of community life, the political life ... it could reign supreme everywhere. But the world today listens to windbags such as Eucken11R. Eucken (1846–1929). Professor of Philosophy, Jena. Pioneer of idealist metaphysics.
H. Bergson (1859–1941). Professor at Collge de France. Famous for his book Creative Evolution and the idea of the elan vital as the fundamental stuff of the Universe. or Bergson and the like ... (I say nothing of the political babblers, for in this realm today adjective and substantive are almost identical).
What we have striven for here—and which will arouse such intense hatred in the future that its realization is problematical, especially at the present time—is a living protest against the alienation of spiritual life today from reality. And this protest is best expressed by saying: what we wanted to realize here is a Goetheanum. When we speak here of a Goetheanum we bear witness to the most important characteristics and also to the most important demands of our time. And amid the philistine world of today this Goetheanum at least has been willed and should tower above this present world that claims to be civilized.
Of course, if the wishes of many contemporaries had been fulfilled, one could perhaps say that it would have been more sensible to speak of a Wilsonianum,12Thomas Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924). Professor of Jurisprudence and Political Economy. President U.S.A. 1912–20. Author of the ‘Fourteen Points’ as basis for peace 1918. Idea of a ‘League of Nations’ stemmed from him; also of a world government to prevent future wars. for that is the flag under which the present epoch sails. And it is to Wilsonism that the world at the present time is prepared to submit and probaly will submit.
Now it may seem strange to say that the sole remedy against Wilsonism is Goetheanism. Those who claim to know better come along and say: the man who talks like this is a utopian, a visionary. But who are these people who coin this phrase: he is an innocent abroad—who are they? Why, none other than those worldly men who are responsible for the present state of affairs, who always imagined themselves to be essentially ‘practical’ men. It is they of course who refuse to listen to words of profound truth, namely, that Wilsonism will bring sickness upon the world, and in all domains of life the world will be in need of a remedy and this remedy will be Goetheanism.
Permit me to conclude with a personal observation on the interpretation of my book Goethe's Conception of the World which has now appeared in a second edition. Through a strange concatenation of circumstances the book has not yet arrived; one is always ready to make allowances, especially at the present time. It was suggested by men of ‘practical’ experience some time ago, months ago in fact, that my books The Philosophy of Freedom and Goethe's Conception of the World should be forwarded here direct from the printers and so avoid going via Berlin and arrive here more quickly. One would have thought that those who proffered this advice were knowledgeable in these matters. I was informed that The Philosophy of Freedom had been despatched, but after weeks and weeks had not arrived. For some time people had been able to purchase copies in Berlin. None was to be had here because somewhere on the way the matter had been in the hands of the ‘practical’ people and we unpractical people were not supposed to interfere. What had happened? The parcel had been handed in by the ‘practical’ people of the firm who had been told to send it to Dornach near Basel. But the gentleman responsible for the despatch said to himself: Dornach near Basel; that is in Alsace, for there is a Dornach there which is also near Basel ... there is no need to pay foreign postage, German stamps will suffice. And so, on ‘practical’ instructions the parcel went to Dornach in Alsace where, of course, they had no idea what to do with it. The matter had to be taken up by the unpractical people here. Finally, after long delays when the ‘practical’ gentleman had satisfied himself that Dornach near Basel is not Dornach in Alsace, The Philosophy of Freedom arrived. Whether the other book, Goethe's Conception of the World, instead of being sent from Stuttgart to Dornach near Basel has been sent by some ‘practical’ person via the North Pole, to arrive finally in Dornach after travelling round the globe, I cannot say. In any case, this is only one example that we have experienced personally of the ‘practical’ man's contribution to the practical affairs of daily life.
This is what I was first able to undertake personally in a realm that lay close to my heart—more through external circumstances than through my own inclination—in order to be of service to the epoch. And when I consider what was the purpose of my various books, which are born of the impulse of the time, I believe that these books answer the demands of our epoch in widely divergent fields. They have taught me how powerful have been the forces in recent decades acting against the Spirit of the age. However much in their ruthlessness people may believe that they can achieve their aims by force, the fact remains that nothing in reality can be enforced which runs counter to the impulses of the time. Many things which are in keeping with the impulses of the time can be delayed; but if they are delayed they will later find scope for expression, perhaps under another name and in a totally different context. I believe that these two books, amongst other things, can show how, by observing one's age, one can be of service to it. One can serve one's age in every way, in the simplest and most humble activities. One must simply have the courage to take up Goetheanism which exists as a Universitas liberarum scientiarum alongside the antediluvian university that everyone admires today, the socialists of the extreme left most of all.
It might easily appear as if these remarks are motivated by personal animosity and therefore I always hesitate to express them. One is of course a target for the obvious accusation—‘Aha, this fellow abuses universities because he failed to become a university professor!’ ... One must put up with this facile criticism when it is necessary to show that those who advocate this or that from a political, scientific, political-economic or confessional point of view of some kind or other fail to put their finger an the real malady of our time. Only those point to the real malady who draw attention to the pernicious dogma of infallibility which, through the fatal concurrence of mankind has led to the surrender of everything to the present domination of science, to those centres of official science where the weeds grow abundantly, alongside a few healthy plants of course. I am not referring to a particular individual or particular university professor (any more than when I speak of states or nations I am referring to a particular state or nation)—they may be excellent people, that is not the point. The really important question is the nature of the system.
And how serious this situation is, is shown by the fact that the technical colleges which have begun to lose a little of their natural character now assume university airs and so have Bone rapidly downhill and become corrupted by idleness.
I want you to consider the criticisms I have made today as a kind of interlude in our anthroposophical discussions. But I think that the present epoch offers such a powerful challenge to our thoughts and sentiments in this direction that these enquiries must be undertaken by us especially because, unfortunately, they will not be undertaken elsewhere.
Our present age is still very far removed from Goetheanism, which certainly does not imply studying the life and works of Goethe alone. Our epoch sorely needs to turn to Goetheanism in all spheres of life. This may sound utopian and impractical, but it is the most practical answer at the present time. When the different spheres of life are founded an Goetheanism we shall achieve something totally different from the single achievement of the bourgeoisie today—rationalism. He who is grounded in Goetheanism will assuredly find his way to spiritual science. This is what one would like to inscribe in letters of fire in the souls of men today.
This has been my aim for decades. But much of what I have said from the depths of my heart and which was intended to be of service to the age has been received by my contemporaries as an edifying Sunday afternoon sermonfor in reality those who are happy in their cultural sleep ask nothing more. We must seek concretely to discover what the epoch demands, what is necessary for our age—this is what mankind so urgently needs today. And above all we must endeavour to gain insight into this, for today insight is all important. Amidst the vast confusion of our time, a confusion that will soon become worse confounded, it is futile to ask: what must the individual do? What he must do first and foremost is to strive for insight and understanding so that the infallibility in the domain that I referred to today is directed into the right channel.
My book Goethe's Conception of the World was written specially in order to show that in the sphere of knowledge there are two streams today: a decadent stream which everyone admires, and another stream which contains the most fertile seeds for the future, and which everyone avoids. In recent decades men have suffered many painful experiences—and often through their own fault. But they should realize that they have suffered most—and worse is still to follow—at the hands of their schoolmasters of whom they are so proud. It appears that mankind must needs pass through the experiences which they have to undergo at the hands of the world schoolmaster, for they have contrived in the end to set up a schoolmaster as world organizer. Those windbags who have persuaded the world with their academic twaddle are now joined by another who proposes to set the world to right with empty academic rhetoric.
I have no wish to be pessimistic. These words are spoken in order to awaken those impulses which will answer Wilsonism with Goetheanism. They are not inspired by any kind of national sentiment, for Goethe himself was certainly not a nationalist; his genius was universal. The world must be preserved from the havoc that would follow if Wilsonism were to replace Goetheanism!
Siebenter Vortrag
Ich möchte in diesen Tagen durch die anzustellenden Betrachtungen zweierlei vor Ihre Seele hinstellen. Das eine und das andere werden scheinbar wenig zusammenhängen, doch werden Sie, wenn wir zum Schluß unserer Betrachtungen gekommen sind, bemerken, daß zwischen dem einen und dem anderen doch ein recht innerlicher Zusammenhang besteht. Ich möchte nämlich, wie ich ja schon gesagt habe, einiges in diesen Betrachtungen vorbringen, was Gesichtspunkte, symptomatische Anhaltspunkte gibt über die Religionsentwickelung der bis jetzt verflossenen Zeit in der fünften nachatlantischen Periode. Aber ich möchte auf der anderen Seite ein wenig vor Ihre Seele führen, inwieferne gerade jene Art geistigen Lebens, das wir pflegen wollen, im Zusammenhange stehen kann mit einer Anstalt, die den Namen Goetheanum führen kann.
Ich denke mir, daß es in der Gegenwart vor allen Dingen eine gewisse Bedeutung hat, was man in einem solchen Falle beschließt. Wir stehen ja gegenwärtig in einem Entwickelungspunkte der Menschheit, wo die Zukunft gewissermaßen alles mögliche bringen kann und wo es darauf ankommt, auch einer ungewissen Zukunft recht mutig ins Auge schauen zu können, aber wo es auch darauf ankommt, aus dem Nerv der Zeit heraus zu solchen Entschließungen zu kommen, denen man eine gewisse Bedeutung beimißt. Die äußerliche Veranlassung zur Aufstellung des Namens Goetheanum scheint mir ja doch die zu sein, daß ich vor einiger Zeit in öffentlichen Vorträgen gesagt habe, daß ich meiner Privatmeinung nach das Haus, in dem die Geistesrichtung gepflegt werden soll, die ich meine, am liebsten Goetheanum nennen möchte. Es ist ja auch schon im vorigen Jahre über diese Namengebung debattiert worden, und dieses Jahr haben sich einige unserer Freunde entschlossen, nun dafür einzutreten, daß dieser Name Goetheanum gewählt wird. Ich sagte schon neulich: Es gibt für mich eine ganze Anzahl von Gründen - aber die lassen sich nicht so ohne weiteres in Worte kleiden; sie werden aber vielleicht doch zutage treten können, wenn ich heute davon ausgehe, eine Basis zu schaffen durch ähnliche Betrachtungen, wie ich sie das letzte Mal hier vor Ihnen angestellt habe, eine Basis zu schaffen für die religionsgeschichtlichen Betrachtungen, die wir dann in diesen Tagen anstellen wollen.
Sie wissen ja— und ich würde eben Persönliches nicht berühren, wenn es nicht insbesondere heute mit Sachlichem und auch mit unseren Angelegenheiten bezüglich des Goetheanums zusammenhinge -, Sie wissen ja, daß meine hauptsächlichste erste öffentliche literarische Tätigkeit mit dem Namen Goethe verknüpft ist, und Sie wissen ja wohl auch, daß diese erste öffentliche literarische Tätigkeit sich entwickelte innerhalb eines Territoriums, auf dem ja heute selbst schon für diejenigen, die durchaus nicht sehen wollen, die durchaus schlafen wollen, die gewaltigen katastrophalen Ereignisse zu sehen sind, wahrzunehmen sind. Und auch dasjenige, was ich denken muß vom Gesichtspunkte geisteswissenschaftlicher Weltbetrachtung aus im Zusammenhange mit Goethe, ist für mich ebenso wie das, was ich neulich mit Bezug auf die «Philosophie der Freiheit» gesagt habe, gewiß auf der einen Seite eine persönliche Angelegenheit, auf der anderen Seite aber ist dieses Persönliche durchaus verknüpft mit der Entwickelung der Ereignisse in den letzten Jahrzehnten. Nicht, wirklich nicht ohne einen inneren Zusammenhang mit der Entstehung auf der einen Seite meiner «Philosophie der Freiheit», auf der anderen Seite meiner GoetheSchriften, ist eben doch die Tatsache, daß ich bis zum Ende der achtziger Jahre des 19. Jahrhunderts in Österreich gelebt habe und dann nach Deutschland, zunächst nach Weimar, später nach Berlin gekommen bin. Es ist natürlich in einem äußeren Zusammenhange, aber die Besprechung eines solchen äußeren Zusammenhanges führt nach und nach, wenn man die Symptome richtig ins Auge faßt, auch sachgemäß in das Innere. Sie werden ja schon bemerkt haben, gerade aus den historischen Skizzen, die ich Ihnen gegeben habe, wie ich dasjenige, was ich geschichtliche Symptomatologie nenne, im Leben anwenden muß, wie ich die Geschichte sowohl wie das einzelne Menschenleben aus den Symptomen und ihren Offenbarungen heraus begreifen muß, weil sich von da aus alles zurückführen läßt auf das wirkliche innere Geschehen. Aber man muß wirklich auch den Willen haben, von den äußeren Tatsachen zu dem inneren Geschehen überzugehen.
Sehen Sie, viele Menschen in der Gegenwart möchten übersinnlich schauen lernen; aber der Weg dazu, der ist dann schwieriger, und den möchten die meisten Menschen vermeiden. Daher ist es auch in der Gegenwart noch vielfach so, daß sich für manche Menschen, die übersinnlich schauen können, das äußere Leben ganz getrennt abspielt von ihrem übersinnlichen Schauen. Allerdings, wenn diese Trennung der Fall ist, dann kann das übersinnliche Schauen auch nicht sehr viel wert sein, kann kaum über die persönlichsten Momente hinauskommen. Unsere Zeit ist eine Zeit des Überganges. Gewiß ist jede Zeit eine Zeit des Überganges, es kommt nur darauf an, einzusehen, was übergeht. Aber es geht Wichtiges über; es geht über dasjenige, was gerade den Menschen im Innersten berührt, was für den Menschen im Innersten wichtig ist. Wenn man wachend verfolgt, was das sogenannte gebildete Publikum in den letzten Jahrzehnten über die ganze zivilisierte Welt hin eigentlich getrieben hat, so kommt man, wie ich schon angedeutet habe, zu einem recht traurigen Bilde einer im Schlafe befindlichen Menschheit. Das soll keine Kritik, auch kein Impuls zum Pessimismus sein, sondern ein Impuls zur Einpflanzung solcher Kräfte, welche den Menschen befähigen, wenigstens zunächst dasjenige zu erreichen, was ja doch das wichtigste ist, vorläufig das wichtigste ist: Einsicht zu bekommen, richtige Einsicht. Die Gegenwart muß über manche Illusion hinwegkommen, muß zu Einsichten kommen.
Fragen Sie zunächst nicht: Was soll ich tun, oder was soll der oder jener tun? — Das alles sind heute in gewisser Beziehung deplacierte Fragen für die meisten Menschen zunächst. Dagegen ist eine wichtige Frage die: Wie bekomme ich Einsicht in die gegenwärtigen Verhältnisse? — Wird genügend Einsicht da sein, dann wird schon das Richtige geschehen. Dann entwickelt sich ganz gewiß dasjenige, was sich entwickeln soll, wenn sich die richtige Einsicht entwickelt. Aber es muß eben mit vielem gebrochen werden. Es muß vor allen Dingen an die Menschen die Einsicht herankommen, daß die äußeren Ereignisse wirklich nichts anderes sind als Symptome für einen inneren, im übersinnlichen Felde liegenden Gang der Entwickelung, in dem nicht nur das geschichtliche Leben drinnensteht, sondern in dem wir, jeder einzelne, drinnenstehen mit unserem gesamten menschlichen Sein.
Ich will Ihnen ein Beispiel sagen, von dem ich ausgehen will: Wir haben hier öfters von dem Dichter Robert Hamerling gesprochen. Die Gegenwart ist sehr stolz darauf, daß sie das sogenannte Kausalgesetz, das Ursachengesetz, auf alle möglichen Dinge anwenden kann. Diese Anwendung des Ursachengesetzes auf alle möglichen Dinge gehört geradezu zu den verhängnisvollsten Illusionen der Gegenwart. Wer Hamerlings Leben kennt, der weiß, welche große Bedeutung für Hamerlings ganze Seelenentwickelung der Umstand hatte, daß er, nachdem er kurze Zeit in Graz «supplierender Lehrer» gewesen war, wie man’s so nennt — das ist so eine Art Provisorium, bevor man angestellt wird als Gymnasiallehrer —-, nachdem er in Graz an einem Gymnasium gewesen war, nach Triest versetzt wurde, von wo aus er mehrere Urlaube nehmen konnte, um nach Venedig zu kommen. Wer nun das Leben der zehn Jahre ins Auge faßt, die Hamerling da im Süden an der Adria verbracht hat, zum Teil in seiner Stellung als Gymnasiallehrer in Triest, zum Teil während seiner Besuche in Venedig, der sieht, wie in dieser Hamerling-Seele erstens ein glühender Enthusiasmus war für alles, was ihm der Süden darbieten konnte, wie er aber auch für seine ganze spätere Dichtung Lebensfähigkeit, seelische Lebensfähigkeit gesogen hat aus dem, was er da erfahren hat. Der ganze Hamerling, wie er konkret sich darlebt, müßte ein anderer sein, wenn er nicht die betreffenden zehn Jahre gerade in Triest, und mit den Urlauben in Venedig, verbracht hätte. |
Nun denken wir, es schreibt so ein richtiger spießiger BourgeoisProfessor eine Biographie Robert Hamerlings und wollte die Frage beantworten, wie der innere Zusammenhang ist, daß der Robert Hamerling gerade im rechten Augenblicke seines Lebens nach Triest versetzt wurde, daß er, der gar keine Mittel hatte, der ganz darauf angewiesen war, den Gehalt durch seine Stellung zu bekommen, im richtigen Augenblicke nach Triest versetzt worden ist. Ich will Ihnen erzählen, wie das gekommen ist äußerlich. Also Robert Hamerling war damals provisorischer Gymnasiallehrer - Supplent, wie man das in Österreich nennt — an dem Gymnasium in Graz. Solche supplierenden Lehrer sehnen sich häufig nach einer sogenannten definitiven Anstellung. Dazu muß man, da man es mit Behörden zu tun hat, alle möglichen Gesuche einreichen, «halbbrüchig» geschrieben, Zeugnisse beilegen, und so weiter. Das wird dann der nächsthöchsten Behörde gegeben, nicht wahr, die hat es hinzuleiten zu den übergeordneten Behörden und so weiter, ich will diesen Gang nicht weiter auseinandersetzen. Der Direktor jenes Gymnasiums in Graz, an dem Robert Hamerling supplierender Lehrer war, war damals der brave Kaltenbrunner. Robert Hamerling hörte: In Budapest gibt es eine Vakanz, da gibt es eine Gymnasiallehrerstelle. - Dazumal war der Dualismus Österreich-Ungarn noch nicht vorhanden, sondern es war noch so, daß die Gymnasiallehrer von Graz nach Budapest, von Budapest nach Graz versetzt werden konnten. Er machte sein Gesuch um diese Gymnasiallehrerstelle in Budapest, schrieb es schön und übergab es mit sämtlichen Zeugnissen dem braven Direktor Kaltenbrunner. Nun, der brave Kaltenbrunner legte es ins Fach hinein und vergaß es, vergaß die Geschichte, und das, was geschah, war, daß in Budapest von anderer Seite her die Stelle besetzt worden ist. Hamerling kriegte die Stelle nicht, aber just, weil der brave Kaltenbrunner vergessen hat, das Gesuch zu der höheren Behörde hinaufzuleiten, die es dann, wenn sie es nicht vergessen hätte, zu der nächsthöheren, diese wieder zu der nächsthöheren und so weiter geleitet hätte, bis es dann zum Minister gekommen wäre, dann wiederum herunter, nicht wahr, und so fort. Kurz und gut, es bekam ein anderer die Budapester Stelle, und Robert Hamerling verbrachte die zehn Jahre, um die es sich für ihn als wichtige Jahre handelte, nicht in Budapest, sondern in Triest, weil sich später in Triest eine Stelle fand, die ihm dann zugeteilt wurde, weil selbstverständlich ein zweites Mal der brave Kaltenbrunner das Gesuch Hamerlings nicht wiederum verbummelt hat, nicht wahr!
Also äußerlich betrachtet ist an dem wichtigsten Ereignis in Hamerlings Entwickelungsgange die Bummelei des braven Kaltenbrunners schuld, sonst würde Hamerling in Budapest versauert sein! Damit ist gar nichts gegen Budapest gesagt, selbstverständlich, aber Hamerling wäre ganz gewiß dort versauert und hätte nicht zu dem kommen können, was gerade seinem Herzen und seiner Seele ganz besonders angemessen war. Und ein richtiger, wahrer Biograph würde nun erzählen können, wie es kam, daß Robert Hamerling von Graz nach Triest gekommen ist, indem der Kaltenbrunner sein Gesuch um die Stelle in Budapest einfach verbummelt hat.
Nun, es ist das ein eklatanter Fall, aber solche Fälle gibt es unzählige, ganz ungezählte im Leben. Und derjenige, der das Leben nur am Faden der äußeren Ereignisse prüfen will, der findet eben, selbst wenn er glaubt, Ursachenzusammenhänge konstatieren zu können, kaum Ursachen, die tiefer zusammenhängen mit ihren Wirkungen, als die Bummelei des braven Kaltenbrunner mit der geistigen Entwickelung des Robert Hamerling. Das ist nur so eine Bemerkung, die ich mache, um Sie darauf aufmerksam zu machen, daß es in der Tat notwendig ist, dringend notwendig ist, daß gerade der Grundsatz in die Seele der Menschen übergeht, das äußere Leben nicht anders zu nehmen in seinem Verlaufe denn als Symptom, das das Innere offenbaren soll.
Ich habe das letzte Mal davon gesprochen, wie von den vierziger bis siebziger Jahren gewissermaßen die kritische Zeit für die Bourgeoisie war, wie diese kritische Zeit von der Bourgeoisie verschlafen worden ist, und wie dann die Unheilsjahrzehnte kamen seit dem Ende der siebziger Jahre, die eben die heutigen Zustände herbeigeführt haben. Ich selbst habe den ersten Teil dieser Jahrzehnte in Österreich verbracht. In Österreich war man gerade im letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts, wenn man Anteil nehmen wollte an der geistigen Kultur, in einer sehr bemerkenswerten Lage. Es ist natürlich für mich naheliegend, die Sache gerade von dem Gesichtspunkte aus zu beleuchten, in dem ein heranwachsender Mensch gewesen ist innerhalb der österreichischen Entwickelung, der Deutscher ist seiner Abstammung und Blutzusammengehörigkeit nach. Man ist wirklich innerhalb des österreichischen Territoriums in ganz anderer Weise ein Deutscher, als man etwa ein Deutscher ist im Gebiete des sogenannten Deutschen Reiches, oder als man gar ein Deutscher ist im Gebiete der Schweiz. Natürlich, im Laufe des Lebens muß man ja sogar sich bestreben, alles zu verstehen, und man kann auch alles verstehen, man kann sich in alles einleben. Aber wenn man zum Beispiel in Frage ziehen würde, was empfunden wird von einem österreichischen Deutschen mit Bezug auf die soziale Struktur, in der er drinnen lebt, und würde sich dann fragen: Ja, kann, ohne daß er es sich erst aneignet, ein solcher österreichisch Deutscher zum Beispiel überhaupt irgendein Verständnis haben für jenes eigentümliche Staatsbewußtsein, das in der Schweiz vorhanden ist? — so muß man diese Frage im entschiedensten Maße verneinen. Der österreichisch Deutsche wuchs auf in einem Milieu, das ihm, wenn er sich nicht darum künstlich bemühte, durchaus als etwas für ihn Unverständliches dasjJenige erscheinen läßt, was zum Beispiel beim Schweizer eine Art von unbeugsamen Staatsbewußtseins ist. Dafür kann der österreichisch Deutsche nicht das geringste Verständnis aufbringen, wenn er es sich nicht künstlich aneignet.
Auf diese Differenzierung innerhalb der Menschheit nimmt man ja kaum Rücksicht. Und Rücksicht nehmen muß man darauf, wenn man zum Verständnis der schwierigen Probleme kommen will, die in der nächsten Zukunft, ja schon heute, der Menschheit gerade in bezug auf solche Dinge bevorstehen. Für mich war es gewissermaßen, ich möchte sagen, symptomatisch bezeichnend, daß ich gerade in meinen Entwickelungsjahren eigentlich aufwuchs innerhalb eines Milieus, in dem mich selbst die signifikantesten Dinge im Grunde genommen nichts angingen. Das war für mich das Bezeichnendste, daß mich die signifikantesten Dinge nichts angingen. Aber ich würde es gar nicht erwähnen, wenn es nicht eigentlich das bedeutsamste Erlebnis des richtigen Deutsch-Österreichers überhaupt wäre. Sehen Sie, bei dem einen drückt es sich so, bei dem andern anders aus. Ich lebte ja gewissermaßen recht universell österreichisch-deutsch: von meinem elften bis achtzehnten Jahre hatte ich jeden Tag zweimal über die Grenze zu gehen, welche die Leitha zwischen Österreich und Ungarn bildet, denn ich hatte zu wohnen in Ungarn und war auf der Schule in Österreich. Ich wohnte in Neudörfl und ging zur Schule in Wiener-Neustadt. Man hatte eine Stunde zu gehen oder eine Viertelstunde zu fahren - Schnellzüge gab es ja auf jener Strecke noch nicht, ich glaube, auch heute noch nicht -, man mußte immer die österreichisch-ungarische Grenze passieren. Man lernte dabei aber auch jene zwei Gesichter kennen, welche die beiden Hälften desjenigen haben, was man im Ausland «Österreich» genannt hat. Denn im Inlande hatte man es ja früher nicht so einfach wie jetzt. Jetzt ist die Sache ja natürlich, man kann nicht sagen einfacher, es wird wahrhaftig nicht einfacher sein, aber anders. Bis jetzt war es eben so, daß man zu unterscheiden hatte zwei österreichische Reichshälften: eine Hälfte hieß offiziell nicht Österreich, sondern sie hieß «die im Reichsrate vertretenen Königreiche und Länder». Das war die offizielle Bezeichnung für diejenige Hälfte, die diesseits der Leitha liegt, einschließlich Galiziens, Böhmens, Schlesiens, Mährens, Ober- und Niederösterreich, Salzburg, Tirol, Steiermark, Krain, Kärnten, Istrien und Dalmatien. Dann das zweite Gebiet, das waren die Länder der heiligen Stephanskrone; das ist dasjenige, was man im Auslande Ungarn nannte. Zu Ungarn gehörte dann auch Kroatien und Slawonien. Dann gab es noch seit den achtziger Jahren ein gemeinsames, aber bis zum Jahre 1909 nur okkupiertes, erst später annektiertes Gebiet, Bosnien und die Herzegowina, die beiden Reichshälften gemeinsam waren.
Nun, auf jenem Boden, auf dem ich wohnte, gab es selbst unter den signifikantesten Dingen, sagte ich, eigentlich nur solche, die mich in jenen Jahren, von meinem neunten bis achtzehnten Jahre, nichts Rechtes angingen. Das erste, was da als signifikant mir entgegentrat, war Frohsdorf, ein Schloß, in dem der Graf von Chambord wohnte, aus der Bourbonschen Familie, der 1871 den mißlungenen Versuch gemacht hat, unter dem Namen Heinrich V. französischer König zu werden. Sonst hatte er ja auch noch manche andere Eigentümlichkeiten. Er war ein Urklerikaler. Aber an ihm und allem, was zu ihm gehörte, konnte man eine untergehende, verfallende Welt sehen und gewissermaßen die Symptome einer verfallenden Welt in sich aufnehmen. Es war mancherlei, was man da sah, aber es ging einen nichts an. Und man bekam eben den Eindruck: Da ist etwas, was die Welt einmal riesig wichtig genommen hat, was heute noch viele Menschen riesig wichtig nehmen, was aber eigentlich eine Bagatelle ist, was eigentlich gar nichts Besonderes heißt.
Das zweite war eine Art Jesuitenkloster. Eigentlich ein richtiges Jesuitenkloster, aber man nannte diese Mönche Liguorianer, es ist eine Abart der Jesuiten. Dieses Kloster war in der Nähe von Frohsdorf. Man sah die Mönche spazierengehen, man hörte von den Bestrebungen der Jesuiten, hörte dies oder jenes, aber es ging einen auch nichts an. Und man bekam wiederum den Eindruck: Was hat denn das alles eigentlich jetzt noch zu tun mit derjenigen Evolution der Menschheit, die der Zukunft entgegengeht? — An den schwarzen Mönchen bekam man den Eindruck, daß das eigentlich ganz herausfällt aus den wirklichen Kräften, die der Menschenzukunft entgegenführen.
Das dritte war eine Freimaurerloge an demselben Orte, in dem ich war, über die der Pfarrer fürchterlich schimpfte, aber die mich natürlich auch nichts anging, denn man durfte ja nicht hinein, nicht wahr. Der Hauswart ließ mich zwar einmal hineinschauen, aber ganz im geheimen. Aber am nächsten Sonntag konnte ich gleich wiederum vom Pfarrer die vernichtendste Rede darüber hören. Kurz, auch das war etwas, was einen nichts anging.
Ich war also gut vorbereitet, als ich dann mehr zum Bewußtsein kam, die Dinge auf mich wirken zu lassen, die einen eigentlich nichts angehen. Innerhalb meiner eigenen Entwickelung — und das ist ja dasjenige, was mich dann zum Goetheanismus, so wie ich ihn auffasse, eigentlich geführt hat — halte ich es für sehr bedeutsam und durch mein Karma gut inszeniert, möchte ich sagen, daß, während mein innerstes Interesse für die geistige Welt ganz früh da war, auch mein Leben ganz früh in der geistigen Welt verlief, ich nicht hingedrängt wurde durch die äußeren Verhältnisse zu dem, was Gymnasialstudium ist. Alles dasjenige, was man sich durch das Gymnasialstudium aneignet, eignete ich mir ja erst später durch eigenes Lernen an. Das Gymnasium in Österreich ist eigentlich damals nicht schlecht gewesen. Es ist nur seit den siebziger Jahren immer schlechter und schlechter geworden und es nähert sich jetzt schon seit Jahren in bedenklicher Weise den Gymnasialeinrichtungen anderer, benachbarter Staaten, aber dazumal war es nicht besonders schlecht. Aber dennoch würde ich mir heute nicht gratulieren können, wenn ich dazumal etwa auf das Gymnasium in Wiener-Neustadt geschickt worden wäre. Ich bin auf die Realschule geschickt worden, und damit kam ich hinein in das, was vorbereitete zu einem modernen Denken, was vor allen Dingen vorbereitete, einen inneren Zusammenhang zu bekommen mit naturwissenschaftlicher Gesinnung. Dieses Zusammengehen mit naturwissenschaftlicher Gesinnung, das war namentlich dadurch möglich, daß gerade die einzelnen besseren Lehrer der österreichischen Realschule, die dazumal im wirklich modernsten Sinne eingerichtet wurde, daß die besten Lehrer - es waren immer ihrer wenige — eigentlich diejenigen waren, die irgendwie mit dem modernen naturwissenschaftlichen Denken zusammenhingen.
Bei uns in Wiener-Neustadt war es nicht einmal durchweg so. In den unteren Klassen — und in den österreichischen Realschulen hatte man nur in den unteren vier Klassen einen Religionsunterricht — hatten wir einen Religionslehrer, der ein sehr gemütlicher Mann war, der uns durchaus nicht zu irgendwelchen Frömmlingen zu erziehen geeignet war. Er war katholischer Priester, und daß er uns nicht gerade zu Frömmlingen zu erziehen geeignet war, dafür sorgte schon die Tatsache, daß drei kleine Buben — von denen die ganze Welt sagte, daß sie seine Söhne sind — jedesmal, wenn er unsere Anstalt verließ, ihn abholten. Aber ich schätze den Mann heute noch außerordentlich wegen all desjenigen, was er in der Klasse gesagt hat außerhalb des eigentlichen Religionsunterrichtes. Den erteilte er in der Weise, daß er einen aufrief und einen ein paar Seiten aus dem Buche lesen ließ, und dann bekam man das auf; man wußte nicht, was drinnensteht, man sagte es auf, bekam dann eine ausgezeichnete Note. Aber man verschlief selbstverständlich die Sache, die darinnenstand. Was er außerhalb der Klasse sagte, war manchmal ein schönes, weckendes Wort, war vor allen Dingen sehr gemütvoll und nett.
Nun, man hatte ja in einer solchen Anstalt aufeinanderfolgend die verschiedensten Lehrer. Alles das ist von symptomatischer Bedeutung. Wir hatten zwei Karmeliter, von denen der eine uns Französisch, der andere Englisch beibringen sollte. Der für Englisch besonders konnte vor allen Dingen kaum irgendwie ein englisches Wort, nun, jedenfalls nicht einen Satz sprechen. In der Naturgeschichte hatten wir einen Mann, der verstand wirklich von Gott und der Welt gar nichts. Aber wir hatten ausgezeichnete Leute auf dem Gebiete der Mathematik, Physik, Chemie, vor allen Dingen auf dem Gebiete der darstellenden Geometrie. Und das gab eben dieses Zusammenwachsen mit innerlich naturwissenschaftlichem Denken. Damit war eigentlich für mich das Element, der Impuls gegeben, der mit dem Zukunftsstreben der Menschheit in der Gegenwart denn doch ganz wesentlich zusammenhängt.
Kam man dann, nachdem man so sich durchgewunden hatte durch solch eine Anstalt, ins Universitäts-, ins Fochschulleben hinein, dann mußte man sich ja auch, wenn man nicht schläfrig war, für das öffentliche Leben interessieren, für dasjenige, was sich abspielt im öffentlichen Leben. Nun handelt es sich darum, daß der österreichisch Deutsche in einer wesentlich anderen Art hineinkommt in die zu erlebende Erkenntnis des deutschen Wesens, als was man den sogenannten Reichsdeutschen nennt. Denn für diejenigen Dinge, die sich, ich möchte sagen, als Staatsdinge abgespielt haben in Österreich, konnte man ja ein gewisses äußerliches Interesse haben, aber einen rechten inneren Zusammenhang kaum, wenn man Interesse hatte für den Entwickelungsgang der Menschheit. Dagegen konnte man verwiesen werden, wie es ja auch bei mir der Fall war, auf dasjenige, was herausgewachsen ist aus der deutschen Kultur am Ende des 18. und am Beginne des 19. Jahrhunderts, und was ich doch in gewissem Sinne Goetheanismus nennen möchte. Das lernt man als Österreichisch Deutscher anders kennen als der Reichsdeutsche. Und man darf nicht vergessen, daß, wenn man mit einer modernen Bildung ins Naturwissenschaftliche hineingewachsen ist, man zu gleicher Zeit herauswächst aus einem gewissen unnatürlichen Milieu, welches sich über den ganzen Westen Österreichs ausgebreitet hat im Laufe der letzten Zeiten. Man wächst heraus aus dem, was in einer äußerlichen Weise die Menschen Westösterreichs ergriffen hat — die zum Teil, ich nehme mich selbstverständlich davon aus, außerordentlich nette Leute sind —, was die Leute Westösterreichs nicht innerlich ergreift: es ist der Katholizismus, der klerikale Katholizismus.
Dieser klerikale Katholizismus in der Form, wie er in Westösterreich lebt, ist ja im wesentlichen ein Produkt der sogenannten Gegenreformation. Es ist das Produkt jener Politik, welche man doch nur bezeichnen kann als die Habsburgische Hausmachtpolitik. Protestantische Ideen und Impulse haben sich ja auch in Österreich ziemlich stark ausgebreitet, allein die Zeiten des Dreißigjährigen Krieges und alles, was damit zusammenhängt, haben es den Habsburgern möglich gemacht, eine Gegenreformation in Szene zu setzen und tatsächlich - bitte, ich nehme mich wieder aus — über das durchaus in seiner Anlage außerordentlich intelligente österreichisch-deutsche Volk diese furchtbare Finsternis auszubreiten, welche ausgebreitet werden muß, wenn man den Katholizismus gerade in derjenigen Form irgendwie verbreitet, in der er da herrschend wurde durch die Gegenreformation. Dadurch kommt ein furchtbar äußerliches Verhältnis zu allem Religiösen in den Menschen hinein. Am glücklichsten sind noch diejenigen, welche sich bewußt werden dieses äußerlichen Verhältnisses zum Religiösen. Diejenigen, die sich dessen nicht bewußt werden, die da meinen, daß ihr Glaube, ihre Religiosität aufrichtig und ehrlich sei, die stecken in einer ungeheuren Lebensillusion, in einer furchtbaren Lebenslüge sogar, ohne daß sie es wissen, denn diese Lebenslüge zersetzt das seelische Innere.
Allerdings, mit naturwissenschaftlichem Impuls kann man kein Verhältnis gewinnen zu alledem, was da als ein fürchterlicher seelischer Brei sich dann durch die Seele verbreitet. Aber man konnte immer bemerken, wie aus diesem Brei heraus einzelne Individualitäten sich abhebend entwickeln. Diese einzelnen Individualitäten, die sich abhebend entwickeln, die werden dann gerade in einer gewissen Weise hineingetrieben in dasjenige, was Blüte war des mitteleuropäischen Geisteslebens Ende des 18., Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts. Sie lernen gewissermaßen dasjenige kennen, was in die moderne Menschheit hineingekommen ist, von Lessing angefangen, durch Herder, Goethe, durch die deutschen Romantiker und so weiter, und was in seinem weiteren Umfange doch als Goetheanismus bezeichnet werden kann.
Es ist in diesen Jahrzehnten das Bedeutsame gerade für den nach Geist strebenden Deutsch-Österreicher gewesen, daß er, gewissermaßen herausgehoben aus der Volksgemeinschaft, in der Lessing, Goethe, Herder und so weiter, drinnen gestanden haben, über die Grenze hinüber in ein ganz fremdes Milieu hineinversetzt, da das lebendige Anschauen Goethes, Schillers, Lessings, Herders und so weiter bekam. Man bekam alles andere nicht mit, man bekam gewissermaßen nur dasjenige, was dort herausgewachsen war, und man bekam es als einzelne Seele. Denn man hatte wiederum wirklich um sich herum diejenigen Dinge, die einen nichts angehen.
So lebte man zusammen mit etwas, das man nach und nach eigentlich als sein eigenes Wesen fühlte, das aber herausgerissen war aus seinem Entstehungsboden und das man selber in der Seele trug innerhalb, ich möchte sagen, einer Gemeinschaft, die lauter Dinge enthielt, die einen nichts angingen. Denn es waren ja Anomalien, wenn man in jener Zeit Goethe-Ideen im Kopfe hatte und dann die Welt ringsherum begeistert war — aber die Worte der Begeisterung gingen auf Stelzen und hatten nichts von aufrichtigem und ehrlichem Ringen — für Dinge wie, nun, ich könnte auch etwas anderes nennen, aber sagen wir für das Buch des damaligen österreichischen Kronprinzen Rudolf, das heißt, seine Trabanten haben es geschrieben: «Österreich in Wort und Bild.» Man hatte kein Verhältnis zu solchem Zeug. Man gehörte zwar äußerlich dazu, aber man hatte kein Verhältnis zu solchem Zeug. Man trug dasjenige, was wirklich aus mitteleuropäischem Wesen erwachsen war und was ich dann im weiteren Sinne als Goetheanismus bezeichnen möchte, in seiner Seele.
Dieser Goetheanismus — und ich rechne dazu alles dasjenige, was sich dazumal an die Namen Schiller, Lessing, Herder und so weiter noch knüpft, auch an die deutschen Philosophen -, alles das steht ja in einer merkwürdigen Isolierung in der Welt überhaupt da. Diese Isolierung, in der es in der Welt dasteht, die ist außerordentlich bezeichnend für die ganze Entwickelung der neueren Menschheit. Denn diese Isolierung, die veranlaßt denjenigen, der nun mit Ernst an diesen Goetheanismus herangehen will, ein wenig nachdenklich, nachsinnend zu werden.
Sehen Sie, wenn man zurückgeht, kann man sich fragen: Was ist eigentlich in die Welt gebracht worden von Lessing bis zu den deutschen Romantikern, über Goethe hinaus, ungefähr bis in die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts, und wie hängt das, was da in die Welt gebracht worden ist, zusammen mit der vorgängigen geschichtlichen Entwickelung? — Nun wird nicht zu leugnen sein, daß innig zusammenhängt mit mitteleuropäischer geschichtlicher Entwickelung dieEntstehung des Evangelischen aus dem Katholischen. Nicht wahr, wir sehen auf der einen Seite, wie sich innerhalb Mitteleuropas, zum Beispiel im Deutschen Reich — für Österreich habe ich ja dieselben Erscheinungen schon besprochen — dasjenige erhalten hat, was ich hier charakterisiert habe als den römisch-katholischen Universalimpuls, der in Österreich so äußerlich, wie ich es charakterisiert habe, in Deutschland noch innerlicher, viele Seelen eben gefangen hält. Denn es ist ein großer Unterschied zwischen einem österreichischen Katholiken und auch nur einem bayrischen Katholiken, wenn man wirklich auf solche Unterschiede hinschauen kann. Davon ist also vieles geblieben, was in weite, zurückgelegene Jahrhunderte geht. Dann hat hineingeschlagen in diese katholische Kultur die evangelische Kultur, sagen wir die Luther-Kultur, die in der Schweiz die andere Form des Zwinglianismus und Calvinismus und so weiter angenommen hat. Nun sind vom Luthertum wiederum viele, viele Menschen innerhalb des sogenannten deutschen Volkes, namentlich des reichsdeutschen Volkes abhängig. Wenn man aber die Frage aufwirft: Welcher Zusammenhang besteht zwischen dem Goetheanismus und zwischen dem Luthertum? — dann bekommt man die merkwürdige Antwort, daß da eigentlich gar kein Zusammenhang besteht. Gewiß, äußerlich hat sich Goethe auch mit Luther beschäftigt, sich auch mit dem Katholizismus äußerlich beschäftigt. Aber wenn man frägt nach dem inneren Seelenfermente in Goethe, so kann man nur sagen: Es gab für ihn nichts Gleichgültigeres in seiner ganzen Entwickelung als katholisch oder protestantisch sein. - Wie gesagt, in seiner Umgebung lebt es, doch hängt es nicht im entferntesten mit ihm zusammen. Man kann sogar zu diesem Aperçu ein anderes hinzufügen. Herder war Pastor, sogar Superintendent in Weimar. Wer seine Schriften liest, kann auch von Herder sagen, der selbstverständlich als Pastor äußerlich von Luther viel inne hatte und wußte, daß seine Gesinnung, daß sein Denken nicht im allerentferntesten mit dem Luthertum irgendwie zusammenhängt, daß er ganz herausgewachsen ist aus dem Luthertum. So hat man in alledem, was zum Goetheanismus gehört — ich rechne da alles dies dazu -, auch in dieser Beziehung ein völlig Isoliertes. Und wenn man nach der Natur, nach der Wesenheit dieses Isolierten frägt, so bekommt man eigentlich zur Auskunft, daß es herauskristallisiert ist aus allen möglichen Impulsen gerade des fünften nachatlantischen Zeitalters. Luther hat einen Einfluß gleich Null auf Goethe, auf Goethe aber hatte Einfluß Linne, hatte Einfluß Spinoza, hatte Einfluß Shakespeare. Und wenn man nach Einflüssen bei Goethe eben fragen will: nach Goethes eigenem Bekenntnis haben diese drei Persönlichkeiten den allergrößten Einfluß auf seine Seelenentwickelung genommen.
So hebt sich der Goetheanismus als isolierte Erscheinung heraus. Und das ist, was macht, daß wiederum dieser Goetheanismus wirklich dem ausgesetzt war, was man als Unmöglichkeit bezeichnen kann, populär zu werden. Denn, nicht wahr, die alten Erscheinungen bleiben; in den breiten Massen wurde nicht einmal der Versuch gemacht, Lessingsche, Schillersche, Goethesche Ideen irgendwie gangbar zu machen, geschweige denn etwa Gefühle und Empfindungen dieser Persönlichkeiten gangbar zu machen. Dagegen lebten wie antediluvianisch fort auf der einen Seite veralteter Katholizismus, auf der anderen Seite veralteter Lutherismus. Und es ist ja eine bedeutsame, eine signifikante Erscheinung, daß dasjenige, was die Leute geistig treiben innerhalb jener Kulturströmung, der ein Goethe angehört hat, die einen Goethe hervorgebracht hat, mit jenen Kanzelreden zusammenhängt, die die protestantischen Pfarrer halten. Es gibt unter ihnen auch einige, die zu der modernen Bildung ein Verhältnis haben, aber das hilft ihnen nicht für ihre Kanzelreden. Dasjenige, was heute da als geistige Nahrung dargeboten wird, das ist wirklich so, daß man sagen muß: es ist antediluvianisch, es hängt überhaupt nicht im geringsten zusammen mit demjenigen, was die Zeit irgendwie fordert, was der Zeit irgendwie Kraft geben könnte. Es hängt aber allerdings zusammen mit einer gewissen anderen Seite unserer Geisteskultur, mit jener anderen Seite unserer Geisteskultur, welche macht, daß das geistige Leben eines großen Teiles der Menschheit der Gegenwart überhaupt außerhalb der Wirklichkeit verläuft. Und dies ist vielleicht das bedeutsamste Zeichen des modernen Bourgeois-Philisteriums, daß das geistige Leben dieses Bourgeois-Philisteriums außerhalb dieser Wirklichkeit verläuft, daß alles Gerede dieses Bourgeois-Philisteriums eigentlich außerhalb der Wirklichkeit steht.
Daher sind ja auch nur solche Erscheinungen möglich, die man gewöhnlich gar nicht beachtet, die aber als Symptome tief, tief bezeichnend sind. Sehen Sie, Sie können die Literatur der Kriegsphilister seit Jahrzehnten lesen, und Sie werden innerhalb dieser Literatur immer wieder und wiederum Kant zitiert finden. In den letzten Wochen haben sich zahlreiche dieser Kriegsphilister in Friedensphilister verwandelt, da es vom Krieg zum Frieden herübergeht. Das will ja nichts Besonderes besagen, wesentlich ist, daß sie Philister geblieben sind, denn selbstverständlich ist der Stresemann von heute kein anderer, als der Stresemann von vor sechs Wochen. Heute ist es natürlich wiederum üblich, Kant als den Mann der Friedensphilister zu zitieren. Das ist außerhalb der Wirklichkeit. Die Leute haben kein Verhältnis zu dem, wovon sie vorgeben, daß sie geistig gespeist werden.
Das ist etwas, was zum Charakteristischesten in der Gegenwart gehört. Und so konnte eben die bemerkenswerte Tatsache auftreten, daß eine ganz gewaltige geistige Welle, die mit dem Goetheanismus aufgeworfen war, eigentlich vollständig unverstanden geblieben ist. Das ist der Schmerz, der heute einen befallen kann gegenüber den katastrophalen Ereignissen der Gegenwart, der Schmerz kann einen befallen: Was soll denn werden mit dieser Welle, die eine der allerwichtigsten im fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum gewesen ist, was soll unter der gegenwärtigen Weltstimmung aus dieser Welle werden?
Demgegenüber kann man sagen: Es hat eine gewisse Wichtigkeit, wenn man sich entschließt, dasjenige, was zu tun haben will gerade mit den wichtigsten Impulsen des fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraums, Goetheanum zu nennen, ganz gleichgültig, was über diese Anstalt Goetheanum auch kommen mag. — Nicht darum handelt es sich, daß diese Anstalt so und so lange Jahre den Namen Goetheanum trägt, sondern daß einmal der Gedanke da war, den Namen Goetheanum gerade in der schwierigsten Zeit zu gebrauchen.
Gerade durch die Tatsache, die ich Ihnen angeführt habe, kann für einen gewissermaßen der Goetheanismus in seiner Isoliertheit etwas ganz Besonderes werden, konnte es werden, wenn man in der angegebenen Zeit in Österreich, wo einen so viel nichts anging, gelebt hat. Denn hätten ihn die Leute als etwas aufgefaßt, was sie etwas angeht, dann wäre die heutige Zeit nicht gekommen, dann wären diese katastrophalen Ereignisse nicht eingetreten. Man möchte sagen: Dieses und vieles andere machte Deutsch-Österreich in einzelnen Individualitäten — denn die breiten Massen stehen eben unter dem furchtbaren Druck des Katholizismus der Gegenreformation —, aber es machte einzelne Individualitäten fähig, den Goetheanismus mit ihrer Seele in inniger Weise zu vereinigen. Ich selber - ich habe es öfter erwähnt — lernte einen solchen Österreicher kennen in Karl Julius Schröer, der in Österreich wirkte; aber ich möchte sagen, so wie er wirkte, auf jedem Gebiete, auf dem er wirkte, war es der Goethe-Impuls, von dem aus er wirkte. Die Geschichte wird einmal zusammenstellen, was solche Leute wie Karl Julius Schröer gedacht haben über die politischen Notwendigkeiten von Österreich in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts, solche Leute, die keines Menschen Ohr gefunden haben, die aber in einer gewissen Weise gewußt haben, wodurch das «Heute» zu vermeiden gewesen wäre, das dann eben doch kommen mußte, weil sie niemandes Ohr gefunden haben.
Kam man dann ins Deutsche Reich, ja, da vor allen Dingen hatte man dann den Eindruck, daß wenn man mit Goethe zusammengewachsen war, man eigentlich nirgends ein offenes Herz für solches Zusammengewachsensein fand. Ich kam im Herbst 1890 nach Weimar, und ich habe Ihnen neulich die schönen Seiten von Weimar geschildert; aber für dasjenige, was ich dazumal - ich hatte ja meine erste wichtige Goethe-Publikation bereits hinter mir — für Goethe in meiner Seele trug, fand ich eigentlich, weil es das Geistige an Goethe war, recht, recht wenig Verständnis, Herzensverständnis da vor. Es war da ein ganz anderes Leben im Äußerlichen und auch im Inneren des Äußeren — oder im Äußerlichen des Inneren, wenn Sie das lieber sagen wollen als irgend etwas, was zusammenhängt mit den Goethe-Impulsen. Diese Goethe-Impulse sind eigentlich in den allerweitesten Kreisen vollständig unbekannt, unbekannt insbesondere aber, total unbekannt bei den Professoren der Literaturgeschichte, die an den Universitäten über Goethe, Lessing, Herder und dergleichen Vorträge halten, unbekannt bei all den Philistern, die die schrecklichen Goethe-Biographien innerhalb der deutschen Literatur verbrochen haben. Ich konnte mich nur trösten über all das Schauerzeug, welches geschrieben worden ist, gedruckt worden ist über Goethe, durch die Publikationen Schröers und durch das schöne Buch von Herman Grimm, das mir verhältnismäßig sehr frühzeitig in die Hände gekommen ist. Aber Herman Grimm zum Beispiel wird ja durchaus von den Universitätsleuten nicht ernst genommen. Sie sagen, er sei ein Spaziergänger auf dem Gebiet des Geisteslebens, kein ernster Forscher.
Karl Julius Schröer ernst zu nehmen, dazu hat sich natürlich ein richtiger Universitätsgelehrter niemals aufgeschwungen; der wird ja immer nur so als Bagatelle behandelt. Ja, dieses Kapitel könnte ich in sehr mannigfaltiger Weise ausmalen. Aber man darf ja nicht vergessen bei alledem, daß in das Literatentum mit all seinen verschiedenen Verzweigungen, selbst in die Verzweigungen hinein, die man — mit Respekt zu vermelden — die journalistischen nennen kann, eben seine Ströme sendet, das in den letzten Jahrzehnten versumpfende Bürgertum, das vollständig in Schlaf versunkene Bürgertum, das keine Beziehungen hat, wenn es geistiges Leben treibt, zu dem wirklichen Inhalt dieses Geisteslebens. Von solchen Voraussetzungen aus kann man natürlich nicht irgendwie an den Goetheanismus herankommen. Denn Goethe selber ist im besten, im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes der modernste Geist des fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraums.
Bedenken Sie nur, was in diesem Goethe eigentlich alles als besonders charakteristisch Eigentümliches ist. Erstens, seine gesamte Weltanschauung - die in die geistigen Höhen noch höher hinaufgeführt werden kann, noch höher als sie Goethe selbst führen konnte — ruht auf solidem naturwissenschaftlichem Boden. Es gibt keine solide Weltanschauung in der Gegenwart, die nicht auf naturwissenschaftlichem Boden ruhen könnte. Daher ist so viel Naturwissenschaftliches in dem Buche, mit dem ich 1897 meine damaligen Goethe-Studien abgeschlossen habe, und das jetzt in neuer Auflage wiederum erschienen ist aus ähnlichen Gründen, wie die Neuauflage der «Philosophie der Freiheit» erschienen ist. Das Philisterium hat damals gesagt — damals wurden meine Bücher noch rezensiert —: Der nennt das «Goethes Weltanschauung»; er müßte eigentlich sagen «Goethes Naturanschauung».- Nun ja, daß das, was wirklich Goethes Weltanschauung ist, nur so dargestellt werden kann, daß die solide Grundlage der Goetheschen Naturanschauung geboten wird, das sahen natürlich diejenigen nicht ein, welche maskierte Goethe-Forscher oder dergleichen waren, LiterarhistorikeroderPhilosophen oder so etwas. Ein zweites Charakteristisches für Goethe, was ihn wiederum zu dem modernsten Geiste der fünften nachatlantischen Zeit macht, ist, wie sich in seiner Seelenverfassung jener eigentümliche innere Geistesweg gestaltet, der von der intuitiven Naturanschauung zur Kunst hinführt. Es gehört zu den allerinteressantesten Problemen der GoetheBetrachtung, diesen Zusammenhang von Naturanschauung und künstlerischer Betätigung, künstlerischem Schaffen und künstlerischer Phantasie eben in Goethes Seele zu verfolgen. Nicht auf Hunderte, sondern auf Tausende von Fragen, die aber nicht pedantische theoretische Fragen sind, sondern die lebensvolle Fragen sind, kommt man, wenn man diesen ganz eigenartigen, merkwürdigen Weg betrachtet, der sich bei Goethe immer abspielt, wenn er die Natur künstlerisch, aber darum nicht weniger ihrer Wirklichkeit nach betrachtet, und wenn er in der Kunst so wirkt, daß man, um sein eigenes Wort zu gebrauchen, in seiner Kunst etwas verspürt wie eine auf höherer Stufe erfolgende Fortsetzung des göttlichen Naturschaffens selber.
Ein drittes, was für Goethes Weltanschauung so charakteristisch ist, ist, wie Goethe den Menschen hineinstellt in das ganze Weltenall, wie er in dem Menschen die Blüte, die Frucht des ganzen übrigen Weltenalls sieht, wie er immerdar bemüht ist, ihn nicht isoliert zu betrachten, sondern ihn so zu betrachten, daß der Mensch dasteht und gewissermaßen durch ihn durchwirkt die ganze Geistigkeit, die der Natur zugrunde liegt, und der Mensch mit seiner Seele den Schauplatz abgibt, auf dem sich der Geist der Natur selber anschaut. Aber mit diesen also abstrakt ausgesprochenen Gedanken hängt unendlich vieles zusammen, wenn es im Konkreten verfolgt wird. Und all dies ist ja im Grunde genommen erst die solide Grundlage, auf der dann aufgebaut werden kann das, was zu den höchsten Höhen übersinnlicher, geistiger Betrachtung gerade in der heutigen Zeit führen kann. Wenn man heute darauf aufmerksam macht, daß die Welt versäumt hat, sich mit Goethe zu befassen — das hat sie -, daß die Welt versäumt hat, irgendwie eine Beziehung zum Goetheanismus zu gewinnen, ja, dann geschieht das wahrhaftig nicht, um diese Welt auszuzanken, um diese Welt abzukanzeln oder abzukritisieren, sondern nur, um dazu aufzufordern, ein solches Verhältnis zum Goetheanismus zu gewinnen. Denn dieser Goetheanismus, fortgesetzt, bedeutet eben ein Hineinkommen in anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft. Und ohne anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft kommt die Welt aus der heutigen katastrophalen Lage nicht heraus. Man kann in gewisser Weise am sichersten anfangen, wenn man in die Geisteswissenschaft hineinkommen will, indem man mit Goethe anfängt.
Das alles hängt mit etwas anderem noch zusammen. Ich habe Sie vorhin darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß eigentlich dieses breite Geistesleben, das auf den Kanzeln sich entwickelt, das für viele Menschen dann eine Lebenslüge wird, der sie sich gar nicht bewußt sind, eben antediluvianisch ist. Ebenso antediluvianisch ist ja im Grunde die Universitätsgelehrsamkeit aller Fakultäten. Nun wird das aber zur Anomalie, zur historischen Anomalie, auf einem Gebiete, wo es einen Goetheanismus daneben gibt. Denn ein weiteres Eigentümliches in Goethes Persönlichkeit ist die ungeheure Universalität, die so weit geht, daß ja gewiß Goethe auf den verschiedensten Gebieten nur schwache Saatkörner ausgestreut hat; die können aber überall ausgebildet werden, und die sind, indem sie ausgebildet werden, etwas so Großes, enthalten die Keime zu etwas so Großem in sich, daß es das große Moderne ist, von dem aber die Menschheit nichts wissen will, dem gegenüber in seiner Verfassung, in seiner Gesinnung, wie es dasteht, das Antediluvianische die moderne Universitätsbildung ist. Diese moderne Universitätsbildung ist alter Zopf, wenn sie auch dies oder jenes Neuentdeckte und so weiter in sich aufnimmt. Aber daneben gibt es ein nicht beachtetes wirkliches Geistesleben: Goetheanismus. Goethe ist in gewisser Beziehung die Universitas litterarum, die geheime Universitas, und der widerrechtliche Fürst auf dem Gebiete des Geisteslebens ist die Universitätsbildung der Gegenwart. Aber alles Äußere, was Sie erleben, was zu der gegenwärtigen Weltkatastrophe geführt hat, alles dies Äußere ist ja schließlich ein äußeres Resultat dessen, was an den Universitäten gelehrt wird. Da reden die Menschen heute über das oder jenes in der Politik, über diese oder jene Persönlichkeiten, da reden die Menschen darüber, daß der Sozialismus aufgetreten ist, da reden die Menschen über gute und schlechte Seiten der Kunst, da reden die Menschen über den Bolschewismus und so weiter, da fürchten sich die Menschen, daß das oder jenes heraufkomme, da sehen die Menschen an dem einen oder andern Platz den oder jenen stehen, da gibt es Menschen, die vor sechs Wochen das Gegenteil von dem gesagt haben, was sie heute sagen. Alles das gibt es. Woher fließt alles das? Doch schließlich von den Bildungsstätten der Gegenwart! Alles Übrige ist im Grunde genommen sekundäres und sekundärstes Gerede, was nicht aufmerksam darauf wird, daß die Axt an die Wurzel der sogenannten modernen Bildung selbst gelegt werden muß. Was wird es denn nützen, wenn noch so viel da oder dort sogenannte gescheite Ideen entwickelt werden, wenn man nicht einsieht, wo eigentlich der Bruch gemacht werden muß?
Ich habe vorhin davon gesprochen, daß mich selber gewisse Dinge nichts angegangen sind. Ich kann Ihnen noch etwas verraten, was mich nichts angegangen ist. Als ich von der Realschule an die Hochschule kam, da hörte ich verschiedene Dinge, ließ mich in verschiedene Dinge inskribieren. Es waren lauter Dinge, die mich nichts angingen, denn nirgends konnte man den Impuls desjenigen verspüren, was wirklich zusammenhängt mit der Evolution unseres Zeitalters. Und ohne albern werden zu wollen - ich habe ja neulich erzählt, wie ich überall herauslanciert worden bin -, darf ich sagen, daß ich vor allen Dingen eine gewisse Sympathie hatte für jene Universitas, die der Goetheanismus ist dadurch, daß Goethe im Grunde genommen, indem er durch die Universitätsbildung ging, auch durch etwas ging, was ihn nichts anging in Wirklichkeit. Goethe hat sich blutwenig befaßt in Leipzig, in der damaligen Universität im damaligen königlichen Sachsenlande, mit dem, was er da hören konnte, und er hat sich später wiederum in Straßburg blutwenig befaßt mit dem, was er da hören konnte. Und dennoch, alles das, selbst das Künstlerischeste des Künstlerischen bei Goethe ruht auf solidem Boden sogar strengster Naturanschauung. Goethe ist wider alles Universitätswesen in die modernsten Impulse auch des Erkennens hineingewachsen. Das ist dasjenige, was man, wenn man von Goetheanismus spricht, nicht aus dem Auge verlieren darf. Das ist dasjenige, was ich in meinen Goethe-Studien und auch in meinem Buche «Goethes Weltanschauung» gerne den Menschen zum Bewußtsein gebracht hätte. Den wirklichen Goethe hätte ich gerne den Menschen zum Bewußtsein gebracht. Nur — es war das Zeitalter nicht dazu da. Es fehlte sozusagen in ganz erheblichem Maße der Resonanzboden. Daß Ansätze dazu da waren, das habe ich neulich erwähnt; sie waren doch in Weimar gegeben, der Boden war in Weimar gewissermaßen dazu gegeben. Aber auf diesen Boden stellte sich nichts Rechtes, und diejenigen, die darauf gestellt waren, lancierten die anderen weg, die auf diesem Boden hätten stehen können. Wäre die neuere Zeit ein wenig von Goetheanismus durchdrungen, sie würde mit Sehnsucht Geisteswissenschaft aufnehmen, denn der Goetheanismus bereitet den Boden für die Aufnahme der Geisteswissenschaft vor. Dann aber würde wiederum dieser Goetheanismus zur Methode für eine wirkliche Gesundung der Menschen der Gegenwart. Ja, man muß nicht oberflächlich das Leben der gegenwärtigen Zeit betrachten!
Als ich gestern den Vortrag gehalten hatte in Basel, da mußte ich doch denken: Dasjenige, was da zu sagen wäre, ist eigentlich so, daß es heute keinen ehrlichen Wissenschafter geben könnte, der, wenn er sich darauf einläßt, die Sache nicht zugibt. - Wenn er sich darauf einläßt! Was die Sache zurückhält, sind ja nicht logische Gründe, sondern ist jene Brutalität, welche als Brutalität auch auf allen Gebieten der zivilisierten Welt die gegenwärtige Katastrophe herbeigeführt hat. Tief symbolisch selbstverständlich bleibt immer eine solche Tatsache, daß es eine Goethe-Gesellschaft gibt, welche vor einigen Jahren nichts Besseres zu tun hatte, als einen gewesenen, abgewirtschafteten Finanzminister zum Präsidenten zu machen, so richtig ein Symptom für das Außenstehen der Menschen gegenüber dem, was sie glauben, zu verehren. Dieser Finanzminister, der, wie ich neulich schon sagte, vielleicht auch symptomatisch den Vornamen hat «Kreuzwendedich», dieser Finanzminister glaubt ja selbstverständlich in der Lebenslüge, in der er drinnensteht, daß er Goethe verehrt, weil er ja keine Ahnung haben kann, aus der gegenwärtigen Bildung heraus keine Ahnung haben kann, wie fern, wie - man könnte kosmische Entfernungen, Sternenweiten oder so irgend etwas zu Hilfe nehmen, wenn man die Fernigkeit auch nur irgendwie ausmessen würde, in welcher dieser Präsident der Goethe-Gesellschaft selbst zu dem Allerelementarsten des Goetheanismus steht.
Dieses Zeitalter war natürlich nicht dazu da, um irgendwie in das Innere des Goetheanismus hineinzuführen. Denn der Goetheanismus ist nichts Nationales, der Goetheanismus ist nichts Deutsches. Gespeist ist, wie ich Ihnen gezeigt habe, dieser Goetheanismus von Spinoza, nun, der war ja schließlich kein Deutscher, von Shakespeare — war ja schließlich kein Deutscher; von Linné — war ja schließlich kein Deutscher. Und Goethe selbst sagt es, daß diese drei Persönlichkeiten von allen Persönlichkeiten auf ihn den größten Einfluß gehabt haben, und er irrt sich darin gewiß nicht. Wer Goethe kennt, weiß, wie gerechtfertigt dies ist. Aber Goethe ist dagewesen — Goetheanismus könnte da sein! Goetheanismus könnte walten in allem menschlichen Denken, könnte walten im religiösen Leben, könnte walten in jedem wissenschaftlichen Zweige, könnte walten in sozialen Ausgestaltungen des menschlichen Zusammenlebens, Goetheanismus könnte walten im politischen Leben, überall könnte der Goetheanismus walten. Und die Welt hört sich heute die Schwätzer an, Eucken oder Bergson, wie sie auf den verschiedensten Gebieten heißen. Ich will schon gar nicht von irgendwelchen politischen Schwätzern sprechen, denn auf diesem Gebiete ist ja in der heutigen Zeit das Eigenschaftswort mit dem Hauptwort fast identisch geworden.
Gegen die Fremdheit des heutigen Geistesgetriebes gegenüber der Wirklichkeit ist schließlich das, was hier gewollt worden ist, was ja in der Zukunft so stark gehaßt werden wird, daß natürlich seine Fertigstellung selbstverständlich sehr problematisch ist, besonders in dem gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkte, demgegenüber ist dasjenige, was hier gewollt worden ist, ein lebendiger Protest. Und dieser Protest kann nicht schöner ausgedrückt werden, als wenn man sagt: Das, was hier gewollt worden ist, ist ein Goetheanum. — Es ist gewissermaßen ein Bekenntnis zu den wichtigsten Eigenschaften und auch zu den wichtigsten Forderungen der Gegenwart, wenn hier von einem Goetheanum gesprochen wird. Und dieses Goetheanum ist wenigstens gewollt worden inmitten des gegenwärtigen Philisteriums — will sagen, der gegenwärtigen zivilisierten Welt -, sollte herausragen aus dieser gegenwärtigen sogenannten zivilisierten Welt.
Selbstverständlich, wenn es nach dem Herzen vieler Zeitgenossen ginge, würde man vielleicht sagen, es wäre gescheiter gewesen, «Wilsonianum» zu sagen, denn das ist ja die Flagge der gegenwärtigen Zeit. Das ist ja dasjenige, dem sich gegenwärtig die Welt beugen will und wahrscheinlich auch beugen wird.
Nun, es mag manchem sonderbar erscheinen, wenn heute einer kommt und sagt: Die einzige Hilfe gegen den Wilsonismus ist der Goetheanismus. - Dann kommen diejenigen Menschen, die das besser wissen wollen und sagen: Das ist ein Ideologe, der so spricht! — Nun, wer sind denn jene Menschen, die dieses Wort prägen: Das ist ein weltenfremder Mensch — wer sind sie denn? Diese weltenverwandten Menschen sind es, welche die heutige Weltordnung herbeigeführt haben, welche die heutige Weltordnung herbeigeschaffen haben; die sind es, welche sich besonders praktisch immer gedünkt haben, die sind es, welche sich selbstverständlich auflehnen gegen das, was aus den Zusammenhängen gerade tiefster Wirklichkeit heraus gesprochen werden muß: Die Welt wird krank werden am Wilsonismus, die Welt wird auf allen Gebieten des Lebens ein Heilmittel brauchen, und das wird der Goetheanismus sein!
Und wenn ich mit einer persönlichen Bemerkung abschließen darf zu dieser Interpretation meines Goethe-Buches, «Goethes Weltanschauung», das jetzt auch in einer zweiten Auflage erschienen ist: Durch eine merkwürdige Verkettung der Umstände ist dieses Buch noch nicht da, nämlich, man ist ja immer noch, nicht wahr, insbesondere in der Gegenwart, ein bißchen zu Konzessionen bereit. Praktische Menschen haben uns vor einiger Zeit den Vorschlag gemacht, vor Monaten schon, man solle direkt von der Druckerei diese Bücher «Philosophie der Freiheit» und «Goethes Weltanschauung» hierher schicken, damit sie nicht erst den Umweg nach Berlin machen und so lange brauchen, bis sie hier sind. Und man meint. doch, die Praktiker, die kennen sich aus in diesen Dingen. Nun, die «Philosophie der Freiheit» wurde als von den Praktikern abgesendet gemeldet, kam aber Wochen und Wochen und Wochen nicht hier an. Von Berlin konnten die Leute schon längst Exemplare bekommen; hier war keines zu haben, weil irgendwo unterwegs von den Praktikern die Sache besorgt worden war, weil wir «unpraktischen» Leute nicht eingreifen sollten in die Sache. Aber was war mit der «Philosophie der Freiheit» geschehen? Da war nämlich das Folgende passiert: Die Sendung war von den Praktikern der Firma aufgegeben worden, und es war mitgeteilt worden, daß sie es schicken sollen nach Dornach bei Basel. Aber diese Firma, der betreffende Herr, der es gemacht hat, der hat sich gesagt: Dornach bei Basel, das ist im Elsaß — denn da gibt es auch ein Dornach, und das ist ja auch in der Nähe von Basel -, und da braucht man keine Auslandsmarken draufzukleben, da können wir deutsche Inlandspostmarken draufkleben. — Nun, so ging denn durch praktische Anordnungen die ganze Sendung nach Dornach im Elsaß, wo man natürlich nicht wußte, was damit anfangen. Die Sache mußte durch die unpraktischen Menschen reklamiert werden, und endlich, nach langen Umwegen, nachdem sich der Praktiker dazu bequemt hatte, einzusehen, daß Dornach bei Basel nicht Dornach im Elsaß ist, kam die «Philosophie der Freiheit» hier an. Ob nun «Goethes Weltanschauung» von irgendeinem Praktiker statt von Stuttgart nach Dornach bei Basel nach dem Nordkap herumgeschickt worden ist, um vielleicht um die Erde herum in Dornach einzutreffen, das weiß ich nicht. Aber jedenfalls, das sollte nur solch ein Beispiel sein, das wir zunächst unmittelbar am eigenen Leibe erlebt haben über den Anteil der Praktiker am Leben, an der wirklichen Lebenspraxis.
Das also ist, was ich zunächst persönlich als Versuch machen konnte auf dem Gebiete, das mir nahelag — nahelag mehr durch die Verhältnisse als durch meine Neigungen -, der Zeit wirklich zu dienen. Und ich glaube schon einmal, wenn ich betrachte, was mich mit meinen verschiedenen Büchern aus dem Impulse der Zeit heraus verbindet, daß diese Bücher wirklich der Zeit auf den verschiedensten Gebieten dienen. Daher haben sie mich auch gelehrt, wieviel in diesen letzten Jahrzehnten gegen die Zeit eigentlich wirklich getrieben und unternommen worden ist. Die Leute mögen in ihrer Brutalität noch so sehr glauben, daß irgend etwas eben sich durchdrücken läßt: es läßt sich nichts in Wahrheit durchdrücken, was gegen die Impulse der Zeit ist. Es läßt sich manches, was mit dem Impulse der Zeit ist, zurückhalten! Nun, wenn es zurückgehalten wird, es wird später seinen Weg finden, wenn auch vielleicht unter ganz anderen Namen und in ganz anderem Zusammenhange. Aber ich glaube doch, diese Bücher haben neben manchem anderen vielleicht doch auch dieses, daß man an ihnen sehen kann, wie man aus der Beobachtung der Zeit heraus seiner Zeit selber dienen kann. Man kann aber mit allem, mit der kleinsten, mit der elementarsten Tätigkeit kann man der Zeit dienen. Man muß nur den Mut haben, zum Goetheanismus überzugehen, der sich wie eine Universitas liberarum scientiarum hinstellt neben das, was heute alle Menschen anbeten, die radikalsten Sozialisten am allermeisten: die antediluvianische Universität.
Es könnte sehr leicht scheinen, als ob diese Dinge persönlich gemeint seien; daher zögere ich auch immer, solche Dinge auszusprechen. Wenn man natürlich dem billigen Einwand ausgesetzt ist: Aha, der ist nicht Universitätsprofessor geworden, also schimpft er über die Universitäten — nun ja, diesen billigen Einwand muß man sich schon gefallen lassen, wenn man eben notwendig hat, darauf hinzuweisen, daß das eigentliche Übel der Zeit nicht diejenigen treffen, die von irgendeinem politischen, irgendeinem spezialwissenschaftlichen, irgendeinem nationalökonomischen, irgendeinem religiösen oder sonstigen Gesichtspunkte das oder jenes vorbringen. Den eigentlichen Gesichtspunkt, der in Betracht kommt, den treffen allein diejenigen, die hinweisen auf das allerschlimmste Infallibilitätsdogma, auf jenes Infallibilitätsdogma, das durch eine verhängnisvolle Übereinstimmung der Menschheit dazu geführt hat, daß alles unterstellt ist dem, was gegenwärtig die Menschheit führt: das, was gegenwärtig offizielle wissenschaftliche Stätten sind, in denen so viel Unkraut - selbstverständlich neben ein paar guten Pflänzchen — gedeiht. Ich werde durchaus nicht, geradesowenig wie ich, wenn ich über Staaten oder Nationen spreche, niemals den einzelnen meine, so niemals den einzelnen Universitätslehrer oder dergleichen meinen. Das können ausgezeichnete Leute sein; darauf kommt es nicht an: es kommt auf das Wesen der Einrichtung an.
Und wie schlimm dieses Wesen ist, das zeigt sich heute schon darinnen, daß diejenigen Schulen, die angefangen haben, ein wenig aus dem Natürlichen selbst heraus sich zu entwickeln, die technischen Hochschulen, nun auch schon universitäre Allüren annehmen und damit eigentlich schon einen großen Schritt in die Versumpfung hinein gemacht haben.
Betrachten Sie solche Auseinandersetzungen, wie ich sie heute wieder gemacht habe, wie eine Art von Episode in unseren anthroposophischen Besprechungen. Aber ich denke, die gegenwärtige Zeit ist eine so sehr unsere Gedanken und unsere Empfindungen nach dieser Richtung herausfordernde, daß ja solche Betrachtungen bei uns angestellt werden sollten. Sie müssen insbesondere deshalb von uns angestellt werden, weil sie ja leider nirgend anderswo angestellt werden.
Ja, recht weit, weit entfernt vom Goetheanismus, der wahrhaftig nicht im Goethe-Studium besteht und nicht im Verfolgen der Goetheschen Werke allein, weit entfernt vom Goetheanismus ist noch unsere Gegenwart. Furchtbar nötig, auf allen Gebieten des Lebens sich diesem Goetheanismus zu nähern, hat es diese unsere Gegenwart. Es scheint ideologisch und nicht praktisch zu sein, wenn man dieses sagt, aber es ist das Aller-allerpraktischeste in der Gegenwart. Man wird es zu ganz anderem bringen als zu diesem rationalisieren, dem einzigen, zu dem es in der Gegenwart das Bourgeoistum doch noch bringt, wenn man die verschiedenen Zweige des Lebens auf den Boden des Goetheanismus stellt. Und Geisteswissenschaft, die wird schon derjenige finden, der auf dem Boden des Goetheanismus steht. Das ist etwas, was man heute mit flammender Schrift in die Herzen der Menschen hineingießen möchte.
Es ist dies von mir versucht worden in der verschiedensten Weise seit Jahrzehnten. Aber vieles von dem, was aus dem Herzblut heraus geredet worden ist, um der Zeit zu dienen, ist von der Zeit als erbauliche Sonntagnachmittagspredigt genommen worden. Denn im Grunde genommen haben die Leute, die so gern den Kulturschlaf schlafen, auch nichts anderes gewollt wie Sonntagnachmittagspredigten, nicht wahr? Das wäre der Menschheit so notwendig, daß man das konkret für die Zeit Erforderliche, Notwendige sucht! Und das müßte man vor allen Dingen in seine Einsicht hereinzubringen suchen, denn auf die Einsicht kommt es heute vor allen Dingen an. Es ist doch wiederum trivial, wenn man heute in dieser ungeheueren Verwirrung, die bald noch größer sein wird, frägt: Was soll der einzelne tun? — Vor allen Dingen nötig ist es, sich um Einsicht zu bekümmern, damit die Infallibilität namentlich auf dem Gebiete, das ich gerade heute gemeint habe, in ein richtiges Fahrwasser gebracht wird.
Und dieses Büchelchen «Goethes Weltanschauung» ist vorzugsweise dazu geschrieben, um zu zeigen, daß es zwei Strömungen in der Gegenwart auf dem Gebiete alles Erkennens gibt: eine in der Dekadenz lebende Strömung, die alle anbeten, und eine, die die fruchtbarsten Keime für die Zukunft enthält, und die alle meiden. Mancherlei schlechte Erfahrungen haben die Menschen gemacht in den letzten Jahrzehnten, gewiß viele durch eigene Schuld. Aber darauf sollten die Menschen kommen, daß sie mit denen, auf die sie am stolzesten sind, ihre Schulmeister, doch im Grunde genommen die schlechtesten Erfahrungen schon gemacht haben und noch viel schlechtere machen werden. Zunächst scheint aber die Menschheit nötig zu haben, erst durch die Erfahrungen durchzugehen, die sie mit dem Weltenschulmeister zu machen hat, denn die Welt hat es dazu gebracht, nun endlich einen Schulmeister als Weltenordner hinzustellen! Zu denjenigen Schwätzern, die überall aus universitärem Zeug heraus die Welt beschwätzt haben, tritt nun auch noch derjenige, der die ganze Welt ordnen soll aus universitärem Geschwätze heraus.
Nicht um zum Pessimismus, sondern um zu denjenigen Impulsen anzuregen, die den Goetheanismus dem Wilsonismus gegenüberstellen, sind diese Worte gesprochen. Auch nicht aus irgend etwas Nationalem heraus, denn Goethe ist selber wahrhaftig kein nationaler Geist, sondern ein recht sehr internationaler. Die Welt sollte davor behütet werden, sich den Schaden anzutun, an die Stelle des Goetheanismus den Wilsonismus zu setzen.
Seventh Lecture
In these days, I would like to present two things to your soul through the reflections that are to follow. At first glance, the two seem to have little in common, but when we come to the end of our reflections, you will notice that there is a very intimate connection between them. As I have already said, I would like to present some points of view in these reflections that provide symptomatic clues about the development of religion in the fifth post-Atlantean period that has passed until now. But on the other hand, I would like to show you to some extent how the kind of spiritual life we want to cultivate can be connected with an institution that bears the name Goetheanum.
I think that in the present situation, what one decides in such a case is of particular importance. We are currently at a point in human development where the future can bring anything, and where it is important to be able to look courageously into an uncertain future, but where it is also important to arrive at decisions that are in tune with the spirit of the times and to which a certain significance is attached. The external reason for choosing the name Goetheanum seems to me to be that I said some time ago in public lectures that, in my private opinion, I would like to call the house where the spiritual direction I have in mind is to be cultivated, the Goetheanum. This name was already debated last year, and this year some of our friends have decided to advocate for the name Goetheanum. I said recently that there are a number of reasons for this, but they cannot be easily put into words. However, they may become apparent today if I start from the premise of creating a basis through similar considerations to those I presented to you last time, a basis for the considerations on the history of religion that we intend to make over the next few days.
You know, of course—and I would not touch on personal matters if they were not particularly relevant today to the Goetheanum and our affairs— you know that my main first public literary activity is connected with the name Goethe, and you also know that this first public literary activity developed within a territory where even today, for those who do not want to see, who want to sleep, the enormous catastrophic events can be seen and perceived. And what I must think from the standpoint of spiritual science in connection with Goethe is for me, just as what I said recently with reference to the Philosophy of Freedom, certainly a personal matter on the one hand, but on the other hand this personal aspect is thoroughly connected with the development of events in recent decades. The fact that I lived in Austria until the end of the 1880s and then came to Germany, first to Weimar and later to Berlin, is not, really not, without an inner connection with the emergence of my Philosophy of Freedom on the one hand and my writings on Goethe on the other. This is, of course, an external connection, but a discussion of such an external connection gradually leads, if one correctly grasps the symptoms, to an appropriate examination of the internal connection. You will already have noticed, particularly from the historical sketches I have given you, how I have to apply what I call historical symptomatology in life, how I have to understand both history and the life of the individual from the symptoms and their manifestations, because everything can be traced back from there to the real inner events. But one must also have the will to move from external facts to inner events.
You see, many people today would like to learn to see supersensibly, but the path to this is more difficult, and most people would like to avoid it. That is why it is still often the case today that for some people who can see supersensibly, their outer life is completely separate from their supersensible seeing. However, when this separation is the case, then supersensible vision cannot be of much value, can hardly go beyond the most personal moments. Our time is a time of transition. Certainly, every time is a time of transition; it only depends on recognizing what is passing over. But something important is passing; it is passing that which touches people in their innermost being, that which is important to people in their innermost being. If one observes attentively what the so-called educated public has actually been doing throughout the civilized world in recent decades, one arrives, as I have already indicated, at a rather sad picture of a humanity in a state of sleep. This is not meant to be a criticism, nor an impulse toward pessimism, but rather an impulse to implant forces that enable people to achieve, at least initially, what is most important, or at least most important for the time being: to gain insight, true insight. The present must overcome many illusions and come to new insights.
Do not ask yourself at first: What should I do, or what should this person or that person do? — In a certain sense, these are all questions that are out of place for most people today. An important question, on the other hand, is: How can I gain insight into the present circumstances? — If there is sufficient insight, then the right thing will happen. Then what needs to develop will certainly develop when the right insight develops. But many things must be broken with. Above all, people must come to understand that external events are really nothing more than symptoms of an inner process of development in the supersensible realm, in which not only historical life is contained, but in which we, each and every one of us, are contained with our entire human being.
Let me give you an example from which I will start: We have often spoken here about the poet Robert Hamerling. The present age is very proud that it can apply the so-called law of causality, the law of cause and effect, to all kinds of things. This application of the law of causality to all kinds of things is one of the most disastrous illusions of the present day. Anyone familiar with Hamerling's life knows how important it was for his entire spiritual development that, after a short time in Graz as a “supplementary teacher” — as it is called, which is a kind of temporary position before one is hired as a high school teacher — after he had been at a high school in Graz, he was transferred to Trieste, from where he was able to take several vacations to visit Venice. If you look at the ten years Hamerling spent in the south on the Adriatic, partly in his position as a high school teacher in Trieste and partly during his visits to Venice, you can see how Hamerling's soul was filled with a burning enthusiasm for everything the south had to offer, but also how he drew vitality and spiritual sustenance for all his later writing from what he experienced there. The whole of Hamerling, as he concretely presents himself, would have been different if he had not spent those ten years in Trieste, with his vacations in Venice.
Now let's imagine that a proper, stuffy bourgeois professor is writing a biography of Robert Hamerling and wants to answer the question of how it is that Robert Hamerling was transferred to Trieste at precisely the right moment in his life, that he, who had no means whatsoever and was completely dependent on his salary from his position, was transferred to Trieste at precisely the right moment. I will tell you how this came about, at least on the surface. Robert Hamerling was a temporary high school teacher—a substitute, as they call it in Austria—at the high school in Graz. Such substitute teachers often long for a so-called permanent position. To achieve this, since you are dealing with the authorities, you have to submit all kinds of applications, written in a “semi-formal” style, enclose references, and so on. These are then passed on to the next highest authority, which forwards them to the higher authorities, and so on. I don't want to go into the details of this process. The headmaster of the high school in Graz where Robert Hamerling was a substitute teacher was the respectable Kaltenbrunner. Robert Hamerling heard that there was a vacancy in Budapest, a position as a high school teacher. At that time, the dualism of Austria-Hungary did not yet exist, but it was still the case that high school teachers could be transferred from Graz to Budapest and from Budapest to Graz. He applied for this high school teaching position in Budapest, wrote a nice letter and handed it over with all his references to the good Director Kaltenbrunner. Well, the good Kaltenbrunner put it in a file and forgot about it, forgot the whole story, and what happened was that the position in Budapest was filled by someone else. Hamerling did not get the job, but precisely because the good Kaltenbrunner forgot to forward the application to the higher authority, which, if it had not forgotten, would have forwarded it to the next higher authority, and that one to the next higher authority, and so on, until it reached the minister, and then back down again, and so on. In short, someone else got the job in Budapest, and Robert Hamerling spent the ten years that were so important to him not in Budapest but in Trieste, because later a job turned up in Trieste, which was then assigned to him, because of course the good Kaltenbrunner didn't mess up Hamerling's application a second time, did he!
So, from an external perspective, the most important event in Hamerling's development was the bumbling of the good Kaltenbrunner, otherwise Hamerling would have wasted away in Budapest! This is not to say anything against Budapest, of course, but Hamerling would certainly have wasted away there and would not have been able to achieve what was particularly suited to his heart and soul. And a true biographer would now be able to tell how Robert Hamerling came to move from Graz to Trieste because Kaltenbrunner simply messed up his application for the position in Budapest.
Well, this is a striking case, but there are countless such cases in life. And those who want to examine life solely on the basis of external events will find, even if they believe they can establish causal connections, hardly any causes that are more deeply connected with their effects than the dawdling of the good-natured Kaltenbrunner with the intellectual development of Robert Hamerling. This is just a remark I am making to draw your attention to the fact that it is indeed necessary, urgently necessary, that the principle should pass into the souls of people that external life should not be taken in its course as anything other than a symptom that is meant to reveal the inner life.
Last time, I spoke about how the period from the 1940s to the 1970s was, in a sense, a critical time for the bourgeoisie, how this critical time was slept through by the bourgeoisie, and how the disastrous decades since the end of the 1970s then came about, leading to the current situation. I myself spent the first part of these decades in Austria. In Austria, especially in the last third of the 19th century, anyone who wanted to participate in intellectual culture found themselves in a very remarkable situation. It is natural for me to examine the matter from the perspective of a young person growing up within the Austrian context, who is German by descent and blood. Within Austrian territory, one is truly German in a completely different way than one is German in the territory of the so-called German Reich, or even than one is German in Switzerland. Of course, in the course of life, one must strive to understand everything, and one can understand everything; one can adapt to everything. But if, for example, one were to question what an Austrian German feels about the social structure in which he lives, and then ask oneself: Yes, without first acquiring it, can such an Austrian German have any understanding at all of the peculiar national consciousness that exists in Switzerland? — then you have to answer this question with a resounding no. The Austrian German grew up in an environment that, unless he made a conscious effort, would make him find something completely incomprehensible, something that is, for example, a kind of unyielding national consciousness in the Swiss. The Austrian German cannot muster the slightest understanding for this unless he artificially acquires it.
This differentiation within humanity is hardly taken into account. And it must be taken into account if we want to understand the difficult problems that humanity will face in the near future, indeed already today, precisely in relation to such things. For me, it was, I would say, symptomatic that I grew up in an environment where even the most significant things did not really concern me. The most significant things did not concern me. But I wouldn't even mention it if it weren't actually the most significant experience of a true German-Austrian. You see, it expresses itself differently in one person than in another. I lived a fairly universal Austrian-German life, in a sense: from the age of eleven to eighteen, I had to cross the border between Austria and Hungary, which is formed by the Leitha River, twice a day, because I lived in Hungary and went to school in Austria. I lived in Neudörfl and went to school in Wiener-Neustadt. It took an hour to walk or a quarter of an hour to drive—there were no express trains on that route at the time, and I don't think there are even today—and you always had to cross the Austro-Hungarian border. But that also allowed you to get to know the two faces of what was known abroad as “Austria.” Because life in the interior wasn't as easy as it is now. Now, of course, things are different; you can't say easier, it certainly isn't easier, but it's different. Until now, you had to distinguish between two halves of the Austrian Empire: one half was not officially called Austria, but “the kingdoms and countries represented in the Imperial Council.” That was the official name for the half that lies on this side of the Leitha, including Galicia, Bohemia, Silesia, Moravia, Upper and Lower Austria, Salzburg, Tyrol, Styria, Carniola, Carinthia, Istria, and Dalmatia. Then there was the second area, which was the lands of the Holy Crown of St. Stephen; this is what was known abroad as Hungary. Croatia and Slavonia also belonged to Hungary. Then, since the 1880s, there was a common territory, which was only occupied until 1909 and annexed later, Bosnia and Herzegovina, which were shared by both halves of the empire.
Now, in the area where I lived, even among the most significant things, I would say that there were really only those that did not really concern me in those years, from my ninth to my eighteenth year. The first thing that struck me as significant was Frohsdorf, a castle where the Count of Chambord lived, a member of the Bourbon family who made an unsuccessful attempt in 1871 to become King of France under the name Henry V. He had many other peculiarities as well. He was an arch-clericalist. But in him and everything that belonged to him, one could see a world in decline, decaying, and, in a sense, absorb the symptoms of a decaying world. There were many things to see there, but none of it was any of your business. And you got the impression that there was something that the world had once considered hugely important, that many people still consider hugely important today, but which is actually trivial, which doesn't really mean anything special.
The second was a kind of Jesuit monastery. Actually, it was a real Jesuit monastery, but these monks were called Liguorians, a branch of the Jesuits. This monastery was near Frohsdorf. You could see the monks walking around, you heard about the Jesuits' endeavors, you heard this and that, but it was none of your business. And again, one got the impression: What does all this actually have to do with the evolution of humanity that is heading toward the future? — The black monks gave one the impression that this actually falls completely outside the real forces that are leading humanity toward the future.
The third was a Masonic lodge in the same place where I was, which the pastor railed against terribly, but of course it was none of my business, because you weren't allowed to go in, were you? The caretaker let me take a peek once, but in complete secrecy. But the next Sunday I heard the pastor give another devastating speech about it. In short, that was also something that was none of my business.
So I was well prepared when I became more aware of letting things affect me that were actually none of my business. Within my own development — and this is what actually led me to Goetheanism as I understand it — I consider it very significant and, I would say, well orchestrated by my karma, that while my innermost interest in the spiritual world was there very early on, my life also took place in the spiritual world from a very early age, I was not pushed by external circumstances into what is known as a high school education. Everything that one acquires through high school education I acquired later through my own learning. Grammar school in Austria was not actually bad at that time. It has only gotten worse and worse since the 1970s and has been approaching the grammar school system of other neighboring countries in a worrying manner for years now, but back then it was not particularly bad. Nevertheless, I would not be able to congratulate myself today if I had been sent to the grammar school in Wiener-Neustadt at that time. I was sent to a secondary school, which prepared me for modern thinking and, above all, helped me develop an inner connection with the natural sciences. This combination with a scientific mindset was made possible in particular by the fact that the individual better teachers at the Austrian secondary school, which at that time was organized in a truly modern way, the best teachers—there were always only a few of them—were actually those who were somehow connected with modern scientific thinking.
In Wiener-Neustadt, this was not even always the case. In the lower grades—and in Austrian secondary schools, religion was only taught in the lower four grades—we had a religion teacher who was a very easygoing man, who was by no means suited to raising us to be pious. He was a Catholic priest, and the fact that three little boys — whom everyone said were his sons — picked him up every time he left our school ensured that he was not exactly suited to raising us to be devout Christians. But I still hold that man in high esteem today because of everything he said in class outside of the actual religion lessons. He taught in such a way that he would call someone up and have them read a few pages from the book, and then you had to repeat it; you didn't know what was in it, you just recited it and got an excellent grade. But of course you forgot what was in it. What he said outside of class was sometimes a beautiful, inspiring word, and above all it was very warm and kind.
Well, in an institution like that, you had a succession of very different teachers. All of that is symptomatic. We had two Carmelite priests, one of whom was supposed to teach us French and the other English. The one who was supposed to teach English could hardly speak a word of English, certainly not a sentence. In natural history, we had a man who knew absolutely nothing about God or the world. But we had excellent teachers in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and especially in descriptive geometry. And that led to a convergence with inner scientific thinking. For me, that was the element, the impulse that is so essential to humanity's striving for the future in the present.
Once you had made your way through such an institution and entered university or technical college, you had to take an interest in public life, in what was going on in public life, unless you were sleepy. Now, the point is that Austrian Germans come to experience the essence of the German character in a fundamentally different way than what are known as Reich Germans. For those things that took place in Austria, which I would call matters of state, one could have a certain outward interest, but hardly any real inner connection if one was interested in the development of humanity. On the other hand, one could be referred, as was indeed the case with me, to what grew out of German culture at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, and what I would like to call, in a certain sense, Goetheanism. As an Austrian German, you get to know this differently than a German from the Reich. And you must not forget that when you have grown up with a modern education in the natural sciences, you simultaneously grow out of a certain unnatural milieu that has spread throughout the whole of western Austria in recent times. One grows out of what has outwardly gripped the people of western Austria — who are, in part, I exclude myself from this, of course, extremely nice people — what does not grip the people of western Austria inwardly: it is Catholicism, clerical Catholicism.
This clerical Catholicism, as it exists in western Austria, is essentially a product of the so-called Counter-Reformation. It is the product of a policy that can only be described as the Habsburgs' policy of maintaining their power base. Protestant ideas and influences also spread quite strongly in Austria, but the Thirty Years' War and everything associated with it made it possible for the Habsburgs to stage a Counter-Reformation and actually—please excuse me again—to spread this terrible darkness over the Austrian-German people, who are in their nature extremely intelligent, which must be spread if one wants to propagate Catholicism in the form in which it became dominant through the Counter-Reformation. This creates a terribly superficial relationship to everything religious in people. The happiest are those who are aware of this superficial relationship to religion. Those who are not aware of this, who believe that their faith and religiosity are sincere and honest, are caught up in an enormous illusion, even a terrible lie, without knowing it, because this lie corrodes their inner soul.
Of course, with a scientific impulse, one cannot gain any relationship to all that then spreads through the soul as a terrible spiritual mush. But one could always notice how individual personalities developed out of this mush. These individual personalities, which develop and stand out, are then driven in a certain way into what was the flowering of Central European spiritual life at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. They learn, as it were, what has entered modern humanity, beginning with Lessing, through Herder, Goethe, the German Romantics, and so on, and what in its wider scope can be called Goetheanism.
During these decades, what was significant for the spiritually striving German-Austrians was that they were, in a sense, lifted out of the folk community in which Lessing, Goethe, Herder, and so on had stood, and transported across the border into a completely foreign milieu, where they were exposed to the living views of Goethe, Schiller, Lessing, Herder, and so on. One was unaware of everything else; one received, in a sense, only that which had grown there, and one received it as an individual soul. For one was again surrounded by things that were of no concern to one.
So you lived together with something that you gradually came to feel was your own essence, but which had been torn from the soil in which it had grown and which you carried within your soul, I would say, in a community that contained nothing but things that were of no concern to you. For it was indeed anomalous at that time to have Goethe's ideas in one's head while the world around you was enthusiastic — but the words of enthusiasm were on stilts and had nothing of sincere and honest struggle about them — for things like, well, I could mention something else, but let's say for the book by the then Austrian Crown Prince Rudolf, that is, his courtiers wrote it: “Austria in Words and Pictures.” We had no connection to such stuff. Outwardly, we belonged to it, but we had no connection to such stuff. We carried in our souls what had really grown out of the Central European character and what I would then like to call Goetheanism in a broader sense.
This Goetheanism — and I include everything that was associated at that time with the names Schiller, Lessing, Herder, and so on, including the German philosophers — all of this stands in a remarkable isolation in the world as a whole. This isolation in which it stands in the world is extremely significant for the entire development of modern humanity. For this isolation causes those who now want to approach this Goetheanism seriously to become a little thoughtful and contemplative.
You see, if you go back, you can ask yourself: What was actually brought into the world from Lessing to the German Romantics, beyond Goethe, roughly until the middle of the 19th century, and how does what was brought into the world relate to the preceding historical development? Now, it cannot be denied that the emergence of Protestantism from Catholicism is closely connected with the historical development of Central Europe. On the one hand, we see how within Central Europe, for example in the German Empire—I have already discussed the same phenomena in Austria—what I have characterized here as the Roman Catholic universal impulse has been preserved, which in Austria, as I have characterized it, holds many souls captive in an external way, and in Germany in an even more internal way. For there is a great difference between an Austrian Catholic and even a Bavarian Catholic, if one can really look at such differences. Much of this has remained from centuries long past. Then Protestant culture, let us say Lutheran culture, which in Switzerland took on the other form of Zwinglianism and Calvinism and so on, struck this Catholic culture. Now, many, many people within the so-called German people, namely the German people of the Reich, are dependent on Lutheranism. But if you ask the question: What is the connection between Goetheanism and Lutheranism? — then you get the strange answer that there is actually no connection at all. Certainly, outwardly Goethe also concerned himself with Luther, and outwardly he also concerned himself with Catholicism. But if one asks about the inner soul ferment in Goethe, one can only say that there was nothing more indifferent to him in his entire development than being Catholic or Protestant. As I said, it lives in his environment, but it has not the slightest connection with him. One can even add another insight to this. Herder was a pastor, even superintendent in Weimar. Anyone who reads his writings can also say of Herder that, as a pastor, he naturally knew a great deal about Luther and knew that his convictions, his thinking, were not in the least connected with Lutheranism, that he had completely outgrown Lutheranism. Thus, in everything that belongs to Goetheanism—and I include everything in this—we also find complete isolation in this respect. And if we ask about the nature, the essence of this isolation, we actually learn that it has crystallized out of all possible impulses of the fifth post-Atlantean epoch. Luther had zero influence on Goethe, but Goethe was influenced by Linnaeus, Spinoza, and Shakespeare. And if one wants to ask about influences on Goethe, according to Goethe's own confession, these three personalities had the greatest influence on his soul development.
Thus Goetheanism stands out as an isolated phenomenon. And that is what makes Goetheanism, in turn, truly susceptible to what can be described as the impossibility of becoming popular. For, you see, the old phenomena remain; among the broad masses, no attempt was even made to make Lessing's, Schiller's, or Goethe's ideas somehow palatable, let alone to make the feelings and sensibilities of these personalities palatable. On the contrary, on the one hand, outdated Catholicism lived on like something antediluvian, and on the other, outdated Lutheranism. And it is indeed a significant phenomenon that what people are doing intellectually within the cultural movement to which Goethe belonged, which produced a Goethe, is connected with the sermons preached by Protestant pastors. There are also some among them who have a relationship to modern education, but that does not help them in their pulpit speeches. What is offered today as spiritual nourishment is really such that one must say: it is antediluvian, it has nothing whatsoever to do with what the times demand, with what could give the times strength. However, it is connected with a certain other side of our intellectual culture, with that other side of our intellectual culture which causes the spiritual life of a large part of the present-day human race to take place entirely outside reality. And this is perhaps the most significant sign of modern bourgeois philistinism, that the spiritual life of this bourgeois philistinism takes place outside of reality, that all the talk of this bourgeois philistinism is actually outside of reality.
That is why only such phenomena are possible, phenomena that are usually not noticed at all, but which are deeply, deeply significant as symptoms. You see, you can read the literature of the war philistines for decades, and you will find Kant quoted again and again in this literature. In recent weeks, many of these war philistines have turned into peace philistines, as the tide has turned from war to peace. That is not particularly significant; what is essential is that they have remained philistines, for today's Stresemann is, of course, none other than the Stresemann of six weeks ago. Today, it is naturally customary once again to quote Kant as the man of the peace philistines. This is beyond reality. People have no connection to what they claim to be their intellectual nourishment.
This is one of the most characteristic features of the present day. And so the remarkable fact arose that a tremendous intellectual wave, which was raised by Goetheanism, remained completely misunderstood. This is the pain that can afflict us today in the face of the catastrophic events of the present; the pain can afflict us: What will become of this wave, which was one of the most important in the fifth post-Atlantean period? What will become of this wave in the current world mood?On the other hand, one can say that it is of a certain importance to decide to call that which has to do with the most important impulses of the fifth post-Atlantean epoch the Goetheanum, regardless of what may happen to this institution. It is not a question of this institution bearing the name Goetheanum for so many years, but rather that the idea of using the name Goetheanum arose at the most difficult time.
Precisely because of the fact I have mentioned to you, Goetheanism in its isolation can become something very special for some people, or could have become so if one lived in Austria at the time I mentioned, where so little concerned anyone. For if people had regarded it as something that concerned them, then the present time would not have come, then these catastrophic events would not have occurred. One might say: this and much else made German Austria what it was in terms of individual personalities — for the broad masses were under the terrible pressure of Counter-Reformation Catholicism — but it enabled individual personalities to unite Goetheanism with their souls in a profound way. I myself — as I have often mentioned — got to know such an Austrian in Karl Julius Schröer, who was active in Austria; but I would like to say that the way he worked, in every field in which he worked, was based on the Goethe impulse. History will one day piece together what people like Karl Julius Schröer thought about the political necessities of Austria in the second half of the 19th century, people who found no audience, but who in a certain way knew how to avoid the “today” that was bound to come because they found no audience.
When one then came to the German Empire, yes, there one had the impression above all that if one had grown up with Goethe, one actually found nowhere an open heart for such a connection. I came to Weimar in the fall of 1890, and I recently described to you the beautiful aspects of Weimar; but for what I felt for Goethe in my soul at that time—I had already published my first important work on Goethe—I found very little understanding, very little heartfelt understanding, because it was the spiritual aspect of Goethe. There was a completely different life on the outside and also on the inside of the outside—or on the outside of the inside, if you prefer to say that rather than anything connected with Goethe's impulses. These Goethe impulses are actually completely unknown in the widest circles, unknown in particular, but totally unknown to the professors of literary history who lecture on Goethe, Lessing, Herder, and the like at universities, unknown to all the philistines who have committed the terrible Goethe biographies within German literature. I could only console myself for all the trash that has been written and printed about Goethe with Schröer's publications and the beautiful book by Herman Grimm, which came into my hands relatively early on. But Herman Grimm, for example, is not taken seriously by university people. They say he is a dilettante in the field of intellectual life, not a serious researcher.
Of course, no real university scholar would ever take Karl Julius Schröer seriously; he is always treated as a trifle. Yes, I could elaborate on this chapter in many different ways. But we must not forget that literature, with all its various branches, even those that can be respectfully referred to as journalism, is influenced by the bourgeoisie, which has become bogged down in recent decades, the bourgeoisie that has completely sunk into slumber, that has no connection to the real content of intellectual life when it engages in intellectual pursuits. From such premises, it is of course impossible to approach Goetheanism in any way. For Goethe himself is, in the best and truest sense of the word, the most modern spirit of the fifth post-Atlantean epoch.
Just consider what is so particularly characteristic of Goethe. First, his entire worldview—which can be raised even higher into the spiritual realms, even higher than Goethe himself was able to take it—is based on solid scientific foundations. There is no solid worldview in the present day that cannot be based on scientific foundations. That is why there is so much natural science in the book with which I concluded my Goethe studies in 1897, and which has now been republished for similar reasons as the new edition of The Philosophy of Freedom. The philistines said at the time — back then my books were still being reviewed —: He calls it “Goethe's worldview”; he should really say “Goethe's view of nature.” Well, of course, those who were masked Goethe researchers or the like, literary historians or philosophers or something of that sort, did not understand that what is really Goethe's worldview can only be presented in such a way as to provide the solid foundation of Goethe's view of nature. A second characteristic of Goethe, which again makes him the most modern spirit of the fifth post-Atlantean era, is how his soul's constitution shapes that peculiar inner spiritual path that leads from intuitive view of nature to art. One of the most interesting problems in Goethe studies is to trace this connection between the perception of nature and artistic activity, artistic creation and artistic imagination in Goethe's soul. One encounters not hundreds, but thousands of questions, which are not pedantic theoretical questions, but questions full of life, when one considers this very peculiar remarkable path that Goethe always takes when he views nature artistically, but no less in terms of its reality, and when he works in art in such a way that, to use his own words, one senses in his art something like a continuation of the divine creation of nature itself on a higher level.
A third thing that is so characteristic of Goethe's worldview is how he places human beings in the whole universe, how he sees in human beings the blossom, the fruit of the entire rest of the universe, how he is always striving not to view them in isolation, but to view them in such a way that human beings stand there and, as it were, through them, the whole spirituality that underlies nature, and man with his soul provides the stage on which the spirit of nature contemplates itself. But these abstract thoughts are connected to an infinite number of things when pursued in concrete terms. And all of this is, after all, the solid foundation on which we can build what can lead us to the highest heights of supersensible, spiritual contemplation, especially in our time. When we point out today that the world has neglected to engage with Goethe — which it has — that the world has neglected to establish some kind of relationship with Goetheanism, we are not doing so in order to berate, rebuke, or criticize the world, but only to urge it to establish such a relationship with Goetheanism. For this Goetheanism, continued, means precisely entering into anthroposophically oriented spiritual science. And without anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, the world cannot escape from its present catastrophic situation. In a certain sense, the surest way to begin spiritual science is to begin with Goethe.
All this is connected with something else. I pointed out earlier that this broad spiritual life that develops in the pulpits, which then becomes a life lie for many people without them even being aware of it, is actually antediluvian. Equally antediluvian is, in essence, the university scholarship of all faculties. Now, however, this becomes an anomaly, a historical anomaly, in a field where Goetheanism exists alongside it. For another peculiarity of Goethe's personality is his tremendous universality, which goes so far that Goethe certainly sowed only weak seeds in the most diverse fields; but these can be cultivated everywhere, and in being cultivated, they they contain the seeds of something so great that it is the great modernity of which humanity wants to know nothing, and in contrast to which, in its constitution and attitude, modern university education is antediluvian. This modern university education is old-fashioned, even if it incorporates this or that new discovery and so on. But alongside it there is a real intellectual life that is ignored: Goetheanism. Goethe is, in a certain sense, the Universitas litterarum, the secret Universitas, and the illegitimate prince in the realm of intellectual life is the university education of the present day. But everything external that you experience, everything that has led to the present world catastrophe, all this external is ultimately an external result of what is taught at the universities. People today talk about this or that in politics, about this or that personality, people talk about the emergence of socialism, people talk about the good and bad sides of art, people talk about Bolshevism and so on, people fear that this or that will happen, people see this or that person standing in this or that place, there are people who six weeks ago said the opposite of what they are saying today. All of this exists. Where does all this come from? Ultimately, from the educational institutions of today! Everything else is basically secondary and most secondary talk that does not pay attention to the fact that the axe must be laid to the root of so-called modern education itself. What good will it do if so many so-called clever ideas are developed here and there if one does not understand where the break must actually be made?
I mentioned earlier that certain things did not concern me personally. I can tell you something else that did not concern me. When I came to college from secondary school, I heard various things and enrolled in various courses. These were all things that did not concern me, because nowhere could one feel the impulse of what is really connected with the evolution of our age. And without wanting to sound silly – I recently told you how I was rejected everywhere – I can say that I had a certain sympathy for the university that is Goetheanism, because Goethe, in going through university education, also went through something that did not really concern him. Goethe devoted himself wholeheartedly in Leipzig, at the university in what was then royal Saxony, to what he could hear there, and later, in Strasbourg, he devoted himself wholeheartedly to what he could hear there. And yet, everything, even the most artistic of Goethe's artistry, rests on solid ground, even on the strictest view of nature. Goethe grew up in opposition to everything university-related and embraced the most modern impulses, including those of knowledge. This is what one must not lose sight of when speaking of Goetheanism. This is what I would have liked to bring to people's consciousness in my studies of Goethe and also in my book Goethe's World View. I would have liked to have brought the real Goethe to people's consciousness. Only — the age was not ready for it. There was, so to speak, a considerable lack of resonance. I mentioned recently that there were beginnings of this; they were present in Weimar, the ground was, in a sense, prepared there. But nothing really came of this ground, and those who were placed on it pushed away the others who could have stood on it. If the modern age had been imbued with a little Goetheanism, it would have embraced spiritual science with longing, for Goetheanism prepares the ground for the reception of spiritual science. But then this Goetheanism would in turn become the method for a real healing of the people of the present. Yes, one must not look at the life of the present age superficially!
When I gave my lecture yesterday in Basel, I couldn't help thinking: What needs to be said is that there can be no honest scientist today who, if he were to engage with the matter, would not admit it. — If he were to engage with it! What is holding things back are not logical reasons, but the brutality that, as brutality, has brought about the present catastrophe in all areas of the civilized world. Of course, the fact that there is a Goethe Society, which a few years ago had nothing better to do than make a former, bankrupt finance minister its president, remains deeply symbolic, a true symptom of people's alienation from what they believe they revere. This finance minister, who, as I said recently, perhaps symptomatically has the first name “Kreuzwendedich” (turn around), this finance minister naturally believes in the lie he lives in, that he reveres Goethe, because he cannot have any idea, given his current education, how far, how—one could use cosmic distances, star distances or something like that, if one could even measure the remoteness in any way, in which this president of the Goethe Society himself stands to the most elementary aspects of Goetheanism.
This age was not, of course, meant to lead us into the inner workings of Goetheanism. For Goetheanism is not something national, Goetheanism is not something German. As I have shown you, Goetheanism is nourished by Spinoza, who was, after all, not a German; by Shakespeare, who was, after all, not a German; and by Linnaeus, who was, after all, not a German. Goethe himself said that these three personalities had the greatest influence on him of all personalities, and he was certainly not mistaken in this. Anyone who knows Goethe knows how justified this is. But Goethe was there — Goetheanism could be there! Goetheanism could prevail in all human thinking, could prevail in religious life, could prevail in every branch of science, could prevail in the social structures of human coexistence, Goetheanism could prevail in political life, Goetheanism could prevail everywhere. And today the world listens to the chatterers, Eucken or Bergson, whatever they are called in various fields. I do not even want to mention political chatterers, because in this field, in the present day, the adjective has become almost identical with the noun.
Against the strangeness of today's intellectual activity in relation to reality, what has been desired here, which will be so strongly hated in the future that its completion is of course very problematic, especially at the present time, is a living protest. And this protest cannot be expressed more beautifully than by saying: What has been desired here is a Goetheanum. — In a sense, it is a confession to the most important qualities and also to the most important demands of the present when we speak of a Goetheanum here. And this Goetheanum has at least been desired in the midst of the present philistinism — that is to say, the present civilized world — and should stand out from this present so-called civilized world.
Of course, if it were up to the hearts of many of our contemporaries, one might say that it would have been wiser to call it “Wilsonianum,” because that is the banner of the present age. That is what the world currently wants to bow to and will probably bow to.
Now, it may seem strange to some when someone comes along today and says: The only remedy for Wilsonism is Goetheanism. Then those who want to know better come along and say: He is an ideologue who talks like that! Well, who are those people who coin this phrase: He is a man out of touch with reality — who are they? It is these worldly people who have brought about the present world order, who have created the present world order; it is they who have always considered themselves particularly practical, it is they who naturally rebel against what must be said from the depths of reality: The world will become sick with Wilsonism; the world will need a remedy in all areas of life, and that will be Goetheanism!
And if I may conclude with a personal remark on this interpretation of my Goethe book, “Goethe's World View,” which has now been published in a second edition: Due to a strange chain of circumstances, this book is not yet available, because, especially in the present day, people are still a little too willing to make concessions. Practical people suggested to us some time ago, months ago in fact, that we should have the books Philosophy of Freedom and Goethe's Worldview sent directly from the printer here, so that they would not have to make a detour to Berlin and take so long to arrive. And one would think that practical people know these things. Well, “The Philosophy of Freedom” was reported as having been sent by the practical people, but it did not arrive here for weeks and weeks and weeks. People in Berlin had long since received copies; there were none to be had here because the practical people had taken care of the matter somewhere along the way, because we “impractical” people were not supposed to interfere. But what had happened to “The Philosophy of Freedom”? The following had happened: The shipment had been sent by the company's practical people, and they had been told to send it to Dornach near Basel. But the company, the gentleman who did it, said to himself: Dornach near Basel is in Alsace — because there is also a Dornach there, and that is also near Basel — and there is no need to put foreign stamps on it, we can just put German domestic stamps on it. Well, practical arrangements meant that the entire shipment went to Dornach in Alsace, where, of course, no one knew what to do with it. The matter had to be complained about by impractical people, and finally, after many detours, after the practical person had deigned to realize that Dornach near Basel is not Dornach in Alsace, The Philosophy of Freedom arrived here. Whether Goethe's Worldview was sent by some practical person from Stuttgart to Dornach near Basel to the North Cape, perhaps to arrive in Dornach after circling the globe, I do not know. But in any case, this was just one example that we experienced firsthand of the role of practical people in life, in real life.
So that is what I was initially able to attempt personally in the field that was close to me—close more because of circumstances than because of my inclinations—to truly serve the times. And when I consider what connects me to my various books, which were inspired by the spirit of the times, I believe that these books truly serve the times in a wide variety of fields. That is why they have also taught me how much has actually been done and attempted against the spirit of the times in recent decades. People may believe in their brutality that something can be pushed through, but in truth nothing can be pushed through that is against the spirit of the times. Some things that are in line with the spirit of the times can be held back! Now, if it is held back, it will find its way later, albeit perhaps under completely different names and in a completely different context. But I believe that, among other things, these books show how one can serve one's own time by observing the times. One can serve the times with everything, with the smallest, most elementary activity. One must only have the courage to turn to Goetheanism, which stands like a Universitas liberarum scientiarum alongside what all people worship today, the most radical socialists most of all: the antediluvian university.
It might seem very easy to think that these things are meant personally; that is why I always hesitate to say such things. Of course, one is exposed to the cheap objection: Aha, he didn't become a university professor, so he's ranting about universities — well, you have to put up with this cheap objection if you feel compelled to point out that the real evil of the times does not affect those who put forward this or that from some political, scientific, economic, religious, or other point of view. The real point of view that needs to be considered is held only by those who point to the worst dogma of infallibility, the dogma of infallibility that, through a fateful agreement of humanity, has led to everything being subordinated to what currently guides humanity: that which are currently official scientific institutions, in which so much weed—alongside a few good plants, of course—flourishes. I certainly do not, any more than when I speak of states or nations, mean the individual, so I never mean the individual university teacher or the like. They may be excellent people; that is not the point: what matters is the nature of the institution.
And how bad this nature is can already be seen today in the fact that those schools that have begun to develop a little out of nature itself, the technical colleges, are now also taking on university airs and graces and have thus already taken a big step towards stagnation.
Consider such discussions, as I have done again today, as a kind of episode in our anthroposophical discussions. But I think that the present time is so challenging to our thoughts and feelings in this direction that such considerations should be made among us. They must be made by us in particular because, unfortunately, they are not being made anywhere else.
Yes, our present is still very far, far removed from Goetheanism, which truly does not consist in studying Goethe and pursuing Goethe's works alone. Our present age has a terrible need to approach this Goetheanism in all areas of life. It seems ideological and impractical to say this, but it is the most practical thing in the present. If we place the various branches of life on the foundation of Goetheanism, we will achieve something quite different from rationalization, which is the only thing that bourgeoisie can still achieve in the present. And spiritual science will be found by those who stand on the foundation of Goetheanism. This is something that we would like to pour into people's hearts today with fiery letters.
I have been trying to do this in various ways for decades. But much of what has been spoken from the heart in order to serve the times has been taken by the times as edifying Sunday afternoon sermons. For basically, the people who are so fond of sleeping in cultural slumber wanted nothing more than Sunday afternoon sermons, didn't they? It would be so necessary for humanity to seek what is concretely required and necessary for the times! And above all, one must seek to bring this into one's understanding, for understanding is what matters most today. It is trivial, after all, to ask today, in this tremendous confusion, which will soon become even greater: What should the individual do? Above all, it is necessary to strive for insight, so that infallibility, especially in the area I have just mentioned, can be brought back on the right track.
And this little book, “Goethe's Worldview,” was written primarily to show that there are two currents in the present in the realm of all knowledge: one that lives in decadence, which everyone worships, and one that contains the most fruitful seeds for the future, which everyone avoids. People have had many bad experiences in recent decades, certainly many through their own fault. But people should realize that they have already had the worst experiences with those of whom they are most proud, their schoolmasters, and that they will have even worse ones. At first, however, humanity seems to need to go through the experiences it has to have with the world's schoolmaster, for the world has finally brought it to the point of setting up a schoolmaster as the world's ruler! To the chatterers who have been babbling about the world everywhere from their university positions, there now joins the one who is supposed to order the whole world from his university chatter.
These words are spoken not to encourage pessimism, but to stimulate those impulses that oppose Wilsonism with Goetheanism. Nor are they spoken out of any national sentiment, for Goethe himself is truly not a national spirit, but a very international one. The world should be protected from doing itself harm by replacing Goetheanism with Wilsonism.