The Challenge of the Times
GA 186
8 December 1918, Dornach
6. The Innate Capacities of the Nations of the World
In the last two lectures I pointed out that the so-called social question is not so simple as it is usually supposed to be, and that it is necessary to take careful account of the complicated nature of man. We must take account of the fact that both social and antisocial impulses exist in him and must come to expression regardless of what social structure exists and what social ideas are brought to realization. As we have seen, the antisocial impulses, especially in our epoch of the consciousness soul, play a special role. In a certain way they have an educational mission in the evolution of humanity in that they cause men to stand on their own feet. They will be overcome by reason of the fact that, after the epoch of the consciousness soul, there will follow the epoch of the spirit self, already in course of preparation, whose essential mission will be to bring humanity into social unity. This will not happen, however, in such a way as is dreamed at present by people indulging in illusions, but in such a way that one person shall really know and be interested in the other as a human being. In short, he shall center his attention upon the other person so that each individual shall acquire the capacity of comprehending the other with full interest.
What comes to light today as a social demand, constitutes in a certain way a sort of skirmish or outpost action, a sort of preparation, which naturally takes a chaotic form and gives rise to many illusions and errors because it is only the germinal stage for something that will come later. These illusions and errors are due to the fact that social impulses at the present time arise in great measure from the unconscious or the subconscious, and are not clarified by spiritual knowledge of the world or of humanity. This illusory form comes especially to expression in the development of the so-called Russian revolution. It is characterized by the fact that in its present manifestation it has no right relationship to what is in course of preparation as a people in Russia for the coming sixth post-Atlantean epoch. Rather, it is brought in out of abstractions. Thus these more or less illusory ideals of the present Russian revolution are especially significant in connection with a study of this chaotic stirring within humanity in relation to something that is to come later. We may say that the especially characteristic head of this Russian revolution, Trotsky, who is typical of the abstractly thinking man, living entirely in abstraction, appears really to have not the least notion that there is a reality in such a thing as human social life. Something wholly alien to reality is thought out and is to be implanted into reality.
This is not a criticism but a mere description. The simple truth is that one of the characteristics of our times is that the inclination toward abstraction, toward a thinking alien to reality, wills also to implant within reality such principles as are simply assumed without any knowledge of the laws of this reality. These principles are considered absolutely right without regard whatsoever for complicated human life, as we study it with the help of the spiritual lying at the basis of external physical reality. But everything that is to come into existence must arise from this reality. For that reason, since in this case something so preeminently alien to reality is brought forward, including in a chaotic way all manner of impulses and instincts due to the proletariat way of thinking, great significance therefore attaches to the ideas that seek to be realized in this Russian revolution and that live in these Russian revolutionary heads of the present time.
From this point of view they are exceedingly significant. Indeed, we can see that in Russia persons with the most varied conceptions of life have taken part in a brief span of time in giving shape to the revolutionary movement. As things have been brought to a climax in Russia, the real social problem of the present age became actual under the influence of the war catastrophe. From this actuality of the problem of ownership there then developed in March 1917 the so-called February Revolution in Russia, whose essential objective was to overthrow the political powers that stood behind the system of ownership. But this purely political, externally political, form of the revolution was soon set aside in the very first stages of the revolutionary thinking by those men who are conceived, according to Trotsky's terminology, to be men of understanding. They are men who, by all sorts of speculations, clever concepts, ideas, and even clever notions transformed into concepts, wished to bring about a social structure. These revolutionaries comprised primarily those persons who had already at an earlier time taken part more or less in the forming of the social structure, the intelligentsia, the commercial people, the industrial circles, all of whom took human reason as their point of departure in the effort to bring about some sort of social formation.
Trotsky, however, considers, with a certain justification even though relative and one-sided, that these persons who wish to bring about a social structure in such a way through all sorts of speculations, with good intentions and good will, merely delay the revolution. They have no capacity whatever, are incapable of doing anything at all. You know on the basis of the reflections I have presented to you that the proletariat world view tends primarily to the judgment that nothing whatever can be accomplished by such considerations no matter how clever they are, even though they are based so completely upon the foundation laid by those persons whom Trotsky calls chatterers or tongue-waggers because they can speak so cleverly. In other words, these rational considerations are rejected by the proletariat world view out of a certain instinct, which has become gradually a definite theory in marxism. There is simply no belief that any sort of satisfactory social structure can be brought about in the future by any kind of rational considerations whatsoever. The only thing that the proletariat believes is that fruitful ideas are born only in the heads of the proletariat themselves, in the heads of these masses who own nothing, and out of the economic conditions in which the members of the proletariat live. These ideas can never be born in the bourgeoisie nor in any other class, for the reason that they inevitably think differently because of their characteristic ideas. Only within the class of the workers do ideas arise that alone can give the motive force to bring about a future social formation.
When we consider this fact, it is clear that the inevitable conclusion for such a head as that of Trotsky is that the only thing to be done is to deprive the bourgeoisie of their possessions and to lead the propertyless classes to the position of mastery. This is something that has been in a preparatory stage in 'such heads for decades, and they now wish to introduce it into Russia since the great crisis has arisen in that country. This condition was to be brought about through the so-called October Revolution, after the other parties—if we may so call them—were set aside in the seizure of power by the proletariat itself. From this point of view, which is naturally a purely abstract one and concrete only to the extent that it makes everything dependent upon a definite class of men, thus constituting a reality, the leading personalities of the Russian Revolution have guided affairs since October 1917.
Now, such a revolutionary way of thinking gives rise to certain difficulties. These difficulties follow in a particularly intense form in Russia, and it was characterized by certain special prerequisites, as you know on the basis of our spiritual-scientific discussions. These difficulties arise from the existent class formations throughout the world, only they were manifest in a particularly intense way because of Russian conditions. The first great difficulty is that the whole social and political leadership of humanity is to be given over to a class that was previously deprived of everything, and had no connection whatever with so-called culture. The proletarian, who is actually to take the steering wheel, has previously been excluded from all those impelling forces that established the existing power factor. He has hitherto never taken anything to market except his own labor, his physical capacity for handwork.
This condition exists in all countries. Thus it will come about everywhere that, to the extent that a revolution takes rise, the proletariat will at first take over the leadership as a political group. Everything, however, will continue as it was, in a certain sense. Those persons who have hitherto held administrative power will remain in their positions because they are technically trained and know their jobs. In other words, there will be no further change than that a governing board of laymen will interject itself into the whole apparatus brought over from ancient times. But the important point is that this governing board of laymen is a special type, the proletariat type, and it will be composed entirely of proletarians. Since these persons will all belong to the proletariat they will wish to make certain that the principle shall apply that holds that the controlling ideas in the future can come only out of the heads of the proletariat. This leadership cannot be subjected to such a thing as a national or a constituent assembly, because that would be a certain continuation of what existed earlier. Rather, what is to come about must constitute a radical transformation. It is not necessary first to elect; those who are to lead are there simply because they belong to the proletariat. It would not be a national constituent assembly, but the dictatorship of the proletariat.
At first, this led to the difficulty that the proletarians, as I have said, are laymen, who could merely act as overseers over those who continued the previous administration. These individuals, of course, clung to earlier interests. Thus, particularly in Russia, the proletarians ascended to the top. They previously had nothing to do with matters belonging to the state organism and were compelled to take over everyone who conducted things according to ideas corresponding to the earlier state organism. They thus brought over into the state, which was to be subjected wholly to the dictatorship of the proletariat, interests belonging to the old bourgeois state. These behave just like an enemy who, although not carrying on open warfare or a counter-revolution, yet carries over into the enemy's country everything from his country that is to work destructively upon the other. It was in this way that the proletarians who had taken over the leadership in Russia looked upon the activities of the old imperial groups as sabotage. Their first struggle was to overcome this sabotage that consisted in the effort to bring over into the regime they were seeking to establish what would really constitute the support only of the old regime. The process was the same as if a citizen of one country that had not openly begun any sort of hostility should carry poisonous materials into a foreign land to impregnate its fields so that nothing would grow there. Thus the members of the proletariat looked upon what came from these old staffs of officials as sabotage. At first their most intensely applied regulations were directed toward the mastery of this sabotage. Here they showed no restraint whatever. Everything they considered destructive they sought to root out completely, and such a person as Trotsky is really convinced that sabotage at present has already been overcome to a certain extent. Those who did anything whatever to violate the will of the people and proletariat thinking were driven out or otherwise punished.
The difficulty, however, is certainly not overcome, as Trotsky himself sees perfectly well, by merely combatting so-called sabotage. He sees that it is necessary to retain the entire body of former administrators, but that it must be made to serve the purposes fundamental to the leadership of the proletariat.
Trotsky, for instance, sees in this the first great difficulty. This is something he believes can be overcome by his abstract means, but he will be unable to do so. Illusion begins at this point, for the simple reason that Trotsky is a spirit alien to reality. This illusory element is based upon the abstract notion that it is possible to make the whole body of technical officials, of intellectual and commercial people, servants of a governing board consisting entirely of members of a dictating proletariat. It is a disbelief in the configuration of the life of soul and spirit that is manifest in this illusion. The simple truth is that, after a certain length of time, the condition will revert to just what it was previously. If the old ideas are maintained, if there is failure to realize the truth of what I have often emphasized here—that the social transformation must proceed out of new thoughts—if the old technicians, the old officials, the old generals are simply put back in their positions, if the old is simply taken over and people do not advance to meet the new, most of all through education, it must revert to what it was. In other words, such a process will not overcome conditions but will simply continue them. It is possible to overcome sabotage for a certain length of time by means of regulations applied by force, but it will raise its head again and again. If it is true that a person is dependent upon the situation in which he finds himself—and he has been dependent for three or four centuries, which is true with reference to modern history—the result will be that, if he is not freed from these relationships by means of effective thoughts that can come only from the spiritual life, he must inevitably fall back into the old habits of thinking and acting, just as surely as a cat falls on all fours.
This is a point where such thinking is revealed in its illusory character, utterly alien to reality. I might indicate many such points, but I wish to make clear to you only the special configuration of this thinking. I wish to show you by means of individual examples how this thinking betrays its utter unreality. It is not possible simply to think out one thing or another that should occur, but it is necessary to take account of these impelling forces active within reality in accordance with inherent law. If a person does not live with these, he inevitably falls prey to illusions. One of the most important illusions in the case of Trotsky is the following. Trotsky knows that through the particularly intense suppression that has been experienced by the great masses even of the present proletariat in Russia—and this term is justified—conditions had to come to a special climax among these persons. He knows that the form the revolution takes under these special conditions cannot lead to a victory. He is out of touch with reality, but not so completely out of touch as to prevent him from seeing in a rational way that it is possible to bring a new social structure into existence under the present conditions in a region which, however extensive, is limited in comparison with the whole earth. For this reason Trotsky counted upon a revolutionary movement to be brought about by the proletariat throughout the civilized world. He did not indulge in the illusion that the Russian revolution alone could be victorious. He knew that it depended upon the victory of the proletariat revolution throughout the world.
Now, the whole abstract character of Trotsky's way of conceiving things manifested itself in these ideas. Trotsky believed in the proletariat revolution over the whole earth. He believed that the war would gradually take on such a character as to bring about a sort of proletariat revolution throughout the world end that the war would be transformed into the proletariat revolution.
Now this catastrophe of war will certainly be transformed into all sorts of things. But the actuality of things has already shown conclusively that this idea of Trotsky's is out of touch with reality. It would have been true only if this war catastrophe had ended in universal exhaustion, if such a striking so-called victory—it came about in a strange way—had not been achieved by one of the parties to the war. This victory simply eliminates the hope that exhaustion might come about uniformly throughout the civilized world. What has occurred is a decisive hegemony of the Western Powers in connection with a complete subjection on the part of the Central and Eastern Powers. A complete mastery over the Central and Eastern Powers by the Western Powers is what has been established as a dominant force, and the situation could not have been otherwise. This was clear to those who saw into reality in this realm. Trotsky, however, is simply a spirit alien to reality, and he ought now to say to himself, “I have been refuted by events.” He uttered something not without basis, something brilliant in a merely abstract way of thinking when he said, “The bourgeois conception of life at the present time has no alternative but to choose between lasting war and revolution.” The thing turned out differently. The so-called victory of the Western Powers has taken place—neither lasting war nor revolution. In what is beginning in a preliminary way in the West there is no germ for any sort of proletariat revolution. On the contrary, here there is simply the shaping of the entire West into a politically organized great bourgeoisie, facing the proletariat of Central and Eastern Europe.
This is the outcome in world history. It will certainly be transformed again but at present exists. This is the real state of the case, so that Trotsky ought, therefore, to reflect in an entirely different way if he wishes today to see reality. He would have to say to himself, “Under this shaping of events, how can what I intended through the Russian revolution become victorious, since one of the most important presuppositions, the world revolution of the proletariat, will not occur?” If he is still counting today upon this world revolution, it is simply evidence of his complete isolation from reality.
At still another point the alienation from reality characterizing the thinking of such a revolutionary manifests itself in a peculiar way. Such revolutionists also have naturally always referred to Prussian-German militarism as the greatest of all evils, declaring that it must be overcome and eliminated from the world. Now the course of events has been such that Prussian-German militarism has been eliminated from the world, but the militarism of the Entente will in the near future exercise a considerable domination! Now, I do not wish in the least to speak about this, but Trotsky himself has had occasion t6raise the question, “What, then, is the most important of the immediate tasks of the Russian revolution if it wishes to maintain itself?” His answer is, “The creation of an army!” Just this is designated by Trotsky as the most important immediate task.
These things ought to receive careful attention. They need to be thoroughly seen through. Only when these things are observed and seen through does it occur to people to say, “Now, I must really look a little deeper into the impelling forces within humanity if I desire to form conceptions for myself as to what is to result from the chaos that this war catastrophe has developed.” But humanity is decidedly disinclined today to penetrate into such impelling forces, which I have described to you here from the greatest number of viewpoints as the true, the only possible, social forces. Humanity would be able to get under the surface of these things if the determination were reached simply to get a firmer hold upon the real forces dominant in man's evolution.
One extremely characteristic expression appears again and again from the minds of the Russian revolutionaries. In the main, what do these members of the proletarian dictatorship really wish? They want to make the world into a great factory interpenetrated by a kind of bank bookkeeping system extending over all groups. “We shall fit the old technicians, the old officials, even the old generals into our proletariat dictatorship,” they say, “but we must have the bookkeeping for the total economy, the factory accounting department in our own hands.” This is not surprising, because the whole movement has taken its rise in modern industry. If people would only pause to reflect that this movement has originated with the proletariat of modern industry, no one would be surprised that their way of thinking, developed in connection with what these people have seen in factories, should be applied to everything upon which they can lay their hands. This is the natural result and consequence of the failure of the bourgeoisie to pay attention to the enormous expansion of the proletariat in recent times. Even if it was inevitable that the bourgeoisie closed their eyes and calmly permitted everything to occur, it most certainly is not a matter of necessity that the still more important conditions, the impelling forces existent in the world, should continue to be unobserved. So long as these forces are not observed, it is impossible for people to become acquainted with social tasks.
Here it is necessary to know how differentiated humanity is in various parts of the world—as I said, indeed, yesterday or the day before. It is necessary to know that the people live in the West differently than those in the East and in the Middle Countries. It is not possible by means of abstract ideas, which ignore realities, to bring about any sort of social formation. The Russian revolution is certain to suffer shipwreck because of its great illusion and isolation from realities.
Such illusions can be transformed for a time into reality by people who are free beings through education, that is, free to the extent that a person who possesses the power can make use of it. But reality then eliminates illusions; it cannot use them. Reality accepts only what is in keeping with the course of this reality. We must not forget that the most important thing of all is the fact that we are living in the age of the consciousness soul development, which occurs in sharply differentiated forms throughout the world.
Let us consider the various impelling forces underlying the civilized world in the light of the most important European differentiations that come to expression through language. I have often brought to your attention the fact that the English-speaking peoples possess the real germinal potentiality for the development of the consciousness soul. It is important that we should see this clearly. This is connected with everything that happens to the world, if we may so express the matter, under the influence of the English-speaking peoples. The English people—I am by no means speaking of individual persons, but of the people—are endowed with all the impelling forces that lead to the consciousness soul. The condition is such that the trend toward the consciousness soul appears instinctively in them in a manner entirely different from that characterizing the rest of humanity. This spiritualized instinct to develop the consciousness soul exists nowhere else in the world as it does among the English people. There it is an instinct, and nowhere else is that so, even among the people of Roman descent who are united with the English-speaking peoples. The people of Roman descent constitute really successors to what actually lived in the fourth post-Atlantean epoch. At that time this Roman people had the instinct for what developed in the fourth post-Atlantean epoch in special degree. Their instincts are no longer elemental in the same way. They have been rationalized, intellectualized and they appear in rhetoric, through the intellect, through the psychic life as a decorative form. They have been removed from the instinctive life. What appears among the Latin people as a folk temperament is altogether different from what appears as a folk temperament among the English people. Among the English people this trend toward the consciousness soul, this striving of the individual person to stand upon his own feet, is an instinct.
In other words, what constitutes the mission of the fifth post-Atlantean epoch is rooted in the English as an instinct, as an impelling force arising instinctively from the soul of the people. Now, their position in the world is connected with this fact. This impulse is dominant within the social structure of the English-speaking peoples. It is decisive, and it can suppress other tendencies. The other tendencies, as you can see from the explanations I have offered, look toward the integration I have given of the social question, that is, the economic impulse and the impulse of spiritual production. If, however, you study the folk character of the English-speaking populations psychologically, you will see that these impulses, the economic and the spiritually productive, are wholly overshadowed by what rises from the instinctive impulse that tends toward the development of the consciousness soul.
For this reason the spheres that must shape the social life of the future take on a special coloring among the English-speaking people. The three spheres must in the future show themselves especially effective in special ways, and they must be decisive. First, politics, which must provide security. Second, the organization of work, purely material work, the economic order. Third is the system of spiritual production, to which I attribute also, as I said to you, jurisprudence and the administration of justice. These three spheres of the social structure are, as a matter of course, overshadowed by what constitutes the primary impulse in the case of any differentiated peoples. The fact that a development toward the consciousness soul works instinctively among the English-speaking people brings it to pass that among them—as history teaches in profusion—politics, one branch, take on the most conspicuous form, and the dominant position. Politics are dominated wholly by the instinctive impulse to set men on their own feet, and to develop the consciousness soul fully. The instinctive impulse drives in such a direction—and this is a mere description I am giving, and no criticism. It drives toward the result because it is instinctive and instincts are always rooted in self-seeking. Among the English-speaking peoples self-seeking and political goals simply coincide. It leads to the fact that all politics performed in an utterly naive fashion—and this does not justify attaching any blame to a politician of the English-speaking peoples—can be used by the self-seeking person to fulfill thereby the mission of the English-speaking people. It is only in this way that you will succeed in understanding the real nature of English politics, which are actually the dominant politics of the entire population of the earth. If you observe the matter, you will find that English politics are considered everywhere as ideal—the parliamentary system with its shuffling of majorities and minorities, etc. If you examine the conditions in the various parliaments as these have developed, you will see that British politics have been determinative in the political life. But, as these politics have spread in various places among differently constituted peoples, they could no longer remain the same because they are rooted, and rightly, in the self-seeking and egoism that inevitably clings to everything of an instinctive nature.
It is this that renders understanding so difficult when people try to grasp the nature of English or American politics. The nuance, which it is absolutely necessary to set clearly, is not clear at all. This is the fact that these politics must be self-seeking, and must rest upon impulses of a self-seeking character. Because of their special nature, they must rest upon self-seeking impulses. Thus, they will look upon these self-seeking impulses as something to be taken for granted, as the right and moral thing. No objection can be raised here. This is not to be attacked with criticism, but to be recognized as a necessity in world history, even a cosmic necessity. Neither can this statement be refuted, for the simple reason that anyone who undertakes to oppose it as a member of the English people will always find himself on a false path. On the basis of moral considerations, which have nothing to do with the matter, he will deny that the politics of the English people are self-seeking, but moral considerations have nothing to do with this. English politics will achieve what they bring about precisely by reason of this instinctive character.
So, during our fifth post-Atlantean epoch, the element of power is assigned to this English-speaking population. We call to memory the three figures in Goethe's fairy tale: power; phenomenon or appearance; wisdom, knowledge. Of these three elements, power is assigned to the English-speaking people. What they accomplish politically in the world is possible by reason of the fact that one of their inherent, inborn characteristics is that they should work by way of power. To work by way of power will be accepted during the fifth postAtlantean epoch as something not subject to discussion. English politics are accepted all over the world. Of course, all the injurious effects, which, however, are always to be found in the reality belonging to the physical plane, may be sharply criticized, even by those belonging to the British Empire itself. Yet British politics are accepted. It is inherent in the evolution of our times that they are accepted, and without any reflection, without any effort to find reasons for this. Moreover, the reasons would never suffice, because it is simply a matter of immediate inevitability that the power that comes from this direction is accepted.
This is not true as regards the people of Roman descent who are united with the English-speaking peoples. They manifest in a certain way the shadow, the time shadow, of what they were during the fourth post-Atlantean epoch. Instincts have been transmuted into the intellectual where they are no longer so elemental. Thus, English politics are accepted as something beyond discussion. French politics are accepted only by those whom they are able to please. The French nature is loved in the world to the extent that it pleases. The English nature does not depend at all upon this. It is based upon the incontestability with which the effective politics of the present time fall to the share of the English nature, Because of this situation, however, it is also possible that precisely among the English-speaking populations, the economic life is held within limits and is subordinate to the dominant impulse toward self-seeking and power that is suitable in politics. The spiritual life also, to the extent that it belongs to the fifth post-Atlantean epoch, becomes subservient to politics. Everything enters unitedly in a certain way into the service of politics.
Thus marxism is simply wrong for the English-speaking world because it presupposes politics to be an appendage of the economic order. This is not the case among the English-speaking peoples.
The marxist social order is prevented from succeeding there, not by reason of argumentation or discussion, not because of anything that happens in the world, but through the fact that the British Empire is constructed upon a different foundation of realities from those upon which marxism and the marxist proletariat builds. This is the great contrast between the proletariat, thinking in a marxian way, and the British who work out of the instinctive life, extending the British Empire throughout the world. Success will not be attained by the banking institutions or the bookkeeping system that Trotsky wishes to introduce into Russia. It will be attained by the great banking institution, the great institution of finance, into which the English-speaking population is organized by reason of its special inherent qualities. If we investigate the manner in which an individual people is related in its particular differentiation to the three spheres of society that I have described to you as based upon reality, this can be clearly seen.
Something else must be added to this. It is extremely important. The differentiation regarding which I spoke to you goes so far that the person who does not strive to free himself from his people, but rather strives for closer union—and politics do definitely strive for such union—has entirely different experiences in connection with the Guardian of the Threshold from those of the person who strives to free himself from his people. Here I come to a point that, if you will study it thoroughly, will provide you with the basis for distinguishing between wholesome occultism that appears naturally throughout the world, without differentiation as to peoples, and the kind of occultism that enters into the political service of a people and works outward as in the case of those societies I have mentioned. You may ask, “How, then can I distinguish these?” You can distinguish them if you will give close attention to these great differentiating characteristics that I shall present to you today.
In order for anyone to attain to real occultism, thus serving the whole of humanity, he must outgrow his folk character. He must in a certain sense—here we may be permitted to use the Indian expression—become a “homeless” person; in the innermost nature of his soul he must not consider himself as belonging to any one people. He must not have impulses that serve only a single people if he desires to advance in genuine occultism. But the kind of occultism that desires to serve a single people in a limited way arrives at a special experience when confronting the Guardian of the Threshold. Thus, in the case of all those who seek for an occult development within the societies of the English-speaking peoples, what becomes manifest in the presence of the Guardian of the Threshold is that they discover at the moment when they desire to cross the Threshold those forces living in the depths of human nature. These become manifest when one enters the super-sensible world and are of the same character as the destructive forces in the universe. This is what they behold in the presence of the Guardian of the Threshold. When they are guided in such a society to the point of crossing the Threshold, they then become acquainted with the evil powers of disease and death, of everything that paralyzes and destroys. When the same destructive forces that cause death in nature—and they work within us also—bring about knowledge, it is this knowledge that comes to light in those societies. Most assuredly one does enter the super-sensible world, but one must pass the Guardian of the Threshold. It is necessary to pass by the Guardian of the Threshold in such a way, however, that one has the experience of learning to know death in its true form, as it dwells in us and also in outside nature.
This is due to the fact that ahrimanic powers live in external nature around us, and in it you can perceive no other than ahrimanic powers—that is, to the extent that you remain within external nature. You can come into contact with the manifestation of such powers as enter into external nature in the manner of specters. This explains the inclination of the West to spiritualism, to the seeing of such forms as really belong to the sensory physical world, and are not visible in ordinary life except under special conditions. These are the powers of death, destructive powers, ahrimanic powers. There are absolutely no other spirits within the whole broad realm of spiritualistic gatherings than ahrimanic spirits, even where the spiritualistic gatherings are genuine. They are the spirits that a person takes with him out of the sense world when he crosses the Threshold. They go with him. They pursue him thence. The person crosses the Threshold, and those who accompany him are the ahrimanic demons, which he had not previously seen but which he sees on the other side. These are the servants of death, illness, and destruction. This experience shocks the person into super-sensible knowledge and brings him into the super-sensible world.
All persons who are trained and instructed in this way for occultism have significant experiences. This is a significant experience of which I have spoken to you, but it is an experience growing out of the fact that the person does not devote himself to an occultism related to all human beings, but to a form pertaining to a single people. There is such a differentiation. If the assertion is made to you anywhere in the world that when you cross the Threshold you learn primarily the evil powers of illness and death, you may know from this statement that the occultist in question comes from the corner I have often described to you. You will know this simply on the basis of the experience he relates to you in connection with the Guardian of the Threshold.
The situation is different in connection with the German-speaking peoples. Into the German-speaking population something has also been interjected. The Latin element has been interjected into the English people in the sphere of its world power. The German-speaking people has something that does not come from the past but is like a flash of heat lightning betokening the future. The Slav element, beginning in Russia, is the future, is actually present only in its future germinal potentiality but the Slays, who have been thrust forward, are the vanguard, the heat lightning portending what is in course of preparation. They signify in some way the heat lightning of the future of the Central European German world, as the Latin element signifies the shadows of the past of the Western English-speaking world.
This German element itself, however, does not possess an instinctive basis for the development of the consciousness soul, but only the basis through which it can be educated to the consciousness soul. In other words, whereas in British regions the instinctive basis for the evolution of the consciousness soul is present, the German Middle European must be educated into the consciousness soul if he is to make this active within him in any way. He can achieve this only through education. So, since the epoch of the consciousness soul is at the same time the epoch of intellectuality, the German who is to bring the consciousness soul in any way into activity within himself must become an intellectual person. Thus, the German has sought his relationship to the consciousness soul primarily by way of intellectuality, not by way of the instinctive life. Therefore the tasks of the German people have been attained only by those who have taken in hand in a certain way their own self-education. The persons of mere instinct remain untouched by this inner activating of the consciousness soul and remain behind in a certain sense.
This is likewise the reason why the British people are endowed instinctively from the start for politics, whereas the Germans are a non-political people and not in the least endowed for politics. When they undertake, therefore, to pursue a political course, they run a great risk, which will become especially clear to you if you give particular attention to the fact that the Germans have taken over the task of introducing the second element into the world within the intellectual sphere. The British folk character is power. The German folk character is the appearing, the seeming, if you will, the shaping of thoughts, that which is not in a certain sense of the solid earth. In the British folk character all is of the solid earth, but just trace the intellectuality of the Germans. You may compare it with that of the Greeks, except that the Greeks gave form to the seething in accordance with its picture nature whereas the Germans have given form to the seeming especially in relation to its intellectualizing nature. In the last analysis, there is nothing more beautiful than what has been formed through Goetheanism, through Novalis, through Schelling, through all those spirits who are truly artists in thought. This makes the Germans a non-political people. If they are expected to be political, they are not equal to a person who thinks politically through his instincts.
Of the three things that are included in Goethe's fairy tale—power, seeming, knowledge—what has fallen to the lot of the Germans in the intellectual epoch is the moulding of intellectuality in the sphere of the seeming. If he is determined, nevertheless, to take hold of politics, he runs the risk of bringing into the sphere of reality what is beautiful within the formation of thoughts. This is the phenomenon, for example, of Treitschke. In reality, it will then sometimes happen that what is really beautiful in seeming, since it does not lie within the limits of its own potentialities, will become something not rightfully connected with the human being, something that may remain a mere assertion, or must make the impression of untruthfulness upon the world. The great danger, which can obviously be overcome, consists in the fact that the German not only lies when he is courteous,1An allusion to Faust II, Act 2: “Im Deutschen lueght man wenn man hoflich ist.” (In German, one lies when one is courteous. but he may also lie when he introduces even his best talents into a field for which he does not possess inborn potentialities. He must first develop these potentialities within himself, but to do so must make a special effort.
Some years ago I said that the Englishman is something, and that the German can only become something. This constitutes the great difficulty in German culture. This is the reason why in the culture of Germany and of German Austria only single individualities stand out prominently who have taken themselves in hand, whereas the masses do not will to occupy themselves with thoughts, which are inherent in the instincts of the British peoples, but will to be controlled. It is for this reason that the population of Central Europe fell under the domination of such lust for rulership as that of the Hapsburgs and the Hohenzollerns—just because of its non-political nature, and because the German is faced by entirely different necessities if he wishes to achieve his mission. He must be educated to this mission. He must in some way be touched by what Goethe moulded into form in his Faust, that is, by the process of becoming of the human being between birth and death.
This is manifest, likewise, in the presence of the Guardian of the Threshold. If an individual remains within the German folk character, and comes thus to the Guardian of the Threshold, he does not observe, as do those British societies of which I have spoken, the evil servants of illness and death. It is in thi6 way that you can draw a distinction if you give close attention to these things. He observes primarily how ahrimanic and luciferic powers, the former rushing in from the physical world and the latter rushing in from the spiritual world, are engaged in a conflict with each other. He sees how this struggle must be observed, since it is really a continuously fluctuating struggle and it is never possible to say where the victory will fall. Such a person becomes acquainted in the presence of the Guardian of the Threshold with what constitutes the real basis for doubt, what is present in the world as a continuously inflamed and undecided struggle, what brings one into a state of wavering but at the same time educates one into looking at the world from the most varied points of view. This will be the special mission of the German people in spite of everything possible to the contrary. They shall take hold upon world culture from this side, even as the German people. Through its special character as a people, certain things that I shall touch upon today, for example, in the realm of knowledge, can be evolved only through the German people.
Darwinism in its materialistic coloring has arisen from the British people. This is an entirely true principle—you can read this in my book, The Riddles of Philosophy. It is an entirely true principle that organic creatures have gradually evolved from the imperfect to the more perfect, even up to man. The perfect is derived from the imperfect. This principle is absolutely true if a person observes the physical world and in the presence of the Guardian of the Threshold comes upon the powers of death and destruction. But we can express this also differently; in other words, we can say that the imperfect is derived from the perfect. Read the chapter dealing with Preuss in my book, Riddles of Philosophy. We can just as well prove that the perfect existed first and that the imperfect comes into existence through decadence. In other words, that man existed first and that the other kingdoms later descended from him through decadence. This is just as correct. The situation in which a thinking person finds himself the moment he must say one thing is true and the other also true—to recognize this situation in its whole fruitful character was really granted to the German peoples alone by reason of their folk character. This is not understood at all anywhere else in the world. It is not at all understood in the world that people can argue for a long time over this question, one maintaining that the perfect beings are derived from the imperfect, as Darwin does, and the other maintaining, as Schelling does, that the imperfect beings are derived from the perfect. Both are right, but from different points of view. If we look at the spiritual process, the imperfect is derived from the perfect; if we look at the physical, the perfect is derived from the imperfect.
The whole world has been trained to be able to hold firmly to one-sided truths. The German people are tragically condemned to stupefy themselves, thus denying their own potentiality, when they linger in the presence of a one-sided truth. Should they develop their own potentialities, it will become clear to them everywhere, provided they submerge themselves to a certain depth, that no matter what assertion is made in regard to universal relationships, the opposite is also true. Only by seeing the two things together is it possible actually to see reality. We learn to recognize this truly in the presence of the Guardian of the Threshold when we behold the struggle between those spirits who accompany us all the way to the Guardian of the Threshold out of the physical world and those who rush against them from the other world, from the super-sensible world. These are overlooked by those societies of which I have spoken.
Again, the situation is different in the case of the genuine Slavic-speaking population. But I have already said that the Western Slav has been interjected in a certain way into the German-speaking Middle European population. Just as the Latin element is the shadow of the past, so are the interjected Western Slays, with whom the German-speaking population toward the East is brought into contact, heat lightning indicating what is to come from the Slavic peoples in future. For this reason, they manifest in a certain directly opposite way what the Latin population among the English shows in its way. The Western Slays are also organized in the epoch of the consciousness soul for intellectuality, but they transform it into mysticism. The Germans are non-political; the Western Slavs are also non-political, but they tend toward bringing the spiritual world down into the physical world. They do this even in the present life. In this way they have a characteristic precisely opposite that, for example, of the French or the Italian. The Italians and the French, in their politics, are dependent upon the degree to which they please others. The politics of England are accepted as something beyond discussion whether it pleases or does not please. The politics of France depends upon the degree to which the French people please other persons. The effect of what they have done has been dependent upon this. At certain times they have pleased greatly. In the case of the Western Slays it is different. Their politics are dependent upon the manner in which their spiritual nature acts antipathetically upon the German-speaking population. They are dependent upon the degree to which they fail to please. If you study the destiny of the Czechs, the Poles, the Slovenes, the Serbs, the Western Slays, you will find that this is brought about by the degree to which they are antipathetic and fail to please the Middle European population. The relationship of the French or the Italian is dependent upon how they please; the relationship of the Poles, Slovenes, Czechs and Serbs is dependent upon the manner in which they fail to please. If you study history you will find this principle confirmed in a wonderful way because one is connected with the past and the other with the future.
The situation is utterly different in the case of the Slavic people of the East. They hold the germ of the future. There the situation is such that germinating spirituality is the basic characteristic, the most fundamental nature of the Slavic population. Unlike the great mass of the German population that always causes only its individualities to stand prominently among it, the Russian people are dependent upon the individuality who receives outside of the folk character the revelation that ought to be received by the people. The Russian people's culture will continue to be a culture of revelation for a long time, even to the dawning of the sixth post-Atlantean epoch. The Russian in greater measure than any other person is dependent upon the seer, but he is also receptive to what the seer brings to him.
The English-speaking people are simply guided through their politics to that for which it is endowed by nature. The German-speaking people are brought by their politics to something that really does not pertain to them, something whereby they are easily led into a dark channel, into untruthfulness, especially when they surrender themselves to their instincts. This never happens, however, to those persons with the appropriate self-education who are striving toward intellectuality. They actually represent the German people. The others have simply not arrived at what constitutes the real nature of the German people and are living below that level. This is still more true of the Russian people. The Russian people are not only non-political like the Germans but anti-political. It is for this reason that British politics will be self-seeking; German politics will burgeon into a dreamy idealism, which may have nothing whatever to do with reality. I am not speaking in a moral sense here but this dreamy idealism is connected with everything untrue and theoretical, and all that comes from theorizing is untrue. Russian politics must be utterly untrue, since they are an alien element and do not belong to the Russian character. When the Russian wishes to become political on the basis of his character, he is more likely to become ill. Among the Russian people becoming “political” means becoming “ill.” It signifies taking destructive forces into oneself. The Russian is anti-political, not merely non-political. He may be overpowered by such politicians as those who were in office at the beginning of this war catastrophe, but these do not work as Russians. They work as something entirely different. The Russian, however, becomes ill when he is expected to become a politician, for he has nothing whatever to do with politics if he stands within his own folk character. He has to do with something different. He has to do with what constitutes the third element in the sense of Goethe's fairy tale, that is, with knowledge and wisdom that is to dawn upon humanity during the sixth postAtlantean epoch.
It is thus that the threefold combination is distributed: power, seeming, knowledge—West, Middle, East. This must be taken into account. Since the Russian nature becomes ill in connection with politics, even such politics as those of bolshevism can first be expected of the Russians in the crassest form, in the most radical form, because it would be possible to inoculate the Russians with something else just as well. The Russian nature is not only non-political, but anti-political.
These things become manifest in the presence of the Guardian of the Threshold. What the Russian primarily perceives in the presence of the Guardian of the Threshold, if he remains within his Russian nature as an occultist, is the spirits rushing toward him from the other side, the spirits rushing inward from the super-sensible. He does not see the spirits who accompany him, nor does he see the struggle between them. He sees primarily the spirits coming across from the other side, which are in a certain way full of light. He does not see death. He does not see decay. He sees what, in its sublimity, overwhelms the human being, so to speak. It puts him in danger most of all of being ever more humble and of throwing himself upon his knees in the presence of the sublime. Being blinded by what comes across is the danger in the presence of the Guardian of the Threshold for the Russian who remains as an occultist among his own people.
Such things must absolutely be taken into account if we are to see actual realities. Things are actually so in the world, things actually work in this way. Abstractions do not suffice. Humanity has never succeeded by means of abstractions. In earlier periods of time humanity possessed instincts, but in the case of the English-speaking population only one instinct exists in its spiritualized form and that is the instinct to develop the consciousness soul. Everything else must be consciously acquired. This is the characteristic thing for the world, that these things must be achieved consciously. Without knowledge of the forces working in humanity regarding which we have spoken today, it is impossible even to think of being able to say anything determinative about the social element. If a person speaks of social reform without knowing the object to which this reform is to be applied, he is speaking like a blind man about colors.
It is this that gives repeated occasion for the warning that the time has actually arrived when the human being must take earnestly the duty of learning through his life and not dealing with it like a game to be played. By means of those things we develop from our inherited potentialities, we get as far in our lives as the twenty-seventh year. In future the number of years will be continually lower. You know this on the basis of earlier discussions. We need something that maintains us throughout life as human beings who are in the process of becoming and not as individuals who are finished and completed. On the basis of these things, men will obtain an insight into much that bears on the social question. They will correct much of what they possess today in the form of illusory ideas and, indeed, much must be corrected. It may well be said that the task that lies before men can be called a difficult one, but it can be mastered. Just consider for a moment the fact that you are actually sitting here, and know these things. But do not consider yourselves on that account as specially chosen. Reflect rather upon the fact that in the world outside there will be many others who will be able to understand the same things. It is by no means impossible that these ideas shall enter into human life. In other words, the hindrance is only something artificially set up. To be sure, this artificially erected hindrance is something terrible, but it must be overcome for the reason that salvation can come in no other way. May everyone in his own place do what is possible toward overcoming the difficulties in this field.
There is much that needs to be done for humanity if only we allow the seriousness of our task to fill us through and through. First, it is necessary to achieve an insight into reality; not to live one's life in dull drowsiness, nor permit humanity to live its life in dull drowsiness. As we become acquainted with individuals today we observe how little people are inclined really to go deeply into such things. We have surely experienced the last four or four and a half years! Truly it was repeatedly possible to have well-meaning, even quite intelligent, persons approach one with all kinds of programs for the future—and what programs for the future there are in the world! People think out every imaginable thing. From the very beginning, however, these things are not calculated to bring healing to humanity, but rather nothing whatever or a curse—nothing whatever if no one takes them up or a curse if people enter into them. It is necessary to resolve only one thing and that is simply to acquaint one's self with reality. One will then not suppose that he can form a union or do this or that. But people will consider themselves in duty bound to think in harmony.with this reality whatever it is they think is real. If only within our own Movement, at least, a goodly number of persons would really endeavor in the right way to permeate their soul lives with those impulses to which we have here called your attention! If they would turn their attention away from abstract fantastic ideals for human happiness, would study instead the actual tasks and impulses of our own time, and would determine their own conduct accordingly, something would really have been attained.
Now, I have wished once more from a special point of view to show you today how the social question also must be studied. A person cannot simply say, “Since I am a human being I know mathematics, and I can, therefore, build a great railway bridge.” He knows that he must first gain a knowledge of mathematics, of mechanics, of dynamics. Thus must a person learn the laws of the being of man if he wishes to have true social judgment even in the simplest matters. People are simply not identical in their natures over the whole earth, as Trotsky imagines, but are at most differentiated as groups when they belong to single peoples, or are actually individualities. On the one hand, we must learn to understand the characteristics of groups—for example, according to languages, as we considered the matter today. On the other hand, we must acquire what was brought to your attention yesterday and that is the direct understanding of one human individual by another. This is connected with everything that ought to live within us in the form of social judgment and social feeling. In other words, I have wished to acquaint you once more from a certain point of view with what may give direction to social judgment and a social feeling. I wanted to call your attention to the profound seriousness of what is called the “social question.”
Sechster Vortrag
Ich habe Sie in den beiden letzten Vorträgen darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß die sogenannte soziale Frage nicht ein so Einfaches ist, wie es gewöhnlich vorgestellt wird, sondern daß man gar sehr zu rechnen hat mit der komplizierten Menschennatur, daß man zu rechnen hat damit — gleichgültig welche soziale Struktur da ist, welche sozialen Ideale verwirklicht werden -, daß im Menschen vorhanden sind und zum Ausdruck kommen müssen sowohl soziale wie antisoziale Impulse. Die antisozialen Impulse spielen, wie wir gesehen haben, gerade in unserm Zeitalter der Bewußtseinsseele eine ganz besondere Rolle. Sie haben gewissermaßen in der Entwickelung der Menschheit eine erzieherische Aufgabe bei dem Auf-sich-selbstStellen des Menschen. Sie werden überwunden werden dadurch, daß auf unser Zeitalter der Bewußtseinsseele das andere Zeitalter, das sich schon vorbereitet, das Zeitalter des Geistselbstes folgt, das im wesentlichen die Menschheit sozial zusammenfassen wird. Allerdings wird das nicht so geschehen, wie Illusionäre heute träumen, sondern in der Weise, daß der eine den andern als Menschen wirklich kennt, für ihn als Menschen Interesse hat — kurz, den Menschen ins Auge faßt, so daß jeder einzelne Mensch in die Lage kommt, den anderen Menschen als solchen interessevoll aufzufassen.
Nun ist dasjenige, was heute als soziale Forderung auftritt, gewissermaßen eine Art Vortrab oder Vortrupp, eine Art Vorbereitung, die natürlich, weil sie für Späteres bloß die Keimanlage ist, chaotisch zum Ausdruck kommt und in vielen Illusionen und Irrtümern sich auslebt, in welche sich die heutige Menschheit dadurch bringt, daß die sozialen Impulse noch zum großen Teil aus Un- und Unterbewußtem heraufkommen und ungeklärt durch eine geistige Welt- und Menschheitserkenntnis sind. Diese illusionäre Art kommt besonders stark zum Ausdruck in der Entwickelung der sogenannten russischen Revolution, welche ja dadurch ganz besonders charakteristisch ist, daß sie so, wie sie heute auftritt, im Grunde genommen zu dem, was sich als Volkstum in Rußland vorbereitet für den kommenden sechsten nachatlantischen Zeitraum, in gar keiner richtigen Beziehung steht, daß sie hineingetragen ist aus Abstraktionen heraus. Gerade die mehr oder weniger illusionistischen Ideale der gegenwärtigen russischen Revolution sind bedeutsam für das Studium dieses Rumorens von etwas Späterem in diesem Früheren darinnen. Man möchte sagen, daß der besonders charakteristische Kopf für diese russische Revolution, Trotzki, der der Typus eines abstrakt denkenden, ganz in der Abstraktion lebenden Menschen ist, daß Trotzki eigentlich keine Ahnung davon zu haben scheint, daß es in so etwas wie dem sozialen Leben der Menschen eine Wirklichkeit gibt. Es soll etwas, was ganz wirklichkeitsfremd gedacht ist, der Wirklichkeit eingeimpft werden.
Das ist nicht eine Kritik, sondern eine bloße Charakteristik. Denn es ist eben charakteristisch für unsere Zeit, daß die Neigung zur Abstraktion, zu wirklichkeitsfremdem Denken auch solche Maximen der Wirklichkeit einverleiben will, die ohne Erkenntnis der Gesetze dieser Wirklichkeit einfach angenommen werden; die man für absolut richtig hält, ohne daß man irgendwie Rücksicht nimmt auf das komplizierte Leben, wie wir es studieren mit Hilfe des der äußeren physischen Wirklichkeit zugrunde liegenden Geistigen. Alles, was entstehen muß, muß aber aus dieser Wirklichkeit heraus entstehen. Weil hier etwas so im eminentesten Sinne Wirklichkeitsfremdes in Szene gesetzt wird, in dem aber allerlei Impulse und Instinkte der proletarischen Denkungsweise rumoren, deshalb ist gerade dasjenige, was als Ideen, die sich verwirklichen wollen, in diesen russischen revolutionären Köpfen der Gegenwart lebt, gerade von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus so bedeutsam. Man kann ja sehen, wie in einem verhältnismäßig kurzen Zeitraum gerade in Rußland Menschen mit den verschiedensten Lebensauffassungen an der Gestaltung der revolutionären Bewegung teilgenommen haben. So wie sich die Dinge in Rußland zugespitzt haben, wurde die eigentliche soziale Frage der Gegenwart unter dem Einfluß der kriegerischen Katastrophe aktuell. Und aus diesem Aktuellen der Besitzesfrage entwickelte sich dann im März 1917 die sogenannte Februarrevolution in Rußland, die eigentlich im wesentlichen zunächst darauf ausging, die hinter dem Besitz stehenden staatlichen Mächte zu stürzen. Bald aber wurde diese rein politische, äußerlich politische Form der Revolution abgelöst, ich möchte sagen, von der ersten Etappe des revolutionären Denkens durch diejenigen Menschen, die in der Trotzki-Terminologie etwa als die Verständigungsmenschen aufgefaßt werden, das heißt diejenigen Menschen, die durch allerlei Erwägungen, durch allerlei gescheite Begriffe, Ideen und Vorstellungen und auch in Begriffe umgesetzte gescheite Empfindungen eine soziale Struktur herbeiführen wollten. Diese Revolutionäre umfaßten vor allen Dingen diejenigen Menschen, die sich auch früher schon mehr oder weniger an der Gestaltung der sozialen Struktur beteiligt hatten, die intelligenten, die kommerziellen, die industriellen Kreise, die alle mehr oder weniger davon ausgingen, aus der Vernunft heraus irgendeine soziale Gestaltung herbeizuführen.
Aber mit einem gewissen Rechte, wenn auch nur mit einem relativen und einseitigen Rechte, faßt Trotzki diese Menschen, die auf solche Weise durch allerlei Erwägungen, durch gute Meinungen, dutch guten Willen eine soziale Struktur herbeiführen wollen, als die bloßen Verschlepper der Revolution auf, als Menschen, die ja doch nichts vermögen, die ja doch nichts tun können. Und aus meinen Betrachtungen, die ich vor Ihnen hier angestellt habe, werden Sie ja wissen, daß die proletarische Weltanschauung vor allen Dingen dahin geht, daß man solche Erwägungen ablehnt, wenn sie auch noch so gescheit sind, wenn sie auch noch so sehr auf der Grundlage derjenigen Menschen fußen, die Trotzki Maulbaumler oder Zungenbaumler nennt, weil sie gescheit reden können. Diese vernünftigen Dinge werden von der proletarischen Weltanschauung abgelehnt, und zwar aus einem gewissen Instinkt heraus, der aber allmählich im Marxismus zu einer bestimmten Theorie geworden ist. An diese Dinge wird einfach nicht geglaubt, es wird nicht geglaubt, daß man durch irgendwelche vernünftige Erwägungen, und seien sie noch so sehr aus gutem Herzen hervorgehend, irgendeine entsprechende soziale Struktur in der Zukunft herbeiführen kann. Vom Proletariat wird einzig und allein geglaubt, daß in den Köpfen der Proletarier selber, in den Köpfen der besitzlosen Menge, aus den wirtschaftlichen Verhältnissen, in denen diese Proletarier stehen, jene Ideen geboren werden, und daß sie nimmermehr in der Bourgeoisie oder in einer anderen Klasse geboren werden können, weil die Bourgeoisie aus ihren Ideen heraus eben anders denken muß. Nur innerhalb der Arbeiterklasse können die Ideen entspringen, die einzig und allein zu einer künftigen sozialen Gestaltung dringen können.
Wenn man dies bedenkt, dann muß für solch einen Kopf, wie zum Beispiel Trotzki, notwendig die Konsequenz folgen, daß nichts anderes zu tun ist, als die besitzende Bourgeoisie ihres Besitzes zu entkleiden und die besitzlose Klasse in die Herrschaft einzuführen. Das ist auch etwas, was sich durch Jahrzehnte in solchen Köpfen vorbereitet hat und was sie, nachdem in Rußland die große Krise gekommen ist, nach Rußland hineintragen wollen. Das sollte hineingetragen werden durch die sogenannte Oktoberrevolution, nachdem die anderen — meinetwillen nennen wir sie Parteien — durch die Herrschaftsergreifung des Proletariats selbst beseitigt worden sind. Von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus, der natürlich ein rein abstrakter ist und nur insofern konkret ist, als er auf eine bestimmte Menschenklasse, die ja Wirklichkeit ist, die ganze Sache abstimmt und abstellt, von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus ist denn nun auch von den führenden Persönlichkeiten der russischen Revolution seit dem Oktober 1917 die Revolution geleitet worden.
Nun ergeben sich für ein solches revolutionäres Denken gewisse Schwierigkeiten. Diese Schwierigkeiten ergeben sich in Rußland, welches ja, wie Sie aus unseren geisteswissenschaftlichen Betrachtungen ersehen, ganz besondere Vorbedingungen hat, auch mit besonderer Stärke. Diese Schwierigkeiten liegen in der Klassengestaltung über die ganze Welt hin begründet, sie traten nur durch die russischen Verhältnisse besonders stark hervor. Die erste große Schwierigkeit ist ja, daß nunmehr die ganze soziale, politische Führerschaft der Menschheit eine Klasse in die Hand nehmen soll, die vorher von allem ausgeschlossen war, die vorher in keinem Zusammenhange stand mit dem, was die sogenannte Kultur begründet hat. Der Proletarier, der tatsächlich ans Ruder kommt, ist vor allen Dingen ausgeschlossen gewesen von all denjenigen Impulsen, die die früheren Machtfaktoren begründet haben. Er hatte sozusagen nichts bisher zu Markte zu tragen als seine eigene Arbeitskraft, seine physische Handarbeitskraft. Das ist über alle Länder ausgebreitet. Daher wird sich auch in allen Ländern, insofern die Revolution ihr Haupt erhebt, das geltend machen, daß zunächst als bloße politische Gruppe das Proletariat die Führung übernimmt, daß aber in einer gewissen Beziehung alles beim alten bleibt, das heißt, daß diejenigen Menschen, die bisher die Verwaltung geleitet haben, auf ihrem Posten bleiben, den sie gelernt haben, denn sie sind diejenigen, die technisch gebildet sind. Es ändert sich also nichts weiter, als daß in den ganzen Apparat, der althergebracht ist, eingreifen Laien, möchte man sagen, daß ein Laienkollegium eingreifen soll. Aber es handelt sich darum, daß dieses Laienkollegium einen ganz bestimmten Typus trägt, nämlich den proletarischen Typus, daß es aus Proletariern besteht. Da es aus Proletariern bestehen soll, will es sich auch sicher wissen in der Durchführung der Maxime: Nur aus dem Proletarierkopf kann dasjenige kommen, was die Führerschaft in der Zukunft hat; ein anderer darf nicht teilnehmen. — Man kann also auch diese Führerschaft in der Zukunft nicht etwa einer Nationalversammlung oder einer Konstituante aussetzen, denn eine solche Konstituante würde doch nichts anderes sein als gewissermaßen eine Fortsetzung dessen, was früher da war. Was aber kommen soll, soll ein radikaler Umschwung sein. Man braucht ja nicht erst zu wählen. Diejenigen, die führen sollen, sind einfach dadurch da, daß sie zum Proletariat gehören: nicht irgendeine Nationalversammlung, nicht irgendeine konstituierende Versammlung, sondern die Diktatur des Proletariats. - Das ergab aber zunächst die Schwierigkeit, daß das Proletariat eben, wie ich sagte, als laienhaft bezeichnet werden muß, daß es eigentlich von seinem Laienstandpunkte aus nur die Kontrolle über diejenigen ausüben könnte, welche aus dem Früheren heraus die Verwaltung leiteten, also eigentlich doch an den Interessen des Früheren hingen. So sahen sich gerade in Rußland diejenigen, die jetzt als Proletariat obenauf kamen, die früher gar nichts zu tun hatten mit all dem, was in den Staatsorganismus eingriff, gegenübergestellt dem, was aus diesem früheren Staatsorganismus geblieben war. Sie mußten, wie es ja auch der Wirklichkeit zumeist entsprach, die Sache so ansehen, daß all die Leute, die herüberkamen aus dem früheren Staatsorganismus, aus den Gedanken heraus handelten, die von diesem kamen. Die trugen also die Interessen des alten Bourgeoisstaates in den Staat herüber, der nur der Diktatur des Proletariats unterworfen werden sollte. Sie machten dasselbe, wie wenn ein Feind seine Angelegenheiten nicht offen, in einem Krieg oder in einer Gegenrevolution macht, sondern wenn er in Feindesland alles das hineinträgt, was aus seinem Lande zerstörend wirken soll auf das andere. So empfanden die in Rußland ans Ruder kommenden Proletarier die Tätigkeit des alten Reichskörpers als Sabotage. Und ihre erste Anstrengung war, die Sabotage zu überwinden, die darin bestand, daß ihnen in das, was sie als neues Regiment gründen wollten, hineingetragen wurde, was eigentlich nur die Stützen des Alten sein konnten. Es ist ganz derselbe Prozeß, wie wenn man beispielsweise, ohne offen irgendeine Feindseligkeit zu beginnen, als Angehöriger irgendeines Landes Giftstoffe hineinträgt in ein fremdes Land und ihm die Äcker, den Boden vergiftet, so daß auf ihm nichts wächst. Als Sabotage empfanden also zunächst die Proletarier dasjenige, was von diesem alten Beamtenkörper kam. Darauf richteten sich zunächst ihre intensivsten Maßregeln, diese Sabotage zu überwinden. Da haben sie sich auch gar nicht zurückhaltend benommen; sie haben einfach alles, was ihnen abträglich war, versucht, mit Stumpf und Stiel auszurotten. Und eigentlich ist zum Beispiel ein solcher Mann wie Trotzki davon überzeugt, daß die Sabotage bis zu einem gewissen Grade heut schon überwunden ist. Es wurden diejenigen, die irgend etwas taten, was dem proletarischen Denken nicht entsprach, davongejagt und dergleichen mehr.
Aber nun ist ja damit die Schwierigkeit nicht behoben - das sieht ja Trotzki auch ganz gut ein -, daß man bloß die sogenannte Sabotage bekämpft. Er sieht ein, daß man den ganzen alten Verwaltungskörper haben muß - aber ihn zum Diener machen muß desjenigen, was der Führerschaft des Proletariats unterliegt. Darin sieht zum Beispiel Trotzki die erste große Schwierigkeit. Das ist etwas, von dem er glaubt, es mit seinen abstrakten Mitteln überwinden zu können, was er aber damit nicht überwinden wird. Da beginnt das IJusionäre, weil eben Trotzki ein wirklichkeitsfremder Geist ist. Dieses Illusionäre ist in der Abstraktion begründet, daß man einfach die gesamten, sagen wir technischen Beamten, intellektuellen, kommerziellen Leute zu Dienern eines Kollegiums aus Proletariern machen kann, welches diktiert. Es ist der Unglaube an die Konfiguration des seelisch-geistigen Lebens, welcher aus dieser Illusion spricht. Wenn man bei den alten Ideen bleibt, wenn man nicht das als richtig ansieht, was ich hier oft hervorgehoben habe, daß die soziale Umwandlung aus neuen Gedanken hervorgehen muß - wenn man einfach die alten Techniker, die alten Beamten, die alten Generäle wieder anstellt, wenn man eben einfach das Alte übernimmt, ohne dem Neuen vor allen Dingen durch Erziehung entgegenzugehen, so wird es genau so nach einiger Zeit sich erheben, wie es war. Das heißt, man wird es nicht überwinden, sondern man wird es einfach fortsetzen. Man kann durch Gewaltmaßregeln die Sabotage eine Zeitlang überwinden, aber sie wird immer wieder und wieder ihr Haupt erheben; denn gerade, wenn es richtig ist, daß der Mensch abhängig ist von der Situation, in der er drinnen ist - und abhängig ist er seit drei bis vier Jahrhunderten, das ist für die neuere Geschichte richtig -, dann muß er, wenn man ihn nicht unabhängig macht von den Verhältnissen durch wirksame Gedanken, die aber nur aus dem Geistesleben heraus kommen können, immer wiederum, wie die Katze auf die Pfoten, in die alten Denkweisen und damit in die alten Handlungsweisen zurückfallen.
Hier liegt einer der Punkte, wo sich dieses Denken als illusionär, als ganz wirklichkeitsfremd entpuppt. Ich könnte viele solche Punkte anführen; aber ich will Ihnen ja nur die besondere Konfiguration dieses Denkens vor Augen führen. Ich will Ihnen zeigen an einzelnen Beispielen, wie sich dieses Denken als wirklichkeitsfremd erweist. Man kann sich eben nicht einfach ausdenken: das oder jenes soll geschehen, sondern man muß mit den in der Wirklichkeit vorhandenen gesetzmäßigen Impulsen rechnen. Lebt man nicht mit ihnen, so verfällt man eben notwendig Illusionen. Und eine der bedeutsamsten Illusionen bei Trotzki ist zum Beispiel diese: Trotzki weiß, daß durch die ganz besonders starke Unterdrückung, welche die breiten Massen auch des Bauernptoletariats - man kann es schon so nennen — gerade in Rußland erfahren haben, daß da sich die Verhältnisse außerordentlich zuspitzen mußten. Das weiß er, daß die Form, welche die Revolution unter diesen besonderen Verhältnissen annimmt, nicht zum Siege führen kann. Er ist wirklichkeitsfremd, aber nicht so wirklichkeitsfremd, daß er nicht vernünftigerweise einsehen würde, daß man auf einem auch noch so großen Gebiete, das aber im Verhältnis zu der gesamten Erde doch ein kleines Gebiet ist, einseitig nicht eine neue soziale Struktur unter den heutigen Verhältnissen herbeiführen kann. Daher rechnete Trotzki auf die Revolutionisierung durch das Proletariat über die ganze zivilisierte Welt hin und gab sich nicht dieser Illusion hin, daß die russische Revolution für sich allein siegen könnte. Er wußte, daß sie abhängt von dem Siege der proletarischen Revolution über die ganze Welt hin.
Nun, in diese Gedanken hinein lebte sich eben der ganze abstrakte Charakter des Trotzkischen Vorstellens hinein. Trotzki glaubte an die proletarische Revolution der ganzen Welt, er glaubte daran, daß nach und nach der Krieg einen solchen Charakter annehmen werde, daß über die ganze Welt eine Art proletarischer Revolution kommen würde, daß der Krieg sich umwandeln würde in die proletarische Revolution.
Nun, diese kriegerische Katastrophe wird sich noch in allerlei verwandeln. Aber jetzt schon hat die Wirklichkeit hinlänglich gezeigt, daß dieser Trotzkische Gedanke eben wirklichkeitsfremd ist. Er wäre nur dann real, wenn diese kriegerische Katastrophe mit der allgemeinen Erschöpfung geendet hätte, wenn nicht ein so eklatanter, sogenannter Sieg — er ist ja auf sonderbare Weise zustande gekommen von der einen Seite erreicht worden wäre, ein Sieg, der einfach diese Hoffnung aus der Welt schafft, daß eine Erschöpfung gleichmäßig über die zivilisierte Welt eintreten würde. Das, was eintritt, ist eine entschiedene Hegemonie der Westmächte bei einer vollständigen Abhängigkeit der Mittel- und Ostmächte. Eine vollständige Beherrschung der Mittel- und Ostmächte durch die Westmächte, das ist es, was zunächst sich als treibende Kraft herausgestellt hat, was ja auch nicht anders werden konnte. Für denjenigen, der die Wirklichkeit auf diesem Gebiet durchschaut, war das klar. Aber Trotzki ist eben ein wirklichkeitsfremder Geist, sonst müßte er sich heute sagen: Die Ereignisse haben mich widerlegt. - Er hat ein Wort gesprochen, das nicht unbegründet ist, wenn man bloß abstrakt denkt, das sehr geistreich ist. Er hat gesagt: Die bourgeoise Lebensauffassung der Gegenwart habe keine andere Wahl als die zwischen Dauerkrieg und Revolution. Die Sache ist anders geworden. Es ist ein sogenannter Sieg der Westmächte eingetreten, weder Dauerkrieg noch Revolution. Und in dem, was sich im Westen vorbereitet, liegt auch keine Keimanlage zu irgendeiner proletarischen Revolution, sondern es liegt darin eben die Ausgestaltung des ganzen Westens zu einem staatlich organisierten Großbourgeoistum, das dem Proletariertum von Mittel- und Osteuropa entgegensteht.
Dies ist das welthistorische Ergebnis, möchte man sagen, das ja sich auch wieder verwandeln wird, aber das zunächst da ist. Das ist die Wirklichkeit. So daß also Trotzki sich einfach heute eines ganzanderen besinnen müßte, wenn er auf die Wirklichkeit schauen würde. Er müßte sich sagen: Wie soll denn unter dieser Gestaltung das, was ich mit der russischen Revolution wollte, siegen, da eine der wichtigsten Voraussetzungen, die Weltrevolution des Proletariats, nicht eintreten wird? - Wenn er heute noch auf diese Weltrevolution rechnet, so ist eben dieses ein Beweis seiner Wirklichkeitsfremdheit.
Noch in einem andern Punkt zeigt sich in einer merkwürdigen Weise die wirklichkeitsfremde Denkweise eines solchen Revolutionärs. Selbstverständlich haben auch solche Revolutionäre immer darauf hingewiesen, daß der Übel größtes der sogenannte preußisch-deutsche Militarismus ist, daß der überwunden, daß der aus der Welt geschafft werden muß. Nun, die Entwickelung ist ja dahin gegangen, daß der preußisch-deutsche Militarismus aus der Welt geschafft ist; aber der Entente-Militarismus wird in der nächsten Zeit eine ganz beträchtliche Herrschaftswirkung ausüben! Aber davon will ich gar nicht sprechen, sondern davon, daß Trotzki selbst Veranlassung hatte, zu erörtern: Welches ist denn eine der allerwichtigsten nächsten Aufgaben der russischen Revolution, wenn sie sich halten will? — Seine Antwort darauf ist: Die Schaffung einer Armee! Das ist gerade dasjenige, was Trotzki als die nächste, wichtigste Aufgabe bezeichnet!
Diese Dinge, die sollten sehr wohl beachtet, die sollten sehr wohl durchschaut werden. Denn nur, wenn man diese Dinge wirklich beachtet und durchschaut, dann kommt man darauf, sich zu sagen: Ich muß ja nun doch ein wenig tiefer in die Menschheitsimpulse hineinschauen, wenn ich mir Vorstellungen darüber bilden will, was aus dem Chaos, das die kriegerische Katastrophe nach und nach entwickelt hat, werden soll. Es ist heute allerdings die Menschheit noch recht abgeneigt, auf solche Impulse einzugehen, wie ich sie hier als die wahren, als die einzig möglichen sozialen Impulse von den verschiedensten Gesichtspunkten aus entwickelt habe. Aber die Menschheit würde darauf eingehen können, wenn sie sich eben entschließen würde, die wirklichen Kräfte, die in der Menschheitsentwickelung walten, einmal näher ins Auge zu fassen.
Ein Wort ist ungeheuer charakteristisch, welches in russischen revolutionären Köpfen immer wiederum auftritt. Was wollen denn eigentlich diese Diktaturproletarier im großen und ganzen? Sie wollen die Welt zu einer großen Fabrik machen, zu einer Fabrik, durchsetzt von einer Art von Bankbuchhaltungssystem, das sich über die ganze Gruppe, die man umfassen kann, ausdehnt. — Die alten Techniker, die alten Beamten, selbst die alten Generäle, die wollen wir uns schon herrichten für unsere proletarische Diktatur! Aber die Buchhaltung müssen wir in Händen haben, die Buchung für die Gesamtwirtschaft, das heißt das Fabrikkontor! - Das ist auch gar nicht zu verwundern, denn die ganze Bewegung ist hervorgegangen aus der modernen Industrie. Würde man nur das bedenken, daß sie aus dem Proletariat der modernen Industrie hervorgegangen ist, so würde man sich auch nicht wundern, daß die Denkungsweise dieses Proletariats, die sich an dem herangebildet hat, was es in den Fabriken gesehen hat, angewendet werden soll auf alles das, was man nun in die Hand bekommen kann. Es ist natürlich die Folge und Konsequenz davon, daß die Bourgeoisie nicht darauf achtgegeben hat, daß sich dieses Proletariertum in so ungeheurer Ausdehnung in der neueren Zeit heraufentwickelte. Und wenn es auch eine Notwendigkeit war, daß die Bourgeoisie sozusagen die Augen zugedrückt hat und ruhig alles heraufkommen ließ, so ist es doch nicht eine Notwendigkeit, daß nun auch die noch wichtigeren Verhältnisse, die in der Welt liegenden Motivkräfte, unberücksichtigt bleiben; denn ohne die Berücksichtigung dieser Motivkräfte gibt es keine Möglichkeit, sich mit den sozialen Aufgaben bekannt zu machen. Da muß man wissen, wie differenziert die Menschheit über die ganze Erde hin ist - ich sagte es schon gestern oder vorgestern. Da muß man wissen, daß im Westen eine andere Menschheit lebt als im Osten und in der Mitte, und daß man nicht mit abstrakten Ideen, ohne Rücksicht auf die Wirklichkeiten zu nehmen, irgendwelche soziale Gestaltung hervorrufen kann. An ihrer Wirklichkeitsfremdheit wird die russische Revolution als an ihrer großen Illusion Schiffbruch leiden müssen.
Solche Illusionen können ja die Menschen, die aus Erziehung auch sozial freie Wesen sind — das heißt frei, insofern der, der die Macht hat, eben das ausüben kann, was in der Macht liegt -, für eine Zeit in die Wirklichkeit umsetzen. Aber die Wirklichkeit scheidet sie aus, weil sie das nicht brauchen kann. Die Wirklichkeit nimmt nur das an, was im Sinne des Verlaufes dieser Wirklichkeit liegt. Wir dürfen nicht vergessen, daß das Wichtigste ist, daß wir eben in dem Zeitalter der Bewußtseinsseelenentwickelung leben, und daß diese Bewußtseinsseelenentwickelung über die ganze Erde hin in einer scharf differenzierten Form auftritt.
Betrachten wir nun einmal nach den wichtigsten, sagen wir durch die Sprache zum Ausdruck kommenden europäischen Differenzierungen, die verschiedenen Impulse, die der zivilisierten Welt zugrunde liegen. Ich habe Ihnen ja öfter ausgeführt, wie in der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung die eigentliche Keimanlage zur Ausbildung der Bewußtseinsseele liegt. Das ist wichtig, daß man das ins Auge faßt. Damit hängt ja alles das zusammen, was, wenn man so sagen darf, aus der Welt unter dem Einflusse der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung wird. Mit all den Impulsen, die gerade zur Herbeiführung der Bewußtseinsseele führen, ist das Volkstum - ich rede niemals vom einzelnen Menschen, sondern vom Volkstum — der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung ausgestattet. Das ist nun so, daß dort in ganz anderer Weise als bei der anderen Menschheit diese Hinneigung zur Bewußtseinsseele instinktiv auftritt. Es lebt nirgends in der Welt dieser, ich möchte sagen, vergeistigte Instinkt, die Bewußtseinsseele auszubilden, so, wie im englischen Volkstum. Da ist es Instinkt. Und nirgends sonst ist die Sache Instinkt, selbst nicht in dem der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung eingegliederten Romanentum. Das Romanentum ist eigentlich Nachkömmling desjenigen, was wirklich gelebt hat in der vierten nachatlantischen Zeit. Damals hatte dieses Romanentum die Instinkte für das, was in der vierten nachatlantischen Zeit besonders entwickelt worden ist. Jetzt sind seine Instinkte nicht mehr in derselben Weise elementar, sondern sie sind rationalisiert, intellektualisiert; sie treten auf als Rhetorik, durch den Intellekt, durch das Seelische, als dekorative Form. Sie sind herausgehoben aus dem Instinktiven. Dasjenige, was als, ich möchte sagen Volkstemperament im Romanentum auftritt, ist durchaus verschieden von dem, was als Volkstemperament beim englischen Volkstum auftritt. Beim englischen Volkstum ist dieses Hintendieren zur Bewußtseinsseele, dieses Streben des einzelnen Menschen, sich auf die eigenen Füße zu stellen, Instinkt.
Das also, was die Aufgabe des fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraums ist, das ist als Instinkt, als aus der ganzen Seele instinktiv kommender Impuls gerade in diesem Volkstum verankert. Sehen Sie, damit hängt zusammen die ganze Stellung dieses Volkstums in der Welt. Damit hängt zusammen, daf3 dieser Impuls innerhalb der sozialen Struktur der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung das Maßgebende, das Ausschlaggebende ist, daß er die anderen Tendenzen unterdrücken kann. Die anderen Tendenzen sind, wie Sie aus meinen Ausführungen ersehen können, schon nach der Gliederung, die ich der sozialen Frage gegeben habe: der ökonomische Impuls und der Impuls der geistigen Produktion. Aber studieren Sie nur einmal psychologisch das Volkstum der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung: Die beiden andern, der ökonomische Impuls und der geistig produktive Impuls, die stehen ganz im Schatten desjenigen, was aus dem instinktiven Impuls kommt, der zur Ausbildung der Bewußtseinsseele hintendiert.
Dadurch bekommen die Zweige, welche das soziale Leben der Zukunft gestalten müssen, gerade innerhalb des englisch sprechenden Volkstums ihre ganz besondere Färbung. Die drei Gebiete müssen sich in der Zukunft ganz besonders wirksam erweisen, müssen tonangebend sein: Erstens die Politik, die die Sicherheit versorgt. Zweitens die Organisation der Arbeit, der rein materiellen Arbeit, also die ökonomische Ordnung, das Wirtschaftssystem. Das ist das zweite. Das dritte ist das System der geistigen Produktion, zu dem ich, wie ich Ihnen damals gesagt habe, auch die Jurisprudenz, die Gerichtsbarkeit rechne. Diese drei Gliederungen der sozialen Struktur, die werden selbstverständlich in den Schatten gestellt von dem, was als Hauptimpuls bei irgendeiner Volksdifferenzierung vorhanden ist. Dadurch, daß bei dem britisch sprechenden Volkstum instinktiv die Entwickelung zur Bewußtseinsseele wirkt, das Sich-Stellen auf die eigenen Beine, dadurch nimmt bei ihm, wie ja die Geschichte so sattsam lehrt, gerade die Politik den hervorragendsten Platz ein. Diese Politik ist ganz beherrscht von dem instinktiven Trieb, den Menschen auf die eigenen Beine zu stellen, die Bewußtseinsseele voll auszubilden. Dieser Trieb, weil er instinktiv ist, und Instinkte immer in der Selbstsucht wurzeln — das ist eine bloße Charakteristik, keine Kritik -, treibt dahin, daß innerhalb des englisch sprechenden Volkstums Selbstsucht und politisches Ziel rein zusammenfallen; daß alle Politik in ganz naiver Weise, ohne daß dabei irgendeinem Politiker der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung eine Schuld gegeben werden darf, in den Dienst der Selbstsucht gestellt werden kann und gerade dadurch die Mission des englisch sprechenden Volkstums erfüllt. Nur dadurch kommen Sie darauf, das eigentliche Wesen der ja für die ganze Erdenbevölkerung eigentlich tonangebenden englischen Politik ins Auge zu fassen. Denn überall wird die englische Politik als ein Ideal betrachtet, die Parlamentsordnung mit dem Schaukeln von Mehrheit und Minderheit und so weiter. Studieren Sie einmal die Verhältnisse in den verschiedenen Parlamenten, wie sie sich herausgebildet haben, Sie werden überall sehen, daß die britische Politik tonangebend war gerade für das politische Leben. Aber indem sie sich über die anders differenzierten Völker ausgebreitet hat, konnte sie nicht mehr dasselbe sein, weil sie verankert ist und richtig verankert ist in der Selbstsucht, in dem Egoismus, der allem Instinktiven notwendigerweise anhaftet.
Das ist auch die Schwierigkeit des Verständnisses, die da vorliegt, wenn die Leute die englische Politik oder die amerikanische Politik begreifen wollen. Es wird die Nuance nicht ins Auge gefaßt, die gerade notwendigerweise ins Auge gefaßt werden muß: daß diese Politik selbstsüchtig sein muß, daß sie ganz auf selbstsüchtigen Impulsen ruhen muß. Durch ihre besondere Eigenart muß sie auf selbstsüchtigen Impulsen ruhen. Sie wird daher diese selbstsüchtigen Impulse als das Selbstverständliche ansehen, als das Rechtliche, als das Moralische. Da ist gar nichts dagegen einzuwenden. Das ist nicht mit Kritik zu belegen, sondern als eine welthistorische, ja sogar kosmische Notwendigkeit einfach einzusehen. Widerlegt werden kann es auch nicht, aus dem einfachen Grunde, weil derjenige, der aus dem englischen Volkstum heraus etwas widerlegen will, sich immer, ich möchte sagen, auf einer falschen Fährte befindet. Er will aus moralischen Gründen, die dabei gar nicht in Betracht kommen, in Abrede stellen, daß die Politik des englischen Volkstums selbstsüchtig ist. Aber moralische Gründe kommen dabei gar nicht in Betracht. Sie wird dasjenige, was sie bewirkt, was ihre Ergebnisse sind, gerade durch diesen instinktiven Charakter, durch diese Selbstsucht haben.
Daher ist in unserem fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum dieser englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung gewissermaßen zuerteilt das Element der Gewalt. Erinnern Sie sich an die drei Glieder im Goetheschen «Märchen»: Gewalt, Erscheinung oder Schein, und Weisheit, Erkenntnis. Von diesen drei Gliedern ist zugeteilt dem englisch sprechenden Volkstum die Gewalt. Dasjenige, was es politisch in der Welt bewirkt, das wird es dadurch bewirken können, daß es gewissermaßen zu seinen angeborenen Eigenschaften gehört, durch die Gewalt zu wirken. Und durch die Gewalt zu wirken, wird im fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum als etwas Selbstverständliches hingenommen werden. Die englische Politik wird in der ganzen Welt akzeptiert — selbstverständlich wird man alle Schäden, die aber in der Wirklichkeit auf dem physischen Plane immer vorhanden sind, scharf kritisieren können, das können ja die Angehörigen des Britischen Reiches selber tun -, aber sie wird akzeptiert. Es liegt einfach in der Zeitentwickelung, daß sie akzeptiert wird, und zwar ohne daß man darüber nachdenkt, ohne daß man irgendwie Gründe sucht. Die Gründe werden ohnedies alle nichts taugen, weil es eben eine ganz unmittelbare Selbstverständlichkeit ist, daß die Gewalt, die von dieser Seite kommt, akzeptiert wird.
Das ist nicht so bei der eingesprengten romanischen Bevölkerung. Die lebt gewissermaßen den Schatten, den Zeitschatten aus desjenigen, was sie im vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum war. Umgesetzt in das Intellektuelle sind die Instinkte. Da sind die Instinkte nicht mehr so elementar. Daher wird die englische Politik als selbstverständlich angenommen, die französische Politik aber nur von denjenigen, denen sie in der Lage ist zu gefallen. Das französische Wesen wird geliebt in der Welt, insofern es gefällt. Darauf ist das englische gar nicht angewiesen, sondern es ist auf die Selbstverständlichkeit, mit der ihm aus seinen Instinkten heraus die Politik der Gegenwart als etwas Wirksames zufällt, eingestellt. So aber ist es auch möglich, daß gerade innerhalb der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung, durch den vorherrschenden, in die Politik passenden Trieb der Selbstsucht und der Gewalt — wodurch ihr die Weltherrschaft notwendigerweise zufällt —, das Wirtschaftliche in Schranken gehalten wird, untergeordnet wird, und daß auch das Geistesleben, insofern es dem fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum angehört, in den Dienst dieser Politik tritt, daß alles einheitlich in einer gewissen Weise in den Dienst der Politik tritt.
Daher ist einfach aus diesem Grunde heraus der Marxismus für die englisch sprechende Welt falsch. Denn der Marxismus setzt voraus, daß die Politik ein Anhängsel der ökonomischen Ordnung ist. Sie ist es nicht, einfach durch die Instinkte nach der Bewußtseinsseele hin, die sich in der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung bilden. Nicht durch irgendwelche Argumentation, durch Diskussion, nicht durch irgend etwas, was sonst in der Welt geschieht, wird eine marxistische Ordnung verhindert, sondern dadurch, daß das Britische Reich auf anderen Wirklichkeitsgrundlagen gebaut ist als diejenigen, auf die der Marxismus, das marxistisch gesinnte Proletariat baut. Das ist der große Gegensatz zwischen dem marzistisch denkenden Proletariat und dem, was aus dem instinktiven Leben heraus das Britische Weltreich über die Welt bringt. Nicht das Bankinstitut oder die Buchhaltung, welche Trotzki in Rußland einführen will, wird Glück haben, sondern das große Bankinstitut, das große Finanzinstitut, zu welchem durch seine besonderen Anlagen hinorganisiert ist das englisch sprechende Volkstum. Gerade wenn man prüft, wie sich das einzelne Volkstum in seiner Differenzierung verhält zu den drei Gliedern, die ich Ihnen als die in der Wirklichkeit begründeten vorgeführt habe, so ist das einzusehen.
Es kommt noch etwas anderes dazu, etwas außerordentlich Wichtiges. Die Differenzierung, von der ich Ihnen sprach, die geht so weit, daß derjenige, der nicht herausstrebt aus seinem Volkstum, sondern hineinstrebt in das Volkstum - und Politik strebt ja in das Volkstum hinein -, daß der selbst beim Hüter der Schwelle ganz andere Erfahrungen macht als derjenige, der aus dem Volkstum herausstrebt. Hier komme ich überhaupt an den Punkt, der Ihnen, wenn Sie ihn durchaus studieren, einen Anhaltspunkt gibt, zu unterscheiden den heilsamen Okkultismus, der natürlich über die ganze Erde ohne Unterschied des Volkstums auftritt, von demjenigen Okkultismus, der so, wie bei den Gesellschaften, von denen ich Ihnen gesprochen habe, in den politischen Dienst des Volkstums sich stellt und von da aus wirkt. Sie können fragen: Wie kann ich denn das unterscheiden? - Sie können es unterscheiden, wenn Sie diese großen Unterscheidungsmerkmale ins Auge fassen, die ich Ihnen heute angeben werde.
Jeder Mensch muß, um zum wirklichen, der ganzen Menschheit dienenden Okkultismus zu kommen, aus seinem Volkstum herauswachsen, er muß in gewisser Weise — wir dürfen da den indischen Ausdruck gebrauchen - ein «heimatloser» Mensch werden. Er darf sich nicht zu irgendeinem Volkstum mit Bezug auf das innerste Wesen seiner Seele rechnen, er darf nicht solche Impulse haben, die nur einem einzelnen Volkstum dienen, wenn er in wirklichem Okkultismus fortschreiten will. Aber jener Okkultismus, der eingeschränkt einem bestimmten Volkstum dienen will, der kommt beim Hüter der Schwelle zu etwas ganz Besonderem. Für alle diejenigen, die innerhalb jener Gesellschaften der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung okkulte Entwickelung suchen, enthüllt sich etwas beim Hüter der Schwelle: Sie entdecken in dem Augenblicke, wo sie die Schwelle überschreiten wollen, was in der tieferen menschlichen Natur, die zum Vorschein kommt, wenn man eben die übersinnliche Welt betritt, an Kräften lebt, die gleichartig mit den zerstörenden Kräften des Weltenalls sind. Das ist der Anblick beim Hüter der Schwelle. Wenn diese Menschen in eine solche okkulte Gesellschaft eingeführt werden bis zu der Schwelle hin, dann lernen sie die bösen Mächte von Krankheit und Tod, von allem Lähmenden und Zerstörenden erkennen. Denn wenn dieselben Kräfte, die draußen in der Natur den Tod bewirken, die also die zerstörenden sind — sie wirken ja auch in uns -, wenn diese Kräfte in uns Erkenntnis bewirken, so ist es die Erkenntnis, die in jenen Gesellschaften auftritt. Es ist eine okkulte Erkenntnis. Es ist die spezifisch okkulte Erkenntnis, die in diesen Gesellschaften auftritt. Man kommt in die übersinnliche Welt ganz sicher hinein, man muß nur am Hüter der Schwelle vorbeikommen. Aber man muß am Hüter der Schwelle so vorbeikommen, daß man die Erfahrung macht, den Tod in seiner wahren Gestalt kennenzulernen, wie er in uns selbst und draußen in der Natur lebt.
Das rührt davon her, weil in der äußeren Natur, so wie sie heute um uns herum ist, ahrimanische Mächte leben. In dieser äußeren Natur können Sie keine anderen als ahrimanische Mächte wahrnehmen, insofern Sie innerhalb dieser äußeren Natur bleiben. Sie können zur Manifestation von solchen Mächten kommen, die in gespensterhafter Weise in die äußere Natur eintreten. Daher die Neigung des Westens zum Spiritismus, zum Sehen von solchen Gestalten, die eigentlich der sinnlich-physischen Welt angehören, die im gewöhnlichen Leben nicht sichtbar sind, aber durch besondere Verhältnisse sichtbar gemacht werden können. Es sind lauter Todesmächte, zerstörende Mächte, ahrimanische Mächte. Es gibt auf dem ganzen weiten Gebiet der spiritistischen Veranstaltungen keine anderen Geister als ahrimanische, auch da, wo die Spiritistenveranstaltungen echt sind, denn es sind diejenigen Geister, die man beim Übertreten der Schwelle mitnimmt aus der sinnlichen Welt. Die gehen mit, die verfolgen einen dahin. Man schreitet über die Schwelle, und seine Begleitung hat man in den ahrimanischen Dämonen, die man vorher nicht gesehen hat, die man da drüben sieht, in den Dienern von Tod, Krankheit, Zerstörung und so weiter. Das rüttelt einen auf zu übersinnlicher Erkenntnis, das bringt einen in die übersinnliche Welt hinein.
Alle die Menschen, die in dieser Weise erzogen und unterrichtet werden für den Okkultismus, machen bedeutsame Erfahrungen. Denn das ist eine bedeutsame Erfahrung, von der ich Ihnen gesprochen habe, aber eine Erfahrung, die darauf beruht, daß man sich nicht einem allmenschlichen Okkultismus, sondern einem Okkultismus eines besonderen Volkstums widmet. Diese Differenzierung gibt es. Und wenn Ihnen irgendwo in der Welt gesagt wird: Wenn du die Schwelle überschreitest, so lernst du vor allen Dingen die bösen Mächte von Krankheit und Tod kennen - so erkennen Sie daran, daß der betreffende Okkultist aus jener Ecke herkommt, die ich öfter bezeichnet habe, einfach aus der Erfahrung, die er Ihnen mitteilt über das, was er beim Hüter der Schwelle erlebt.
Anders steht die Sache bei der deutsch sprechenden Bevölkerung. Die deutsch sprechende Bevölkerung hat auch etwas, ich möchte sagen, eingesprengt. Die englische Bevölkerung hat das Romanentum eingesprengt in seinen Weltmachtsbereich; die deutsch sprechende Bevölkerung hat etwas, was nun nicht aus der Vergangenheit kommt, sondern was wie ein Wetterleuchten der Zukunft ist: das Slawentum. Das Slawentum, das in Rußland beginnt, ist Zukunft, ist ja erst der zukünftigen Keimanlage nach da; aber die vorgeschobenen Slawen sind vorgeschobene Posten, sind Wetterleuchten für dasjenige, was sich vorbereitet. Die zeigen in irgendeiner Weise das Wetterleuchten der Zukunft der mitteleuropäisch-deutschen Welt, wie das Romanentum den Schatten der Vergangenheit der westlichen, englisch sprechenden Welt zeigt. .
Aber dieses deutsche Element selbst, das hat nun nicht eine instinktive Anlage zur Entwickelung der Bewußtseinsseele, sondern es hat nur die Anlage, durch die es sich zur Bewußtseinsseele erziehen kann. Während also im Britentum die instinktive Anlage zur Entwickelung der Bewußtseinsseele vorhanden ist, muß der deutsche Mitteleuropäer, wenn er irgendwie die Bewußtseinsseele in sich rege machen will, dazu erzogen werden. Er kann sich das nur erwerben durch die Erziehung. Weil das Zeitalter der Bewußtseinsseele eben zugleich das Zeitalter der Intellektualität ist, muß daher der Deutsche, wenn er irgendwie die Bewußtseinsseele in sich rege machen will, ein intellektueller Mensch werden. Daher hat auch der Deutsche seine Beziehung zur Bewußtseinsseele vorzugsweise auf dem Wege der Intellektualität, nicht auf dem Wege des Instinktlebens gesucht. Daher haben gewissermaßen die Aufgaben der Deutschen nur diejenigen erreicht, welche in einer gewissen Weise ihre Selbsterziehung in die Hand genommen haben. Die bloßen Instinktmenschen bleiben unberührt von diesem Sich-Regen der Bewußtseinsseele, bleiben in einer gewissen Weise zurück.
Das ist auch der Grund, warum das britische Volkstum von vornherein instinktiv zur Politik veranlagt ist, während das deutsche Volk ein apolitisches Volk ist, überhaupt gar nicht zur Politik veranlagt ist. Wenn es Politik treiben will, steht es vor einer großen Gefahr, die Ihnen insbesondere dann aufleuchten wird, wenn Sie ins Auge fassen, daß ja das Deutschtum übernommen hat, auf dem intellektuellen Gebiete nun das Element in die Welt einzuführen, das das zweite Element ist. Britentum: die Gewalt; das deutsche Element: das Erscheinende, meinetwillen nennen Sie es Schein, die Ausgestaltung der Gedanken, dasjenige, was in gewisser Beziehung nicht erdfest ist. Im Britentum ist alles erdfest. Im Deutschtum handelt es sich um etwas, was nicht erdfest ist, sondern was dialektisch ausgebildet wird. Verfolgen Sie einmal die Intellektualität der Deutschen, Sie können sie vergleichen mit dem Griechentum, nur haben die Griechen mit Bezug auf die Bildnatur den Schein ausgestaltet; die Deutschen haben den Schein besonders mit Bezug auf die Intellektualisierungsnatur ausgestaltet. Es gibt schließlich nichts Schöneres als dasjenige, was ausgestaltet ist durch den Goetheanismus, durch Novalis, durch Schelling, durch alle diese Geister, die eigentlich Künstler sind in Gedanken. Das macht die Deutschen zu einem unpolitischen Volk. Sie sind, wenn sie politisch sein sollen, einem instinktiv politisch denkenden Menschen nicht gewachsen.
Von den drei Dingen, die in Goethes « Märchen» aufgezählt sind Gewalt, Schein, Erkenntnis -, ist dem Deutschen im intellektuellen Zeitalter die Scheingestaltung der Intellektualität zugefallen. Will er nun doch eingreifen in die Politik, da steht er vor der Gefahr, daß er dasjenige, was schön ist innerhalb der Gedankengestaltung, in die Wirklichkeit hineinbringt; das ist das Phänomen zum Beispiel Treitschkes. Der Wirklichkeit gegenüber wird dann zuweilen dasjenige, was gerade im Scheine schön ist - «Schein» und «schön» hat sogar dem Wortlaute nach einen ähnlichen Ursprung -, weil es nicht in den eigenen Anlagen liegt, etwas, was nicht so recht mit dem Menschen zusammenhängt, was eigentlich bloße Behauptung bleiben kann, was dann auf die Welt den Eindruck der Unwahrhaftigkeit machen muß. Denn die große Gefahr, die selbstverständlich zu überwinden ist, aber nicht immer überwunden wird, besteht darin, daß der Deutsche nicht nur, wenn er höflich ist, lügt, sondern daß er auch lügen kann, wenn er gerade seine besten Talente in ein Gebiet hineintragen will, für das er nicht angeborene Anlagen hat, sondern für das ihm die Anlagen nur anerzogen werden können, für das er sich anstrengen muß.
Ich habe vor einigen Jahren gesagt: Der Engländer is etwas; der Deutsche kann nur etwas werden. Daher ist es so schwierig mit der deutschen Kultur, daher ragen in der deutschen und in der österreichisch-deutschen Kultur immer nur einzelne Individualitäten heraus, die sich in die Hand genommen haben, während die breite Masse beherrscht sein will, sich gar nicht mit den Gedanken befassen will, die bei der britisch sprechenden Bevölkerung in die Instinkte gelegt sind. Daher verfiel auch die mitteleuropäische Bevölkerung solchen Herrschaftsgelüsten, wie die der Habsburger und Hohenzollern es waren, eben wegen der apolitischen Natur, weil ganz andere Notwendigkeiten vorliegen, wenn der Deutsche zu seiner Aufgabe kommen will. Er muß zu dieser Aufgabe erzogen werden. Er muß gewissermaßen berührt werden von dem, was Goefhe im «Faust» zur Gestaltung gebracht hat, vom Werden des Menschen zwischen Geburt und Tod.
Das zeigt sich wiederum beim Hüter der Schwelle. Wenn jemand im Volkstum der Deutschen drinnen stehenbleibt, und er kommt an den Hüter der Schwelle, dann bemerkt er nicht wie jene britischen Gesellschaften, von denen ich gesprochen habe, die bösen Diener von Krankheit und Tod. Daran können Sie eben die Unterscheidung machen, wenn Sie diese Dinge recht ins Auge fassen. Er bemerkt aber vor allen Dingen, wie ahrimanische und luziferische Mächte - die einen herüberstürmend aus der physischen Welt, die andern heranstürmend aus der geistigen Welt - miteinander im Kampfe liegen, und wie dieser Kampf angeschaut werden muß, weil er eigentlich ein fortwährend fortlebender Kampf ist, weil man niemals dazu kommen kann, zu sagen: da wird der Sieg sein. Mit demjenigen macht man sich beim Hüter der Schwelle bekannt, was die eigentliche reale Grundlage des Zweifels ist, mit dem, was in der Welt lebt als fortwährend sich anfachender, unentschieden bleibender Kampf, was einen geradezu ins Schwanken bringt, was aber zu gleicher Zeit dazu erzieht, die Welt von den verschiedensten Seiten anzuschauen. Und das wird die besondere Mission, trotz allem und alledem, des Deutschtums sein, daß von dieser Seite aus es in die Weltenkultur eingreift, auch als Deutschtum. Durch sein besonderes Volkstum werden gewisse Dinge, die ich heute zum Beispiel auf dem Erkenntnisgebiete berühren will, nur durch das deutsche Volkstum entwickelt werden können.
Aus dem britischen Volkstum ist der Darwinismus in seiner materialistischen Färbung entstanden. Das ist ein ganz richtiges Prinzip Sie können das nachlesen in meinen «Rätseln der Philosophie» -, daß sich die organischen Wesen von dem Unvollkommenen allmählich zu dem Vollkommenen bis hinauf zum Menschen entwickelt haben. Das Vollkommene stammt vom Unvollkommenen ab - es ist dies Prinzip absolut richtig, wenn man die physische Welt betrachtet und beim Hüter der Schwelle an die Mächte des Todes und der Zerstörung tritt. Aber man kann auch anders sagen: daß das Unvollkommene von dem Vollkommenen abstammt. Lesen Sie das Kapitel über Preuß bei mir im zweiten Bande der «Rätsel der Philosophie». Man kann ebenso nachweisen, daß zuerst das Vollkommene war und dann durch Dekadenz das Unvollkommene entsteht; daß zuerst der Mensch da war, und daß von ihm die anderen Naturreiche durch Dekadenz abstammen. Das ist nämlich ebenso richtig! Die Lage, in der der erkennende Mensch ist in dem Augenblicke, wo er sich sagen muß: Das eine ist richtig, das andere ist richtig — diese Lage in ihrer ganzen Fruchtbarkeit zu erkennen, das wurde eigentlich durch das Volkstum nur dem deutschen Volksstamm gegeben. Das versteht man sonstwo in der Welt gar nicht. Man versteht nicht in der Welt, daß sich die Leute lange darüber streiten können, daß der eine behaupten kann: Die vollkommenen Wesen stammen von den unvollkommenen ab, wie zum Beispiel Darwin; oder daß der andere behaupten kann, wie Schelling: Die unvollkommenen Wesen stammen von den vollkommenen ab. Sie haben beide recht, nämlich von verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten aus. Sieht man den geistigen Vorgang, so stammt das Unvollkommene vom Vollkommenen ab, sieht man den physischen, so stammt das Vollkommene vom Unvollkommenen ab.
Darauf hin ist die ganze Welt dressiert, einseitige Wahrheiten festhalten zu können. Die Deutschen sind dazu, ich möchte sagen, tragisch verurteilt, sich gegen ihre eigenen Anlagen abzustumpfen, wenn sie bei einer einseitigen Wahrheit verweilen wollen. Entwickeln sie ihre eigenen Anlagen, so wird ihnen sofort überall auftauchen, wenn sie sich nur ein wenig vertiefen: Wenn man irgendeine Behauptung macht über Weltenzusammenhänge, so ist das Gegenteil davon auch richtig. Und nur durch das Zusammenschauen der zwei ist es möglich, die Wirklichkeit zu sehen. Das lernt man so recht erkennen beim Hüter der Schwelle, wenn man den Kampf der Geister sieht, die einen bis zum Hüter der Schwelle aus der physischen Welt heraus begleiten, und derjenigen, die ihnen entgegenstürmen von der andern, von der übersinnlichen Welt herein, die aber von den Gesellschaften, von denen ich gesprochen habe, gar nicht bemerkt werden.
Noch anders ist es bei der eigentlich slawisch sprechenden Bevölkerung. Ich sagte schon: Eingesprengt sind in einer gewissen Weise die westlichen Slawen in die deutsch sprechende, mitteleuropäische Bevölkerung. So wie das Romanentum der Schatten der Vergangenheit ist, so sind die eingesprengten Westslawen, mit denen die deutsch sprechende Bevölkerung nach Osten hin in Zusammenhang gebracht worden ist, das Wetterleuchten dessen, was in der Zukunft aus dem Slawentum hervorgehen soll. Dadurch zeigen sie in einer gewissen entgegengesetzten Art dasjenige, was die romanische Bevölkerung innerhalb der englisch sprechenden zeigt. Die Westslawen sind ja auch im Zeitalter der Bewußtseinsseele für die Intellektualität organisiert, aber sie mystifizieren sie, sie bilden sie in Mystik um. Die Deutschen sind apolitisch. Die Westslawen sind auch apolitisch, aber sie tendieren nach einem Heruntertragen der geistigen Welt in die physische Welt, sie machen das schon aus dem heutigen Leben heraus. Dadurch haben sie die entgegengesetzte Eigenschaft wie zum Beispiel die Franzosen oder die Italiener. Die Italiener und die Franzosen sind in ihrer Politik von dem abhängig, wie sie den andern gefallen, die Politik Englands wird als selbstverständlich akzeptiert, ob sie gefällt oder nicht gefällt. Die Politik Frankreichs hing davon ab, wie die Franzosen den Menschen gefielen, davon war die Wirksamkeit dessen, was sie taten, abhängig. Sie gefielen ja sehr zu gewissen Zeiten. Bei den Westslawen ist das anders. Ihre Politik ist davon abhängig, wie ihre Geistnatur unsympathisch wirkt auf die deutsch sprechende Bevölkerung. Die sind von dem, wie sie nicht gefallen, abhängig. Und Sie können das Schicksal der Tschechen, Polen, Slowenen, der Serben, der Westslawen studieren: das ist gegeben dadurch, inwiefern sie unsympathisch sind, nicht gefallen der mitteleuropäischen Bevölkerung. Das Verhältnis zu den Franzosen oder Italienern oder Spaniern ist danach gegeben, wie sie gefallen; das Verhältnis zu den Polen, Slowenen, Tschechen, Serben ist dadurch gegeben, wie sie nicht gefallen. Studieren Sie die Geschichte, so werden Sie diesen Satz in einer wunderbaren Weise bestätigt finden, weil das eine mit der Vergangenheit, das andere mit der Zukunft zusammenhängt.
Ganz anders liegt die Sache bei der slawischen Bevölkerung des Ostens, die den Keim für die Zukunft in sich hat. Da ist die Sache so, daß keimende Spiritualität der Grundcharakter, das elementarste Wesen dieser slawischen Bevölkerung ist. Daher ist zum Beispiel das Russentum in einem noch höheren Grade als die breite Masse der deutschen Bevölkerung, die nur immer ihre Individualitäten aus sich herausschießen läßt, auf die Individualität angewiesen, die nun außerhalb des Volkstums dasjenige geoffenbart erhält, was das Volkstum geoffenbart erhalten soll. Daher wird noch lange - bis zum Aufleuchten des sechsten nachatlantischen Zeitraums — die russische Volkskultur eine Offenbarungskultur sein. Der Russe ist mehr als ein anderer Mensch auf den Seher angewiesen, er ist aber auch empfänglich für das, was der Scher ihm bringt.
Das englisch sprechende Volkstum wird durch seine Politik einfach zu dem gebracht, wozu es durch seine Natur veranlagt ist. Die deutsch sprechende Bevölkerung wird durch ihre Politik zu etwas gebracht, was ihr eigentlich nicht liegt, wodurch sie sehr leicht in ein trübes Fahrwasser, in die Unwahrhaftigkeit kommen kann, namentlich, wenn sie sich den Instinkten überläßt, während sie niemals in ein trübes Fahrwasser kommen kann bei entsprechender Selbstzucht derjenigen Menschen, die eigentlich das deutsche Volkstum repräsentieren, die nach der Intellektualität hinstreben. Denn die anderen sind noch nicht angelangt bei dem, was das eigentliche Wesen des deutschen Volkstums ist, sie leben unter dem Niveau. Noch mehr ist das der Fall bei dem russischen Volkstum. Das russische Volkstum ist nicht nur apolitisch wie das deutsche, sondern antipolitisch. Daher wird britische Politik selbstsüchtig sein, deutsche Politik wird in träumerischen Idealismus, der mit der Wirklichkeit nicht viel zu tun zu haben braucht, ausschlagen, mit allem — das ist jetzt nicht moralisch gemeint Unwahrhaftigen, mit allem Theoretisierenden, denn alles Theoretisierende ist unwahrhaftig. Die russische Politik muß durch und durch unwahr sein, denn sie ist ein fremdes Element, sie ist nicht dem russischen Charakter angemessen. Wenn der Russe aus seinem Charakter heraus politisch werden soll, so wird er lieber krank, denn innerhalb des russischen Volkstums bedeutet «politisch» werden krank werden, bedeutet zerstörende Kräfte in sich aufnehmen. Der Russe ist antipolitisch, nicht apolitisch bloß. Er kann überwältigt werden von solchen Politikern, wie etwa diejenigen waren, die am Ausgangspunkt dieser kriegerischen Katastrophe standen. Aber die wirken nicht als Russen, sondern die wirken als etwas ganz anderes. Der Russe aber wird krank, wenn er Politiker sein soll, denn er hat mit der Politik gar nichts zu tun, wenn er innerhalb seines Volkstums steht. Er hat mit etwas anderem zu tun: mit dem, was die dritte Macht bedeutet nach dem Goetheschen « Märchen», mit der Erkenntnis, mit der Weisheit, die innerhalb des sechsten nachatlantischen Zeitraums der Menschheit aufgehen soll.
So ist verteilt das Dreigliederige: Gewalt, Erscheinung, ErkenntnisWesten, Mitte, Osten. Das muß in Rechnung gezogen werden. Weil im Grunde genommen diese Russennatur krank wird an der Politik, kann ihr auch eine solche Politik wie die des Bolschewismus zunächst zugemutet werden in seiner krassesten, in seiner radikalsten Gestalt; denn man könnte ihr ebensogut etwas anderes einimpfen. Sie ist eben nicht nur apolitisch, sie ist antipolitisch.
Diese Dinge zeigen sich auch beim Hüter der Schwelle. Was der Russe beim Hüter der Schwelle, wenn er innerhalb seines Russentums als Okkultist stehenbleibt, vorzugsweise wahrnimmt, das sind die von der andern Seite, aus dem Übersinnlichen heranstürmenden Geister. Er sieht nicht die Geister, die ihn begleiten, er sieht nicht den Kampf der Geister, er sieht vor allen Dingen die von der andern Seite herüberstürmenden Geister. Er sieht diejenigen Geister, die gewissermaßen voller Licht sind. Er sieht nicht den Tod, er sieht nicht das Verderben, er sieht dasjenige, was den Menschen durch die Erhabenheit gleichsam ertrinken macht, was ihn vor allen Dingen mit der großen Gefahr durchdringt, demütig und immer demütiger zu sein, sich vor dem Erhabenen auf die Knie zu werfen. Die Blendung durch dasjenige, was herüberkommt, das ist die Gefahr bei dem Hüter der Schwelle für den Russen, der als Okkultist innerhalb seines Volkstums steht.
Ja, solche Dinge muß man in Betracht ziehen, wenn man die wahre Wirklichkeit sehen will. So sind die Dinge in der Welt, so wirken die Dinge. Mit Abstraktionen kommt man nicht aus. Niemals ist die Menschheit mit Abstraktionen ausgekommen. In früheren Zeitabschnitten hat die Menschheit Instinkte gehabt. Aber nur ein Instinkt ist in seiner Vergeistigung da bei der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung: der Instinkt, die Bewußtseinsseele auszubilden. Das andere muß bewußt erworben werden. Und das ist für die Welt das Charakteristische, daß diese Dinge bewußt erworben werden müssen. Ohne Kenntnis der in der Menschheit wirkenden Kräfte, von denen wir heute wiederum gesprochen haben, ist es unmöglich, auch nur daran zu denken, irgendwie maßgeblich etwas Soziales zu sagen. Man redet wie der Blinde von der Farbe, wenn man von Sozialreform spricht, ohne das Objekt zu kennen, auf das sich diese Reform erstrecken soll.
Das ist es, was einen immer wieder und wieder dazu veranlaßt, daran zu mahnen, daß eben die Zeit gekommen ist, wo der Mensch das Lernen durch sein Leben hin ernst nehmen muß, nicht spielerisch nehmen darf. Mit den Dingen, die wir uns aus ererbten Anlagen heraus in der Zukunft ausbilden, reichen wir für das Leben höchstens bis zu unserem 27.Jahre und in der Zukunft immer bis zu einem geringeren Jahre. Das wissen Sie aus früheren Betrachtungen. Wir brauchen etwas, was uns das ganze Leben hindurch als werdender Mensch erhält und nicht als seienden, nicht als abgeschlossenen, als fertigen Menschen. Vieles wird die Menschheit gerade für die soziale Frage aus diesen Dingen heraus einsehen. Vieles wird sie von dem, was sie heute an illusionistischen Gedanken hat, korrigieren, und vieles muß korrigiert werden. Man kann schon sagen: Die Aufgabe, die der Menschheit vorliegt, Sie werden sie eine schwierige nennen, aber sie ist zu bewältigen. Denken Sie doch nur einmal daran, daß Sie hier sitzen, diese Dinge jetzt wissen. Aber sehen Sie sich deshalb nicht als besonders auserlesene Menschen an, sondern bedenken Sie, daß doch draußen in der Welt viele andere sein werden, die das gleiche verstehen können. Es ist keine Unmöglichkeit, daß diese Ideen sich wirklich in die Menschheit einleben. Also ist das Hindernis nur ein künstlich aufgerichtetes. Das künstlich aufgerichtete Hindernis ist allerdings ein furchtbares; aber es muß deshalb überwunden werden, weil es ja auf eine andere Weise doch kein Heil gibt. Tue doch jeder an seinem Platze dasjenige, was zur Überwindung der Schwierigkeiten auf diesem Gebiete möglich ist.
Es ist für die Menschheit viel, sehr viel zu tun, wenn wir nur uns von dem Ernste der Aufgabe durchdringen: zunächst Einsicht in die Wirklichkeit zu erwerben, nicht dumpf-schläfrig dahinzuleben, und vor allen Dingen nicht dumpf-schläfrig die Menschheit dahinleben zu lassen. - Wenn man heute mit Menschen Bekanntschaft macht, dann merkt man, wie wenig diese Menschen geneigt sind, auf solche Dinge eigentlich einzugehen. Wir haben ja die letzten vier oder viereinhalb Jahre erlebt, meine lieben Freunde! Recht wohlmeinende, auch ganz gescheite Leute konnte man immer wieder und wiederum herankommen sehen mit irgendwelchen Zukunftsprogrammen — und was gibt es für Zukunftsprogramme draußen in der Welt! Die Leute denken alles mögliche aus, aber von vornherein sind diese Dinge nicht zum Heil, sondern sind entweder Nichtigkeiten oder zum Unheil der Menschen; Nichtigkeiten, wenn niemand darauf eingeht, zum Unheil, wenn darauf eingegangen wird. Nur das eine braucht man sich vorzunehmen: mit der Wirklichkeit zunächst einmal Bekanntschaft zu machen. Man wird dann nicht glauben: Ich kann einen Verein gründen, ich kann dies oder jenes machen, - sondern man wird sich für verpflichtet halten, mit der Wirklichkeit Bekanntschaft zu machen und dasjenige, was man denkt, im Einklange mit dieser Wirklichkeit zu denken. Ja, wenn doch wenigstens innerhalb unserer Bewegung recht viele auf die rechte Art versuchen würden, mit den hier angedeuteten Impulsen ihr Seelenleben zu durchdringen, wenn sie absehen würden von abstrakten, schwärmerischen Idealen einer Menschenbeglückung und statt dessen studieren würden, was gerade die Aufgaben und die Impulse unserer Zeit sind, und danach ihr Verhalten einrichten würden. Dann würde schon etwas erreicht werden.
Nun, ich wollte wiederum von einem besonderen Gesichtspunkte aus Ihnen heute vorführen, wie man auch die soziale Frage studieren muß. Man kann ja auch nicht hingehen und sagen: Weil ich ein Mensch bin, verstehe ich Mathematik und kann also eine Brücke bauen, — sondern man weiß: Man muß erst Mathematik lernen, Mechanik lernen, Dynamik lernen und so weiter. So muß man die Gesetze des Menschheitswesens kennenlernen, wenn man auch nur in den allereinfachsten Dingen ein soziales Urteil haben will. Und die Menschen sind schon einmal nicht, wie Trotzki sich vorstellt, gleichartige Wesen über die ganze Erde hin, sondern höchstens in Gruppen differenziert, wenn sie zum Volkstum sich bekennen, oder auch lauter Individualitäten. Auf der einen Seite müssen wir kennenlernen dasjenige, was Gruppen charakterisiert, zum Beispiel nach den Sprachen, wie wir es heute betrachtet haben; auf der andern Seite müssen wir uns aneignen — was gestern ausgeführt worden ist — unmittelbares Verständnis von Menschenindividuum zu Menschenindividuum. Das hängt zusammen mit alledem, was in uns werden kann ein soziales Urteil, aber auch eine soziale Empfindung. Sonst kommt über uns nicht dasjenige, was als soziales Urteil und soziale Empfindung in uns leben soll.
Also bekanntmachen wollte ich Sie von einer gewissen Seite aus wiederum mit dem, was dem sozialen Urteil und der sozialen Empfindung richtunggebend sein kann. Auf den tiefen Ernst desjenigen, was die soziale Frage genannt wird, wollte ich Sie hinweisen und auch darauf, daß wirklich auch guter Wille bei dem einen oder dem andern vorhanden sein kann, wie zum Beispiel bei manchen russischen Revolutionären, daß bei ihnen aber Wirklichkeitsfremdheit, Ungläubigkeit an den Geist vorliegt, die Meinung, daß die Menschen über die ganze Erde hin undifferenziert ein und dasselbe seien.
Was ist denn eigentlich der Mensch, der in der Abstraktion Trotzkis lebt? Wir haben gesehen: Den Menschen kennenzulernen, das ist die Grundlage, das Elementarische der sozialen Aufgabe! Was ist der Mensch, den Trotzki im Auge hat? Es ist der alttestamentliche Mensch, der in der Gegenwart nur spuken kann als der Schatten des alttestamentlichen Menschen. Es ist das Tier mit der Fähigkeit der Abstraktion. Es ist das Tier, bei dem sich nur ausbildet über die 'Tierheit heraus die Kraft des abstrakten Denkens. Das Menschentier ist über die ganze Erde undifferenziert, denn die Differenzierungen kommen aus dem Seelischen heraus. Aber das Seelische muß entwickelt werden zum Geistigen hin; dann erscheint die Differenzierung. Und das Seelische muß studiert werden; dann zeigt sich jene Differenzierung, die auch durch Seelisches wirkt zum Beispiel durch den Reflex, den die Sprache bewirkt hat und so weiter. Über diese Dinge wollen wir nächsten Freitag weitersprechen.
Sixth lecture
In the last two lectures, I drew your attention to the fact that the so-called social question is not as simple as it is usually presented, but that one must take into account the complicated nature of human beings, that one must reckon with the fact that, regardless of the social structure that exists and the social ideals that are realized, both social and antisocial impulses are present in human beings and must find expression. As we have seen, antisocial impulses play a very special role in our age of the consciousness soul. In a sense, they have an educational task in the development of humanity, in helping human beings to become self-reliant. They will be overcome by the fact that our age of the consciousness soul will be followed by another age, which is already preparing itself, the age of the spirit self, which will essentially bring humanity together socially. However, this will not happen as dreamers imagine today, but in such a way that one person truly knows another as a human being, is interested in them as a human being — in short, looks them in the eye, so that each individual human being is able to perceive other human beings as such with interest.
Now, what appears today as a social demand is is, in a sense, a kind of advance guard or vanguard, a kind of preparation which, because it is merely the seed of what is to come later, naturally finds chaotic expression and lives out its life in many illusions and errors into which humanity today brings itself by allowing social impulses to arise still largely from the unconscious and subconscious and unclarified by a spiritual understanding of the world and humanity. This illusory nature is particularly strongly expressed in the development of the so-called Russian Revolution, which is particularly characteristic in that, as it appears today, it has basically no real connection to what is being prepared in Russia as folklore for the coming sixth post-Atlantic period, but has been carried over from abstractions. It is precisely the more or less illusory ideals of the present Russian Revolution that are significant for the study of this rumbling of something later in this earlier period. One might say that the most characteristic figurehead of this Russian revolution, Trotsky, who is the type of an abstract thinker living entirely in abstraction, seems to have no idea that there is such a thing as reality in the social life of human beings. Something that is completely unrealistic is to be grafted onto reality.
This is not a criticism, but merely a characteristic observation. For it is characteristic of our time that the tendency toward abstraction, toward thinking that is divorced from reality, also wants to incorporate into reality those maxims that are simply accepted without any knowledge of the laws of this reality; that are considered absolutely correct without any consideration of the complicated life that we study with the help of the spiritual that underlies external physical reality. But everything that must come into being must come out of this reality. Because something so alien to reality is being staged here, in which, however, all kinds of impulses and instincts of the proletarian way of thinking are rumbling, it is precisely that which lives in these Russian revolutionary minds of the present as ideas that want to be realized that is so significant from this point of view. One can see how, in a relatively short period of time, people with the most diverse views of life participated in the formation of the revolutionary movement, especially in Russia. As things came to a head in Russia, the actual social question of the present became topical under the influence of the catastrophic war. And from this topicality of the question of property, the so-called February Revolution developed in Russia in March 1917, which initially aimed essentially to overthrow the state powers behind property. Soon, however, this purely political, outwardly political form of revolution was replaced, I would say, by the first stage of revolutionary thinking by those people who, in Trotsky's terminology, are regarded as the people of understanding, that is, those people who, through all kinds of considerations, through all kinds of clever concepts, ideas, and notions, and also through clever feelings translated into concepts, wanted to bring about a social structure. These revolutionaries included above all those people who had already been more or less involved in shaping the social structure in the past, the intelligent, commercial, and industrial circles, all of whom more or less assumed that it was possible to bring about some kind of social order through reason.
But with a certain right, albeit only a relative and one-sided right, Trotsky regards these people, who in this way, through all kinds of considerations, through good opinions, through good will, want to bring about a social structure, as mere delayers of the revolution, as people who are incapable of anything, who can do nothing. And from the considerations I have presented to you here, you will know that the proletarian worldview rejects such considerations above all else, no matter how clever they may be, no matter how much they are based on those people whom Trotsky calls windbags or loudmouths because they can talk cleverly. These reasonable things are rejected by the proletarian worldview, out of a certain instinct, which has gradually developed into a specific theory in Marxism. These things are simply not believed; it is not believed that any reasonable considerations, however well-intentioned, can bring about any corresponding social structure in the future. The proletariat believes solely that these ideas will be born in the minds of the proletarians themselves, in the minds of the propertyless masses, out of the economic conditions in which these proletarians live, and that they can never be born in the bourgeoisie or in any other class, because the bourgeoisie, based on its ideas, must think differently. Only within the working class can the ideas arise that are the only ones capable of bringing about a future social order.
If one considers this, then for a mind such as Trotsky's, the necessary conclusion must be that there is nothing else to do but to strip the propertied bourgeoisie of its property and bring the propertyless class to power. This is also something that has been brewing in such minds for decades and which they want to carry into Russia after the great crisis has come there. This was to be carried out through the so-called October Revolution, after the others—let us call them parties, for my sake—had been eliminated by the proletariat itself in its seizure of power. From this point of view, which is of course purely abstract and only concrete insofar as it applies the whole thing to a particular class of people, which is indeed a reality, the revolution has been led by the leading figures of the Russian Revolution since October 1917.
Now, certain difficulties arise for such revolutionary thinking. These difficulties arise in Russia, which, as you can see from our spiritual-scientific considerations, has very special preconditions, and these are particularly strong. These difficulties are rooted in the class structure throughout the world; they have only become particularly pronounced in Russia. The first major difficulty is that the entire social and political leadership of humanity is now to be taken over by a class that was previously excluded from everything, that previously had no connection with what constituted so-called culture. The proletarian who actually comes to power has, above all, been excluded from all the impulses that created the former factors of power. He had, so to speak, nothing to offer but his own labor power, his physical manual labor. This is true in all countries. Therefore, in all countries where the revolution raises its head, it will be the case that the proletariat will initially take the lead as a mere political group, but that in a certain sense everything will remain the same, that is, those people who have previously been in charge of administration will remain in the positions they have learned, because they are the ones who are technically trained. So nothing changes except that laymen, one might say, a lay council, intervene in the entire apparatus that has been established. But the point is that this lay council has a very specific character, namely the proletarian character, that it consists of proletarians. Since it is supposed to consist of proletarians, it also wants to be sure that the maxim is carried out: only from the proletarian mind can come what will be the leadership of the future; no one else may participate. — So this leadership in the future cannot be entrusted to a national assembly or a constituent assembly, because such a constituent assembly would be nothing more than a continuation of what existed before. But what is to come must be a radical change. There is no need to hold elections first. Those who are to lead are simply there because they belong to the proletariat: not some national assembly, not some constituent assembly, but the dictatorship of the proletariat. But this initially gave rise to the difficulty that the proletariat, as I said, must be described as amateurish, that from its amateurish standpoint it could actually only exercise control over those who had previously run the administration, i.e., who were actually still attached to the interests of the past. Thus, in Russia in particular, those who now came to the fore as the proletariat, who previously had had nothing to do with anything that interfered with the state apparatus, found themselves confronted with what remained of this former state apparatus. They had to view the situation, as was indeed mostly the case in reality, in such a way that all the people who came over from the former state apparatus acted out of ideas that originated from it. They thus carried the interests of the old bourgeois state over into the state that was to be subjected to the dictatorship of the proletariat. They did the same thing as when an enemy does not conduct his affairs openly, in a war or in a counterrevolution, but when he brings into enemy territory everything that is intended to have a destructive effect on the other country. Thus, the proletarians who came to power in Russia regarded the activities of the old imperial body as sabotage. And their first effort was to overcome the sabotage, which consisted in introducing into what they wanted to establish as a new regime everything that could actually only serve to prop up the old regime. It is exactly the same process as when, for example, without openly initiating any hostility, a member of one country introduces poisonous substances into a foreign country and poisons its fields and soil so that nothing can grow there. The proletarians therefore initially regarded what came from this old body of officials as sabotage. Their most intense measures were initially directed at overcoming this sabotage. They did not behave in a restrained manner; they simply tried to eradicate everything that was detrimental to them. And actually, a man like Trotsky, for example, is convinced that sabotage has already been overcome to a certain extent today. Those who did anything that did not correspond to proletarian thinking were driven away and so on.
But now the difficulty is not removed—as Trotsky also understands very well—by merely combating so-called sabotage. He realizes that the entire old administrative body must be retained—but that it must be made subservient to the leadership of the proletariat. This is where Trotsky, for example, sees the first major difficulty. It is something he believes he can overcome with his abstract means, but which he will not be able to overcome with them. This is where the illusory begins, because Trotsky is a spirit divorced from reality. This illusion is rooted in the abstraction that one can simply turn all, let us say, technical officials, intellectuals, and commercial people into servants of a collegium of proletarians who dictate. It is disbelief in the configuration of spiritual life that speaks from this illusion. If one sticks to the old ideas, if one does not see as correct what I have often emphasized here, that social transformation must arise from new ideas—if one simply rehires the old technicians, the old officials, the old generals, if one simply takes over the old without first and foremost countering the new through education, then after a while things will rise up again exactly as they were. That means you won't overcome it, you'll just keep going. You can overcome sabotage for a while with force, but it'll keep coming back again and again; because if it's true that people are dependent on the situation they're in—and they have been for three or four centuries, that's true for recent history— then, unless he is made independent of circumstances by effective thoughts, which can only come from the life of the mind, he will always fall back, like a cat on its feet, into the old ways of thinking and thus into the old ways of acting.
This is one of the points where this thinking reveals itself to be illusory, completely unrealistic. I could cite many such points, but I only want to show you the particular configuration of this way of thinking. I want to show you with individual examples how this way of thinking proves to be unrealistic. One cannot simply think up that this or that should happen, but must reckon with the lawful impulses that exist in reality. If one does not live with them, one necessarily falls prey to illusions. And one of the most significant illusions in Trotsky, for example, is this: Trotsky knows that the particularly strong oppression experienced by the broad masses, including the peasant proletariat—one can already call it that—especially in Russia, meant that conditions had to come to an extreme. He knows that the form which the revolution takes under these particular conditions cannot lead to victory. He is unrealistic, but not so unrealistic that he cannot reasonably see that even in a large area, which is nevertheless small in relation to the whole world, it is impossible to bring about a new social structure under the present conditions. That is why Trotsky counted on the proletariat to revolutionize the entire civilized world and did not indulge in the illusion that the Russian Revolution could triumph on its own. He knew that it depended on the victory of the proletarian revolution throughout the world.
Well, it was precisely this kind of thinking that characterized the entire abstract nature of Trotsky's ideas. Trotsky believed in the proletarian revolution of the whole world; he believed that, little by little, the war would take on such a character that a kind of proletarian revolution would sweep across the entire world, that the war would be transformed into the proletarian revolution.
Now, this military catastrophe will still take many forms. But reality has already shown sufficiently that this Trotskyist idea is unrealistic. It would only be realistic if this war disaster had ended in general exhaustion, if such a striking, so-called victory—which was achieved in a strange way by one side—had not been achieved, a victory that simply destroys any hope that exhaustion would spread evenly throughout the civilized world. What is happening is the decisive hegemony of the Western powers with the complete dependence of the Central and Eastern powers. Complete domination of the Central and Eastern powers by the Western powers is what has emerged as the driving force, and it could not have been otherwise. This was clear to anyone who understood the reality in this area. But Trotsky is a spirit divorced from reality; otherwise he would have to admit today that events have proved him wrong. He uttered a phrase that is not without foundation, if one thinks in abstract terms, and that is very witty. He said: The bourgeois view of life today has no choice but between permanent war and revolution. Things have turned out differently. A so-called victory of the Western powers has occurred, neither permanent war nor revolution. And in what is being prepared in the West, there is no seed for any proletarian revolution, but rather the transformation of the entire West into a state-organized big bourgeoisie that stands opposed to the proletariat of Central and Eastern Europe.
This is the world-historical result, one might say, which will indeed change again, but which exists for the time being. That is the reality. So Trotsky would simply have to think very differently today if he were to look at reality. He would have to say to himself: How can what I wanted with the Russian Revolution prevail under these conditions, when one of the most important prerequisites, the world revolution of the proletariat, will not come about? If he still counts on this world revolution today, this is proof of his detachment from reality.
The unrealistic thinking of such a revolutionary is evident in another remarkable way. Of course, such revolutionaries have always pointed out that the greatest evil is the so-called Prussian-German militarism, that it must be overcome and eliminated from the world. Well, developments have indeed led to the elimination of Prussian-German militarism from the world; but Entente militarism will exert a very considerable influence in the near future! But I do not want to talk about that at all, but rather about the fact that Trotsky himself had reason to discuss: What is one of the most important tasks facing the Russian Revolution if it wants to survive? His answer is: The creation of an army! That is precisely what Trotsky describes as the next and most important task!
These things should be taken very seriously and understood very well. For only if one really takes these things seriously and understands them can one come to the conclusion that one must look a little deeper into the impulses of humanity if one wants to form ideas about what is to become of the chaos that the war catastrophe has gradually brought about. Today, however, humanity is still quite averse to responding to such impulses as I have developed here as the true, the only possible social impulses from the most diverse points of view. But humanity would be able to respond to them if it would only decide to take a closer look at the real forces at work in human evolution.
There is one word that is extremely characteristic and keeps cropping up in the minds of Russian revolutionaries. What do these dictatorial proletarians actually want, on the whole? They want to turn the world into a huge factory, a factory run by a kind of bookkeeping system that extends over the entire group that can be encompassed. “The old technicians, the old civil servants, even the old generals, we want to prepare them for our proletarian dictatorship! But we must have the accounting in our hands, the accounting for the entire economy, that is, the factory office!” This is not at all surprising, for the entire movement has emerged from modern industry. If one only considered that it emerged from the proletariat of modern industry, one would not be surprised that the way of thinking of this proletariat, which was formed by what it saw in the factories, should be applied to everything that can now be taken in hand. It is, of course, the consequence and result of the fact that the bourgeoisie did not pay attention to the fact that this proletariat developed to such an enormous extent in recent times. And even if it was necessary for the bourgeoisie to close its eyes, so to speak, and let everything come to a head, it is not necessary to ignore the even more important conditions, the motivating forces at work in the world; for without taking these motivating forces into account, there is no way of becoming acquainted with the social tasks at hand. One must realize how differentiated humanity is across the globe—I said this yesterday or the day before. One must realize that a different humanity lives in the West than in the East and in the Middle, and that one cannot bring about any kind of social order with abstract ideas, without taking reality into account. The Russian Revolution will have to suffer shipwreck because of its lack of realism, just as it suffered because of its great illusion.
Such illusions can, of course, be realized for a time by people who, through their education, are socially free beings—that is, free insofar as those who have power can exercise what is within their power. But reality rejects them because it has no use for them. Reality accepts only what is in accordance with the course of reality. We must not forget that the most important thing is that we are living in the age of the development of the consciousness soul, and that this development of the consciousness soul is taking place throughout the world in a sharply differentiated form.
Let us now consider the most important European differentiations, expressed through language, the various impulses that underlie the civilized world. I have often explained to you how the actual germ of the consciousness soul lies in the English-speaking population. It is important to bear this in mind. Everything that, if I may say so, becomes the world under the influence of the English-speaking population is connected with this. The English-speaking population is endowed with all the impulses that lead to the development of the consciousness soul — I am never talking about individual human beings, but about the population as a whole. It is now the case that this inclination toward the consciousness soul arises instinctively in a completely different way than in the rest of humanity. Nowhere else in the world does this, I would say, spiritualized instinct to develop the consciousness soul live as it does in English folklore. There it is instinct. And nowhere else is this thing instinct, not even in the romanticism that has become part of the English-speaking population. Romanticism is actually a descendant of what was truly lived in the fourth post-Atlantean epoch. At that time, romanticism had the instincts for what had been particularly developed in the fourth post-Atlantean epoch. Now its instincts are no longer elementary in the same way, but have been rationalized and intellectualized; they appear as rhetoric, through the intellect, through the soul, as a decorative form. They have been removed from the instinctive. What appears as, I would say, folk temperament in the novel is quite different from what appears as folk temperament in English folklore. In English folklore, this tendency toward the conscious soul, this striving of the individual to stand on his own two feet, is instinct.
So what is the task of the fifth post-Atlantean epoch is anchored in this culture as instinct, as an impulse coming instinctively from the whole soul. You see, the whole position of this culture in the world is connected with this. This is connected with the fact that this impulse is the decisive factor within the social structure of the English-speaking population, enabling it to suppress the other tendencies. The other tendencies are, as you can see from my explanations, already apparent from the classification I have given of the social question: the economic impulse and the impulse of spiritual production. But just study the psychology of the English-speaking population: the other two, the economic impulse and the spiritually productive impulse, are completely overshadowed by what comes from the instinctive impulse that tends toward the development of the conscious soul.
This gives the branches that must shape the social life of the future their very special character, especially within the English-speaking culture. The three areas must prove particularly effective in the future and must set the tone: First, politics, which provides security. Second, the organization of work, purely material work, i.e., the economic order, the economic system. That is the second. The third is the system of intellectual production, which, as I told you at the time, I also include jurisprudence and the judiciary. These three divisions of the social structure are, of course, overshadowed by what is present as the main impulse in any national differentiation. Because the British-speaking peoples instinctively develop a conscious soul, a desire to stand on their own two feet, politics takes on the most prominent role in their culture, as history has taught us so well. This politics is entirely dominated by the instinctive urge to put people on their own feet, to fully develop the conscious soul. This instinct, because it is instinctive, and instincts always have their roots in selfishness — this is merely a characteristic, not a criticism — leads to the fact that within the English-speaking peoples, selfishness and political goals coincide purely; that all politics, in a completely naive way, without any blame attaching to any politician of the English-speaking population, can be placed in the service of selfishness and thereby fulfill the mission of the English-speaking people. Only in this way can you grasp the true nature of English politics, which actually sets the tone for the entire population of the earth. For everywhere English politics is regarded as an ideal, with its parliamentary system of majority and minority swaying back and forth, and so on. Study the conditions in the various parliaments and how they have developed, and you will see everywhere that British politics has set the tone for political life. But as it spread to other, more diverse peoples, it could no longer be the same, because it is rooted, and rightly so, in selfishness, in the egoism that is inherent in all instinctive behavior.
This is also the difficulty of understanding that arises when people want to comprehend English or American politics. The nuance that must necessarily be taken into account is not grasped: that this politics must be selfish, that it must be based entirely on selfish impulses. Due to its particular nature, it must be based on selfish impulses. It will therefore regard these selfish impulses as self-evident, as right, as moral. There is nothing wrong with that. It cannot be criticized, but must simply be accepted as a world-historical, even cosmic necessity. Nor can it be refuted, for the simple reason that anyone who wants to refute something based on English folklore is always, I would say, on the wrong track. For moral reasons that are completely irrelevant here, they want to deny that the politics of English folklore are selfish. But moral reasons do not come into play here. It is precisely through this instinctive character, through this selfishness, that it has what it brings about, what its results are.
Therefore, in our fifth post-Atlantean period, the element of violence is, in a sense, assigned to this English-speaking population. Remember the three elements in Goethe's “Fairy Tale”: violence, appearance or illusion, and wisdom, knowledge. Of these three elements, violence is assigned to the English-speaking people. What it achieves politically in the world, it will be able to achieve because it is, in a sense, one of its innate characteristics to act through violence. And acting through violence will be accepted as something self-evident in the fifth post-Atlantean period. English politics will be accepted throughout the world — of course, all the damage that is always present in reality on the physical plane can be sharply criticized, as the members of the British Empire themselves can do — but it will be accepted. It is simply part of the development of the times that it is accepted without reflection, without anyone seeking reasons for it. The reasons would be worthless anyway, because it is a completely self-evident fact that the violence that comes from this side is accepted.
This is not the case with the scattered Romanic population. They live, in a sense, in the shadow of what they were in the fourth post-Atlantean period. Their instincts have been translated into intellectual terms. There, instincts are no longer so elementary. That is why English politics is taken for granted, while French politics is only accepted by those whom it is able to please. The French character is loved in the world insofar as it pleases. The English character does not depend on this at all, but is attuned to the self-evident fact that, based on its instincts, the politics of the present day are effective. However, this also makes it possible that, precisely within the English-speaking population, the prevailing the prevailing drive toward selfishness and violence that fits in with politics—which necessarily leads to world domination—the economic sphere is kept in check and subordinated, and that intellectual life, insofar as it belongs to the fifth post-Atlantic period, also enters the service of this politics, so that everything uniformly enters the service of politics in a certain way.
For this reason alone, Marxism is wrong for the English-speaking world. For Marxism presupposes that politics is an appendage of the economic order. It is not, simply because of the instincts of the conscious soul that have formed in the English-speaking population. It is not through any argument, through discussion, through anything else that happens in the world, that a Marxist order is prevented, but through the fact that the British Empire is built on different foundations of reality than those on which Marxism, the Marxist-minded proletariat, is built. That is the great contrast between the Marxist-minded proletariat and what the British Empire brings to the world out of its instinctive life. It is not the banking institution or the bookkeeping system that Trotsky wants to introduce in Russia that will be successful, but the large banking institution, the large financial institution, to which the English-speaking people are organized through their special dispositions. This can be seen precisely when one examines how the individual ethnic groups, in their differentiation, relate to the three elements that I have presented to you as being grounded in reality.
There is something else, something extremely important. The differentiation I spoke of goes so far that those who do not strive to escape their culture, but strive to enter into it — and politics does indeed strive to enter into culture — have a completely different experience at the threshold than those who strive to escape their culture. This brings me to the point which, if you study it thoroughly, will give you a clue to distinguish between wholesome occultism, which naturally occurs all over the world without distinction of ethnicity, and the occultism which, as in the societies I have told you about, places itself in the political service of ethnicity and works from there. You may ask: How can I distinguish between the two? You can distinguish between them if you consider the major distinguishing features that I will point out to you today.
In order to arrive at true occultism that serves the whole of humanity, every human being must grow out of their own ethnic culture; they must, in a certain sense—we may use the Indian expression here—become a “homeless” person. He must not identify himself with any particular culture in relation to the innermost being of his soul; he must not have impulses that serve only a single culture if he wants to progress in true occultism. But that occultism which wants to serve a particular culture in a limited way comes to something very special at the threshold guardian. For all those who seek occult development within those societies of the English-speaking population, something is revealed at the threshold guardian: at the moment when they want to cross the threshold, they discover that in the deeper human nature, which comes to the fore when one enters the supersensible world, there are forces at work that are similar to the destructive forces of the universe. This is the sight that meets the guardian of the threshold. When these people are introduced into such an occult society up to the threshold, they learn to recognize the evil forces of illness and death, of everything that paralyzes and destroys. For when the same forces that cause death in nature, the destructive forces, also work within us, when these forces bring about knowledge within us, it is the knowledge that arises in those societies. It is occult knowledge. It is the specifically occult knowledge that arises in these societies. One can certainly enter the supersensible world; one only has to pass the guardian of the threshold. But one must pass the guardian of the threshold in such a way that one experiences death in its true form, as it lives within ourselves and outside in nature.This stems from the fact that Ahrimanic forces live in the outer nature that surrounds us today. In this outer nature, you cannot perceive any forces other than Ahrimanic forces as long as you remain within this outer nature. You can come to manifest such forces that enter the outer nature in a ghostly manner. Hence the Western tendency toward spiritualism, toward seeing such figures that actually belong to the sensory-physical world, that are not visible in ordinary life but can be made visible through special circumstances. These are all forces of death, destructive forces, Ahrimanic forces. In the whole wide field of spiritualistic activities, there are no spirits other than Ahrimanic ones, even where spiritualistic activities are genuine, for these are the spirits that one takes with one from the sensory world when one crosses the threshold. They go with one, they pursue one there. One crosses the threshold and is accompanied by Ahrimanic demons, whom one did not see before, but whom one sees there, in the servants of death, disease, destruction, and so on. This shakes one up to supersensible knowledge, it brings one into the supersensible world.
All people who are educated and taught in this way for occultism have significant experiences. For this is a significant experience of which I have spoken to you, but it is an experience based on devoting oneself not to a universal occultism, but to the occultism of a particular people. This differentiation exists. And if you are told anywhere in the world: When you cross the threshold, you will first and foremost learn about the evil forces of illness and death — then you will recognize that the occultist in question comes from that corner I have often referred to, simply from the experience he shares with you about what he experienced with the guardian of the threshold.
The situation is different with the German-speaking population. The German-speaking population also has something, I would say, embedded in it. The English-speaking population has embedded romanticism in its sphere of world power; the German-speaking population has something that does not come from the past, but is like a flash of lightning from the future: Slavism. Slavism, which begins in Russia, is the future, it is only the seed of the future; but the advanced Slavs are advanced outposts, they are flashes of lightning for what is being prepared. In a way, they show the flashes of lightning of the future of the Central European-German world, just as the novel shows the shadow of the past of the Western, English-speaking world.
But this German element itself does not have an instinctive predisposition for the development of the conscious soul; it only has the predisposition through which it can educate itself to become a conscious soul. So while the instinctive predisposition for the development of the conscious soul is present in British culture, the German Central European must be educated if he wants to awaken the conscious soul within himself in any way. He can only acquire this through education. Because the age of the consciousness soul is also the age of intellectuality, Germans must become intellectual beings if they want to awaken the consciousness soul within themselves. This is why Germans have sought their relationship to the consciousness soul primarily through intellectuality rather than through instinctive life. Therefore, in a sense, the tasks of the Germans have only been achieved by those who have taken their self-education into their own hands in a certain way. Those who are mere instinctive beings remain untouched by this stirring of the consciousness soul and, in a sense, lag behind.
This is also the reason why the British people are instinctively inclined toward politics from the outset, while the German people are apolitical, not inclined toward politics at all. When it wants to engage in politics, it faces a great danger, which will become particularly apparent to you when you consider that Germanism has taken it upon itself to introduce into the intellectual realm the element that is the second element. Britishness: violence; the German element: that which appears, call it appearance if you like, the expression of thoughts, that which in a certain sense is not earthbound. In Britishness, everything is earthbound. In Germanness, it is something that is not earthbound, but is formed dialectically. Follow the intellectuality of the Germans, you can compare it with Greekness, only the Greeks have developed appearance in relation to the pictorial nature; the Germans have developed appearance especially in relation to the intellectualizing nature. After all, there is nothing more beautiful than that which is developed through Goetheanism, through Novalis, through Schelling, through all these spirits who are actually artists in thought. This makes the Germans an apolitical people. When they are supposed to be political, they are no match for people who think politically by instinct.
Of the three things listed in Goethe's “Fairy Tales” — violence, appearance, and knowledge — the intellectual age has given Germans the appearance of intellectuality. If they do decide to intervene in politics, they run the risk of bringing what is beautiful in their thoughts into reality; this is the phenomenon exemplified by Treitschke, for example. When confronted with reality, what is beautiful in appearance – “appearance” and “beautiful” even have a similar origin in their etymology – sometimes becomes something that is not really connected to human nature, something that can remain a mere assertion, which then must give the world the impression of untruthfulness. For the great danger, which must of course be overcome but is not always overcome, lies in the fact that Germans not only lie when they are polite, but that they can also lie when they want to apply their best talents to a field for which they have no innate aptitude, but for which they can only be trained, for which they must make an effort.
I said a few years ago: The Englishman is something; the German can only become something. That is why German culture is so difficult, why only a few individuals who have taken matters into their own hands stand out in German and Austrian-German culture, while the broad masses want to be ruled and do not want to concern themselves with the ideas that are instinctive to the British-speaking population. That is why the Central European population fell prey to such desires for domination, as exemplified by the Habsburgs and the Hohenzollerns, precisely because of their apolitical nature, because completely different necessities exist if the German wants to fulfill his task. He must be educated for this task. He must, in a sense, be touched by what Goethe brought to life in Faust, by the development of man between birth and death.
This is evident again in the guardian of the threshold. If someone remains within the German folk tradition and comes to the guardian of the threshold, he does not notice, as in the British societies I have mentioned, the evil servants of sickness and death. You can see the difference if you look at these things closely. Above all, however, they notice how Ahrimanic and Luciferic forces — the former rushing in from the physical world, the latter rushing in from the spiritual world — are engaged in battle with each other, and how this battle must be viewed, because it is actually a battle that continues to live on, because one can never say: there will be victory. With the guardian of the threshold, one becomes acquainted with what is the real basis of doubt, with what lives in the world as a constantly flaring up, undecided struggle, which makes one waver, but at the same time educates one to look at the world from the most diverse sides. And that will be the special mission, despite everything and all that, of Germanness, that from this side it intervenes in world culture, also as Germanness. Through its special folklore, certain things that I want to touch on today, for example in the field of knowledge, can only be developed through German folklore.
Darwinism, with its materialistic coloring, arose from British folklore. It is a completely correct principle—you can read about this in my “Riddles of Philosophy”—that organic beings have gradually developed from the imperfect to the perfect, up to and including human beings. The perfect derives from the imperfect—this principle is absolutely correct when one considers the physical world and stands before the guardian of the threshold facing the powers of death and destruction. But one can also say it differently: that the imperfect derives from the perfect. Read the chapter on Preuss in the second volume of my book “Rätsel der Philosophie” (Riddles of Philosophy). One can equally prove that the perfect came first and then, through decadence, the imperfect arose; that man was there first and that the other kingdoms of nature descended from him through decadence. That is just as true! The situation in which the knowing human being finds himself at the moment when he must say to himself: This is right, that is right—to recognize this situation in all its fruitfulness was actually given only to the German people through their folklore. This is not understood anywhere else in the world. People in the world do not understand that people can argue about this for a long time, that one can claim, as Darwin did, that perfect beings descend from imperfect ones, or that another can claim, as Schelling did, that imperfect beings descend from perfect ones. They are both right, but from different points of view. If you look at the spiritual process, the imperfect descends from the perfect; if you look at the physical process, the perfect descends from the imperfect.
The whole world has been trained to hold on to one-sided truths. The Germans are, I would say, tragically condemned to dull their own faculties when they want to dwell on a one-sided truth. If they develop their own predispositions, it will immediately appear everywhere, if they delve just a little deeper: if one makes any assertion about the connections between worlds, the opposite is also true. And only by looking at the two together is it possible to see reality. You learn to recognize this clearly with the guardian of the threshold when you see the battle of the spirits who accompany you out of the physical world to the guardian of the threshold, and those who rush toward them from the other, from the supersensible world, but who are not even noticed by the societies I have spoken of.
It is different with the actual Slavic-speaking population. I have already said that the Western Slavs are, in a certain sense, scattered among the German-speaking population of Central Europe. Just as Romanes are the shadow of the past, so the interspersed Western Slavs, with whom the German-speaking population has been associated in the East, are the flashes of lightning of what is to emerge from Slavdom in the future. In this way, they show in a certain opposite way what the Romanesque population shows within the English-speaking world. The West Slavs are also organized for intellectualism in the age of the consciousness soul, but they mystify it, they transform it into mysticism. The Germans are apolitical. The West Slavs are also apolitical, but they tend to bring the spiritual world down into the physical world; they already do this in their present life. This gives them the opposite characteristic to, for example, the French or the Italians. The Italians and the French are dependent in their politics on how they please others, while England's politics are accepted as a matter of course, whether they please or not. French politics depended on how the French pleased people; the effectiveness of what they did depended on that. They were very popular at certain times. It is different with the West Slavs. Their politics depend on how unsympathetic their spiritual nature appears to the German-speaking population. They are dependent on how much they are disliked. And you can study the fate of the Czechs, Poles, Slovenes, Serbs, and Western Slavs: it is determined by the extent to which they are unlikable, unpopular with the Central European population. The relationship with the French, Italians, or Spaniards is determined by how much they are liked; the relationship with the Poles, Slovenes, Czechs, and Serbs is determined by how much they are disliked. If you study history, you will find this statement wonderfully confirmed, because one thing is connected with the past and the other with the future.
The situation is quite different with the Slavic population of the East, which has the seed of the future within itself. The fact is that germinating spirituality is the fundamental character, the most elementary essence of this Slavic population. That is why, for example, Russianness is even more dependent on individuality than the broad masses of the German population, who only ever allow their individualities to burst forth from within themselves, individuality which is now revealed outside the folk culture as that which the folk culture is supposed to reveal. Therefore, Russian folk culture will remain a culture of revelation for a long time to come — until the dawn of the sixth post-Atlantean epoch. Russians depend on the seer more than other people, but they are also receptive to what the seer brings them.
English-speaking folklore is simply led by its politics to what it is naturally predisposed to. German-speaking people are led by their politics to something that does not really suit them, which can very easily lead them into troubled waters, into untruthfulness, namely if it abandons itself to its instincts, whereas it can never get into murky waters if the people who actually represent German culture, who strive for intellectualism, exercise appropriate self-discipline. For the others have not yet arrived at what is the true essence of German culture; they live below its level. This is even more the case with Russian culture. The Russian people are not only apolitical like the Germans, but also anti-political. That is why British politics will be selfish, German politics will veer toward dreamy idealism that has little to do with reality, toward everything—and I don't mean this in a moral sense—that is untruthful, toward everything theoretical, because everything theoretical is untruthful. Russian politics must be thoroughly untrue, because it is a foreign element, it is not appropriate to the Russian character. If Russians are to become political out of their own character, they would rather become ill, because within Russian ethnicity, becoming “political” means becoming ill, means taking destructive forces into oneself. The Russian is anti-political, not merely apolitical. He can be overwhelmed by politicians such as those who stood at the beginning of this warlike catastrophe. But they do not act as Russians; they act as something completely different. The Russian, however, becomes ill if he is to be a politician, for he has nothing to do with politics if he stands within his own culture. They have something else to do: with what the third power means according to Goethe's “fairy tale,” with the knowledge, with the wisdom that is to emerge within the sixth post-Atlantic period of humanity.
This is how the threefold division is distributed: power, appearance, knowledge—West, middle, East. This must be taken into account. Because, basically, this Russian nature is sickened by politics, it can initially be expected to accept a politics such as Bolshevism in its crassest, most radical form; for one might just as well inoculate it with something else. It is not merely apolitical, it is anti-political.
These things are also evident in the guardian of the threshold. What the Russian prefers to perceive in the guardian of the threshold, if he remains within his Russianness as an occultist, are the spirits rushing toward him from the other side, from the supernatural. He does not see the spirits that accompany him, he does not see the battle of the spirits, he sees above all the spirits rushing toward him from the other side. He sees those spirits that are, as it were, full of light. He does not see death, he does not see destruction, he sees that which, through its sublimity, causes man to drown, as it were, that which above all fills him with the great danger of being humble and ever more humble, of throwing himself on his knees before the sublime. The dazzling effect of what comes over is the danger for the guardian of the threshold for the Russian who stands as an occultist within his own culture.
Yes, one must take such things into consideration if one wants to see the true reality. That is how things are in the world, that is how things work. Abstractions are not enough. Humanity has never gotten by with abstractions. In earlier periods, humanity had instincts. But only one instinct is present in its spiritual form among the English-speaking population: the instinct to develop the consciousness soul. The rest must be consciously acquired. And that is what is characteristic of the world, that these things must be consciously acquired. Without knowledge of the forces at work in humanity, which we have discussed again today, it is impossible even to think of saying anything meaningful about social matters. To talk about social reform without knowing the object to which this reform is to extend is like a blind man talking about color.
This is what causes one to warn again and again that the time has come when human beings must take learning seriously throughout their lives and not treat it as a game. With the things we develop in the future from our inherited predispositions, we can at best make it through life until we are 27, and in the future, always to an even younger age. You know this from previous observations. We need something that sustains us throughout our entire life as human beings in the process of becoming, and not as beings that are complete and finished. Humanity will understand many things from these things, especially with regard to social issues. It will correct many of the illusory ideas it has today, and much needs to be corrected. One can already say: The task facing humanity—you will call it difficult, but it can be accomplished. Just think about the fact that you are sitting here now, knowing these things. But do not consider yourselves particularly chosen people; remember that there are many others out there in the world who can understand the same things. It is not impossible that these ideas will really take root in humanity. So the obstacle is only an artificially erected one. The artificially erected obstacle is, however, a terrible one; but it must be overcome because there is no other way to salvation. Let everyone do what they can in their own place to overcome the difficulties in this area.
There is much, very much to be done for humanity, if only we realize the seriousness of the task: first of all, to gain insight into reality, not to live in a dull, sleepy state, and above all not to let humanity live in a dull, sleepy state. When one makes acquaintance with people today, one notices how little they are inclined to actually engage with such things. We have lived through the last four or four and a half years, my dear friends! Time and again, one could see well-meaning, even very intelligent people approaching with all kinds of programs for the future — and what programs for the future are there in the world! People think up all kinds of things, but from the outset these things are not for the good, but are either trivialities or for the harm of people; trivialities if no one pays attention to them, harmful if they are taken seriously. There is only one thing we need to do: first of all, get to know reality. Then we will not believe that we can found an association, that we can do this or that, but we will feel obliged to get to know reality and to think what we think in harmony with this reality. Yes, if only quite a few within our movement would try in the right way to permeate their soul life with the impulses indicated here, if they would refrain from abstract, enthusiastic ideals of human happiness and instead study what the tasks and impulses of our time are and then adjust their behavior accordingly. Then something would already be achieved.
Well, today I wanted to show you from a particular point of view how the social question must also be studied. One cannot simply say: because I am a human being, I understand mathematics and can therefore build a bridge — rather, one knows that one must first learn mathematics, mechanics, dynamics, and so on. In the same way, one must learn the laws of human nature if one wants to be able to make even the simplest social judgments. And human beings are not, as Trotsky imagines, identical beings all over the earth, but at most differentiated into groups when they profess a national identity, or else they are all individualities. On the one hand, we must learn what characterizes groups, for example according to languages, as we have considered today; on the other hand, we must acquire—as was explained yesterday—a direct understanding of individual human beings. This is connected with everything that can become in us a social judgment, but also a social feeling. Otherwise, what should live in us as social judgment and social feeling will not come to us.
So I wanted to acquaint you again, from a certain point of view, with what can give direction to social judgment and social feeling. I wanted to point out to you the profound seriousness of what is called the social question, and also that good will can indeed exist in one person or another, as for example in some Russian revolutionaries, but that they are unrealistic, lack faith in the spirit, and believe that all people throughout the world are one and the same, without distinction.
What, then, is the human being who lives in Trotsky's abstraction? We have seen that getting to know human beings is the foundation, the elementary element of the social task! What is the human being that Trotsky has in mind? It is the Old Testament man, who can only haunt the present as the shadow of the Old Testament man. It is the animal with the capacity for abstraction. It is the animal in which the power of abstract thought develops only out of animality. The human animal is undifferentiated throughout the world, for differentiation comes from the soul. But the soul must be developed toward the spiritual; then differentiation appears. And the soul must be studied; then that differentiation becomes apparent which also works through the soul, for example through the reflex that language has brought about, and so on. We will talk more about these things next Friday.