The Fundamental Social Demand of Our Times
GA 186
15 December 1918, Dornach
III. The Metamorphosis of Intelligence
My dear friends,
In part of yesterday's lecture I took my start from an essay by Berdiayeff, an essay based on the prejudice which we might describe as an unqualified belief in modern science and learning. This essay, however, also records a remarkable fact, intelligible only through the contrast between the logic of the intellect (which is of course the logic of modern science) and the logic of realities. Berdiayeff points out that Bolshevism has appointed Avenarius, Mach and other noted positivists, so to speak, as its official philosophers. I may add explicitly that this essay was written as long ago as 1908. It is a remarkable thing—intelligible only on our spiritual-scientific basis—to find in the work of this Russian author a judgment (no matter what our attitude to these things may be), most in agreement with the present time, or perhaps I should rather say, a judgment still applicable to the present time. And it may be worthwhile for you to know that Mach and Avenarius were already spoken of as official philosophers of the Bolsheviks at a time when—I hope I am making no undue presumptions—when a considerable number possibly even of this audience had not the remotest idea what Bolshevism is. For a large part of mankind in Western and Middle Europe have only been aware of the existence of Bolshevism for a very short time, whereas in fact it is a very old phenomenon.
I now want to add something more to the studies we have recently pursued. I was anxious above all to show you how the social impulses of the present time are to be judged and considered in the light of Spiritual Science. One thing we emphasized especially:—We must not give ourselves up to the simple belief that the social impulses are to be conceived in a uniform way over the whole world. It will cloud and mislead all our thoughts and judgments about the social question if we do not take into account that human communities throughout the civilized world are differentiated. We must avoid the error into which men fall when they say, of the social question, “This or that holds good; human society must be ordered thus and thus!” Rather must we put this question thus:—What is the nature of the forces in Eastern Humanity; what is the nature of the forces in Western Humanity; and what is the nature in the Humanity living the midst between the two? What is the nature in each case of the forces leading to the social demands of the age? We have already characterized in manifold ways, both from the external symptoms and from the inner occult standpoint, the nature of this differentiation between Western Humanity, Middle Humanity, and Eastern Humanity; and observe that in the latter we include the European East, namely Russia. We have already characterized how these differentiations are to be conceived. Without a knowledge of them it is altogether impossible to think fruitfully about the social question.
Now let us ask ourselves (we have often touched upon this question, but today we will bring out certain other details),—let us ask ourselves what is the fundamental quality of soul, the fundamental and decisive quality which is brought out in the age that began in the fifteenth century and that will last, as I told you, on into the third millennium? This fundamental quality which has scarcely yet shown itself in its true form, but only in its first beginning—the fundamental quality which is evolving and will evolve ever more and more—is that of human Intelligence—Intelligence as a property of the soul. Thus in the course of this epoch man will more and more be called upon to judge about all things out of his own Intelligence and notably about social, scientific and religious matters, for indeed, the religious, the scientific, and the social impulses do in a certain sense exhaustively describe the range of human life.
Now perhaps this conception of the Intelligent being of Man, which we must necessarily awaken in ourselves, will come to you more easily if you realize the following. Of the fourth Post-Atlantean Age it cannot be said in the same sense as of the present time, that man as a personality wished to establish himself purely on the ground of the intelligence. I brought this out very clearly in my book The Riddles of Philosophy in regard to philosophic thought. In the fourth Post-Atlantean Age, ending in the fifteenth century A.D., it was not necessary for man to make use of the intelligence in a personal way. With their perceptions of the environment, with their other relationships in life to the world, the concepts, the ideas, that is to say the intelligent element, also flowed into the human being just as colors and sounds enter the human being in perception. Notably for the Greeks, the intelligent-content was a Perception; and it was so also for the Romans.
For the man of modern time, since the fifteenth century, the outcome of intellectual activity can no longer be a perception. The intellectual element is left out of the world of perceptions. Man no longer receives the concepts and ideas at one and the same time with the perceptions. It is an entire error to imagine that this great change did not take place at the turn of the fifteenth century. This kind of error, this inability to distinguish, has indeed been perceived by some people even in the ordinary outer life. Thus a European, as we can easily realize, is apt to see all Japanese exactly alike. Although they are just as different from one another as Europeans are, yet he does not distinguish them. So too, modern learning does not distinguish between the several epochs, but imagines them all alike. But that is not the case. On the contrary, a mighty change took place, for instance at the turn of the fifteenth century when men ceased to perceive the concepts at one and the same time with the perception;—when they began really to have to work for their concepts. For the man of the present day has to bring forth, elaborate, the concepts out of his own personality. We are only in the initial states of it. It will become more and more so.
Now the man of the West, the Middle and the East are in the highest degree differentiated, especially in regard to this development of the intelligence. And since the theoretic demands of the Proletariat today, as is natural in the fifth Post-Atlantean Age, the Age of the Spiritual Soul,—since these demands are brought forward as intelligent demands, it is necessary to consider the relationships and differentiations of the intelligent being of the human soul over the face of the earth. It is necessary to consider it also in relation to the social impulses.
The significance of these things is underestimated because they still work today so largely in the subconscious. Man with his easy-going thought is not anxious to make clear distinctions in clear consciousness. But every man has an inner man within him, raying forth into his consciousness only to a certain extent. And this inner man makes very clear and sharp distinctions, distinctions for example as between the Western Man, the Middle Man, and the Eastern Man, according to his point of view, according as to whether he himself is a Western, a Middle, or an Eastern Man.
I am not now referring to the single individuality as such, I mean that in man which belongs to his nationality. I beg you always to observe this distinction. Of course the single individual rises out of the national element. Of course there are men today in whom the national element works scarcely at all. There are those who systematically try to be pure human beings without letting the national quality determine them. But insofar as it does work in them, it comes to expression in the varied ways which we have already characterized in these lectures. Today we will consider it once more from certain points of view and in relation to the social question.
In effect, whenever the social question emerges, when anything emerges which depends not only on the individual human being but on the community, the qualities of the Nation, Folk or People will always come into account. The member, let us say, of the British Nation or the member of the German People or the inhabitant of the Russian Earth (I purposely distinguish them just in this way), these three as individuals may, if you will, have just the same judgments. But the English, the German and the Russian political or social structure cannot be the same. They must be differentiated. For here the community comes into account. We are, therefore, calling into question not so much the individual relationship of man to man, but that which works from people to people, or differentiates the one nation from another. Again and again I must sharply emphasize this fact, for partly with good intentions and partly out of malice these things which I bring forward are again and again misunderstood.
Take one thing for example. I beg you to take these things “sine ira” quite objectively. They are not meant as criticizing but only as an indication of the facts. I beg you therefore to take them without any sympathies or antipathies. Let us consider a man of Mid-Europe, who observe[s] the life of the English-speaking people and on the other side the life of the Russian-speaking people; he observes them as they come to expression in the characteristic ways of thinking of these peoples—once more then, not of the individual human beings but of the peoples as such. Consciously, the Middle European may pass all kinds of judgments. Needless to say, nowadays a man will say this or that according to public opinion, which is always equivalent to private indolence.
That may be so, but the inner man, the inner Mid-European man, looking to the West, to the English-speaking people, and contemplating the nation as it expressed itself politically and socially—though he need not bring it to his consciousness at all—will always pass the judgment, “Philistines!” And when he looks across to Russia, he will say “Bohemians!” Of course that is somewhat radically spoken. And he himself will hear from left and right the answer:—“You may call us Philistines, you may call us Bohemians, but you—you are a Pedant!” Certainly that may be so, that again is judging from another point of view. But these things are more of a reality than one imagines, and they must be derived from the very depths of human evolution.
Now the peculiar thing is this. Within the English-speaking population the Intelligence is instinctive. It works instinctively. It is a new instinct that has arisen in the evolution of mankind; the instinct to think intelligently. The very thing the spiritual soul will have to educate, the Intelligence, is practiced instinctively by the English-speaking people. The English people has a native talent for the instinctive exercise of the intelligence.
The Russian people differs from the English as the North Pole from the South (or I might even say as the North Pole from the Equator), with respect to this impulse of the intelligent being in man. In Middle Europe, as I have said before now, men do not have the intelligence instinctively; they must be brought up to it. The intelligence must be trained and developed in them. That is the tremendous difference. In England and America the intelligence is instinctive. It has all the qualities of an instinct. In Mid-Europe nothing of intelligence is born in one. One must be trained brought up to it. It must be grasped in the becoming, in the development of man. In Russia it is so, that men even argue with one another as to what the intelligence really is (I could refer to many manifestations of this in literature; you must not think that I construct these things myself).
According to many statements by Russians with real insight, what they call the intelligence is something quite different from what is called so in Mid-Europe, let alone in England. In Russia an intelligent man is not one who has studied this and that. Whom do we call here the Intellectuals (for this will surely have some relation to the intelligence)? We call the “Intellectuals” those who have studied, who have made this or that subject their own, and have thus trained themselves in thought. As I said, in Western Europe and America the Intelligence is even a native quality, born in them. But we shall not permit ourselves to exclude from the Intelligentsia the businessman, the civil servant, or a member of any one of the liberal professions. But the Russian will do so most decidedly. He will not so easily reckon as a “man of intelligence” a businessman, a civil servant, or a member of one of the liberal professions. No, among the Russians a man of Intelligence must be a man who is awake, who has attained a certain self-consciousness. The civil servant who has studied much, who even has a judgment on many things, need not be an enlightened man. But the workman who thinks about his connection with the social order, who is awake as to his relation to Society, he is a man of Intelligence. In Russia it is very significant; one is even obliged to apply the word intelligence in quite a different sense. For, you see, whereas in the West the intelligence is instinctive, born in one, and in the Middle one is trained to it, or at any rate it is evolved in one, in the East it is treated as something that is certainly not born in one—nor can one merely be trained to it. It is not to be evolved quite as easily as that. It is something that awakens from out of a certain depth within the human soul. Man awakens to intelligence. This fact has been observed especially by certain members of the “Cadet Party,” who say that this faith in enlightenment of “awakening” is the very reason why a certain arrogance and conceit is to be found in the intelligentsia of Russia, despite all their other qualities of humility.
The fact is that this intelligence in Russia has a very special part to play in the evolution of mankind. If you do not let yourselves be deceived, if you do not give yourselves up to illusions of external symptoms, but go to the heart of the matter, then—however insignificant the Russians' intelligence may appear to you in this or that Russian according to your Western of Mid-European ideas, you will recognize the following. You will say:—“This intelligence is being preserved and guarded from all instinctive qualities.” Such indeed is the idea of the Russian; the intelligence must not be corrupted by any kind of human instinct, nor must we imagine that anything worth mentioning has been attained with all the intellectuality to which we train and educate ourselves. The Russian—unconsciously, needless to say—wants to preserve and keep the intelligence until the coming of the sixth Post-Atlantean Age, which is his age. So that when that time comes, he shall not reach down with his intelligence into human instincts, but carry it upward into the region where the Spirit-Self will blossom forth. Whereas the English-speaking people let the intelligence sink down into the instincts, the Russian desires above all to preserve and protect it. At all costs he will not let it go down into the instincts. He wants to nurse and cherish it, little as it may be today, so as to keep it for the coming Age, when the Spirit-Self—the purely spiritual—shall become permeated with it.
When we regard the matter thus in its foundations, my dear friends, then even such a thing as with unbiased judgment we must criticize root and branch, will appear as arising out of a certain necessity in human evolution.
As I said, Russians themselves—Russians with insight who characterize these things—discover quite rightly that the Russian intelligence has a two-fold basis which lies inherent in its evolution. Namely it has received the configuration, the character it has today, through the fact that the Russian who has evolved intelligence and who claims to be a wide-awake and enlightened man, has been suppressed by the power of the police. He has had to defend himself, to the point of martyrdom, against the violence of the police. As I said, we may well condemn this; but we must also reach a clear and unclouded judgment. The specific character of this Russian Intelligence, seeking to preserve itself for future spiritual impulses of mankind, is absolutely conditioned on the one hand by the police suppression by which it has been tortured and persecuted. And on the other hand, in a perfectly natural way—as Russian authors themselves bring out again and again—this Russian intelligence (just because it wants to preserve itself for future ages), is today a thing remote from the world. It does not easily come to grips with life. It is directed to quite other things than are immediately pulsating through the world. We may say therefore that in this respect too the Russian life of Soul is the very opposite of what we find in the English-speaking population. In the West, we may say, the intelligence is police-protected; in the East it is challenged and persecuted by the police. One man may prefer the one, another may prefer the other alternative. The point here is simply to characterize the facts. In the West, as I said, the intelligence is protected, its peculiar character is meant to flow into the outer life; it has to be inherent everywhere in the social structure. In the West it is the proper thing for men to take part through their intelligence in the social structure and the like. In Russia, no matter whether it be by the Czar or Lenin, the intelligence is suppressed by the police, and will continue so for a long time to come. Indeed, perhaps the very nerve and strength of it lies in the fact that it is suppressed by the police. We can put these things together, my dear friends, in a pretty epigrammatic way, and yet correctly. One can say, for instance—In Russia the intelligence is persecuted; in Mid-Europe it is tamed; and in the West it is born tame.
If we make this division, this differentiating, then—strange as the words may sound—we are hitting the nail on the head. In England and America, with respect to the Constitution, with respect to external politics, nay even with respect to the social structure, the intelligence is “born” tame. In Mid-Europe it is tamed. In the East where it would like to run about at random, it is persecuted.
These are the things that must be seen if we would see realities instead of entering into them in a merely chaotic way which can never lead to any real insight.
Now the point is this: On the one hand human beings are differentiated in this way, notably with regard to the intelligence, inasmuch as the Nation or Folk is working in them. They are differentiated as I have indicated often and in different directions, and am indicating again from a certain point of view today. On the other hand while, in the age of the Spiritual Soul this differentiation must be clearly seen, we must find at the same time the possibility to transcend it. There are two ways to transcend these things in real life. In the first place by learning to know them. So long as we only declaim from general abstract points of view that this or that is the true social standpoint, so long as we have no knowledge of the differentiations of mankind, all our talk is valueless. Insight into these things, that is the one thing of importance. The other is that we should still be able in a certain way to rise out of these things with human consciousness and experience. In practice we must reckon with the differentiations. We must not imagine that men are the same over the whole earth, or that the social question can be solved in the same way over the whole Earth. We must know that the social question has to be solved in different ways. Out of the impulses in the different peoples it is seeking to solve itself in different ways.
But this, my dear friends, is only possible on a foundation such as is provided here, by Spiritual Science. For if you have some more or less chaotic—or even harmonious and consistent—social idea, how can you apply it, my dear friends? You can only apply it one-sidedly. You may have the most beautiful ideas, capable of absolute proof, so that you cannot but believe that all men, all the Earth over are to be made happy and prosperous by their means. Indeed it is the very misfortune of our times that it generally has such an idea in mind. Who is there that thinks differently in our time when he confronts his audience and speaks of his political or social ideas? It is always in this style: “Social conditions are to be ordered thus and thus throughout the Earth, and with the ideas I am thinking out the whole of mankind will prosper.” This is the way men think today and indeed, on the foundations of our present habits of thought, it is scarcely possible for them to think in any other way.
But if you take the social impulse derived from Spiritual Science, which I explained to you a short while ago, you will see it has quite a different character. In fact it breaks with this habit of thought of our time. I said, the point is not to have some uniform social ideal, but to investigate what is seeking to realize itself. Then I drew your attention to a three-fold membering of social life, which has hitherto been gathered up chaotically into the one-fold State. Today you will always see one Cabinet, one Parliament. Indeed, it seems an ideal for the people of today to gather everything together chaotically into a single Parliament. But as I said, the reality of things is tending to hold apart what is here being concentrated into one. The spiritual life (including judicial—I do not mean general administration, but the administration of civil and criminal law) constitutes one member by itself. The economic life a second member; and the life that regulates the two, constitutes the third—general administration, public security, and the like. These three should confront one another just as independent States do today. They should deal with one another through their representatives, ordering their mutual relationships, but in themselves they should enjoy independent sovereignty.
Let what I am saying be reviewed and criticized and utterly condemned. One will be criticizing not a theory but something that will be actualized in the next forty or fifty years. And this three-folding alone will make it possible for you to reckon once more with the differentiations of mankind. For if you only have a one-fold State you must force it upon all humanity, as though you would put the same coat on a small, a medium, and a very tall man (take the magnitude only for the sake of illustration, I do not mean to describe the nations as great or small). But in this three-foldness there is an inherent universality. For the social structure of the West will take shape in such a way that the life of administration, the constitution, the general regulation of public life, public security in the widest sense, will preponderate. The other two will be to some extent subordinate, dependent on this one. In other regions of the Earth, it will be again different. Once more, one of the three will predominate and the other two will be more or less subordinate. With a threefold conception you have the possibility to find, in your own view of things, the differentiation of realities. A unitary idea you must extend over the whole Earth, but of a thing inherently threefold you can say: “In the West the one is predominant; in the Middle the second is predominant; and in the East the third is predominant.” Thus what you find as the ideal of the social structure will be differentiated over the face of the Earth. This is the fundamental difference of the view, here presented out of Spiritual Science, from other views. This view is applicable to realities from the very outset, because it can be differentiated within itself and applied in a differentiated way to the realities of life. Such is the difference between an abstract and a concrete view of things. An abstract theory consists of so many concepts of which one believes that happiness will come. A concrete view is one of which one knows: It in itself is such that the one can grow and develop in the one case, the second in another, the third in a third. The first or second or third will be applicable to the corresponding outer conditions. This is what distinguishes a view of realities from all dogmatism. Dogmatism swears by dogmas, and dogmas can only maintain their sway by tyrannizing over realities. A conception of reality is like the reality itself; it is inherently a living thing. Like the human or any other organism it is mobile and alive, not fixed and rigid.
So is a real conception inherently living, growing or developing, now in one direction, now in another. This difference of a conception of reality from dogmatism—this you must understand, my dear friends, for it will help you most of all to change the habits of thought within you, which change is so badly needed by the men of today and from which they are yet so far removed—far more than they know.
Moreover what I am now telling you is connected in its deepest being with Anthroposophical Spiritual Science. You see, for the ordinary science of today man himself is a unity. The anatomist, the physiologist studies the brain, the sense organs, nerves, liver, spleen and heart. For him they are organs placed in a single unitary organism. We do not do so. We distinguish the head man, or nerves-and-senses man, from the chest man, or man of breathing and blood circulation, and lastly from the metabolic man, or man of the extremities, or as we might also say muscular man. We distinguish, as you know, a threefold man who lives in the world. Just because it does not hold fast abstractly to the one-fold man, Anthroposophical Spiritual Science discovers that social organism in which man as a three-fold being is contained. For, my dear friends, the guiding thread is always the Anthroposophical membering of man. After all, these three members themselves are, more or less, the outer symbols of his being which man carries with him. For he himself is rooted in all the worlds. We shall find in this three-folding of man once more a guiding thread to envisage the differentiation of humanity over the Earth.
Now that I shall speak plainly about these things I beg you once more to take them sine ire, for I am merely describing. I am not criticizing nor am I saying anything to detract from the one side or to find favor with the other side in any way. Let us begin with the Russian man, the Eastern European man. We simply cannot study him if we only have in mind the present-day anatomy, physiology or psychology. We can only study him if we bear in mind the threefold man, whose nature I have indicated in broad outlines in my book The Riddles of the Soul. For if we consider the peculiar characteristics of the Russian Soul, and generally of the Russian people of today—I beg you to observe once more, the Russian people of today—then we shall have to say: In Russia (may our Russian friends forgive me, but it is true) in Russia the head man is at home. Let our Russian friends forgive me, for they themselves do not believe it, but they are making a mistake. They no doubt will say: In Russia the heart-man is at home, and the head, of all things, is not so prominent. But you can only make such a statement if you do not study Spiritual Science properly. For the Russian head-culture appears predominantly as a culture of the heart, just because—if I may put it tritely—the Russian has his heart in his head. That is to say, his heart works so strongly that it works up towards his head, crosses his whole Intelligence, permeates everything. It is the working of the heart upon the head, upon the concepts and ideas, which configures the heart upon the head, upon the concepts and ideas, which configures the whole of the East-European culture.
And once more, I pray that the mid-European will not take offence, but it simply is so: Their essential characteristic—and this describes the whole of the mid-European culture—is that their head is perpetually falling into their chest, while on the other hand the abdomen or the extremities are perpetually being drawn up into the heart. That is the essential thing in mid-European man. Hence it is so frightfully hard for him to find his bearings, for he is neither at the one end nor at the other. I described this when I said recently that at the Guardian of the Threshold the mid-European man experiences above all a wavering, a tottering uncertainty and doubt.
Once again, may our West European friends not be offended with me (for I see you are already guessing what is left for them) their culture is paramountly an abdominal, a muscular culture. That is their peculiarity—in the nation, not in the single man as such. All that proceeds from the culture of the muscles works strongly even into the head. Hence the instinctive quality of their intelligence. Hence too it is there that we find the origin of muscular culture in the modern sense—games, sports, athletics and so forth. Indeed, all that I am saying—you will find its evidence everywhere in external life if only you are willing, if only you are prepared to look at the facts objectively. Anthroposophical Spiritual Science will only give you the guiding thread to observe the facts of life. In the Russian it is so that his heart fumes up into his head. In the English-speaking people the abdomen fumes up into the head—but not only so, the head reacts in turn upon the power body and directs it. It is very important to consider these things. We need not always express them so radically as we do in our own circle, my dear friends. After all, here we understand one another; we have after all a certain measure of good will one to another. We know how to take these things objectively, not with sympathies and antipathies.
Thus you see, we must envisage the threefold man; we must really know that man is a threefold being, a being after the pattern of the Trinity even when we are studying his physiological and psychological differentiations. And this is the essential thing; men must have an interest in one another not merely as the parson preaches it, but a real interest holding sway between man and man, which can after all only be founded on a real insight. It remains as empty abstraction if you say: “I love all men.” To enter into the other human beings with understanding, that is the thing needful, likewise it is necessary to enter into the different communities of men with understanding, to have a true judgment about them and about their social structure. And this can only be the case when one knows the threefold nature of man. Unless you know what is the predominant bodily feature in a community of men, you cannot really know them. To gain a real insight you must have some guiding thread, otherwise you will confuse and muddle things together. That is the point. Anthroposophical Spiritual Science is a thing that reckons with reality. Hence it is a thing that men often find unpleasant, for as a result of certain prejudice men do not want to be seen through, not even in private life. They find it dreadfully unpleasant to be seen through. We may almost say that of any ten men, at least nine will be your enemies if you really see through them. In one way or another they will become your enemies. Men do not like being seen through, even when it happens in the light that is communicated here, my dear friends, so that it may serve to enhance the love of humanity. For the abstract love of humanity (I have often used this comparison), is like the warmth that the stove ought to develop. You talk to it so: “You are a stove. It is your duty as a stove to warm the room.” But if you do not stoke it, all your moral talk is useless. So it is with all the Sunday afternoon addresses. However much you preach at men “love and love again,” if you do not provide the fuel whereby men and communities of men are known and understood, all your preaching is worthless. Anthroposophical Spiritual Science is fuel to kindle the right interest of man in man—the real development of human love. Even the historic facts, symptomatically as I unfolded them here a short while ago, the important historic facts underlying the social impulses of today—even these, my dear friends, can only be brought home to human insight from the standpoint of a conception of realities.
Bear in mind all that we have already said of the differentiations of the Western, the Middle, and the Eastern World. It will flow into your souls still more abundantly if with its help you now observe these worlds with understanding. And then perhaps we may ask: How is it—apart from what we have already said—how is it that the Russian intelligence can preserve itself for future time? It needs, as it were, a greater strength to protect the intelligence from the encroaching instincts and the like than it requires to exercise the native instinctive intelligence. It needs a greater strength. And this too has been attained by certain arrangements, if I may call them so, in the evolution of Occidental Humanity. Take only this one circumstance.
Russia has in many respects been held aloof from the currents and movements of civilized life that have taken their course in the West. I once described to you from another point of view this damming up, this congestion of a civilization of former ages towards the East. See for instance how the division of the Church took place in the ninth century and was completed in the tenth. An earlier form of Christianity was driven back towards the East, there to remain stationary and conservative. Thus we may say: A certain condition, which was spread over the whole of Christendom in early centuries, has been driven Eastward and has there remained stationary. Meanwhile the West has continued to evolve its Christianity. Thus something was pushed back towards the East. That on the one side, while on the other side, into the same East, something was pushed forward—namely the Tartar element and all that came from Asia, from Eastward of the Russian East. All this is only an expression of the fact that on the Russian earth earlier forces of humanity have been congested and have received into themselves the human element that came from Asia—in a more youthful condition than the West European humanity.
Or again, consider the mid-European civilization in its dependence on Protestantism—a dependence far greater than is generally thought. At bottom the whole civilization of mid-Europe is configured out of the impulse of Protestantism. I do not mean this or that religious creed, I mean the impulse of Protestantism. Protestantism itself, for one who regards things from a higher vantage point is but a symptom. The essential thing is the spiritual impulse that is working in it. Take all the science and scholarship that is carried on in Middle Europe, the whole form of its development is influenced by Protestantism. Without Protestantism the mid-European culture is utterly unthinkable.
Now what appears so predominant at one place is present differently, in a different relationship to life, at another. It is as I showed you just now when I spoke of the social tasks of Anthroposophy which must be applied in differentiated ways. What has Protestantism been in Middle Europe? One might say that Protestantism gave the first impetus to man's supporting himself on his own Intelligent Being. The mid-European intelligence, of which I said that it has to be trained and educated, is very closely connected with Protestantism. Even the Catholic action which has arisen against Protestantism is, rightly considered, Protestant in character, except when it happens to proceed from the Jesuits, who have consciously, deliberately held back the impulse that came through Protestantism. This inner impulse working through Protestantism works, if I may put it so, in its purest essence in mid-Europe. For how did it work in Western Europe? Study the historic facts in the proper symptomatic way and you will find:—the working of Protestantism in Western Europe and in America corresponds as a matter of course to the inborn Intelligent Instinct. Indeed it comes to expression more in the political than in the religious life. It works itself out as a perfect matter of course. It permeates everything. It does not need a special statement or constitution. Albeit here and there reformist hearts were kindled into flame, it does not need to bring forth so shattering a Reformation as took place in Middle Europe. In the West it is there as a matter of course. At this point we might even say: The modern Western man is born as a Protestant. The Mid-European discusses and argues as a Protestant. In Middle Europe, Protestantism above all calls forth all the discussions about the things of intelligence. Here it is not inborn. And the Russian—as a Russian—absolutely rejects Protestantism; he will have nothing to do with it. Indeed, as a Russian he simply cannot do with it. Russianism and Protestantism are incompatibles.
What I am now saying comes to expression not only in the religious confessions—no, not by any means. It comes to expression in the receiving of every kind of cultural impulse. Take Marxism for example. You can trace its course in the Western countries. There it is received from the very outset as a straightforward protest against the old conditions of property and the like. In the Middle Countries there has to be much discussion on those things, and much argument and bickering and doubt, much useless talk. All this arises out of the character of the Middle Countries. And in Eastern Europe Marxism takes on the strangest forms. There it must first be completely transformed. Take the Marxism of Eastern Europe, you will find it permeated, tinged through and through by the spirit of Russian Orthodoxy. Not in its ideas, but in the way the Russian relates himself to it, Marxism in Russia bears the stamp of Orthodox Faith.
All this, my dear friends, is only to draw your attention to the need of looking beyond the externals and seeing the true inwardness of things. Much will be gained if you accustom yourselves to see in relation to many things of life—the words as they are used today are to a great extent “disused coinage.”
What people think according to the customary usage of words is never really in accordance with reality: we must everywhere look deeper. Protestantism, for instance, defined in the usual way according to present-day habits of thought, no longer expresses a reality. We must conceive it in such a way as to recognize how it appears in Marxism, or in politics generally, or even in science. Then we shall have something that accords with the reality. So radically is it necessary for us to strive to get beyond the mere semblance of words and concepts, and to take hold of real life. Everything depends on this, my dear friends; and on this, above all, depends the right conception of the most important impulse of the present time, which is the social impulse. On this depends a true judgment of the facts of our time. Just because men are so unaccustomed to look at the realities, they judge of the conditions of our time in such distorted ways. Because they are so far removed from real conceptions, they keep on asking about guilt and innocence in relation to the recent war-catastrophe; whereas this question about guilt and innocence as such has not the slightest meaning. I told you here some considerable time ago how these things lay inherent in world-impulses. Just as the map which I sketched before you here is being realized in fact today, so are the other things too on the point of realization. They will indeed be realized, precisely as they were here described, my dear friends. We must have a sense for the reality and not adhere to the empty husks of words. True, the latter must often be used for purposes of description, but we must not adhere to them, must not stop short at them. Thus we must also see from a standpoint of reality the judgment, formed by the Entente and the Americans, which is now being passed upon the Middle Countries. I have already said: When this catastrophe of War began, I heard from many quarters criticisms “root and branch” of what the Middle Countries were then doing. Today the people who were criticizing them then are heard far less in criticism of what in truth is a policy of violence, and all the rest of it. Truth to tell, there would be sufficient cause for a similarly harsh judgment in this case. I think I have never spoken to protect any personalities; I have simply characterized the facts and conditions. Hence it is absolutely not my task, in any way to defend personalities whose characters have been unveiled in the most recent time. But, my dear friends, whether the unqualified deification of Wilsonism for example, and of all that is connected with it, lies less inherent in the tendency to some form of idolatry than the Ludendorff-worship which they evolved in the Middle Countries (and which I described as a special chapter in social psychiatry)—that is a question, after all, which would have to be decided with great care. We cannot pass it over quite so lightly.
Considering the matter, however, from another point of view I once said to you here, my dear friends, that when one person rails at another, and says hard things, the cause is not always—indeed in the rarest cases—to be found in the other person. He may of course be a bad sort; but this badness of his is, for anyone who observes reality objectively, the thing that least of all calls forth the abuse. No, for the most part the cause of the abuse is a need to abuse. And this need of abuse seeks an object, it wants to let itself go. And it seeks to bring its thoughts into such a form that they appear to be justified in the soul of the abusing party. So it is often in the individual intercourse of men with one another. But in the large affairs of the world it is no different; only here we must bear in mind that there are also deeper reasons. You see, it is perfectly intelligible and natural for people in the Entente and American countries now to criticize and condemn root and branch not only individual potentates but the whole population of the Middle Countries, and to say all manner of things in this direction. We can well understand it for, my dear friends, what would the policy of the Entente countries in these weeks look like, if the people [in] those countries were to say: “The people in the Middle Countries are not so bad after all, at bottom they are only human beings, they need only develop the better aspects of their nature, then they are quite alright.” Yes, if they were to say that, it would agree very badly with the policy they are now pursuing. In the world, my dear friends, one must say the things that justify one's action.
We must know how things proceed out of realities. That is a deeper way of seeing things. It goes without saying that the entire public opinion of the Entente Countries is as it is, not because it is true but in order to justify their own attitude; just as it often happens when one man rails against another, he does so, not because the man he rails against is such or such, but because he has a need to rail against something and wants to let it out. Yes it really is necessary to see things differently than men are wont to see them. And this is the whole point: to take hold of Spiritual Science in the inmost foundations of one's soul is in many respects a very different thing from what is conceived, even by many who call themselves adherents of the Anthroposophical Movement.
Outwardly, abstractly considered—and we come now to a different chapter—one might believe that the socialism, the social demands of the present day proceed from social impulses. I described the other day how man oscillates between social and anti-social impulses or instincts. An abstract thinker would take it as a matter of course that the socialist proletarian of the present time is a product of social impulses. For it is proper, is it not, to define the social by the social. But it is not true, my dear friends. One who considers the proletarian socialism of the present day in its reality knows well that socialism as it appears in the Marxism of today is an anti-social phenomenon, a product of anti-social impulses. Such is the difference between abstract definition, abstract thinking, and realistic thinking. Ask yourselves: What is the driving force in those who are seeking to realize socialism in the direction to which I am referring? Are they being driven by social instincts? No, by anti-social instincts. I showed it yesterday even by external indications, by the inner structure of their formula: Proletarians of all lands, unite! That is to say: Feel hatred against other classes in order that you may feel the bond that shall unite you! There you have one of the anti-social impulses. And we might adduce very many anti-social impulses if we studied the social psychology of the present day. Such is the difference between the way of thought that is arising and evolving—that must arise and evolve and that is to be helped on by Spiritual Science—and all that lies in the current habits of thought of today.
Hence, too, the Anthroposophical standpoint which must be put forward in relation to the social question meets as yet with so much opposition. For people cannot think in accordance with realities. Above all, they cannot think in a differentiated way; and if any one does think in this way, they frequently believe that he is contradicting himself.
Important questions of the present day will only be solved by realistic thinking. I will tell you one such question, relating to what we have already spoken of. I said: the thing that is rumbling especially in proletarian minds and that constitutes a motive force in them is this: the ancient slavery has been replaced by the modern enslavement of labor, inasmuch as in the present social structure, labor is a commodity from the labor power. Indeed the threefold social structure of which I have told you already contains the impulse to free the commodity from human labor. For this threefold ordering will entail, not logical conclusions, but conclusions in reality, in the reality of things seen.
Now this question, my dear friends, is followed by another, an absolutely burning question at the present moment. You know, one of the fundamental demands of proletarian materialism with its Marxist coloring, is the socialization or nationalization of the means of production. The means of production are to be made communal property, and this would only be the beginning of communal property in general: in the land, for instance, and so forth. It is a part of the programme of the Russian Soviet Republic, which I explained to you, to socialize, or nationalize the means of production and the land. Now at this point we come to the most important subsidiary social question. Today the tendency of proletarian thinking is to make things communal property. But, my dear friends, for the most important social impulses, it makes no difference at all whether an individual or an association or the community as such is the owner. To anyone who is able to study the realities, this is clearly revealed. In relation to the individual worker, the community will be an employer or captain of industry, not a whit less bad than the individual employer. This lies in the nature of the case, it is like a law of Nature. People only fail to see it, and hence they are misled. For the real question is this: Shall all men become owners of property. That would happen, if, instead of having communal property (I cannot here explain the technique, but it is perfectly feasible), the individuals—every one of them—owned property in a just way, according to the given opportunities in any territory. Shall all become property owners? Or shall all become proletarians? That is the alternative. The proletarian thinking of the present day wants to make all men proletarians, so that the community alone would be the employer. But if we can see the reality, the very opposite will be the outcome. The three-foldness of the social structure can never be attained by making all men proletarians. The tendency of the threefold structure must really be to attain the freedom of the individual in respect of body, soul and spirit. That is not to be attained by all men becoming proletarians, but is to be attained—for every individual—if all men possess a certain basis of property.
The second thing that must be attained is a regulation of social conditions, such that before the law or constitution, before the government in fact, all men are equal: Liberty in spiritual matters; Equality in the State (for if you will, one third may continue to be called so); and Fraternity in relation to the economic life. I know well-written books which rightly emphasize that the three ideals, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity contradict one another; it is true, Equality decidedly contradicts Liberty. Very clever writers said this even in 1848 or even earlier. If we muddle everything together these things contradict one another. There must be Liberty in the spiritual and judicial domain, the domain of religion, education and jurisprudence. There must be Equality in the administration, in the government, the services of public security. There must be Fraternity in the economic domain. In the economic domain we have property, which must however be correspondingly developed in the future. In the domain of public security and administration we must have Equity or Right. In the domain of spiritual life and jurisprudence we must have Liberty. When divided into a trinity, these things are not in contradiction with one another. For here the things that contradict one another in thought are still in accordance with reality, because in the reality they are distributed to the different domains. The mere thought burrows for contradictions; but the reality lives in contradictions. We cannot grasp the reality if we cannot grasp the contradictions, follow them and deal with them in our thoughts.
So you see, Spiritual Science as here intended certainly has something to say to the most important questions of the time. Perhaps, my dear friends, a few of you will yet realize this fact, and realize moreover that the whole way we think about this Spiritual Science of Anthroposophy should be influenced by the consciousness of its relation to the more important requirements of our time.
This indeed is closely connected with the way in which, as I personally for instance must conceive, this Anthroposophical Spiritual Science movement should take its stand in the spiritual life of our time. Of course it cannot be attained all at once that our contemporaries should see these things rightly. Do not believe, my dear friends (anyone who knows me will certainly not believe), that I say these things out of any personal foolishness or vanity; but I am compelled again and again by the necessity of the facts to characterize what happens in one direction or another. It is really so—and I have shown it you on many an occasion—I myself am not at all inclined to overestimate what I can do and claim to do. I know the limitations. I am well aware of many things of which one person or another may have no inkling that I am aware. But for those who to some extent can judge me rightly in this direction, I may perhaps say how earnestly I would desire one thing (the word “desire” is not quite right, but I have no other). It is this, my dear friends, that there should be a certain sense of discrimination between what is intended here, and other things with which it is so frequently confused. How many there are still today, who seeing here or there this or that occult society—or society that calls itself occult—will not discriminate it as healthy human understanding can discriminate it, from what is here to be found. For, imperfect as it may be, here there is at least the real striving to reckon with the consciousness of the age. Look on the other hand at all the other things that are frequently considered as occult or similar movements. How do they reckon with the consciousness of the time? Look at all the Masons of low and high degree, look at all the different religious communities, this is just the antiquated thing about them, they are unable really to reckon with the consciousness of our time. Where else do we find people speaking out of the real foundations? Where do we find them speaking on the burning questions of the time in a way that really enters into modern life, that is adapted to the realities? From all the rituals and instructions of the one or the other Masonic or religious community, you will not be able to discover these things. This is what I would desire: a real sense of discrimination.
I admit, my dear friends, it is made more difficult, because owing to the historical circumstances which I once described to you, this Society was confused in the beginning with the Theosophical or with all manner of other Societies. Outwardly considered, it may have been a mistake; karmically it was justified. It would have been more worldly-wise if this Anthroposophical Society, standing entirely upon its own ground, had been founded without any relation to other societies. Outwardly conceived, it would certainly have been more wise. For all this philistinism, the bourgeoisdom of the Theosophical Society and all the antiquated stuff would not have flowed into it. Not that it has flowed into Anthroposophy; it has not. But it has entered into the life and habits of the Society. If only Anthroposophy lived rightly in our Society—which it does not do—this Society could, in a certain sense at least, be a perfect example to characterize one-third of the social structure which flows from Anthroposophy itself. I mean the spiritual third, even including the juridical sphere. For, my dear friends, the principle of human rights which should hold sway from individual to individual—this should really go without saying among Anthroposophists. I always feel it as the sharpest and bitterest breach with the spirit which should develop amongst us, when one member speaks of another in such a way that he goes outside to complain or to accuse. Here too the consciousness of right, insofar as it is included in the one third of the social structure, should develop. But we have a long way to go yet to gain an Anthroposophical Society such as is really intended, containing what it might contain out of the impulses of Anthroposophy. First of all, my dear friends, we must evolve the ear for inner truth which so few people have today. Because this sense of discrimination which should really come from without fails so to come, it is necessary for me now and then to point to the distinctive features from one point of view or another. And today, especially with regard to certain things, I would say this; What lives through me myself in this Anthroposophical Movement is distinguished from other things in one essential respect. I have always worked according to the principle which I stated in the preface to the first edition of my Theosophy, namely that I communicate nothing else than what I can communicate from my own personal experience. I communicate nothing else than what I from my own personal experience can stand for. Here at this place there is no appealing to authorities such as is cultivated so much in other quarters.
This, my dear friends, entails a certain consequence. I may truly say that the spiritual stream which is guided through the Anthroposophical Movement depends upon no other stream. It depends alone on the spirituality that is flowing through the time. Hence I am under no obligation—I beg you to take this in all earnestness—I am under obligation to no one to keep silence about anything of which I myself consider that it ought to be spoken about in our time. For one who is obliged to no man for his spiritual treasure, there is no rule of silence.
That will already give you a basis for distinguishing this movement from others. For if anyone should ever say that that which is proclaimed in Anthroposophical Spiritual Science is proclaimed in any other way than in the sense of what was said in my Theosophy, namely that I myself am answering for it purely out of my own experience—if anyone should ever say this, then, if you will, he may not know the facts, or he has frequently been absent, or he has only seen them from outside. But whether it be from malice or otherwise, he is proclaiming the untruth. He, on the other hand, who says something else, let us say he alleges some “past” or a connection of this spiritual movement with another, knowing all the time the facts and circumstances here among us—he is telling lies. That is the point, my dear friends. He will either be telling the untruth through ignorance of the facts, or, knowing well the facts he will be lying. And in effect, these alternatives include all the opponents of this movement.
Hence I must emphasize again and again; I have only to keep silence concerning those things of which I knew that they cannot yet be communicated to mankind owing to its immaturity. But there is nothing on which I must keep silence in connection with anyone to whom any vow has been made, or for any such reason. Never has anything flowed into this movement that came from another side. Spiritually, this movement was never dependent on any other. The connections were always only of an external character. Perhaps, my dear friends, the time will come that you will see that it is well to remember that I sometimes say things in advance, which only afterwards become apparent in their right connection. If you have the good-will, the time may come when it will serve you well to remember the sense in which the spiritual treasure that must flow through the Anthroposophical Movement is being cultivated here.
Nevertheless there is a touchstone for anyone who is willing to distinguish this Anthroposophical Movement from other movements. There is a touchstone available today for such a movement and it is threefold. First: such a movement must show itself equal to the scientific and intellectual requirements of the time. Go through all the literature that I have produced; however imperfect in this or that detail, you will see everywhere the earnest effort to create a movement drawing not on old antiquated sources, but thoroughly at home in the scientific methods of the present time and working in full harmony with the present scientific consciousness. That is the one thing. The second is this: that such a movement has something really vital to say on the life-questions of the present time, for instance on the social question. What other movements have to say in this direction—try to compare it in its antiquatedness, in its remoteness from reality, with what this movement has to say. The third part of the touchstone is this: that such a movement can consciously explain the different religious needs of mankind to themselves—can explain them and clarify them. That is to say, it combines enlightenment concerning the religious needs of mankind with a full and actual acquaintance with realities.
Herein already, my dear friends, you can distinguish this movement from all those which provide after all no more than Sunday afternoon addresses, which can well achieve the feat of giving moral sermons and the like, but in face of the real ideas working in the present social structure, are remote from the world. A science of realities in our time must be able to speak on labor and capital and credit and the land, and all these things of the present day—in a word, on the shaping of social life—even as it can speak on the relation of man to the Divine Being, on the love of his neighbor and so forth. This is what mankind has left undone so long; to find the real connections, from the highest realms down to the immediate and concrete tasks and processes of life. This is what Theology and Theosophy in their various forms in our time have left undone and what a certain occult movement too has left undone. They talk from above downwards till they reach the point where they can say to men: Be good!—and so on in like fashion. But they are unfruitful, they are sterile, when it comes to really taking hold of the burning questions of the time. External science and scholarship can speak of these immediate things of life, but they speak in a way that is remote from realities. I showed you yesterday how estranged they are from actual life. After all, how many people are there today who know what capital is, what it is in reality? True, they know: When they have so much money in a safe that it is so much capital. But that is not to know what capital is. To know what capital is, is to know how the regulation of the social structure works with respect to certain things and persons. Just as for the single human being we must learn to know, anthroposophically, the relationships that obtain in the cycle of the blood that rhythmically regulates man's life, so must we know what is pulsating in the most varied ways in social life. But, my dear friends, present-day physiology is not even able materialistically to solve the most important questions, for they can only be solved by anthroposophical insight into the threefold man.
What, for instance, does present-day science know on one immensely important question, namely this: Purely materialistically speaking—what does thought or ideation depend on? What does the will depend on? In a certain direction? I can speak of these things today because, as I said before on another point, I have investigated them for thirty to thirty-five years. Ideation depends upon the fact that man has within him, in the course of the circulation of his blood, carbonic acid which is not yet breathed out. When carbonic acid not yet breathed out is circulating inside him, there you have the material counterpart, the material correlate of Thought. And when there is oxygen in man—oxygen not yet converted into carbonic acid, oxygen that is still on the way to transformation into carbonic acid; there, in a certain direction, you have the material correlate of the Will. Where oxygen pulsates in man—oxygen not yet entirely transformed, but fulfilling certain functions—there is the Will materially at work. And where inside the human body there is carbonic acid, not quite elaborated to the point of expulsion or out-breathing, there you have the material foundation for a Thought-form. But as to how these two poles, the Thought-pole, which we may also call the carbonic acid pole, and the Will-pole which we may also call the oxygen pole—as to how they are regulated, only a science of realities can tell. Nowhere in the books of today will you find such a truth as I have just expressed.
Because men do not train their thinking with respect to a reality like this, therefore they also fail to train it with respect to what is necessary for the man of today in the social structure. But this will have to come, my dear friends, it is necessary for our time. The social question must be made to include the question of how man, as a soul and spirit being, stands within the social structure.
All these things have been left undone. Think how different it would be if in this or that establishment the individual worker were placed, even in soul and spirit, into the whole process which the commodity he makes undergoes in the world; if he understood how he stands within the social structure through the fact that he produces just this commodity. But this can only be realized if there holds sway a real interest from man to man, so much so that in course of time there will be no true adult man or woman unable to master the most important social concepts in a real way. The time must come—it is a social need—when a man will know what capital and credit, what ready-money and checks are in their real economic effects—and these things can be known; they are not difficult, they need only be rightly attacked by those who have to teach them. The time will come when every man must know these things, just as one knows today that soup is eaten not with a fork but with a spoon. Anyone who ate his soup with a fork would be behaving ridiculously, would he not? That the man or woman who is ignorant of these other things is behaving ridiculously too—this must become the public opinion.
Then, my dear friends, the most important impulse of the present time—the social impulse—will be placed on a very different foundation.
Zehnter Vortrag
Ich habe gestern einen Teil unserer Betrachtungen angeknüpft an einen Aufsatz von Berdjajew, der, wie Sie gesehen haben, von einem Vorurteile ausgeht, von dem unbedingten Glauben an die moderne Wissenschaft; der andererseits die merkwürdige Tatsache registriert — die nur zu begreifen ist aus dem Gegensatz von Verstandeslogik, die auch die naturwissenschaftliche Logik ist, und der Tatsachenlogik -, daß der Bolschewismus Avenarius, Mach und ähnliche Philosophen des Positivismus gewissermaßen zu seinen Amtsphilosophen gemacht hat. Es ist vielleicht notwendig, daß ich Ihnen ausdrücklich betone, daß der Aufsatz, von dem ich Ihnen gesprochen habe, schon 1908 geschrieben ist, und es ist sehr merkwürdig — und nur zu begreifen aus unseren geisteswissenschaftlichen Untergründen heraus -, daß ein am meisten mit der Gegenwart übereinstimmendes Urteil, ganz gleichgültig wie man sonst sich zu den Dingen stellen mag, daß, richtiger gesagt, ein für die Gegenwart noch anwendbares Urteil bei diesem russischen Schriftsteller vorhanden ist. Es ist für Sie vielleicht auch wichtig, zu hören, daß eben Mach und Avenarius schon als Bolschewisten-Philosophen gewissermaßen zu einer Zeit galten, wo vielleichtich will niemandem im entferntesten nahetreten -, aber «vielleicht » ein großer Teil selbst von Ihnen noch nicht gewußt hat, was der Bolschewismus eigentlich ist. Denn ein großer Teil der west- und mitteleuropäischen Menschheit weiß überhaupt vom Bolschewismus erst seit recht kurzer Zeit, während er als solcher eine alte Erscheinung ist.
Nun möchte ich einiges noch anknüpfen an die Betrachtungen, die wir jetzt im Laufe der Zeit gepflogen haben. Sie haben gesehen, daß es mir darauf ankam, Ihnen zu zeigen, wie geisteswissenschaftlich betrachtet die sozialen Impulse der Gegenwart zu beurteilen sind. Und wir mußten großen Wert darauf legen - nicht so, wie man das heute gemeiniglich aus der Abstraktion heraus tut -, daß man sich nicht lediglich dem Glauben hingebe, als ob man gleichmäßig über die ganze Welt hin über die sozialen Impulse denken könne. Gerade das wird alles Denken und Urteilen über die soziale Frage trüben und in die Irre führen, wenn man nicht Rücksicht darauf nimmt, daß über den zivilisierten Erdkreis hin die Menschengemeinschaften differenziert sind, so daß man also vermeiden muß den Fehler, in den man verfällt, wenn man sagt: In bezug auf die soziale Frage gilt das oder jenes, da muß die menschliche Gesellschaft so oder so geordnet werden. -— Man muß die Frage vielmehr aufwerfen: Wie sind die Kräfte bei der Ostmenschheit, wie sind die Kräfte bei der Westmenschheit und wie bei der Menschheit, die in der Mitte drinnen ist, die zu den sozialen Forderungen führen. Und wir haben ja vom äußerlichen symptomatischen und auch vom inneren okkulten Standpunkt aus in der mannigfaltigsten Weise charakterisiert, wie diese Differenzierung zwischen der Westmenschheit, der Mittelmenschheit und der Ostmenschheit, zu welch letzterer wir namentlich auch den europäischen Osten, Rußland, rechnen, wie diese Differenzierung zu denken ist. Ohne die Kenntnis dieser Differenzierung ist überhaupt ein fruchtbares Vorstellen über die soziale Frage nicht möglich.
Nun fragen wir uns heute einmal: Welches ist denn - wir haben das ja schon öfter berührt, wir wollen heute einzelnes herausstellen — die Grund-Seelen-Eigenschaft gerade in dem Zeitalter, das im fünfzehnten Jahrhundert begonnen hat, und das, wie ich Ihnen gesagt habe, bis ins dritte Jahrtausend hinein währen wird, welches ist die Grundeigenschaft, die die menschliche Seele zur Entwickelung bringt? Diese Grundeigenschaft, die sich jetzt noch kaum in ihrer wahren Gestalt gezeigt hat, die jetzt in ihren Anfängen ist und sich immer weiter entwickeln wird, das ist die menschliche Intelligenz, die Intelligenz als Seeleneigenschaft. So daß der Mensch im Laufe dieses Zeitraums immer mehr und mehr berufen werden soll, aus dieser seiner Intelligenz heraus über alle Dinge, namentlich auch über die sozialen, wissenschaftlichen und religiösen Dinge zu urteilen, denn sie erschöpfen ja eigentlich den Umkreis des menschlichen Lebens: die religiösen, die wissenschaftlichen, die sozialen Impulse.
Nun, vielleicht wird Ihnen diese Vorstellung des intelligenten Wesens, des menschlichen Wesens, die hier notwendig erweckt werden muß, leichter werden, wenn Sie sich klarmachen, daß man für den vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum nicht in dem Sinne wie heute sprechen kann, daß der Mensch sich als Persönlichkeit ganz auf den Boden nur der Intelligenz stellen wollte. Ich habe das besonders in meinem Buch «Die Rätsel der Philosophie » mit Bezug auf das philosophische Nachdenken scharf hervorgehoben. In dem vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum, der im fünfzehnten nachchristlichen Jahrhundert endete, war es nicht notwendig, daß die Menschen sich persönlich der Intelligenz bedienten. Mit den Wahrnehmungen der Umgebung, mit dem übrigen Lebenszusammenhang mit der Welt flossen auch, so wie die Farbe und die Töne durch die Wahrnehmung in den Menschen hereinkommen, die Begriffe, die Ideen, also das Intellektuelle, in den Menschen herein. Der Inhalt des Intellektuellen war zum Beispiel für die Griechen, war auch für die Römer Wahrnehmung.
Für den Menschen seit dem fünfzehnten Jahrhundert kann das Intellektuelle nicht mehr Ergebnis der Wahrnehmung sein. Aus der Wahrnehmungswelt bleibt das Wahrnehmen der Begriffe weg. Der Mensch nimmt nicht mehr die Begriffe, die Ideen mit den Wahrnehmungen zugleich auf. Es ist nur ein Irrtum, wenn man meint, daß dieser große Umschwung um die Wende des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts nicht eingetreten sei. Dieser Irrtum, der darauf beruht, nicht unterscheiden zu können, den sahen ja manche Menschen schon im äußeren Leben. Für den Europäer zum Beispiel stellt sich sehr leicht heraus, daß er alle Japaner, trotzdem sie ebenso unterschieden sind wie die Europäer, für absolut gleich ansieht. Er unterscheidet eben nicht. So unterscheidet die heutige Wissenschaft nicht zwischen den einzelnen Zeiträumen, glaubt, alles sei gleich. Aber das ist eben nicht der Fall; sondern es ist so, dal ein gewaltiger Umschwung stattgefunden hat, gerade um die Wende des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts, wo die Menschen aufgehört haben, mit den Wahrnehmungen zugleich die Begriffe wahrzunehmen, wo sie angefangen haben, sich auch die Begriffe erarbeiten zu müssen. Der gegenwärtige Mensch muß sich aus seiner Persönlichkeit heraus die Begriffe erarbeiten. Das ist im Anfange, aber das wird immer weiter und weiter sich ausbilden. Und gerade mit Bezug auf diese Ausbildung der Intelligenz sind die Westmenschen, Mittelmenschen und Ostmenschen im höchsten Grade verschieden. Und da die heutigen theoretischen Forderungen des Proletariats, wie es ja natürlich ist im fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum, im Zeitraum der Bewußtseinsseele, eben als intelligente Forderungen erhoben werden, so ist es wichtig, das Verhältnis des intelligenten Wesens der menschlichen Seele, wie es sich differenziert über die Erde hin, auch mit Bezug auf die sozialen Impulse ins Auge zu fassen.
Sehen Sie, man unterschätzt die Bedeutung dieser Dinge aus dem Grunde, weil sie auch heute noch so vielfach nur im Unterbewußten wirken. Der Mensch mag nicht gerne unterscheiden mit seinem bequemen Denken im vollen Bewußtsein. Aber jeder Mensch hat ja einen innerlichen Menschen in sich, der nur bis zu einem gewissen Grade heraufleuchtet in das Bewußtsein. Der unterscheidet sehr scharf, der macht zum Beispiel einen scharfen Unterschied zwischen Westmenschen, Mittelmenschen und Ostmenschen, je nach dem Gesichtspunkte, ob der Mensch selber ein Westmensch, Mittelmensch oder Ostmensch ist. Nicht die einzelne Individualität ist dabei gemeint, sondern dasjenige im Menschen, was dem Volkstum angehört. Diesen Unterschied bitte ich Sie immer zu machen. Es hebt sich natürlich der einzelne aus dem Volkstum heraus. Gewiß, es gibt Menschen, in denen das Volkstum heute kaum wirkt, es sind solche, die sich systematisch bemühen, Menschen zu sein, ohne das Volkstümliche in sich wirken zu lassen; aber insofern das Volkstümliche wirkt, drückt es sich so aus, wie wir es verschiedentlich schon charakterisiert haben und wie wir es jetzt von gewissen Gesichtspunkten noch einmal mit Bezug auf die soziale Frage ins Auge fassen wollen.
Wenn nämlich so etwas wie die soziale Frage eben auftaucht, auch wenn sonst etwas auftaucht, was von der Gemeinsamkeit, nicht von dem einzelnen Menschen abhängt, dann kommt immer das Volkstümliche schon in Betracht. Und es mag noch so sehr der Angehörige der britischen Nation oder der Angehörige des deutschen Volkes oder der Bewohner der russischen Erde - ich unterscheide ganz absichtlich in dieser Weise -, es mögen diese drei als Menschen meinetwillen ganz gleich urteilen, die englische, die deutsche, die russische Politik oder die soziale Strukturgestaltung, die können nicht gleich sein, die müssen differenziert sein, weil dabei das Gemeinsame in Betracht kommt. Also nicht so sehr das individuelle Verhältnis von Mensch zu Mensch ist es, was wir hier in Frage stellen, sondern dasjenige, was von Volk zu Volk wirkt und als Volkstum von einem andern Volkstum sich unterscheidet. Ich muß das immer scharf betonen, weil zum Teil gutwillig, zum Teil böswillig diese Dinge immer wieder und wieder mißverstanden werden.
Nehmen Sie zum Beispiel eines. Ich bitte, diese Dinge ganz «sine ira» aufzufassen, sie sind ja auch nicht als Kritik gemeint, sondern nur als Tatsachenangabe; ich bitte also, diese Dinge ganz ohne Sympathie und Antipathie aufzunehmen. Nehmen wir einen mitteleuropäischen Menschen, der sich ansieht das Leben des englisch sprechenden Volkstums auf der einen Seite, das Leben des russisch sprechenden Volkstums auf der andern Seite, wie sich diese ausleben in den Vorstellungsarten des Volkstums, also wieder nicht des einzelnen Menschen, sondern des Volkstums. Der Angehörige des mitteleuropäischen Volkstums wird vielleicht bewußt allerlei urteilen. Man redet natürlich heute nach der öffentlichen Meinung, was immer eine private Faulheit ist, dies oder jenes. Das mag sein, aber der innerliche Mensch, ich meine jetzt den innerlichen mitteleuropäischen, der wird, wenn er urteilt — was et sich gar nicht zum Bewußtsein zu bringen braucht -, wenn er nach Westen hinübersieht zu der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung, wenn er das Volkstum ins Auge faßt in der Art, wie es sich politisch, sozial äußert, er wird das Urteil fällen: das ist Philistrosität. Und wenn er nach Rußland hinübersieht, wird er das Urteil fällen: das ist Boheme. Das ist natürlich etwas radikal ausgesprochen, aber so ist es. Gewiß, er selbst wird von links und rechts hören: Du magst uns Philister nennen, du magst uns Boheme nennen, aber du bist ein Pedant! Das mag sein, gewiß, das ist wiederum von dem andern Gesichtspunkte aus beurteilt. Aber diese Dinge sind mehr Realität, als man denkt, und diese Realitäten müssen aus den Untergründen des menschlichen Werdens herausgeholt werden.
Nun tritt das Eigentümliche ein, daß innerhalb der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung die Intelligenz instinktiv ist. Sie wirkt instinktiv, es ist ein neuer Instinkt, der da heraufgekommen ist in der Menschheitsentwickelung, der Instinkt, intelligent zu denken. Dasjenige, was die Bewußtseinsseele gerade erziehen soll, die Intelligenz, das wird von der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung instinktiv geübt. Das englische Volkstum ist für instinktives Üben der Intelligenz veranlagt.
Die russische Bevölkerung, die unterscheidet sich von der englisch sprechenden wie der Nordpol vom Südpol, oder — ich könnte sogar sagen — wie der Nordpol vom Äquator mit Bezug auf diesen Impuls des intelligenten Wesens. In Mitteleuropa - ich habe das auch schon angedeutet -, da hat man die Intelligenz nicht instinktiv, sondern man muß zu ihr erzogen werden; sie wird anerzogen. Das ist der große, gewaltige Unterschied. In England, in Amerika ist die Intelligenz instinktiv. Da hat sie alle Eigenschaften eines Instinktes. In Mitteleuropa wird einem von Intelligenz nichts angeboren, sondern sie muß anerzogen werden, sie muß im Werden des Menschen ergriffen werden. In Rußland - ich möchte mich da auf verschiedene literarische Kundgebungen stützen, damit Sie nicht glauben, ich konstruierte diese Dinge - ist die Sache so, daß man sozusagen darüber streitet, was die Intelligenz eigentlich ist. Nach den Angaben, welche einsichtige Russen machen, ist das etwas ganz anderes, was man dort Intelligenz nennt, als was man auch nur in Mitteleuropa, geschweige denn in England Intelligenz nennt. In Rußland ist nicht derjenige ein intelligenter Mensch, der dies oder jenes gelernt hat. Wen zählen wir hier zu den Intellektuellen? Diejenigen, die dies oder jenes gelernt haben, dies oder jenes sich angeeignet haben, sich dadurch geschult haben im Denken. Wie gesagt, in Westeuropa und Amerika ist das sogar angeboren. Aber wir werden uns doch nicht erlauben, einen Kaufmann oder einen Staatsbeamten oder einen Vertreter irgendeines liberalen Berufes nicht zur Intelligenz zu rechnen. Das tut aber der Russe. Der rechnet nicht ohne weiteres einen Kaufmann oder Staatsbeamten oder den Vertreter irgendeines liberalen Berufes zu den intelligenten Menschen, sondern ein intelligenter Mensch, der soll bei dem Russen ein Mensch sein, der aufgeweckt ist, der zu einem gewissen Selbstbewußtsein gekommen ist. Der Staatsbeamte, der viel gelernt hat, der auch über viele Dinge ein Urteil hat, der braucht kein aufgeweckter Mensch zu sein. Der Arbeiter, der nachdenkt über seinen Zusammenhang mit der gesellschaftlichen Ordnung, der erweckt ist in bezug auf sein Nachdenken über sein Verhältnis zur Sozietät, der ist ein Intelligenter. Und es ist sehr bezeichnend, daß man ja sogar genötigt ist, das Wort Intelligenz in einem ganz anderen Sinne anzuwenden. Denn, sehen Sie, während im Westen die Intelligenz instinktiv ist, angeboren wird, in der Mitte anerzogen wird, oder wenigstens entwickelt wird, wird sie eigentlich im Osten wie etwas behandelt, was ganz gewiß nicht angeboren ist, nicht anerzogen, nicht entwickelt werden kann ohne weiteres, sondern was aus gewissen Tiefen der Seele heraus erweckt wird. Man wacht auf zur Intelligenz. Das bemerken ganz besonders manche Mitglieder der sogenannten Kadettenpartei, die da finden, daß dieses Glauben an das Aufgewecktwerden gerade der Grund ist, warum ein gewisser Hochmut, eine gewisse Selbstüberschätzung, trotz aller sonstigen demütigen Eigenschaften, bei der Intelligenz Rußlands beobachtet werden kann.
Diese Intelligenz in Rußland hat eine ganz besondere Stellung in der Menschheitsentwickelung. Wenn Sie sich nicht täuschen lassen, wenn Sie sich nicht Illusionen hingeben über die äußeren Symptome, sondern auf das Innere gehen, dann können Sie über diese russische Intelligenz, wenn sie Ihnen heute auch nach Ihren west- oder mitteleuropäischen Begriffen bei dem oder jenem Russen sehr gering erscheint, und wenn Sie sich nicht durch Symptome beeinflussen lassen, sondern auf die Gründe gehen, dann können Sie sich sagen: Sie wird bewahrt vor allem Instinktiven. Sie soll sich ja — das meint der Russe — nicht anfressen lassen von irgendeinem menschlichen Instinkt, man soll auch nicht glauben, daß mit dem, was man anerzieht als Intelligenz, schon irgend etwas Besonderes erreicht wird. Der Russe will natürlich unbewußt — die Intelligenz bewahren, bis der sechste nachatlantische Zeitraum, sein Zeitraum, kommt, damit er dann durch diese Intelligenz nicht hinuntergreift in die Instinkte, sondern die Intelligenz hinaufträgt dahin, wo das Geistselbst blühen wird. Während die englisch sprechende Bevölkerung die Intelligenz heruntersinken läßt in die Instinkte, will der Russe sie gerade davor bewahren. Er will diese Intelligenz ja nicht in die Instinkte hinunterlassen, er will sie pflegen, mag sie heute noch so gering sein, damit sie bewahrt bleibe für das kommende Zeitalter, wo das Geistselbst, das rein Spirituelle, mit dieser Intelligenz durchzogen werden kann.
Wenn man die Sache so in ihren Gründen betrachtet, dann erscheint einem auch so etwas, was man sonst mit unbefangenem Urteil in Grund und Boden kritisieren muß, doch von einer gewissen Notwendigkeit der Menschheitsentwickelung gegeben. Wie gesagt, Russen selber, einsichtsvolle Russen, die diese Dinge charakterisieren, finden ganz richtig heraus, daß die russische Intelligenz zwei Untergründe hat, die liegen in ihrer Entwickelung. Diese russische Intelligenz hat die Konfiguration, den Charakter, den sie heute hat, dadurch erhalten, daß der sich zur Intelligenz entwickelnde Russe, der ein Aufgeweckter werden will, zunächst durch die Polizeigewalt unterdrückt war. Er mußte sich wehren bis zum Martyrium gegen die Polizeigewalt. Diese mag man, wie gesagt, verurteilen, aber man muß sich ein unbefangenes Urteil darüber bilden. Auf der einen Seite ist der spezifische Charakter dieser russischen Intelligenz, die gerade sich aufbewahren will für künftige spirituelle Impulse der Menschheit, vollständig bedingt durch die polizeiliche Unterdrückung, die da war bis zum Martyrium. Und auf der anderen Seite, ganz selbstverständlich — die russischen Schriftsteller heben das fortwährend hervor - ist diese russische Intelligenz, weil sie sich aufbewahren will für kommende Zeiten, heute etwas Weltfremdes, etwas, was mit dem Leben nicht leicht fertig wird, was auf ganz anderes hingerichtet ist als auf das, was in der Welt unmittelbar pulsiert. So daß man sagen kann: Auch in dieser Beziehung ist das russische Seelenleben der Gegensatz der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung. Man kann sagen: Im Westen ist die Intelligenz von der Polizei protegiert, im Osten ist die Intelligenz von der Polizei perhorresziert. Dem einen kann das eine, dem andern kann das andere gefallen, aber es handelt sich um die Feststellung der Tatsachen. Also im Westen ist, wie gesagt, die Intelligenz protegiert. Der eigentümliche Charakter der Intelligenz soll einfließen in das äußere Leben, soll überall drinnen sein in der sozialen Struktur. Die Menschen sollen aus ihrer Intelligenz heraus teilnehmen an der sozialen Struktur und so weiter. In Rußland, gleichgültig, ob das der Zar oder der Lenin tut, wird die Intelligenz polizeilich unterdrückt und wird noch lange polizeilich unterdrückt werden. Vielleicht liegt gerade darinnen der Nerv ihrer Stärke, daß sie polizeilich unterdrückt wird. Man kann überhaupt mit Bezug auf dieses eine ziemlich schematische, aber doch gültige Zusammenstellung machen. Man kann sagen: In Rußland wird die Intelligenz verfolgt, in Mitteleuropa gezähmt, und im Westen ist die Intelligenz schon zahm geboren.
Wenn man diese Einteilung, diese Gliederung macht, so trifft man, trotzdem die Worte sonderbar klingen, eigentlich durchaus das Richtige. In England und Amerika wird mit Bezug auf den Verfassungsstaat, mit Bezug auf die äußere Politik, auch mit Bezug auf die soziale Struktur die Intelligenz schon zahm geboren, In Mitteleuropa wird sie gezähmt. Im Osten möchte sie gern frei herumlaufen, wird aber verfolgt.
Das sind die Dinge, die durchaus ins Auge gefaßt werden müssen, wenn man Wirklichkeit sehen will, wenn man sich nicht in einer chaotischen Weise auf die Dinge bloß einlassen will, die einen dann aber auf keine Weise zu irgendeiner Einsicht kommen läßt. Nun handelt es sich darum, daß ja auf der einen Seite die Menschen in dieser Weise, gerade mit Bezug auf die Intelligenz, differenziert sind, insofern das Volkstum in den Menschen wirkt. Sie sind so differenziert, wie ich es verschiedentlich angedeutet habe, wie ich es heute wiederum von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus andeute. Aber auf der anderen Seite muß im Zeitalter der Bewußtseinsseele zugleich diese Differenzierung durchschaut werden, und man muß die Möglichkeit haben, über sie hinauszukommen.
Man kommt auf zweierlei Weise praktisch über diese Differenzierung im Leben hinaus. Erstens dadurch, daß man sie kennenlernt. Wenn man nur deklamiert von ganz allgemeinen abstrakten Standpunkten aus, dies oder jenes sei der richtige soziale Standpunkt, ohne eine Erkenntnis der Differenziertheit innerhalb der Menschheit, so ist das gar nichts wert, so redet man nur an der Wirklichkeit vorbei. Also die Einsicht in diese Verhältnisse ist das eine, worauf es ankommt. Das andere ist, daß man aber doch in der Lage ist, sich in einer gewissen Weise mit seinem ganzen menschlichen Erleben wiederum hinauszubringen über diese Dinge und mit der Differenzierung zu rechnen, wenn man praktisch sein will; daß man nicht glaubt, die Menschen seien über den ganzen Erdkreis gleich, und man könne die soziale Frage über den ganzen Erdkreis gleich lösen. Man muß wissen, daß man die soziale Frage auf verschiedene Art lösen muß, weil sie sich selber in verschiedener Weise lösen will, aus den Impulsen der Volkstümer heraus.
Dies aber ist ja nur möglich unter einer solchen Voraussetzung, wie sie hier von der Geisteswissenschaft gemacht wird. Denn wie wollen Sie, wenn Sie irgendein mehr oder weniger chaotisches oder auch harmonisch zusammenhängendes soziales Ideal haben, dieses auf alle Menschen anwenden? Das können Sie ja nur einseitig anwenden. Sie können die allerschönsten, am besten zu beweisenden Ideen haben, Sie werden nichts anderes glauben können, als daß Sie die Menschen über die ganze Erde mit diesen schönen Ideen zu beglücken vermögen. Das ist eben geradezu das Unglück unserer Zeit, daß man zumeist so etwas will. Wer glaubt oder denkt denn heute anders, wenn er sich vor die Menschen hinstellt und von sozialen oder politischen Ideen spricht, als daß über die ganze Erde hin die Verhältnisse so und so geordnet werden können, und mit den Ideen, die ich ausdenke, mit denen kann die ganze Menschheit beglückt werden. — So denken doch die Menschen heute. Und aus den Voraussetzungen unserer Denkgewohnheiten ist überhaupt kaum anders zu denken, meine lieben Freunde.
Nehmen Sie aber das aus der Geisteswissenschaft herausgeholte Soziale, das ich Ihnen hier vor einiger Zeit vorgebracht habe. Da werden Sie sehen, daß das allerdings mit den Denkgewohnheiten unserer Zeit bricht, daß das einen ganz anderen Charakter hat. Ich habe Ihnen gesagt: Es handelt sich ja nicht darum, irgendein einheitliches soziales Ideal zu haben, sondern zu erforschen: Was will sich verwirklichen in der Realität? - Da habe ich Sie auf eine Dreigliederung desjenigen Lebens hingewiesen, was bisher chaotisch zusammengefaßt wurde im eingliedrigen Staate. Heute sehen Sie überall ez Kabinett, ein Parlament, und das gilt für die Leute als Ideal, alles chaotisch in einem Parlament zusammenzufassen. Ich habe Ihnen gesagt, daß die Wirklichkeit dahin strebt, das, was da zusammengefaßt ist in einem, auseinanderzuhalten. Das geistige Leben mit Einschluß des Juristischen — aber eben nicht Verwaltungsjustiz, sondern Zivil- und Strafjustiz —, bildet das eine Glied, das ökonomische Leben ein zweites Glied. Und dasjenige Leben, was die beiden reguliert, das bildet ein drittes, wo verwaltet wird, wo der Sicherheitsdienst geleistet wird und so weiter. Diese drei stehen einander gegenüber, wie sich heute Staaten gegenüberstehen. Sie verkehren durch Vertreter miteinander, ordnen ihre gegenseitigen Verhältnisse, aber sie sind in sich, wenn ich den Ausdruck gebrauchen darf, souverän.
Man kann das, was ich da sage, in Grund und Boden rezensieren, kritisieren, aber dann kritisiert man nicht eine Anschauung, sondern etwas, was sich im Laufe der nächsten vierzig bis fünfzig Jahre verwirklichen will. Diese Dreigliederung gibt Ihnen einzig und allein die Möglichkeit, nun wiederum mit der Differenzierung der Menschheit zu rechnen. Denn wenn Sie nur ein Eingliedriges haben, so müssen Sie ja das der ganzen Menschheit aufdrängen, wie wenn Sie einem kleinen, einem mittleren Menschen und einem Riesen denselben Rock anziehen wollen — wobei die Größe hier nur zur Verdeutlichung genommen wird, es sollen nicht Völker etwa damit als klein oder groß bezeichnet werden. Aber indem sie diese Dreigliedrigkeit haben, da haben Sie die Möglichkeit, etwas Universelles drinnen zu haben. Da wird der Westen sich so gestalten mit Bezug auf seine soziale Struktur, daß bei ihm überwiegt das, was Verwaltung, Verfassung, überhaupt Regulierung des öffentlichen Lebens ist, Sicherheitsdienst im umfassendsten Sinne und so weiter. Die anderen beiden sind untergeordnete Momente, sind von diesem abhängig. Und wiederum für andere Gebiete ist es anders. Da ist das eine von den dreien überwiegend, die andern beiden sind wiederum mehr oder weniger abhängig. Dadurch also, daß Sie eine Dreigliedrigkeit haben, haben Sie die Möglichkeit, auch in Ihrer Ansicht die Wirklichkeitsdifferenzierung zu finden. Was nur ein Einheitliches ist, das müssen Sie über die ganze Erde ausbreiten; was aber in sich dreigliedrig ist, von dem können Sie sagen: Im Westen ist die Eins vorherrschend, in den Mittelländern ist die Zwei vorherrschend, und im Osten ist die Drei vorherrschend. Dadurch differenziert sich dasjenige, was Sie als Ideal der sozialen Struktur finden, über die ganze Erde hin. Darin liegt der Grundunterschied der Anschauung, die hier aus der Geisteswissenschaft heraus vertreten wird, von anderen Anschauungen.
Die Anschauung, die aus der Geisteswissenschaft heraus vertreten wird, ist von vornherein auf die Wirklichkeit anwendbar, weil sie in sich selber sich differenzieren läßt und dann differenziert auf die Wirklichkeit angewendet werden kann. Das ist der Unterschied einer abstrakten Anschauung von einer konkreten: eine abstrakte Anschauung ist eine Summe von Begriffen, bei der man glaubt, glücklich zu sein oder die Menschen beglücken zu können; eine konkrete Anschauung ist eine solche, bei der man weiß, sie ist in sich selber so, daß sich einmal das eine auswachsen kann, dann das andere oder das dritte. Dann ist das eine oder das zweite oder dritte auf andere äußere Verhältnisse anwendbar. Das ist es, was den Unterschied einer Wirklichkeitsanschauung von allem Dogmatismus bedeutet. Aber Dogmatismus schwört auf Dogmen. Dogmen aber können sich nur geltend machen, wenn sie die Wirklichkeit tyrannisieren. Eine Wirklichkeitsanschauung ist so, wie die Wirklichkeit selbst, in sich lebendig. So wie der menschliche oder ein anderer Organismus in sich beweglich und lebendig ist, nicht ein abgeschlossenes Festes gibt, so ist eine Wirklichkeitsanschauung in sich selber lebendig, wächst sich nach der einen oder nach der anderen Seite hin aus.
Wenn Sie diesen Unterschied der Wirklichkeitsanschauung vom Dogmatismus ins Auge fassen, dann ist das ein außerordentlich Wichtiges für jene Umänderung der Denkgewohnheiten in Ihrer Seele, die heute den Menschen so notwendig ist und von der die Menschen heute noch so entfernt sind - viel mehr eigentlich, als sie es wissen. Und das, was ich Ihnen sage, das hängt wiederum im tiefsten Innern mit anthroposophisch orientierter Geisteswissenschaft zusammen.
Sehen Sie, für die gewöhnliche Wissenschaft, wie sie heute allein üblich ist, ist der Mensch eine Einheit. Der heutige Anatom, der heutige Physiologe betrachtet das Gehirn, die Sinnesorgane, Nerven, Leber, Milz, Herz; für ihn sind es alles Organe, die er in einen einheitlichen Organismus einordnet. Sie wissen, das tun wir nicht. Wir unterscheiden den Kopfmenschen, respektive Nerven-Sinnesmenschen, von dem Brustmenschen, respektive Atmungs-Blutzirkulationsmenschen, und den Stoffwechselmenschen oder auch Extremitätenmenschen oder auch Muskelmenschen. Wir unterscheiden, wie Sie wissen, einen dreigliedrigen Menschen, und dieser dreigliedrige Mensch, der lebt in der Welt. Und weil wir nicht abstrakt an dem eingliedrigen Menschen festhalten in anthroposophisch orientierter Geisteswissenschaft, so ist es auch so, daß der anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschafter diejenige soziale Ordnung findet, in die sich der Mensch als dreigliedriges Wesen hineinschließt. Denn das ist der Leitfaden, diese anthroposophische Gliederung des Menschen. Diese drei Glieder sind ja mehr oder weniger auch nur die äußeren am Menschen selbst befindlichen Symbole seines Wesens, denn der Mensch wurzelt ja in allen Welten. Aber wenn wir diese Dreigliedrigkeit betrachten, so ist sie uns ein Leitfaden, um wiederum die Differenziertheit der Menschen über die Erde hin ins Auge zu fassen.
Ich bitte, wenn ich mich über diese Sache ausspreche, sie wiederum «sine ira» zu betrachten, denn ich charakterisiere; weder kritisiere ich, noch sage ich irgend etwas, um nach der einen Seite hin abträglich oder nach der anderen Seite hin zuträglich zu wirken. Fangen wir beim russischen Menschen, beim osteuropäischen Menschen an. Man kann ihn gar nicht studieren, wenn man nur die heutige Anatomie, Physiologie oder Psychologie und nicht jenen dreigliedrigen Menschen ins Auge faßt, den ich in meinem Buche «Von Seelenrätseln » wenigstens skizzenhaft angedeutet habe. Denn faßt man das, was heutige - ich bitte zu berücksichtigen: heutige! — russische Seelen-, überhaupt russische Volks-Eigentümlichkeit ist, ins Auge, so kann man sagen: In Rußland ist - die Russen mögen mir das verzeihen, aber es ist wahr — der Kopfmensch zu Hause. Ich sage: Die Russen mögen mir das verzeihen, denn sie glauben das selber nicht; aber sie irren sich eben. Sie werden vielleicht sagen: In Rußland ist der Herzensmensch zu Hause und gerade der Kopf tritt mehr zurück. Das ist nur dann möglich zu behaupten, wenn Sie Geisteswissenschaft nicht ordentlich studieren. Denn deshalb erscheint die russische Kopfkultur vorzugsweise als eine Herzenskultur, weil, wenn ich mich trivial ausdrücken darf, der Russe das Herz im Kopfe hat, das heißt, das Herz wirkt so stark, daß es nach dem Kopfe hin wirkt; daß es die ganze Intelligenz durchkreuzt, daß es alles durchsetzt. Aber die Wirkung des Herzens auf den Kopf, auf die Begriffe, auf die Ideen, das konfiguriert die ganze osteuropäische Kultur.
Und mögen es mir die Mitteleuropäer wiederum nicht übelnehmen, aber so ist es: die haben als Wesentliches - und das charakterisiert die ganze mitteleuropäische Kultur -, daß ihnen der Kopf fortwährend in die Brust fällt, und der Unterleib oder die Extremitäten fortwährend nach dem Herzen heraufgezogen werden. Das ist das Wesentliche beim mitteleuropäischen Menschen; deshalb kommt er so furchtbar schwer zurecht, weil er weder an dem einen noch an dem anderen Ende eigentlich ist. Ich habe Ihnen das dargestellt dadurch, daß ich Ihnen gesagt habe: Beim Hüter der Schwelle kommt der mitteleuropäische Mensch dazu, das Schwanken, den Zweifel, die Unsicherheit namentlich zu erleben.
Und die Westeuropäer mögen es mir wiederum nicht übelnehmen, denn — Sie ahnen schon, was nun übrig bleibt - ihre Kultur ist vorzugsweise eine Unterleibskultur, eine Muskelkultur, weil das gerade das Eigentümliche ist, daß alles, was von der Muskelkultur ausgeht — im Volkstum, nicht im einzelnen Menschen -, stark auch in den Kopf hineinwirkt. Daher das Instinktive der Intelligenz, daher auch dort die Ursprungsstätte der Muskelkultur im modernen Lebenssinn, des Sportes und so weiter. Sie können das alles, was ich sage, auch im äußeren Leben überall finden, wenn Sie nur wollen, wenn Sie nur wirklich und unbefangen auf die Verhältnisse hinschauen wollen. Einen Leitfaden dazu gibt Ihnen nur anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft. Es ist beim Russen so, daß bei ihm das Herz in den Kopf heraufraucht, bei der englisch sprechenden Bevölkerung so, daß der Unterleib in den Kopf heraufraucht, daß aber der Kopf auch wiederum zurückwirkt auf den Unterleib und ihn dirigiert. Das ist sehr wichtig, daß man diese Dinge ins Auge faßt. Man braucht sie ja nicht immer so radikal zu sagen, wie wir sie unter uns sagen, aber wir verstehen uns ja, denn wir sind unter uns vielleicht ja doch bis zu einem gewissen Grade wohlwollend und wissen diese Dinge in objektiver Weise zu nehmen, nicht mit Sympathie und Antipathie.
Aber Sie sehen, man muß den dreigliedrigen Menschen ins Auge fassen, man muß wirklich wissen, daß der Mensch ein dreigliedriges Wesen, ein Wesen nach dem Muster der Trinität ist, wenn man die Differenzierungen auch physiologisch, psychologisch studieren will. Und das ist ja das Wesentliche, daß nicht nur so, wie es der Pastor auch sagt, die Menschen Interesse aneinander haben, daß ein Mensch sich für den andern interessiert, sondern daß wirkliches Interesse von Mensch zu Mensch herrscht. Das kann aber nur auf der Einsicht beruhen. Das bleibt ein leeres Abstraktum, wenn Sie sagen: Ich liebe alle Menschen. Verständnisvolles Eingehen auf den Menschen ist notwendig, also auch auf Menschengemeinschaften, wenn man ein Urteil haben will über Menschengemeinschaften und über die soziale Struktur von Menschengemeinschaften. Das kann man aber nur aus der dreigliedrigen Menschennatur heraus. Wenn man nicht weiß — nun mißverstehen Sie das nicht -, was der hervorstechendste Körperteil bei einer Menschengemeinschaft ist, so kann man den Menschen doch nicht erkennen. Man muß irgendwie einen Leitfaden haben, um Einsicht zu gewinnen, sonst wirft man doch alles durcheinander. Das ist es, worauf es ankommt. Deshalb ist anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft etwas, was mit der Wirklichkeit rechnet. Sie ist deshalb auch etwas, was den Menschen vielfach unangenehm ist. Denn die Menschen wollen aus gewissen Vorurteilen heraus gar nicht, daß sie durchschaut werden. Das ist sogar den Menschen im Privatleben fürchterlich unangenehm, wenn sie durchschaut werden, und man kann fast sagen: Von zehn Menschen werden mindestens neun Feinde, wenn man sie wirklich durchschaut; sie werden es schon in irgendeiner Weise; vielleicht mancher im Unbewußten, aber sie werden es. Das ist den Menschen unangenehm, durchschaut zu werden, wenn es auch in dem Lichte geschieht, wie es hier mitgeteilt ist so, daß es gerade zur Erhöhung der Menschenliebe dienen soll. Die abstrakte Menschenliebe ist eben die Liebe, die der Ofen - ich habe den Vergleich öfter gebraucht - mit seinem Wärmen entwickeln soll. Wenn man ihm zuredet: Du bist ein Ofen, also ist es deine Ofenpflicht, das Zimmer zu wärmen — und man nicht heizt, ist alles moralische Zureden nichts nütze. So auch alle Sonntagnachmittagspredigten. Wenn man den Menschen noch so sehr Liebe und Liebe und Liebe predigt und man nicht das Heizmaterial liefert, dasjenige, wodurch Menschen und Menschengemeinschaften erkannt werden, ist alles Predigen wertlos.
Sie sehen, in welchem Sinne wir anthroposophische Geisteswissenschaft als Heizmaterial gerade für das richtige Interesse vom Menschen am Menschen, für die richtige Entwickelung der Menschenliebe auffassen können. Selbst die wichtigen geschichtlichen Tatsachen - ich habe sie als Symptomatologie vor einiger Zeit hier vor Ihnen entwickelt -, die den heutigen sozialen Impulsen zugrunde liegen, sind nur vom Gesichtspunkte einer Wirklichkeitsanschauung aus in die menschliche Einsicht hereinzubringen.
Wenn wir das alles ins Auge fassen, was wir über die Differenzierung der westlichen, der mittleren und der östlichen Welt schon gesagt haben, und was noch reicher dann in Ihre Seelen einfließt, wenn Sie auf diese Welten nun wirklich verständnisvoll hinschauen, dann fragt man sich ja wohl auch: Woher rührt es denn noch außer dem schon Gesagten, daß zum Beispiel die russische Intelligenz sich aufbewahren kann für folgende Zeiten? - Es bedarf einer größeren Kraft, die Intelligenz gewissermaßen zu bewahren vor dem Ansturm der Instinkte, als es Kraft bedarf, die angeborene, die instinktive Intelligenz zu üben. Es bedarf einer größeren Kraft. Auch das ist durch gewisse, wenn ich so sagen darf, Einrichtungen in der Entwickelung der abendländischen Menschheit erreicht. Nehmen Sie nur den einen Umstand, daß Rußland in vieler Beziehung zurückgehalten worden ist von den Strömungen des Kulturlebens, die im Westen sich abgespielt haben. Ich habe Ihnen von einem anderen Gesichtspunkte dieses Zurückstauen früherer Zeitkultur nach dem Osten hin charakterisiert. Nehmen Sie, wie im neunten Jahrhunderte die Kirchenspaltung eintritt, die dann im zehnten Jahrhundert vollendet ist; wie eine frühere Gestaltung des Christentums nach Osten zurückgeschoben wird, da stationär, konservativ bleibt, so daß man sagen kann: Ein gewisser Zustand, der über das ganze Christentum verbreitet war in den ersten Jahrhunderten, ist nach Osten geschoben worden, also stationär geblieben. Der Westen hat mittlerweile sein Christentum weiterentwickelt. Es ist also etwas nach Osten zurückgeschoben worden. Das ist das eine. Auf der anderen Seite ist vorgeschoben worden in den Osten hinein, von seinem Osten aus wiederum, das Tatarentum, also dasjenige, was aus Asien herüberkam. Das alles ist aber nur der Ausdruck dafür, daß auf russischer Erde frühere Menschenkräfte zurückgestaut worden sind und dajenige in sich aufgenommen haben als Menschenkräfte, was von Asien herüberkam in einem jugendlicheren, darf ich sagen, Zustand als die westeuropäische Menschheit.
Nehmen Sie, um da etwas ins Auge zu fassen, die mitteleuropäische Kultur in ihrer Abhängigkeit vom Protestantismus. Diese Abhängigkeit ist größer, als man gewöhnlich denkt. Im Grunde genommen ist die ganze mitteleuropäische Kultur konfiguriert von dem Impuls des Protestantismus, nicht von diesem oder jenem Bekenntnis, aber von dem Impuls des Protestantismus, denn der Protestantismus ist ja für den höher Betrachtenden auch nur ein Symptom. Das Wesentliche ist der geistige Impuls, der im Protestantismus wirkte. Die ganze Wissenschaft, wie siein Mitteleuropa getrieben wird, die Form, die sie erhält, ist eigentlich vom Protestantismus beeinflußt, und ohne den Protestantismus ist diese mitteleuropäische Kultur nicht denkbar. Was an einer Stelle besonders hervorragend auftritt — geradeso, wie ich es Ihnen vorhin mit der Anwendung der sozialen Aufgaben der Anthroposophie gezeigt habe, die man sogar differenziert anwenden soll -, das ist an anderer Stelle in anderer Weise, in anderen Verhältnissen zum Leben vorhanden. In Mitteleuropa ist der Protestantismus so gewesen, daß er vorzugsweise, ich möchte sagen, in Schwung gebracht hat das Sich-Stützen des Menschen auf sein intelligentes Wesen. Die mitteleuropäische Intelligenz, die anerzogen werden muß, die hängt schon zusammen mit dem Protestantismus. Sogar die katholische Aktion, die gegen den Protestantismus sich erhoben hat, ist, wenn man sie richtig betrachtet, protestantisch, wenn sie nicht gerade vom Jesuitismus ausgeht, der bewußt zurückgehalten hat, was durch den Protestantismus gekommen ist. Aber der Impuls, der durch den Protestantismus wirkt, wirkt, ich möchte sagen, in seiner Reinkultur in Mitteleuropa. Wie wirkte er in Westeuropa? Studieren Sie die geschichtlichen Verhältnisse an der Hand historischer Symptomatologie, dann werden Sie finden: In Westeuropa und in Amerika wirkt der Protestantismus so, daß er dem angeborenen intelligenten Instinkt wie eine Selbstverständlichkeit entspricht, der sich sogar mehr im politischen Leben als im religiösen Leben auslebt. Er wirkt ganz selbstverständlich. Er ist da etwas, was alles durchdringt, er hat nicht eine besondere Beschaffenheit nötig, wenn auch da und dort natürlich reformatorische Herzen erglühten; er hat nicht nötig, eine so erschütternde Reformation herbeizurufen, wie das in Mitteleuropa der Fall war. Er ist im Westen selbstverständlich da. Er ist so, daß man sagen könnte: Der moderne Westmensch wird schon als Protestant geboren; der mitteleuropäische Mensch diskutiert als Protestant. Gerade der Prötestantismus ruft die Diskussionen über die intelligenten Dinge hervor. Da ist es nicht angeboren. Der Russe lehnt den Protestantismus als Russe ab. Er will ihn nicht haben, er kann ihn auch als Russe nicht haben. Russentum und Protestantismus sind unverträglich miteinander.
Dieses, was ich sage, das drückt sich nicht etwa bloß dadurch aus, daß man auf das religiöse Bekenntnis sieht, sondern in der Aufnahme jeglichen Kulturimpulses drückt sich das aus. Sie können zum Beispiel den Marxismus in den Westländern verfolgen. Er wird so aufgenommen in den Westländern, daß er von vornherein ein Protest ist gegen die alten Besitzesverhältnisse und so weiter. In den Mittelländern muß viel diskutiert werden über diese Dinge, gezankt, gezweifelt, auch viel unnützes Zeug muß da geredet werden. Das entspricht dem Charakter der Mittelländer. In Osteuropa nimmt der Marxismus überhaupt sonderbare Formen an, in Osteuropa muß man ihn erst vollständig umsetzen. Und wenn Sie den Marxismus in Osteuropa nehmen, so ist er eigentlich ganz durchsetzt und gefärbt von russischer Orthodoxie. Er trägt, nicht in seinen Ideen, aber in der Art und Weise, wie sich der Russe selbst zum Marxismus stellt, das Gepräge des orthodoxen Glaubens.
Das soll nur darauf aufmerksam machen, wie es notwendig ist, über die Außendinge hinweg und auf das Innere zu sehen. Sie werden viel gewinnen, wenn Sie sich den mannigfaltigen Dingen des Lebens gegenüber daran gewöhnen, sich zu sagen: So wie wir die Worte heute gebrauchen, so sind sie schon zum großen Teile abgebrauchte Münzen. Was man heute nach dem Sprachgebrauch über die Dinge denkt, das ist eigentlich niemals recht der Wirklichkeit entsprechend. Man muß überall tiefer in die Dinge hineinsehen. Ich möchte sagen: Protestantismus, definiert so, wie das gewöhnlich nach den heutigen Denkgewohnheiten geschieht, sagt eigentlich gar nichts Wirklichkeitsgemäßes mehr. Man muß den Protestantismus so auffassen, daß man auch sagen kann: So, wie der Protestantismus auftritt im Marxismus oder meinetwillen in der Politik oder selbst in der Wissenschaft, hat man das, was der Wirklichkeit entspricht. So radikal notwendig ist es, daß heute angestrebt wird, über das bloße Wortscheingebilde, über das Begriffsscheingebilde hinaus zur lebendigen Erfassung der Wirklichkeit zu streben. Davon hängt alles ab, und davon hängt vor allen Dingen ab die richtige Auffassung des wichtigsten Impulses der Gegenwart, des sozialen Impulses. Auch hängt davon ab die richtige Beurteilung der Zeitverhältnisse. Gerade weil die Menschen gar nicht gewöhnt sind, auf das Wirkliche zu sehen, weil die Menschen ganz fern sind von wirklichkeitsgemäßen Vorstellungen, werden ja die Zeitverhältnisse so schief beurteilt. Sie fragen immer nach Schuld oder Unschuld an den letzten kriegerischen Katastrophen, obwohl diese Frage als solche nicht den allergeringsten Sinn hat. Deshalb habe ich Ihnen ja vor längerer Zeit schon hier vorgetragen, wie die Dinge eigentlich in den Weltimpulsen lagen. Gerade so, wie jene Karte heute eigentlich an der Realisierung ist, die ich vor Ihnen hier aufgezeichnet habe, so sind auch die anderen Dinge an der Realisierung. Sie realisieren sich, sie werden sich auch genau so realisieren, wie sie hier besprochen worden sind. Man muß Sinn haben für dasjenige, was wirklich ist, und nicht an Worthülsen hängen. Worthülsen müssen ja oftmals zur Charakteristik gebraucht werden, aber man darf nicht hängen bleiben an ihnen. So muß man, wenn man die Wirklichkeit sieht, auch vom Wirklichkeitsstandpunkte aus verstehen das heutige, von der Entente und den Amerikanern gebildete Urteil, das über die Mittelländer gefällt wird. Ich habe ja schon gesagt: Ich habe von vielen Seiten gehört, als diese Kriegskatastrophe begann, daß man das, was die Mittelländer getan haben, in Grund und Boden kritisiert hat. Das, was jetzt wahrhaftig genug an Gewaltpolitik und so weiter geschieht, wird von denen, die dazumal kritisiert haben, heute viel weniger kritisiert, obwohl genügend Veranlassung zu einer ähnlichen herben Kritik vorhanden wäre. Ich habe, glaube ich, niemals irgendwelche Persönlichkeiten in Schutz genommen, sondern Verhältnisse charakterisiert. Daher habe ich auch gar keine Aufgabe, Persönlichkeiten, deren maskenloses Dasein sich im Laufe der letzten Zeit enthüllt hat, irgendwie zu verteidigen. Aber, ob nun die restlose Vergötterung des Wilsonianismus zum Beispiel und alles dessen, was drum und dran hängt, weniger in dem Hang der Menschen zu irgendeinem Götzendienst liegt als dasjenige, was in den Mittelländern als Ludendorfferei entwickelt worden ist und was ja in die soziale Psychiatrie gehört, das ist doch etwas, was eben sehr sorgfältig entschieden werden muß, worüber nicht so obenhin gesprochen werden kann.
Aber von einem anderen Gesichtspunkte aus habe ich Ihnen einmal hier gesagt: Wenn ein Mensch über den andern schimpft, Böses sagt, so ist nicht immer, ja sogar in den seltensten Fällen der Grund dazu in dem Menschen, über den Böses gesagt wird. Der mag auch böse sein; aber dieses, die Bösheit in ihm, ist für den objektiven Betrachter der Wirklichkeit der allergeringste Grund des Schimpfens. Der Grund des Schimpfens ist zumeist das Schimpfbedürfnis. Und dieses Schimpfbedürfnis sucht sich ein Objekt, das will sich entladen. Das sucht auch seine Ideen in eine solche Strömung zu bringen, daß diese Ideen wie berechtigt aus der Seele des schimpfenden Menschen hervorzugehen scheinen. So ist es oftmals im Verkehr der einzelnen Menschen miteinander. Aber im Großen, in der Welt, ist es auch nicht anders. Man muß dann nur darauf hinsehen, daß ja auch tiefere Gründe vorhanden sind. Sehen Sie, es ist durchaus begreiflich und selbstverständlich, daß die Leute in Ententeländern und in amerikanischen Gebieten jetzt nicht nur einzelne Machthaber, sondern auch die Bevölkerung der Mittelländer in Grund und Boden bohren und alles mögliche nach dieser Richtung hin sagen. Man kann das begreifen, denn, wie würde sich denn die Politik der Ententeländer in den jetzigen Wochen ausnehmen, wenn die Leute dort sagen würden: Diese Leute in den Mittelländern sind ja gar nicht so schlimm; es sind doch im Grunde genommen Menschen, die nur ihre besseren Seiten zu entwickeln brauchen, dann ist es ganz gut mit ihnen. - Ja, wenn sie das sagen würden, dann würde das wenig stimmen mit der Politik, die sie treiben. Man muß dasjenige sagen in der Welt, was einen rechtfertigt. Man muß wissen, wie die Dinge aus der Wirklichkeit hervorgehen. Das ist eine tiefere Anschauung. Es ist ganz selbstverständlich, daß die gesamte öffentliche Meinung der Ententeländer nicht deshalb so ist, weil es wahr ist, sondern um das eigene Verhalten zu rechtfertigen, geradeso, wie oftmals, wenn einer über den andern schimpft, er nicht deshalb schimpft, weil der Angeschimpfte so oder so ist, sondern weil er ein Schimpfbedürfnis hat, weil er es entladen will. Es handelt sich wirklich darum, die Dinge anders anzusehen, als man gewohnt ist, sie anzusehen. Das ist es, worauf es ankommt. Geisteswissenschaft im innersten Grund seiner Seele zu erfassen, ist noch in vieler Beziehung etwas ganz anderes, als was sich selbst viele, die sich der anthroposophischen Bewegung zurechnen, vorstellen.
Äußerlich, abstrakt betrachtet - und jetzt kommen wir auf ein anderes Kapitel - könnte man glauben, daß der Sozialismus der Gegenwart, die sozialen Forderungen der Gegenwart, aus sozialen Impulsen hervorgehen. Ich habe Ihnen neulich charakterisiert, wie der Mensch hin- und herpendelt zwischen sozialen und antisozialen Trieben oder Instinkten. Der abstrakt Denkende wird es als etwas ganz Selbstverständliches betrachten, daß der soziale Proletarier in der Gegenwart aus dem Sozialen geboren ist, denn es schickt sich so, nicht wahr, daß man das Soziale aus dem Sozialen definiert. Aber das ist ja nicht wahr. Wer den proletarischen Sozialismus der Gegenwart seiner Wirklichkeit gemäß betrachtet, der weiß, daß der Sozialismus, wie er heute als Marxismus auftritt, eine antisoziale Erscheinung ist. Er geht aus den antisozialen Impulsen hervor. Das ist der Unterschied zwischen abstrakten Definitionen, zwischen abstraktem Denken und wirklichkeitsgemäßem Denken. Was treibt die Menschen, die nach dieser hier gemeinten Richtung hin heute den Sozialismus verwirklichen wollen? Treiben sie etwa soziale Instinkte? Nein, antisoziale Instinkte! Ich habe es gestern sogar aus äußeren Hinweisen gezeigt, aus der Konfiguration der Grundformel: «Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt euch!» Das heißt: Fühlet den Haß zu den anderen Klassen, damit ihr das Band der Vereinigung fühlt! — Da haben Sie einen der antisozialen Impulse. Man könnte unendlich viele der antisozialen Impulse aufführen, wenn man die Sozialpsychologie der Gegenwart studiert. Das ist der Unterschied zwischen derjenigen Denkweise, die sich heraufentwickelt, heraufentwickeln muß, und die durch anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft gefördert werden soll, und dem, was heute landläufigen Denkgewohnheiten entspricht.
Deshalb findet auch das, was als anthroposophischer Standpunkt gegenüber der sozialen Frage geltend gemacht werden muß, heute noch so viel Widerstand, weil die Leute nicht wirklichkeitsgemäß denken können, weil die Leute vor allen Dingen nicht differenziert denken können und oftmals sogar glauben, wenn jemand differenziert denken kann, so widerspricht er sich selber.
Wichtige Fragen der Gegenwart sind nur zu lösen durch wirklichkeitsgemäßes Denken. Ich will Ihnen eine solche Frage, die sich anknüpft an das, was wir schon besprochen haben, sagen. Ich habe gesagt: Das, was in den proletarischen Köpfen besonders spukt, was einen treibenden Motor bildet, das ist, daß an die Stelle des alten Sklaventums die Versklaverei der Arbeit getreten ist, indem Arbeit in der heutigen sozialen Struktur Ware ist. Ich habe Ihnen gestern scharf betont, daß gerade darin die Aufgabe des sozialen Denkens besteht, die Ware loszulösen von der Arbeitskraft. Die dreigliedrige soziale Struktur, von der ich gesprochen habe, enthält schon denjenigen Impuls, der die Ware von der menschlichen Arbeit loslöst. Denn was durch diese Dreigliederung bewirkt wird, sind nicht logische Konsequenzen, sondern sind eben Wirklichkeitskonsequenzen, die auch der Anschauungswirklichkeit entsprechen.
Nun schließt sich an diese Frage eine andere an, die gewissermaßen brennend ist. Sie wissen, eine der Grundforderungen des proletarischen Materialismus, der marxistisch gefärbt ist, ist die der Vergesellschaftung der Produktionsmittel. Die Produktionsmittel sollen in den Gemeinbesitz übergehen. Das würde ja nur der Anfang des Gemeinbesitzes überhaupt sein, auch des Grund und Bodens und so weiter. Und Sie wissen ja auch aus dem, was ich Ihnen vorgeführt habe als das Programm der russischen Räte-Republik, daß es zu dem Programm gehört, die Produktionsmittel und Grund und Boden zu verstaatlichen, besser gesagt, zu vergesellschaften. Das weist Sie schon hin auf die denkbar wichtigste soziale Unterfrage der Gegenwart. Die kann man so formulieren: Soll das soziale Eingreifen in die gegenwärtige Kultur, oder auch in das gegenwärtige Chaos, wenn wir auf die Mittelländer und Ostländer sehen, so geschehen, daß die Tendenz sich herausbildet, daß gegen die Zukunft hin möglichst immer mehr einzelne Menschen Eigentümer werden, Besitzer werden, oder soll es sich so entwickeln, daß die Gemeinschaft Besitzer wird? — Sie verstehen, was ich meine. - Soll es so werden, daß möglichst der einzelne Mensch einen Besitz, ein Eigentum hat, oder soll, um die Ungerechtigkeit zu vermeiden, dasjenige, was Besitz werden kann, Grund und Boden, Produktionsmittel und so weiter, Gemeinbesitz werden? Das ist eine sehr wichtige soziale Unterfrage. Die Tendenz des proletarischen Denkens strebt heute darauf hin, die Dinge zum Gemeinbesitz zu machen. Aber, es ist mit Bezug auf die wichtigsten sozialen Impulse kein Unterschied, ob ein einzelner oder eine Assoziation oder die Gesamtheit Besitzer ist. Die Gesamtheit - für den, der die Wirklichkeit studieren kann, bezeugt sich dieses — wird kein anderer, kein minder schlimmer Unternehmer sein gegenüber dem einzelnen, als es der einzelne Unternehmer ist. Das liegt einfach wie ein Naturgesetz in der Natur der Tatsachen, und das sieht man nur nicht ein; deshalb geht man in die Irre. Denn die Frage ist diese: Sollen alle Menschen Besitzer werden? — Das würde dann sein, wenn man nicht gemeinschaftlichen Besitz hätte — ich kann die Technik weiter nicht ausführen, sie ist aber vollständig durchführbar -, sondern wenn die einzelnen Individualitäten nach der Opportunität, die auf irgendeinem Territorium herrscht, wenn jeder in gerechter Weise Besitzer wäre. Sollen alle Besitzer werden, oder sollen, wie es das heutige proletarische Denken will, alle Proletarier werden? Das ist die Alternative. Das heutige proletarische Denken will alle zu Proletariern machen und nur die Gesamtheit zum Unternehmer. Was sich da ergibt, wenn man die Wirklichkeit erfassen kann, das ist das Gegenteil. Denn niemals ist es möglich, die Dreigliedrigkeit der sozialen Struktur zu erreichen, wenn man alle Menschen zu Proletariern macht. Was erreicht werden muß als Tendenz der dreigliedrigen Struktur, ist die Freiheit des einzelnen Menschen in leiblicher, seelischer und geistiger Beziehung. Das ist nicht zu erreichen, wenn alle Menschen Proletarier werden; aber sie ist für jeden Menschen zu erreichen, wenn alle eine Grundlage des Besitzes haben.
Was zweitens erreicht werden muß, ist eine solche Regulierung der Verhältnisse, daß vor dem Gesetze oder vor der Verfassung, überhaupt vor der Regierung alle gleich sind. Freiheit auf dem geistigen Wege, Gleichheit meinetwillen im Staate, wenn man das eine Drittel weiter so nennen will, Brüderlichkeit in bezug auf das Leben in der Ökonomie. Ich kenne sehr geistvolle Bücher, die mit Recht hervorheben, daß die drei Ideen «Freiheit, Gleichheit und Brüderlichkeit» einander widersprechen. Nun, Gleichheit widerspricht der Freiheit ganz entschieden; das haben 1848, und auch schon früher, geistvolle Schriftsteller ausgesprochen; das ist ganz richtig. Wenn man alles durcheinanderwirft, widersprechen sich die Dinge. Freiheit auf dem geistigen, juristischen Gebiete, der Religion, des Unterrichts, der Jurisprudenz; Gleichheit in der Verwaltung, in der Regierung, in dem Sicherheitsdienst; Brüderlichkeit auf ökonomischem Gebiete. - Auf ökonomischem Gebiete ist das Eigentum, das nur in entsprechender Weise für die Zukunft ausgebildet werden muß; auf dem Gebiete des Sicherheitsdienstes und der Verwaltung das Recht, und auf dem Gebiete des geistigen und juristischen Lebens die Freiheit. Wenn die Dinge nach der Trinität verteilt sind, widersprechen sie einander nicht. Denn dasjenige, was sich in Gedanken widerspricht, das ist deshalb wirklichkeitsgemäß, weil es in der Wirklichkeit auf Verschiedenes verteilt ist. Der Gedanke, der krebst nach Widersprüchen; die Wirklichkeit lebt aber nach Widersprüchen. Nun kann man die Wirklichkeit nicht erfassen, wenn man die Widersprüche nicht erfassen kann, wenn man in seinen Gedanken den Widersprüchen nicht nachkommt. Sie sehen aus alledem, daß die Geisteswissenschaft, wie sie hier gemeint ist, tatsächlich etwas zu sagen hat bei den wichtigsten Fragen der Gegenwart. Das werden vielleicht doch einige von Ihnen begreifen, daß diese anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft einiges zu sagen hat und daß die Art, wie man über sie denken sollte, im Grunde beeinflußt werden sollte von dem Bewußtsein, wie sie zu den wichtigsten Forderungen der Zeit steht.
Das ist ja etwas, was auch innig zusammenhängt mit der ganzen Art, wie ich mir zum Beispiel persönlich vorstellen muß, daß im Geistesleben der Gegenwart diese anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft, oder ihr Träger, die anthroposophisch orientierte Geistesbewegung, stehen soll. Das ist natürlich nicht mit einem Schlage von unseren Zeitgenossen zu erreichen, daß man da richtig sieht. Glauben Sie nicht - und derjenige, der mich kennt, der wird das ganz gewiß nicht glauben -, daß es aus einer Albernheit heraus ist oder aus einer persönlichen Eitelkeit, wenn ich diese Dinge charakterisiere. Aus der Notwendigkeit der Tatsachen heraus bin ich immer wieder gezwungen, nach der einen oder anderen Richtung hin zu charakterisieren. Es ist wirklich so, und ich habe Ihnen ja das bei verschiedenen Anlässen gezeigt, daß ich das, was ich selber kann und will, gar nicht geneigt bin, zu überschätzen. Ich kenne die Grenzen und weiß manches, wovon vielleicht der eine oder andere nicht ahnt, daß ich es weiß. Aber gerade für diejenigen, die mich nach dieser Richtung ein wenig beurteilen können, darf ich vielleicht doch sagen, daß ich eines -— wenn ich den Ausdruck gebrauchen darf, er ist nicht ganz richtig gebraucht, aber es gibt keinen andern -, daß ich eines «herbeiwünschen» möchte: Das ist eine gewisse Unterscheidung zwischen so etwas, wie es hier gewollt wird, und denjenigen Dingen, mit denen das, was hier gewollt wird, sehr häufig verwechselt wird. Wieviele gibt es heute noch, die da oder dort diese oder jene okkulte oder sich okkult nennende Gesellschaft sehen und sich nicht einlassen auf eine durch den gesunden Menschenverstand herbeigeführte Unterscheidung dessen, was hier gefunden werden kann! Denn, mag es noch so unvollkommen sein, die Bemühung liegt doch hier vor, wirklich mit dem Bewußtsein der Zeit zu rechnen. Sehen Sie sich dagegen all das Zeug an, was vielfach auch als okkulte oder ähnliche Bewegungen aufgefaßt wird, wie das mit dem Bewußtsein der Zeit rechnet. Alle diese Nieder- und Hochgrad-Maurer, auch alle die verschiedensten Religionsgemeinschaften, an ihnen ist ja gerade das Antiquierte, daß sie nicht imstande sind, mit dem Bewußtsein der Zeit wirklich zu rechnen. Wo redet man denn aus den Untergründen heraus, die in diesen Dingen zu finden sind? Wo redet man denn in einer wirklich modern eingreifenden Weise, so daß es der Wirklichkeit angepaßt ist, über die brennenden Fragen der Gegenwart? Aus den Ritualien und Vorschriften der einen oder der anderen Maurerei oder Konfessionsgemeinschaft werden Sie diese Dinge nicht herausfinden können. Da möchte man, daß ein Unterscheidungsvermögen Platz griffe!
Gewiß, es ist erschwert, das gebe ich zu, aus dem Grunde, weil aus den historischen Verhältnissen, wie ich sie Ihnen geschildert habe, diese Gesellschaft, um die es sich hier handelt, im Anfang konfundiert wurde mit der Theosophischen oder mit allerlei anderen Gesellschaften. In äußerer Beziehung mag es ein Fehler gewesen sein; karmisch ist es gerechtfertigt. Gescheiter wäre es gewesen, wenn diese Anthroposophische Gesellschaft sich, ganz auf sich selbst stehend, ohne irgendeine Beziehung zu anderen Gesellschaften begründet hätte. Gewiß, äußerlich gefaßt, wäre es gescheiter gewesen, denn das ganze philiströse Bourgeoistum der Theosophischen Gesellschaft, das antiquierte Zeug, all das wäre nicht eingeflossen. In die Anthroposophie ist es ja nicht eingeflossen, aber vielfach in den gesellschaftlichen Betrieb. Es könnte, wenn Anthroposophie in der richtigen Weise in unserer Gesellschaft lebte, wie sie es eben nicht tut, es könnte diese Gesellschaft schon, in einem gewissen Sinne wenigstens, das eine Drittel unserer sozialen Struktur, wie sie aus der Anthroposophie selbst folgt, das geistige Drittel, selbst mit Einschluß des Juristischen, musterhaft charakterisieren. Denn was als Recht von Individuum zu Individuum eigentlich unter Anthroposophen herrschen sollte, das sollte eine selbstverständliche Sache sein. Ich empfinde es immer als den schärfsten Bruch mit dem, was sich unter uns entwickeln soll, wenn der eine über den andern so spricht, daß er nach außen irgendwie klagen geht. Da soll sich auch das Rechtsbewußtsein, soweit es eben in dem einen Drittel der sozialen Struktur gemeint ist, entwickeln. Aber es ist eben noch weithin, bis daß eine solche anthroposophische Gesellschaft wirklich das enthält, was sie enthalten könnte, nach den anthroposophischen Impulsen, wie sie eigentlich gemeint sind. Dann muß erst noch das Ohr sich für innere Wahrheit entwickeln, dieses Ohr für innere Wahrheit, das heute die wenigsten Menschen haben. Weil diese Unterscheidung, die eigentlich von außen kommen sollte, von außen nicht kommt, deshalb ist es schon notwendig, das eine oder das andere Mal von diesem oder jenem Gesichtspunkte auf das Unterscheidende hinzuweisen. Ich möchte insbesondere mit Bezug auf gewisse Dinge heute dieses sagen: Dadurch unterscheidet sich das, was durch mich selbst in dieser anthroposophischen Bewegung lebt, von anderem, daß durchaus immer von mir gearbeitet wurde nach jenem Grundsatz, den ich bereits beim Erscheinen meiner « Theosophie» in der Vorrede ausgesprochen habe, daß ich nichts anderes mitteile als das, was ich aus persönlicher Erfahrung mitteilen kann. Hier wird nichts anderes mitgeteilt von mir, als wofür ich aus persönlicher Erfahrung einstehen kann. Hier wird nicht in irgendeinem Sinne, wie es sonst da oder dort gemacht wird, die Berufung auf Autoritäten gepflogen.
Das hat das andere im Gefolge, daß ich sagen darf, daß die geistige Strömung, die durch die anthroposophische Bewegung geleitet wird, von keiner andern Strömung abhängig ist, sondern allein von der Geistigkeit abhängt, die durch die Gegenwart fließt, einzig und allein davon. Daher bin ich - ich bitte Sie, das in allem Ernste aufzufassen nicht verpflichtet, niemandem gegenüber verpflichtet, irgend etwas, wovon ich selber finde, daß es gesagt werden soll in der Gegenwart, zu verschweigen. Ein Gebot des Verschweigens gibt es bei demjenigen nicht, der niemandem gegenüber mit Bezug auf sein geistiges Gut verpflichtet ist. Das gibt schon eine Grundlage für die Unterscheidung dieser Bewegung von anderen Bewegungen. Denn, wer jemals behaupten sollte, daß dasjenige, was innerhalb der anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft verkündet wird, anders verkündet wird als im Sinne dieses in meiner «Theosophie» stehenden Wortes -— daß ich rein persönlich dafür eintrete —, der mag meinetwillen die Verhältnisse nicht kennen und oftmals nicht dagewesen sein, sondern sie von außen ansehen, er verkündet aber die Unwahrheit, aus Böswilligkeit oder nicht aus Böswilligkeit. Wer aber oftmals bei uns war und anderes sagt, etwa irgendeine Vergangenheit oder einen Zusammenhang dieser geistigen Bewegung mit einer anderen konstatiert, wenn er die Verhältnisse hier kennt, der lügt. Das ist es, um was es sich handelt: Entweder wird er aus Unkenntnis der Verhältnisse die Unwahrheit sagen, oder es wird bei Kenntnis der Verhältnisse gelogen. So ist auch alle Gegnerschaft gegen diese Bewegung aufzufassen.
Deshalb muß ich immer wieder betonen: Ich habe nur dasjenige zu verschweigen, von dem ich weiß, daß es der gegenwärtigen Menschheit wegen ihrer Unreife noch nicht mitgeteilt werden kann. Aber ich habe nichts aus irgendeinem Grunde zu verschweigen, weil jemandem gegenüber ein Gelöbnis oder dergleichen abgelegt wäre. Niemals ist in diese Bewegung etwas eingeflossen, was von einer anderen Seite gekommen wäre. Diese Bewegung war geistig nie abhängig von einer anderen; die Zusammenhänge waren nur äußere. Vielleicht werden die Zeiten kommen, wo Sie auch einsehen werden, daß es gut ist, wenn Sie sich daran erinnern, daß ich manchmal Dinge vorhersage, die erst nachher in ihrem richtigen Zusammenhange eingesehen werden. Es wird Ihnen vielleicht einmal, wenn Sie den guten Willen dazu haben, gut dienen können, daß Sie sich erinnern, in welchem Sinne das Geistesgut gepflegt wird, das durch die anthroposophische Bewegung fließen soll.
Aber auch einen Probierstein hat jeder, der diese anthroposophische Bewegung von anderen Bewegungen unterscheiden will. Der Probierstein, der heute da ist für eine solche Bewegung, ist ein Dreifaches. Erstens, daß sich eine solche Bewegung den wissenschaftlichen und intellektuellen Anforderungen der Gegenwart gewachsen zeigt. Nehmen Sie die von mir gepflegte Literatur durch, Sie werden, mag das einzelne unvollkommen sein, durchaus die Bemühung sehen, daß hier eine Bewegung geschaffen werden soll, die nicht aus Altem, Antiquiertem heraus schafft, sondern die mit den wissenschaftlichen Mitteln der Gegenwart durchaus vertraut ist und in vollem Einklang mit dem wissenschaftlichen Bewußtsein der Gegenwart wirkt. Das ist das eine.
Das zweite ist, daß eine solche Bewegung in wirklich lebensvoller Weise etwas über die Lebensfragen der Gegenwart zu sagen hat, also zum Beispiel über die soziale Frage. Was andere Bewegungen nach dieser Richtung zu sagen haben, versuchen Sie es zu vergleichen in seiner Antiguiertheit, in seiner Wirklichkeitsfremdheit, mit dem, was diese Bewegung dazu zu sagen hat.
Das dritte, der dritte Teil des Probiersteines ist, daß eine solche Bewegung die verschiedenen Religionsbedürfnisse bewußt über sich aufzuklären vermag, in dem Sinne aufzuklären vermag, daß sie Aufklärung über die religiösen Bedürfnisse mit einer vollständigen Wirklichkeitsvertrautheit verbindet. Dadurch schon können Sie diese Bewegung unterscheiden von all denjenigen Bewegungen, die imGrunde genommen es doch nur bis zur Sonntagnachmittagspredigt bringen, die es dahin bringen, den Leuten Moralpauken und dergleichen zu halten, gegenüber den konkreten, in der gegenwärtigen sozialen Struktur wirkenden Begriffen aber weltfremd sind. Eine heutige Wirklichkeitswissenschaft muß über Arbeit, über Kapital, über Kreditverhältnisse, über Bodenverhältnisse, über alle diese Dinge, die mit dem heutigen Leben zusammenhängen, über die Gestaltung des sozialen Lebens so reden können, wie sie zu reden versteht über das Verhältnis des Menschen zum göttlichen Wesen, über das Verhältnis des Menschen zur Nächstenliebe und so weiter. Das ist, was die Menschheit so lange versäumt hat: den Anschluß zu finden von oben herunter bis in die unmittelbarsten konkreten Gestaltungen und Prozesse des Lebens. Das ist, was Theologie und Theosophie in unserer Zeit versäumten in ihren verschiedenen Gestaltungen, was auch eine okkulte Richtung versäumte. Sie reden sozusagen von oben herunter bis dahin, wo sie den Leuten sagen können: Seid gute Menschen, und dergleichen ähnliches. Aber sie sind unfruchtbar, sie sind steril, wenn es darauf ankommt, die brennenden konkreten Fragen der Gegenwart wirklich zu erfassen. Die äußere Wissenschaft wiederum redet, aber auch wirklichkeitsfremd, von den Dingen, die das unmittelbare Leben betreffen. Ich habe Ihnen gestern gezeigt, wie fremd die Menschen diesem Leben gegenüberstehen. Wie viele Menschen wissen denn heute überhaupt, was zum Beispiel Kapital ist; was es in Realität ist? -— Gewiß, sie wissen, wenn sie soundso viel Geld im Schrank haben, so ist das ein Kapital. Aber das heißt nicht: Wissen, was Kapital ist. Wissen, was Kapital ist, heißt wissen, wie die Regulierung in der sozialen Struktur mit Bezug auf gewisse Dinge und Prozesse ist. Geradeso, wie man für den einzelnen Menschen anthroposophisch die Beziehungen kennen muß, die da herrschen im Blutkreislauf, der rhythmisch das menschliche Leben reguliert, so muß man wissen, was im sozialen Leben in der verschiedensten Weise pulsiert. Aber die gegenwärtige Physiologie ist noch nicht einmal imstande, materialistisch die wichtigsten Fragen zu lösen; die können erst gelöst werden, wenn anthroposophische Einsicht in den dreigliedrigen Menschen erlangt wird.
Was weiß heutige Wissenschaft zum Beispiel von einem außerordentlich Wichtigen: Worauf rein materialistisch das Vorstellen beruht, worauf rein materialistisch der Wille beruht nach einer gewissen Richtung hin? — Solche Dinge spreche ich heute aus, weil ich dreißig bis fünfunddreißig Jahre meines Lebens über diese Dinge Forschung getrieben habe, wie ich mit Bezug auf einen anderen Punkt bereits gesagt habe. Die Vorstellung beruht darauf, daß der Mensch in sich im Verlaufe des Blutkreislaufes zum Beispiel innerlich Kohlensäure hat, die noch nicht ausgeatmet ist. Wenn innerlich Kohlensäure zirkuliert, die noch nicht ausgeatmet ist, so ist das das materielle Gegenstück, das materielle Korrelat des Gedankens. Wenn im Menschen Sauerstoff ist, der noch nicht zur Kohlensäure verarbeitet wurde, Sauerstoff, der auf dem Umwege zur Verarbeitung in Kohlensäure, zur Umlagerung in Kohlensäure ist, so ist das, nach einer gewissen Richtung hin, das materielle Korrelat für den Willen. Wo im Menschen Sauerstoff pulsiert, der noch nicht ganz verarbeitet ist und Funktionen hat, da ist materiell der. Wille betätigt. Wo im Innern des menschlichen Leibes schon Kohlensäure ist, die noch nicht ganz so bearbeitet wurde, daß sie ausgestoßen oder ausgeatmet wird, da ist die materielle Grundlage für eine Gedankenform. Aber wie diese beiden Pole, der Gedankenpol, der auch der Kohlensäurepol genannt werden kann, und der Willenspol, der der Sauerstoffpol genannt werden kann, wie diese Pole reguliert werden — das gibt nur eine Wirklichkeitswissenschaft. Nirgends finden Sie solch eine Wahrheit, wie ich sie Ihnen jetzt ausgesprochen habe, in heutigen Büchern. Weil man aber nicht das Denken mit Bezug auf eine solche Wirklichkeit schult, schult man das Denken auch nicht mit Bezug auf das, was notwendig ist für den heutigen Menschen in bezug auf die soziale Struktur. Das aber muß eintreten, das ist der Gegenwart notwendig, und das wird eintreten müssen, daß hinzugerechnet wird zu unserer sozialen Frage das geistig-seelische Sich-Hineinstellen des Menschen in die soziale Struktur.
Das ist versäumt worden. Denken Sie sich nur, wie es anders würde, wenn in diesem oder jenem Etablissement der einzelne Arbeiter auch geistig-seelisch hineingestellt würde in den ganzen Prozeß, den die von ihm erzeugte Ware in der Welt durchmacht, wenn er verstünde, wie er in der sozialen Struktur drinnensteht dadurch, daß er gerade diese Ware erzeugt. Das aber kann nur sein, wenn wirklich solches Interesse von Mensch zu Mensch waltet, daß nach und nach kein erwachsener wahrer Mensch mehr da ist, der nicht die wichtigsten sozialen Begriffe in einer wirklichkeitsgemäßen Weise beherrschen kann. Es muß die Zeit kommen, das ist eine soziale Forderung, in der man als Mensch einfach ebensogut weiß, was Kapital, was Kredit, was Bargeld, was ein Scheck ist in bezug auf den nationalökonomischen Effekt - und man kann es wissen, es ist nicht so schwierig, es muß nur erst selbst von denen, die es lehren sollen, tichtig angepackt werden -, wie man heute weiß, daß man die Suppe nicht mit der Gabel ißt, sondern mit dem Löffel. Nicht wahr, wer die Suppe mit der Gabel ißt, der würde einen Unsinn begehen; aber ebenso begeht derjenige einen Unsinn, der die anderen Dinge nicht weiß. Das muß allgemeine öffentliche Meinung werden.
Dann wird der wichtigste Impuls der Gegenwart, der soziale Impuls, auf eine ganz andere Grundlage gestellt werden.
Tenth Lecture
Yesterday I linked some of our considerations to an essay by Berdyaev, which, as you have seen, proceeds from a prejudice, from an unconditional belief in modern science; which, on the other hand, records the remarkable fact—which can only be understood from the contrast between intellectual logic, which is also the logic of natural science, and the logic of facts—that Bolshevism has, in a sense, made Avenarius, Mach, and similar philosophers of positivism its official philosophers. It is perhaps necessary for me to emphasize explicitly that the essay I mentioned to you was written as early as 1908, and it is very strange—and can only be understood from our spiritual-scientific background—that a judgment so consistent with the present, regardless of how one might otherwise view things, or, more accurately, a judgment that is still applicable to the present, can be found in this Russian writer. It may also be important for you to hear that Mach and Avenarius were already considered Bolshevik philosophers at a time when perhaps—and I do not wish to offend anyone—but “perhaps” a large part of you did not yet know what Bolshevism actually is. For a large part of the population of Western and Central Europe has only been aware of Bolshevism for a relatively short time, even though it is an old phenomenon.
Now I would like to follow up on some of the observations we have made over the course of our discussion. You have seen that it was important to me to show you how the social impulses of the present day should be assessed from a spiritual-scientific point of view. And we had to place great emphasis — not in the way that is commonly done today from a purely abstract standpoint — on not simply believing that one can think about social impulses in the same way throughout the whole world. It is precisely this that will cloud all thinking and judgment about the social question and lead it astray if one does not take into account that human communities across the civilized world are differentiated, so that one must avoid the mistake of saying: In relation to the social question, this or that applies, human society must be organized in this or that way. Rather, we must ask: What are the forces at work in Eastern humanity, what are the forces at work in Western humanity, and what are the forces at work in the humanity that lies in between, which lead to social demands? And we have characterized in the most varied ways, from the external symptomatic and also from the internal occult point of view, how this differentiation between Western humanity, Middle humanity, and Eastern humanity, to which we also count the European East, Russia, is to be understood. Without knowledge of this differentiation, it is impossible to have a fruitful conception of the social question.
Now let us ask ourselves today: What is it – we have already touched on this several times, but today we want to highlight one particular aspect – what is the fundamental characteristic of the soul, particularly in the age that began in the fifteenth century and which, as I have told you, will continue into the third millennium? What is the fundamental characteristic that brings the human soul to development? This fundamental characteristic, which has hardly yet shown itself in its true form, which is now in its infancy and will continue to develop, is human intelligence, intelligence as a characteristic of the soul. Thus, in the course of this period, human beings will be called upon more and more to judge all things, especially social, scientific, and religious things, out of their own intelligence, for these things actually exhaust the scope of human life: the religious, scientific, and social impulses.
Now, perhaps this idea of the intelligent being, the human being, which must necessarily be awakened here, will become easier for you if you realize that for the fourth post-Atlantean period one cannot speak in the same sense as today, that human beings wanted to place themselves as personalities entirely on the ground of intelligence alone. I emphasized this particularly in my book The Riddles of Philosophy with reference to philosophical reflection. In the fourth post-Atlantean period, which ended in the fifteenth century AD, it was not necessary for people to make personal use of intelligence. With the perceptions of the environment, with the rest of the context of life with the world, concepts, ideas, that is, the intellectual, flowed into human beings, just as colors and sounds enter through perception. The content of the intellectual was, for example, perception for the Greeks and also for the Romans.
For people since the fifteenth century, the intellectual can no longer be the result of perception. The perception of concepts is absent from the world of perception. People no longer take in concepts and ideas at the same time as perceptions. It is a mistake to think that this great change did not occur at the turn of the fifteenth century. This mistake, which is based on an inability to distinguish, was already apparent to some people in their external lives. For Europeans, for example, it is very easy to see that they regard all Japanese as absolutely the same, even though they are as different as Europeans. They simply do not differentiate. In the same way, modern science does not differentiate between individual periods of time, believing that everything is the same. But that is not the case; rather, a tremendous change took place at the turn of the fifteenth century, when people stopped perceiving concepts at the same time as their perceptions and began to have to work out concepts for themselves. Contemporary man must develop concepts from his own personality. This is only the beginning, but it will continue to develop further and further. And it is precisely in relation to this development of intelligence that Western, Middle, and Eastern people differ to the highest degree. And since the theoretical demands of the proletariat today, as is natural in the fifth post-Atlantean period, the period of the consciousness soul, are raised as intelligent demands, it is important to consider the relationship of the intelligent nature of the human soul, as it differentiates itself across the earth, also in relation to social impulses.
You see, the significance of these things is underestimated because even today they still work so much in the subconscious. People do not like to make distinctions with their comfortable thinking in full consciousness. But every human being has an inner human being within themselves that only shines up into consciousness to a certain degree. This inner human being makes very sharp distinctions, for example, between Western people, Middle people, and Eastern people, depending on whether the person themselves is a Western person, a Middle person, or an Eastern person. I am not referring to individual personalities, but to that part of the human being which belongs to the national character. I ask you always to make this distinction. Of course, the individual stands out from the national character. Certainly, there are people in whom ethnicity has little effect today; there are those who systematically strive to be human beings without allowing ethnicity to influence them. But insofar as ethnicity has an effect, it expresses itself in the ways we have already characterized in various ways and as we now want to consider once again from certain points of view with reference to the social question.
For when something like the social question arises, even if something else arises that depends on the community and not on the individual, the folk element always comes into consideration. And no matter how much a member of the British nation or a member of the German people or an inhabitant of the Russian earth—I make this distinction quite deliberately—no matter how much these three may judge English, German, or Russian politics or social structures to be the same, they cannot be the same, they must be differentiated, because what comes into play here is what they have in common. So it is not so much the individual relationship between people that we are questioning here, but rather that which affects one people and distinguishes one national character from another. I must always emphasize this strongly, because these things are repeatedly misunderstood, partly out of good will and partly out of malice.
Take one example. I ask you to take these things completely “sine ira,” as they are not meant as criticism, but only as statements of fact; I therefore ask you to accept these things without sympathy or antipathy. Let us take a Central European who looks at the life of the English-speaking people on the one side and the life of the Russian-speaking people on the other, how these are lived out in the ideas of the people, that is, again, not of the individual human being, but of the people. The member of the Central European people will perhaps consciously make all kinds of judgments. Of course, today people speak according to public opinion, which is always a form of private laziness, this or that. That may be, but the inner man, I mean the inner Central European, when he judges—which he does not even need to be conscious of—when he looks to the West at the English-speaking population, when he considers the culture in the way it expresses itself politically and socially, he will pass judgment: that is philistinism. And when he looks over to Russia, he will pass judgment: that is bohemianism. That is, of course, somewhat radical, but that is how it is. Certainly, he himself will hear from left and right: You may call us philistines, you may call us bohemians, but you are a pedant! That may be true, certainly, but that is judged from a different point of view. But these things are more real than one thinks, and these realities must be brought out from the depths of human development.
Now the peculiar thing is that within the English-speaking population, intelligence is instinctive. It acts instinctively; it is a new instinct that has emerged in human development, the instinct to think intelligently. What the consciousness soul is supposed to educate, namely intelligence, is practiced instinctively by the English-speaking population. The English national character is predisposed to the instinctive practice of intelligence.
The Russian population differs from the English-speaking population like the North Pole differs from the South Pole, or — I might even say — like the North Pole differs from the equator in relation to this impulse of the intelligent being. In Central Europe — as I have already indicated — intelligence is not instinctive, but must be taught; it is acquired through education. That is the great, enormous difference. In England and America, intelligence is instinctive. It has all the characteristics of an instinct. In Central Europe, intelligence is not innate, but must be taught; it must be grasped in the process of human development. In Russia — I would like to refer to various literary sources here, so that you do not think I am making this up — the situation is such that there is a debate about what intelligence actually is. According to what sensible Russians say, what they call intelligence there is something completely different from what we call intelligence in Central Europe, let alone in England. In Russia, an intelligent person is not someone who has learned this or that. Who do we count among the intellectuals here? Those who have learned this or that, who have acquired this or that, who have trained themselves to think. As I said, in Western Europe and America, this is even innate. But we would not allow ourselves to exclude a merchant or a civil servant or a representative of any liberal profession from the intelligentsia. The Russians do, however. They do not automatically consider a merchant or a civil servant or the representative of any liberal profession to be intelligent people. For Russians, an intelligent person is someone who is alert, who has attained a certain self-awareness. A civil servant who has learned a lot and has opinions on many things does not need to be an alert person. The worker who thinks about his relationship to the social order, who is awakened in his thinking about his relationship to society, is an intelligent person. And it is very significant that one is even compelled to use the word intelligence in a completely different sense. For, you see, while in the West intelligence is instinctive, innate, instilled in the middle class, or at least developed, in the East it is actually treated as something that is certainly not innate, not instilled, not easily developed, but something that is awakened from certain depths of the soul. One awakens to intelligence. This is particularly noticeable among some members of the so-called Cadet Party, who believe that this belief in awakening is precisely the reason why a certain arrogance, a certain overestimation of oneself, can be observed among the intelligentsia of Russia, despite all their other humble qualities.
This intelligentsia in Russia has a very special position in the development of humanity. If you do not allow yourself to be deceived, if you do not indulge in illusions about the outward symptoms, but look at the inner essence, then you can say about this Russian intelligentsia, even if it seems very insignificant to you today according to your Western or Central European standards, and if you do not allow yourself to be influenced by symptoms, but look at the reasons, then you can say: It is being preserved from everything instinctive. It should not, in the opinion of the Russian, allow itself to be consumed by any human instinct, nor should one believe that anything special can be achieved with what is taught as intelligence. Russians naturally want to preserve intelligence unconsciously until the sixth post-Atlantic period, their period, arrives, so that they will then use this intelligence not to descend into instincts, but to carry intelligence up to where the spirit itself will flourish. While the English-speaking population allows intelligence to sink down into the instincts, the Russian wants to preserve it from this. He does not want to let this intelligence sink into the instincts; he wants to nurture it, however small it may be today, so that it may be preserved for the coming age, when the spirit itself, the purely spiritual, can be permeated with this intelligence.
If one considers the matter in this way, then even something that one would otherwise have to criticize with impartial judgment appears to be a necessity for the development of humanity. As I said, Russians themselves, insightful Russians who characterize these things, correctly recognize that the Russian intelligentsia has two underlying factors that lie in its development. This Russian intelligentsia has acquired its present configuration and character because the Russian who developed into an intellectual, who wanted to become enlightened, was initially suppressed by police force. He had to defend himself against police violence to the point of martyrdom. One may condemn this, as I have said, but one must form an unbiased opinion about it. On the one hand, the specific character of this Russian intelligentsia, which wants to preserve itself for future spiritual impulses of humanity, is entirely conditioned by the police oppression that existed until martyrdom. And on the other hand, quite naturally — as Russian writers constantly emphasize — this Russian intelligentsia, because it wants to preserve itself for future times, is today something unworldly, something that does not easily cope with life, something that is aimed at something completely different from what is immediately pulsating in the world. So that one can say: In this respect, too, the Russian soul is the opposite of the English-speaking population. One could say that in the West, the intelligentsia is protected by the police, while in the East, it is persecuted by the police. One may like one thing, the other may like the other, but this is a statement of fact. So in the West, as I said, the intelligentsia is protected. The peculiar character of the intelligentsia is supposed to flow into external life, to be present everywhere in the social structure. People are supposed to participate in the social structure on the basis of their intelligence, and so on. In Russia, regardless of whether it is the Tsar or Lenin who does it, the intelligentsia is suppressed by the police and will continue to be suppressed by the police for a long time to come. Perhaps the secret of its strength lies precisely in the fact that it is suppressed by the police. One can make a rather schematic but nevertheless valid generalization in this regard. One can say: In Russia, the intelligentsia is persecuted, in Central Europe it is tamed, and in the West it is born tame.
If one makes this division, this classification, then, strange as the words may sound, one is actually quite correct. In England and America, with regard to the constitutional state, with regard to foreign policy, and also with regard to the social structure, the intelligentsia is born tame. In Central Europe, it is tamed. In the East, it would like to run free, but is persecuted.
These are the things that must be taken into account if one wants to see reality, if one does not want to engage with things in a chaotic way that prevents one from gaining any insight whatsoever. Now, on the one hand, people are differentiated in this way, precisely with regard to intelligence, insofar as the folk spirit works in them. They are differentiated, as I have indicated in various ways, as I am indicating again today from a certain point of view. But on the other hand, in the age of the consciousness soul, this differentiation must at the same time be seen through, and one must have the possibility of going beyond it.
There are two practical ways of overcoming this differentiation in life. Firstly, by getting to know it. If one merely declaims from entirely general abstract standpoints that this or that is the correct social standpoint, without any recognition of the differentiation within humanity, then this is worthless; one is merely talking at cross purposes with reality. So insight into these conditions is one thing that matters. The other is that one is nevertheless able, in a certain way, to rise above these things with one's entire human experience and to reckon with differentiation if one wants to be practical; that one does not believe that people are the same all over the world and that the social question can be solved in the same way all over the world. One must know that the social question must be solved in different ways because it wants to be solved in different ways, out of the impulses of the peoples.
But this is only possible under the conditions set forth here by spiritual science. For how can you apply any social ideal, whether more or less chaotic or harmoniously coherent, to all human beings? You can only apply it one-sidedly. You can have the most beautiful, best provable ideas, but you will not be able to believe anything other than that you can make people all over the earth happy with these beautiful ideas. That is precisely the misfortune of our time, that most people want something like that. Whoever stands before people today and speaks of social or political ideas believes or thinks differently than that conditions throughout the world can be arranged in such and such a way, and that with the ideas I have conceived, the whole of humanity can be made happy. That is how people think today. And from the premises of our habits of thinking, it is hardly possible to think otherwise, my dear friends.
But take the social aspect that I extracted from spiritual science and presented to you here some time ago. You will see that it breaks with the habits of thinking of our time, that it has a completely different character. I told you: it is not a question of having some kind of uniform social ideal, but of investigating: what wants to be realized in reality? I pointed out to you a threefold division of life, which has hitherto been chaotically combined in the one-member state. Today, everywhere you see a cabinet, a parliament, and people consider it ideal to combine everything chaotically in a parliament. I told you that reality strives to keep apart what is combined in one. Spiritual life, including the legal system—but not administrative justice, rather civil and criminal justice—forms one part, economic life forms a second part. And the life that regulates the two forms a third part, where administration takes place, where security services are provided, and so on. These three stand in opposition to one another, just as states stand in opposition to one another today. They interact with each other through representatives, regulate their mutual relations, but they are, if I may use the expression, sovereign within themselves.
You can review and criticize what I am saying here to the ground, but then you are not criticizing a view, but something that will come to fruition over the next forty to fifty years. This threefold division gives you the unique opportunity to take into account the differentiation of humanity. For if you have only one division, you must impose it on the whole of humanity, as if you wanted to dress a small person, a medium-sized person, and a giant in the same coat — whereby size is only used here for illustrative purposes; it is not meant to describe peoples as small or large. But by having this threefold division, you have the possibility of having something universal within it. The West will develop in such a way with regard to its social structure that what predominates there is administration, constitution, regulation of public life in general, security services in the broadest sense, and so on. The other two are subordinate elements, dependent on this. And again, it is different for other areas. There, one of the three predominates, while the other two are more or less dependent. Thus, by having a threefold structure, you have the possibility of finding a differentiation of reality in your view. What is uniform must be spread across the whole earth; but what is tripartite in itself, you can say: in the West, the one is predominant, in the middle lands, the two is predominant, and in the East, the three is predominant. In this way, what you find as the ideal of social structure is differentiated across the whole earth. This is the fundamental difference between the view represented here by spiritual science and other views.
The view represented by spiritual science is applicable to reality from the outset because it can be differentiated within itself and then applied to reality in a differentiated form. That is the difference between an abstract view and a concrete one: an abstract view is a sum of concepts in which one believes oneself to be happy or to be able to make people happy; a concrete view is one in which one knows that it is such in itself that one thing can grow out of it, then another, then a third. Then the one or the other or the third can be applied to other external circumstances. This is what distinguishes a view of reality from all dogmatism. But dogmatism swears by dogmas. Dogmas, however, can only assert themselves if they tyrannize reality. A view of reality is, like reality itself, alive in itself. Just as the human or any other organism is mobile and alive in itself, and is not a closed, fixed entity, so a view of reality is alive in itself and grows in one direction or another.
If you consider this difference between a view of reality and dogmatism, it is extremely important for the change in thinking habits in your soul that is so necessary for people today and from which people today are still so far removed — much more so than they realize. And what I am telling you is, in turn, deeply connected with anthroposophically oriented spiritual science.
You see, for ordinary science, as it is practiced today, the human being is a unity. Today's anatomist, today's physiologist, looks at the brain, the sense organs, the nerves, the liver, the spleen, the heart; for him, these are all organs that he classifies into a unified organism. You know that we do not do that. We distinguish between the head person, or nerve-sense person, the chest person, or respiratory-blood circulation person, and the metabolic person, or extremity person, or muscle person. As you know, we distinguish between a threefold human being, and this threefold human being lives in the world. And because we do not cling to the abstract concept of the one-membered human being in anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, it is also true that the anthroposophically oriented spiritual scientist finds the social order into which the human being as a threefold being fits. For this is the guiding principle, this anthroposophical division of the human being. These three members are, more or less, only the outer symbols of the human being's nature, for the human being is rooted in all worlds. But when we consider this threefold structure, it serves as a guiding principle for us to grasp the diversity of human beings across the earth.I ask you, when I speak about this matter, to consider it “sine ira,” for I am merely characterizing; I am neither criticizing nor saying anything that might be detrimental to one side or beneficial to the other. Let us begin with the Russian people, with the people of Eastern Europe. It is impossible to study them if one considers only their present-day anatomy, physiology, or psychology and not the threefold human being that I have at least sketched in my book “The Mystery of the Human Soul.” For if one considers what constitutes the Russian soul today – and I ask you to bear in mind that I am referring to today! – and indeed the Russian national character in general, one can say that in Russia – and I hope the Russians will forgive me for saying so, but it is true – the intellectual is at home. I say: Russians may forgive me for saying this, because they do not believe it themselves; but they are mistaken. You may say: In Russia, the heart is at home and the head takes a back seat. That can only be claimed if you have not studied the humanities properly. For it is precisely because Russians have their hearts in their heads, if I may express myself trivially, that the Russian intellectual culture appears to be primarily a culture of the heart. That is to say, the heart has such a powerful influence that it affects the head; it permeates the entire intellect and pervades everything. But the effect of the heart on the head, on concepts, on ideas, shapes the entire Eastern European culture.
And may the Central Europeans not take offense at me, but that is how it is: their essential characteristic—and this characterizes the entire Central European culture—is that their head is constantly falling into their chest, and their lower abdomen or extremities are constantly being pulled up toward the heart. That is the essence of the Central European; that is why he finds it so terribly difficult to get along, because he is neither at one end nor the other. I have illustrated this to you by saying that, when faced with the guardian of the threshold, the Central European experiences vacillation, doubt, and uncertainty.
And Western Europeans should not take offense at this, because — you can already guess what remains — their culture is primarily a culture of the lower abdomen, a culture of muscles, because it is precisely the peculiarity of this culture that everything that emanates from the culture of muscles — in the folklore, not in the individual human being — also has a strong effect on the head. Hence the instinctive nature of intelligence, hence also the origin of muscle culture in the modern meaning of life, in sports, and so on. You can find everything I am saying everywhere in external life, if you only want to, if you only want to look at the circumstances truly and impartially. Only anthroposophically oriented spiritual science can provide you with a guide to this. With Russians, the heart rises up into the head, while with English-speaking people, the lower abdomen rises up into the head, but the head also has an effect back on the lower abdomen and directs it. It is very important to take these things into account. You don't always have to say them as radically as we do among ourselves, but we understand each other because we are, perhaps to a certain extent, sympathetic to each other and know how to take these things objectively, without sympathy or antipathy.
But you see, one must consider the threefold human being, one must really know that the human being is a threefold being, a being according to the pattern of the Trinity, if one wants to study the differentiations physiologically and psychologically. And that is the essential point, that it is not just, as the pastor says, that people are interested in each other, that one person is interested in another, but that there is genuine interest between people. But that can only be based on insight. It remains an empty abstraction when you say, “I love all people.” Understanding engagement with people is necessary, and therefore also with human communities, if one wants to have an opinion about human communities and about the social structure of human communities. But this is only possible from the perspective of the threefold nature of human beings. If you do not know — and please do not misunderstand me here — what the most prominent part of the human community is, then you cannot really know human beings. You need some kind of guide to gain insight, otherwise you will end up confusing everything. That is what matters. That is why anthroposophically oriented spiritual science is something that reckons with reality. It is therefore also something that is often unpleasant for people. For out of certain prejudices, people do not want to be seen through. It is even terribly unpleasant for people in their private lives when they are seen through, and one can almost say: Of ten people, at least nine will become enemies if you really see through them; they will do so in some way; perhaps some unconsciously, but they will. People find it unpleasant to be seen through, even if it is done in the light in which it is communicated here, in such a way that it is intended to serve the elevation of human love. Abstract love for humanity is precisely the love that the stove—I have often used this comparison—is supposed to develop with its warmth. If you tell it, “You are a stove, so it is your duty as a stove to heat the room,” and you don't turn up the heat, all moral persuasion is useless. The same is true of all Sunday afternoon sermons. No matter how much you preach love and love and love to people, if you don't provide the fuel, that is, what makes people and human communities recognizable, all preaching is worthless.
You see in what sense we can understand anthroposophical spiritual science as fuel for the right interest in people, for the right development of love for humanity. Even the important historical facts—I developed them as symptomatology here before you some time ago—that underlie today's social impulses can only be brought into human understanding from the point of view of a view of reality.
When we consider everything we have already said about the differentiation between the Western, Middle, and Eastern worlds, and what flows even more richly into your souls when you now look at these worlds with real understanding, then one also asks oneself: Apart from what has already been said, where does it come from that, for example, the Russian intelligentsia is able to preserve itself for future times? It takes greater strength to preserve intelligence, so to speak, from the onslaught of instincts than it takes to exercise innate, instinctive intelligence. It takes greater strength. This too has been achieved through certain, if I may say so, institutions in the development of Western humanity. Take, for example, the fact that Russia has been held back in many respects by the currents of cultural life that have taken place in the West. I have characterized this holding back of earlier Eastern culture from another point of view. Take, for example, the schism in the Church that occurred in the ninth century and was completed in the tenth century; how an earlier form of Christianity was pushed back to the East, where it remained stationary and conservative, so that one can say: A certain state that was widespread throughout Christianity in the first centuries was pushed to the East, thus remaining stationary. In the meantime, the West has further developed its Christianity. So something has been pushed back to the East. That is one thing. On the other hand, something has advanced into the East, from its own East, namely, the Tatarism, that is, what came over from Asia. But all this is only an expression of the fact that earlier human forces were held back on Russian soil and absorbed into themselves as human forces what came over from Asia in a more youthful state, if I may say so, than Western European humanity.
To grasp this, take the Central European culture in its dependence on Protestantism. This dependence is greater than is usually thought. Basically, the whole of Central European culture is shaped by the impulse of Protestantism, not by this or that confession, but by the impulse of Protestantism, for Protestantism is, after all, only a symptom for the higher observer. The essential thing is the spiritual impulse that was at work in Protestantism. The whole of science as it is pursued in Central Europe, the form it takes, is actually influenced by Protestantism, and without Protestantism, this Central European culture is inconceivable. What appears particularly outstanding in one place — just as I showed you earlier with the application of the social tasks of anthroposophy, which should even be applied in a differentiated way — is present in another place in a different way, in different relationships to life. In Central Europe, Protestantism has been such that it has, I would say, given impetus to people's reliance on their intelligent nature. The Central European intelligentsia, which needs to be educated, is already connected with Protestantism. Even the Catholic action that arose against Protestantism is, when viewed correctly, Protestant, unless it stems directly from Jesuitism, which consciously held back what came through Protestantism. But the impulse that comes from Protestantism is at work, I would say, in its purest form in Central Europe. How did it work in Western Europe? Study the historical circumstances using historical symptomatology, and you will find that in Western Europe and America, Protestantism works in such a way that it corresponds to the innate intelligent instinct as a matter of course, which is even more evident in political life than in religious life. It works quite naturally. It is something that permeates everything; it does not need any special characteristics, even if reformist hearts naturally burned here and there; it does not need to bring about such a shattering reformation as was the case in Central Europe. It is a matter of course in the West. It is such that one could say: Modern Western man is born a Protestant; Central Europeans discuss things as Protestants. It is Protestantism that provokes discussions about intelligent matters. It is not innate. Russians reject Protestantism as Russians. They do not want it, nor can they have it as Russians. Russianness and Protestantism are incompatible with each other.
What I am saying is not expressed merely by looking at religious beliefs, but is expressed in the reception of all cultural impulses. You can follow Marxism in the Western countries, for example. It is received in the Western countries in such a way that it is from the outset a protest against the old property relations and so on. In the middle countries, there has to be a lot of discussion about these things, quarreling, doubting, and a lot of useless talk. That corresponds to the character of the middle countries. In Eastern Europe, Marxism takes on strange forms; in Eastern Europe, it first has to be completely implemented. And if you take Marxism in Eastern Europe, it is actually completely permeated and colored by Russian Orthodoxy. It bears the stamp of the Orthodox faith, not in its ideas, but in the way Russians themselves relate to Marxism.
This is only to draw attention to how necessary it is to look beyond external things and see what is inside. You will gain a lot if you accustom yourself to the manifold things of life by saying to yourself: The way we use words today, they are already largely worn-out coins. What one thinks about things today according to common usage is actually never quite in accordance with reality. One must look deeper into things everywhere. I would like to say: Protestantism, defined as it is usually defined according to today's habits of thought, no longer says anything that is really true. One must understand Protestantism in such a way that one can also say: The way Protestantism appears in Marxism or, for that matter, in politics or even in science, is what corresponds to reality. It is radically necessary today to strive to go beyond mere verbal constructs, beyond conceptual constructs, to a living grasp of reality. Everything depends on this, and above all the correct understanding of the most important impulse of the present, the social impulse. The correct assessment of the conditions of the times also depends on this. Precisely because people are not accustomed to looking at reality, because they are so far removed from realistic ideas, the conditions of the times are so misjudged. They always ask about guilt or innocence in the last war catastrophes, although this question as such has not the slightest meaning. That is why I explained to you here some time ago how things actually stood in terms of world impulses. Just as the map I drew for you here is actually being realized today, so too are other things being realized. They are being realized, and they will be realized exactly as they have been discussed here. One must have a sense of what is real and not cling to empty words. Empty words are often necessary for characterization, but one must not get caught up in them. Thus, when one sees reality, one must also understand from the standpoint of reality the judgment that is being passed on the Middle Lands by the Entente and the Americans. I have already said that I heard from many sides when this war catastrophe began that what the Middle Lands had done was criticized to the ground. What is now happening in terms of violent politics and so on is much less criticized today by those who criticized it at the time, even though there would be sufficient grounds for similar harsh criticism. I don't believe I have ever defended any individuals, but rather characterized circumstances. Therefore, I have no duty whatsoever to defend individuals whose true nature has been revealed in recent times. But whether the complete idolization of Wilsonianism, for example, and everything that goes with it, lies less in people's tendency toward idolatry than in what has developed in the Middle States as Ludendorffism, which belongs in social psychiatry, is something that must be decided very carefully and cannot be discussed lightly.
But from another point of view, I have said to you here once before: when one person reviles another, says evil things about them, the reason for this does not always, indeed in the rarest of cases, lie in the person about whom evil things are said. The person may well be evil, but this evilness in him is, for the objective observer of reality, the least of reasons for the abuse. The reason for the abuse is usually the need to abuse. And this need to abuse seeks an object on which to vent itself. It also seeks to bring its ideas into such a current that these ideas seem to emerge from the soul of the person doing the insulting as if they were justified. This is often the case in the interactions between individuals. But on a larger scale, in the world, it is no different. One must then only look to see that there are also deeper reasons. You see, it is perfectly understandable and natural that people in duck-and-dive countries and in American regions are now not only attacking individual rulers, but also the population of the middle countries, digging them into the ground and saying all sorts of things in this vein. One can understand this, because what would the politics of the duck-and-dive countries look like in the current weeks if the people there were to say: These people in the middle countries are not so bad; they are basically just people who need to develop their better sides, and then everything will be fine with them. Yes, if they said that, it would not be consistent with the politics they are pursuing. In the world, one must say what justifies one. One must know how things arise from reality. That is a deeper view. It is quite natural that the entire public opinion of the Entente countries is not like that because it is true, but in order to justify their own behavior, just as it is often the case when one person rails against another, not because the person being railed against is like that, but because the person railing has a need to rail, because they want to vent. It is really a matter of looking at things differently than one is accustomed to looking at them. That is what matters. To grasp the spiritual science in the innermost depths of one's soul is, in many respects, something quite different from what many who consider themselves part of the anthroposophical movement imagine.
Externally, viewed abstractly—and now we come to another chapter—one might believe that contemporary socialism, the social demands of the present, arise from social impulses. I recently described to you how human beings oscillate between social and antisocial drives or instincts. The abstract thinker will regard it as something quite natural that the social proletarian of today is born out of the social, because it is fitting, is it not, to define the social out of the social. But that is not true. Anyone who looks at contemporary proletarian socialism in accordance with its reality knows that socialism, as it appears today in the form of Marxism, is an antisocial phenomenon. It arises from antisocial impulses. That is the difference between abstract definitions, between abstract thinking and thinking in accordance with reality. What drives people who want to realize socialism in the direction meant here today? Are they driven by social instincts? No, by anti-social instincts! I demonstrated this yesterday from external indications, from the configuration of the basic formula: “Proletarians of all countries, unite!” That means: Feel hatred for the other classes so that you feel the bond of unity! — There you have one of the anti-social impulses. One could list an infinite number of antisocial impulses if one studied contemporary social psychology. That is the difference between the way of thinking that is developing, that must develop, and that is to be promoted by anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, and what corresponds to today's common ways of thinking.
That is why what must be asserted as the anthroposophical standpoint on the social question still encounters so much resistance today, because people cannot think realistically, because above all they cannot think in a differentiated way and often even believe that if someone can think in a differentiated way, they are contradicting themselves.
Important questions of the present can only be solved through realistic thinking. I would like to mention one such question that ties in with what we have already discussed. I said that what particularly haunts the minds of the proletariat, what drives them, is that the old slavery has been replaced by the slavery of labor, in that labor is a commodity in today's social structure. I emphasized sharply yesterday that it is precisely this task of social thinking to detach the commodity from the labor power. The threefold social structure of which I spoke already contains the impulse that detaches the commodity from human labor. For what this threefold structure brings about are not logical consequences, but consequences of reality, which also correspond to the reality of perception.
Now this question is followed by another, which is, so to speak, burning. You know that one of the basic demands of proletarian materialism, which is colored by Marxism, is the socialization of the means of production. The means of production are to become common property. That would only be the beginning of common ownership in general, including land and so on. And you also know from what I have presented to you as the program of the Russian Soviet Republic that it is part of the program to nationalize, or rather socialize, the means of production and land. This already points you to the most important social question of the present day. It can be formulated as follows: Should social intervention in the present culture, or even in the present chaos, if we look at the central and eastern countries, take place in such a way that the tendency emerges that, as far as possible, more and more individuals become owners, possessors, or should it develop in such a way that the community becomes the owner? You understand what I mean. Should it be that, as far as possible, the individual has possessions, property, or should, in order to avoid injustice, that which can become property, land, means of production, and so on, become common property? That is a very important social question. The tendency of proletarian thinking today is to make things common property. But, with regard to the most important social impulses, it makes no difference whether an individual or an association or the whole is the owner. The totality—as anyone who can study reality can attest—will be no different, no less terrible an entrepreneur than the individual entrepreneur. This is simply a law of nature, inherent in the nature of facts, and people simply do not see it; that is why they go astray. For the question is this: Should all people become owners? That would be the case if there were no communal property—I cannot elaborate further on the technicalities, but it is entirely feasible—but if the individual personalities were owners according to the opportunities prevailing in a given territory, if everyone were owners in a just manner. Should everyone become owners, or should everyone become proletarians, as today's proletarian thinking wants? That is the alternative. Today's proletarian thinking wants to make everyone proletarians and only the totality entrepreneurs. What results from this, if one can grasp reality, is the opposite. For it is never possible to achieve the threefold social structure if all people are made proletarians. What must be achieved as a tendency of the threefold structure is the freedom of the individual human being in physical, mental, and spiritual terms. This cannot be achieved if all people become proletarians; but it can be achieved for every human being if everyone has a basis of property.
Secondly, what must be achieved is such a regulation of conditions that everyone is equal before the law or the constitution, indeed before the government. Freedom in the intellectual sphere, equality in the state for my sake, if one wants to continue calling it that, and brotherhood in relation to life in the economy. I know very intelligent books that rightly point out that the three ideas of “freedom, equality, and brotherhood” contradict each other. Well, equality definitely contradicts freedom; this was stated by intellectual writers in 1848 and even earlier; that is quite correct. If you mix everything up, things contradict each other. Freedom in the intellectual and legal spheres, in religion, education, and jurisprudence; equality in administration, government, and security services; brotherhood in the economic sphere. In the economic sphere, there is property, which must be developed in an appropriate manner for the future; in the sphere of security and administration, there is law; and in the sphere of intellectual and legal life, there is freedom. When things are distributed according to the Trinity, they do not contradict each other. For what contradicts itself in thought is true to reality because it is distributed among different things in reality. Thought craves contradictions, but reality lives by contradictions. Now, one cannot grasp reality if one cannot grasp contradictions, if one does not follow contradictions in one's thoughts. You can see from all this that spiritual science, as it is meant here, actually has something to say about the most important questions of the present. Perhaps some of you will understand that this anthroposophically oriented spiritual science has something to say and that the way one should think about it should basically be influenced by an awareness of how it relates to the most important demands of the time.
This is something that is also closely connected with the whole way in which I personally imagine, for example, that this anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, or its bearer, the anthroposophically oriented spiritual movement, should stand in the spiritual life of the present. Of course, it is not possible to achieve this overnight, to make our contemporaries see things correctly. Do not believe — and those who know me will certainly not believe this — that it is out of foolishness or personal vanity that I characterize these things. The necessity of the facts compels me again and again to characterize things in one direction or another. It is really the case, and I have shown you on various occasions, that I am not at all inclined to overestimate what I myself can and want to do. I know my limits and I know many things that perhaps one or the other of you do not suspect I know. But precisely for those of you who are able to judge me a little in this regard, I may perhaps say that there is one thing—if I may use the expression, it is not entirely correct, but there is no other—that I would like to “wish for”: That is a certain distinction between something like what is intended here and those things with which what is intended here is very often confused. How many are there today who see this or that occult or self-styled occult society here or there and do not engage in a distinction, brought about by common sense, between what can be found here! For, however imperfect it may be, the effort is being made here to really reckon with the consciousness of the time. Look, on the other hand, at all the stuff that is often regarded as occult or similar movements, and see how that reckons with the consciousness of the time. All these low- and high-degree Freemasons, as well as all the various religious communities, are antiquated precisely because they are incapable of really reckoning with the consciousness of the time. Where is the underground voice that can be found in these things? Where is there any truly modern, interventionist discourse on the burning issues of the present that is adapted to reality? You will not find these things in the rituals and rules of one or another Masonic order or religious community. One would like to see some discernment prevail!
Certainly, I admit that it is difficult because, due to the historical circumstances I have described to you, the society in question was initially confused with the Theosophical Society or with all kinds of other societies. In external terms, this may have been a mistake; karmically, it is justified. It would have been wiser if this Anthroposophical Society had been founded entirely on its own, without any connection to other societies. Certainly, from an external point of view, it would have been wiser, because then all the philistine bourgeoisie of the Theosophical Society, all the antiquated stuff, would not have found its way in. It did not flow into anthroposophy, but it did flow into the social fabric in many ways. If anthroposophy lived in our society in the right way, as it does not, this society could already, at least in a certain sense, characterize the one-third of our social structure that follows from anthroposophy itself, the spiritual one-third, including the legal aspect. For what should actually prevail as law between individuals among anthroposophists should be a matter of course. I always feel that it is the sharpest break with what should develop among us when one person speaks about another in such a way that he goes out and complains. This is also where the sense of justice, insofar as it is meant in the one third of the social structure, should develop. But there is still a long way to go before such an anthroposophical society truly contains what it could contain, according to the anthroposophical impulses as they are actually meant. Then the ear must first develop for inner truth, this ear for inner truth, which very few people have today. Because this distinction, which should actually come from outside, does not come from outside, it is necessary to point out the distinguishing features from one point of view or another. I would like to say this today with particular reference to certain things: What distinguishes what lives through me in this anthroposophical movement from other things is that I have always worked according to the principle I expressed in the preface to my book Theosophy, namely that I communicate nothing other than what I can communicate from personal experience. I communicate nothing here that I cannot vouch for from personal experience. Here, in no sense whatsoever, as is otherwise done here and there, is appeal made to authorities.
This has the consequence that I can say that the spiritual current guided by the anthroposophical movement is not dependent on any other current, but depends solely on the spirituality that flows through the present, and on that alone. Therefore, I am not obliged—and I ask you to take this seriously—not to conceal anything from anyone that I myself feel should be said in the present. There is no obligation to remain silent for those who are not bound to anyone with regard to their spiritual assets. This already provides a basis for distinguishing this movement from other movements. For whoever should ever claim that what is proclaimed within anthroposophically oriented spiritual science is proclaimed differently than in the sense of this word as it stands in my “Theosophy” — which I personally advocate — is being proclaimed differently, may not know the circumstances for my sake and may often not have been there, but is looking at them from the outside, and is proclaiming untruths, whether out of malice or not. But anyone who has often been with us and says something different, for example, stating that this spiritual movement has some past connection with another, when they know the circumstances here, is lying. That is what this is all about: either they are telling the untruth out of ignorance of the circumstances, or they are lying despite knowing the circumstances. All opposition to this movement must be understood in this way.
That is why I must emphasize again and again: I have only to conceal that which I know cannot yet be communicated to the present human race because of its immaturity. But I have nothing to conceal for any reason because I have made a vow or the like to anyone. Nothing that came from another source has ever found its way into this movement. This movement has never been spiritually dependent on any other; the connections were only external. Perhaps the time will come when you too will realize that it is good to remember that I sometimes predict things that can only be understood in their proper context afterwards. If you have the goodwill to do so, it may one day serve you well to remember in what sense the spiritual heritage that is to flow through the anthroposophical movement is being cultivated.
But everyone who wants to distinguish this anthroposophical movement from other movements also has a touchstone. The touchstone that exists today for such a movement is threefold. First, such a movement must prove itself equal to the scientific and intellectual demands of the present. If you look through the literature I have cultivated, you will see, even if individual works may be imperfect, that an effort is being made to create a movement that does not build on the old and antiquated, but is thoroughly familiar with the scientific means of the present and works in full harmony with the scientific consciousness of the present. That is the first thing.
The second is that such a movement has something truly meaningful to say about the questions of life today, for example, about the social question. Try to compare what other movements in this direction have to say with what this movement has to say, in terms of their antiquatedness and their detachment from reality.
The third, the third part of the touchstone is that such a movement is able to consciously enlighten itself about the various religious needs, in the sense that it is able to enlighten itself in such a way that it combines enlightenment about religious needs with a complete familiarity with reality. This alone distinguishes this movement from all those movements which, when it comes down to it, only manage to produce Sunday afternoon sermons, which manage to preach morality and the like to people, but are alien to the concrete concepts that operate in the present social structure. A modern science of reality must be able to talk about work, capital, credit conditions, land conditions, all these things that are connected with modern life, about the organization of social life, in the same way that it can talk about the relationship of human beings to the divine being, about the relationship of human beings to charity, and so on. This is what humanity has neglected for so long: to find a connection from above down to the most immediate concrete forms and processes of life. This is what theology and theosophy have neglected in our time in their various forms, and what an occult movement has also neglected. They talk down from above, so to speak, to the point where they can tell people: Be good people, and so on. But they are fruitless, they are sterile when it comes to really grasping the burning concrete questions of the present. External science, on the other hand, talks about things that affect immediate life, but it is also unrealistic. Yesterday I showed you how alien people are to this life. How many people today even know what capital is, for example; what it really is? — Sure, they know that if they have so much money in the closet, that's capital. But that doesn't mean they know what capital is. Knowing what capital is means knowing how regulation works in the social structure with regard to certain things and processes. Just as, from an anthroposophical point of view, one must know the relationships that prevail in the blood circulation, which regulates human life rhythmically, so one must know what pulsates in social life in the most diverse ways. But contemporary physiology is not even capable of solving the most important questions in a materialistic way; they can only be solved when anthroposophical insight into the threefold human being is gained.
What does modern science know, for example, about something extremely important: on what is the purely materialistic conception based, on what is the purely materialistic will based in a certain direction? — I am saying these things today because I have spent thirty to thirty-five years of my life researching these matters, as I have already mentioned in relation to another point. Imagination is based on the fact that, in the course of the blood circulation, for example, human beings have carbon dioxide inside them that has not yet been exhaled. When carbon dioxide circulates inside the body that has not yet been exhaled, this is the material counterpart, the material correlate of thought. If there is oxygen in humans that has not yet been processed into carbon dioxide, oxygen that is on its way to being processed into carbon dioxide, to being converted into carbon dioxide, then this is, in a certain sense, the material correlate of the will. Where oxygen pulsates in humans that has not yet been completely processed and has functions, there is material will at work. Where there is carbon dioxide inside the human body that has not yet been processed to the point where it is expelled or exhaled, there is the material basis for a thought form. But how these two poles, the thought pole, which can also be called the carbon dioxide pole, and the will pole, which can be called the oxygen pole, are regulated—only a science of reality can answer that. Nowhere in today's books will you find such a truth as I have just expressed to you. But because thinking is not trained with reference to such a reality, it is not trained with reference to what is necessary for people today in relation to the social structure. But this must happen, it is necessary for the present, and it will have to happen that the spiritual and soul aspect of the human being's placement within the social structure will be added to our social question.
This has been neglected. Just imagine how different it would be if, in this or that establishment, the individual worker were also spiritually and emotionally involved in the entire process that the goods he produces go through in the world, if he understood how he fits into the social structure by producing precisely these goods. But this can only happen if there is a genuine interest between people, so that gradually there is no longer a single adult who does not have a realistic understanding of the most important social concepts. The time must come, and it is a social requirement, when people simply know as well what capital, credit, cash, and a check are in relation to their effect on the national economy—and they can know this, it is not so difficult, it just has to be properly tackled by those who are supposed to teach it—as they know today that you don't eat soup with a fork, but with a spoon. Anyone who eats soup with a fork would be doing something absurd; but anyone who doesn't know these other things is doing something equally absurd. This must become general public opinion.
Then the most important impulse of the present, the social impulse, will be placed on a completely different foundation.