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The Spiritual Background of the Social Question
GA 190

6 April 1919, Dornach

Translator Unknown

Lecture II

If we allow thoughts such as were discussed yesterday to pass through our souls, we do so in consideration of the seriousness of our time which, as we know, is unfortunately not universally felt now, not even felt by a great number of our contemporaries. This seriousness of our time will only be felt if a greater number of human beings attain to a feeling that a path to spiritual knowledge is necessary—yes, a path which measures up to the needs of our time—and that this path to spiritual knowledge is the only real cure for the shortcomings and sickness of our time. The question must really arise in us: in what do the basic causes of what is wrong in our time lie? Wherein lie the real causes of the sicknesses which afflict our time? And though the inclination exists in very many people today to seek these shortcomings and sicknesses or our time elsewhere than in Man himself, yet it is endlessly important to have insight that the only path which can lead to a goal is to seek the shortcomings in Man himself.

If we survey the present time, we see storm-signals shining over from Eastern Europe. We cannot say, today, that European humanity is inclined really to fix its attention on these storm-signals. People still always find it uncomfortable to form real judgements about the great affairs of mankind. In such a case, the thought which points to what has been neglected can be useful over and over again. For if, even to a small extent, we see what has been neglected, we will thus perhaps be prevented from being guilty of similar negligence in the future. Storm-signals have been shining over from the East for a long time—that East of which we have often said here that the germs of the 6th post-Atlantean culture lie in it, in spite of all that may be going on there. They were not, to be sure, written in such bloody writing as are those of the immediate past, but they have, all the same, been such so should have been attentively observed. Here, indeed, attention has for years been drawn to many a thing.

In the first part of our lecture today, I should like to touch on a matter which has already been brought forward here from one side or another. If one looks at what has been living for a long time in Eastern Europe, one could summarise it in a question which is extraordinarily characteristic for our present time. This runs: What is Man, really? What part does Man play in the universe? Among the various groups of the population of the earth, it is in Eastern Europe that this question has been taken in the most serious way in recent times. The West has much to do, apart from reflecting on the question: What is Man, really? It is certainly much dealt with in a theoretical way, but this kind of theoretical discussion is worth nothing unless it is permeated by real spiritual life.

I only wish to quote something which points to the question about the real being of man, a question which is longingly posed in the East. They are important words which can be heard over here from just that part of Europe. I have once before referred to a saying like this. Among those who developed views about the Social Question in recent times was Bakunin, one of the most gifted of men, the later opponent of Marx. He comes forward out of East-European ideas and impulses, and is in contrast to Marx, who has dealt with social life and the Social Movement entirely out of West-European ideas. Everywhere in Bakunin something of a philosophy of life shines through, a deeper comprehension and outlook of life. And thus a very important saying is uttered by Bakunin, which will throw light on the question what is man, really?, by setting in contrast the idea of Man and the idea of God.

The saying of Bakunin arose in him out of the experience of modern life. Deep in human nature—so thought Bakunin—lies the impulse of freedom, the impulse to be a free man. For what would one like better in life than to be a free man! In this way, perhaps, one could express the longing of a man who thinks as Bakunin does. This longing-impulse of the inner nature of Man arises in opposition to a God who oppresses a Man, because this oppression would not be compatible with human freedom. (See: R.S.—"The building at Dornach as a sign of historical development, and the impulse towards artistic transformation", p. 77).

Freedom must be fundamentally conceived, as I have attempted to do in my Philosophy of Spiritual Activity. If it is not so fundamentally conceived as is done there, people will always oscillate between the longing for freedom and the perception of present-day life, which realises anything but freedom.

Bakunin looks up, as it were, to the thousand of years of the old religious experience of the divine which mankind has had, and contrasts these with the concept of freedom. He says: "If God exists, then Man is a slave, but Man can and should be free, therefore God does not exist. I challenge every one of you to escape from this circle, and now you may choose which you will do. Thus, if God exists, there would be only one way in which He can promote human freedom—by ceasing to exist. As a jealous lover of human freedom, which I look on as the absolutely fundamental condition of all that we honour and adore in mankind. I alter Voltaire's saying, and say: If God really exists, one would have to remove Him". (Michael Bakunin, God and the State, according to the manuscript of 1871 translated by Max Nettlau.)

This is a saying which should really make a more significant impression on men that many a world-event which seems, from its external nature, more suitable to make an impression on the sensations of mankind. According to Bakunin we have to choose, and as modern men we can choose thus or thus, for nothing fundamentally compels us to do anything else but choose. Now one can certainly say that the men of today do not choose at all but, in matters of spirit and soul, vegetate without thoughts in this dilemma, in this circle.

Another saying from the East, which Gorki has made one of his heroes utter, runs: "I will write a little book. I will call in the Song of Death, the Prayer of Death, for there are such prayers. We utter it about dying. And this society, on which the curse of inner weakness weighs heavily, will take hold of my book as though it were musk before it dies".

This is such a saying as can be set before modern mankind from a certain point of view. Modern mankind is seeking only for all sorts of soporifics, soporifics of the soul and spirit, so that it shall not need to take this kind of saying all that seriously as it deserves. And in the East just that queer school of philosophy exists which has drawn from life a sort of conclusion in conformity with existence—the sect of the Barefooted Philosophers speak to these words: "In myself there is something not in other. Consequently, I have not come to the world in such a way as befits a man. I find myself on a definite path. And not only I: many of us are the same. We become peculiar men, and fit ourselves into no order. Who among us is guilty? We ourselves are guilty, before ourselves and before life".

Not single men, but man, were speaking this way in the East, and when once the history of these last years of confusion in Europe can be written on the basis of external facts as well—which is not yet possible today—people will certainly find how great a share this kind of world-outlook has in the whole destiny of our time, but how, on the other side as well, this kind of world-outlook is founded on what I described yesterday as the confusion, the superficiality, the thoughtlessness of our age.

Here we must ask ourselves, over and over again: in what details does what I already mentioned yesterday come to expression, namely that our age, especially since the beginning of the 18th century, is as it were peering through a wave of confusion, a wave of tangled thoughts which are forming of their own accord and bringing man into confusion! Enlightenment about this can only be found on the basis of a real Spiritual Science. What is spreading in the easiest way among a certain kind of men today! Thoughts, so-called thoughts! It is true that there are always thoughts which come to expression in words, ideas which can obtain quick dissemination today on printed paper. In particular it is thoughts, of the kind about which men are proud in the highest degree, thoughts about material life, perceptible to the senses, such as Natural Science (which, as you know, is thoroughly well popularised) is bringing forward everywhere today.

Comparison should be made how great a difference exists between the soul-life of man living up to the 15th or even to the 16th century and that of present-day man. At that time they communicated thoughts to one another they did not every morning read printed paper with thoughts which a man carried with him throughout the day, for the most part without being aware of the fact. What impression does it really make on a man if every Sunday he hears a sermon after he has been reading his newspaper from a quite different substratum of thoughts? As a result, a certain type of education is spreading. But, in our age, this type of education is quite without real spiritual content, for real spiritual content can only return to mankind through a spiritual culture.

Now thoughts, of the kind particularly propagated in recent times, are of no value whatever to mankind because they cannot be brought into connection with the supersensible life. All thoughts—this is a drastic thing to say, but it is true—which cannot be brought into connection with the supersensible life are really harmful to men. In this lies one of the principal sicknesses of our time, that thoughts are propagated from all sorts of foundations, especially from the popularisation of natural-scientific ideas, thoughts which people cannot then bring into connection with the supersensible life, and which are therefore harmful. Thoughts should really always be brought into connection with supersensible life. They work destructively, negatively, on human life if they are not brought into connection with the supersensible. For the fundamental question: what is man, really?, cannot be answered at all without the relationship between the thoughts produced in Man and the supersensible. Because, as matters stand, Man has the supersensible in his being; it always remains a barren thing for him, something unsatisfying in the deepest depths of his soul, if he cannot bring into connection with the Supersensible thoughts which are certainly produced in a supersensible way. Now the longing for a reply to the question what is man, really? will never cease to exist in the human soul. This longing can never be eradicated. It can only be stifled. Man can, as it were, dim down his consciousness so that it does not reach as far as the question: what is man?. For this question will show its disturbing effects in man in all sorts of nervous and other conditions. But it cannot be blotted out of human souls.

Now it was just the 19th century which was altogether unsuitable in its whole culture for answering this question in a way satisfying to men. Great impulses of the age always express themselves in significant symptoms. Such a significant symptom for the whole of recent spiritual like is the appearance of Friedrich Nietzsche. It is, indeed, very sad that narrow-minded people and Philistines of the present-day have attached themselves to Nietzsche as hangers-on, and that no glance has been cast at the real phenomenon of Nietzsche, or at any rate only by a few people.

I have always expressed myself in such a way as to say: in Nietzsche is represented the modern man who has suffered in his soul in the highest degree, and has even been ruined as a result of the culture of the last third of the 19th century. I have often said that this 19th century culture was brought forth by others. Schopenhauer has brought forth a certain part of the culture of the 19th century: Nietzsche has suffered from this as a follower of Schopenhauer. Richard Wagner has brought forth a part of the 19th century: Nietzsche has suffered from this as a follower of Wagner. There was the renewed Voltairism, the free-spirituality of the last third of the 19th century. Haeckel, Büchner, Feuerbach and others brought forth this free-spirituality of the last third of the 19th century: Nietzsche has suffered from it. Within the whole of recent cultural life, the fact that this culture must lend itself to absurdity was expressing itself in the last third of the 19th century. Art ran on into values which one could only comprehend if one did so as leading to their own dissolution. To an ever greater extent, Science came to teach, as the highest wisdom, its own invalidity when faced by the Supersensible. Nietzsche suffered from this. He suffered from Schopenhauer, from Richard Wagner, from the once-again-resurrected Voltairism, he suffered from the whole culture of the last third of the 19th century, and out of this suffering he at last coined two grandiose, conquering but despair-awakening ideas, that of the Superman and that of Eternal Recurrence.

Why Superman? Because he had no possibility of answering the question: what is Man? Superman is for Nietzsche simply the strong, great means of producing an illusion, the means for making people insensible to the impossibility of coming to a comprehension of Man out of the culture of the 19th century.

One must really represent to oneself the whole seriousness of the idea of Eternal Recurrence to Nietzsche! Just imagine: we have already existed innumerable times, just as we are sitting and gathered here, and so we shall be again on innumerable occasions. Every one of us has on innumerable occasions gone through what he is going through at the present time, and will go through it again on innumerable occasions. There is no evolution which would allow our thoughts to go on to an ascent, to progress. Eternal Recurrence!

Because he cannot come to a comprehension of Man, he comes to the idea of the Superman: because he cannot think of any real progress in the development either of mankind or of the cosmos, Eternal Recurrence. Nietzsche has reached these results. The others, who perhaps laugh about these results, do not come to them owing to their thoughtlessness. For either man reaches these results or one must turn to Spiritual Science, which does not speak of the Superman but of what has developed through Saturn-, Sun- and Moon-epochs throughout the earth's evolution, and beyond into the cosmic metamorphosis of our earth, which does not speak of Eternal Recurrence but is in a position to speak of real progress. You need only read about this in my Occult Science. But where is the inclination today to consider these things in their full seriousness? Is it not infinitely more important for most men today than these great, world-embracing affairs?

From all this kind of presupposition we must ask: but what lies before us? We do not easily come to what really lies before us. Today I should like to touch on a particular point of view. If one exerts oneself to take a good look at the experience of those people who have just gone through the gate of death, or who did so a short time ago, who thus stand at the beginning of the life which is led between death and a new birth, one notices something very peculiar. I freely admit to you that for a long time this perception, of which I am now speaking to you, was quite inexplicable to me. When one has found a fact like this one only comes gradually to a solution. It is the fact that a great number of human beings who are going through the gate of death in our present age are extraordinarily surprised by what they experience after death, that they are surprised by something unknown to them which confronts them there.

I have spoken to you of the experience of those who have gone through the gate of death. Into many a thing which is more easily comprehensible, with which one comes to terms more easily and about which it is easier to speak, something just mingles itself which one cannot describe otherwise than by saying: it surprises the dead that anything of this kind is there. There arises in the consciousness of the dead person the feeling that he would not really have thought that such experience would come before his soul. This is on the one side. On the other side, it appears to older deceased persons—it is the case to a smaller extent to those who died young—that the strangeness and surprising quality which comes before the soul arises in some way from those same people who have gone through the gate of death. It is thus something of which he is aware that it arises from himself, especially if the person in question has died at a more advanced age.

Although one notices this fact, one still has considerable difficulty in finding an explanation of it. One only finds this if one quite seriously takes account of another fact which must be considered in connection with it: that the human being of today experiences a great number of things of which he either knows nothing at all, or about which he creates all sorts of illusions for himself. Together with conscious experiences, there comes to a man a great total of unconscious experiences which he either does not notice at all, even though they are occurring to him, or to which he gives a quite false interpretation.

It is, you see, a general characteristic of the man of today that he likes to interpret his experiences. The modern man does not like to give an account of himself in accordance with truth. He would like, on one side or the other, to colour what is connected with his attitude towards the world. Just let us examine ourselves in this direction, and ask ourselves how often we really confess to ourselves that we are wrong about anything. Where we should confess to ourselves that we are wrong, in most cases we will interpose something else which makes us insensible to what we ought to have said to ourselves, namely that we were wrong. But this is only one of the phenomena which could already show us, from outside, that we are subconsciously much today about which we form illusions in our consciousness.

If one dies at a greater age, then one has a great quantity of these kind of sub-conscious experiences. And it is these sub-conscious experiences which come to meet us after death, transformed, as it were, into entities. We only come to a right view of this phenomenon if we discover this connection between what has been sub-consciously experienced and what comes to meet the dead person after he has gone through the gate of death, as something surprising. Only then do we comprehend why so many people who do not like to reflect about this or the other thing, but leave it to the sub-conscious, are surprised when the whole of the subconscious really comes to meet them after death. They are surprised by it: nevertheless, they have themselves very much to do with what comes to meet them. It is really a part of their own life, the part of their own experience which has either not been noticed at all or only very indistinctly.

To appreciate a thing like this in the right way is today a necessity, but still difficult problem of spiritual-scientific knowledge. But the pointing out of this fact is a matter of quite fundamental importance for our time. For only if one proceeds from these things can one come to a quite reasonable answer to the question: Why is the answer to the question what is man, really? so extraordinarily difficult for the men of the present time?

If one takes human life in its inner development it splits up into three parts. One embraces all that we have as endowments, talents, and abilities. The second part embraces all that we develop in intercourse between our consciousness and that of other men. The third sphere embraces all that we experience. Our age behaves very considered towards these three parts of human nature, and really only has regard for the middle part. It is true that there is much lamentation from a certain side today about the failure to recognise gifted people, but for the most part it is the gifted people themselves who lament in this way. It can be said that the habit of fostering talents in a thoroughly devoted way is dying out to an ever greater extent. In the way, the treasuring of human experience is dying out. Man is no longer conscious today that he is not merely, so to say, growing older but that as he becomes older he is becoming cleverer, wiser. This feeling for human development is to an ever increasing extent being lost to men. When people have reached a certain age today they are, so they believe, all equally wise. They have to put in a word about everything in the same way, according to the opinion of many, and neither talent nor the experience which is required through life should intervene in this discussion. Our whole democratic world-outlook (which will always tend to dig its own grave) rests fundamentally, on the assumption that when a man has reached a certain age he can come to decisions, in combination with his fellow men, about God and the world and about villages besides—about every possible thing.

But what a man develops in combination with his fellow men through the reciprocal interaction of consciousness with consciousness belongs only in one sphere of social life—the State-life. The State has certainly become man's idol, just for the reason that people only wish to admit the validity of what is active among men in the way which has just been intimated. They are not prepared to accept the other two spheres as independent social organisations, as a result of nothing but inner forces. One really only becomes cleverer by taking one's part in the management of life, by which I do not understand merely the milking of cows and the cooking of cabbage, but the management of life in its widest sense. To the economic sphere also belong, as it were, spiritual services, so far as these have a definite commodity value—and they really must have this, for otherwise no one would ever be able to live by spiritual services. Naturally, they also have a value in another sphere, but they have a commodity value in addition to this. Experience results just from this arrangement, to which the production of spiritual values also belongs, insofar as these are commodity values.

Now people do not know at all today, outside spiritual science, how to distinguish between these three spheres of human nature. Our natural endowments, as a result of which we are spiritually gifted for one thing or another, or adapted for this or that (for bodily aptitudes are also included with individual abilities)—all these do not entirely belong in our individual human nature, as human beings are understood today. However paradoxical it sounds the more gifted with genius a man is today, by so much the less is he, basically speaking, an individual man, for our endowments, our individual abilities are produced before our birth or before our conception as a result of many generations of interworking between the cosmos and the forces of inheritance. I have already presented this to you. (R.S. Ancient myths and their significance, 7 lectures). Our endowments of genius, our individual abilities, are in general all dependent on the head. In whatever the particular endowment of a man may consist, however it may appear to be connected with the special muscle-formations, it still has its origin in the head. Even though one's individual abilities depend on whether one is a giant who can break thick-trunked trees or a little bit of a fellow, all this still has its origin in the head. All that is, as it were, inborn in Man in the way individual abilities has its origin in the head.

What a man effects in relation to other men has its origin in intercourse, in the life between birth and death, such as speech and all the social elements in human life. But with the experience which we have we enter into a much more difficult chapter than most people picture to themselves today, for the men of today are very rarely experienced men because they do not let the experiences come to them. In the present time most men have even a kind of timidity about gathering experiences. One is put to shame if one has to confess that one has an opinion about something today different from what one held ten years ago. But one should not be ashamed of having become more sensible during these ten years. The ideal of present-day man, you see, is not to apply life to becoming wiser. Today, to a great extent people waste their lives as regards becoming more experienced. But it is just the individual who is expressing himself in this fact of becoming more experienced.

You can be a marvelous genius; what you have gone through in your earlier incarnations will only word to a very slight degree into what you bring forth as a result of your marvelous genius. These earlier incarnations are for the most part entirely innocent of real genius, for this is caused by an interworking between the cosmos and the forces of heredity through some generations. Geniuses are given to mankind, and truly not let fall from heaven in order to satisfy themselves. But people are quite specially embarrassed in face of what we acquire for ourselves as we become more sensible from year to year until our old age. The fact that we become more sensible from year to year, that we carry on the experiences of life and use them to become wiser—this is connected with our incarnations.

If we look in this connection at a personage such as Goethe, we notice very, very remarkable results. One can speak of Goethe's genius. This Goethean genius is already expressing itself in his youth. But what appears in him in his youth in the way of abilities has value as something which has fallen from heaven. But as Goethe became more and more mature in age, never ceasing to become more mature, what he had brought with him from his earlier incarnations was forming and gradually evolving in him. But men hate this today. Even Goethe himself had to lament that it was just the production of his youth, the credit for which he did not claim for himself, which were especially dear to people but that, on the contrary, they declined everything which he had acquired as a result of his life experience. I have often quoted to you a verse which he made with reference to the first part of his Faust—the second part had not been produced at the time. It runs—

See how they praise my Faust, and how they savour
My other writings which have gained their favour.
All the old chit-chat pleases them so much,
But now the riff-raff think I've lost my touch".

But this went on, you see, until far into our time. Yet how the candid and clever Friedrich Theodor Vischer has insulted the second part of Faust, parodied it, called it a cobbled-together, glued-together botch of Goethe's old age, because in our time people have not much feeling for ripening, for increasing of experience! But the fact that the life of today holds nothing which can give us an answer to the question: What is Man, really? is connected with this. For the answer to this question can only be given today out of life-experiences. But this life-experience ought not to come about in such circumstances that the Spiritual is shut out. One should be able gradually to get the feeling as one's life progresses: you are learning not only from the eternal, sense-perceptible course of things, but also from what is coming up from what underlies the things.

With regard to all this, the position is such, today, that from a certain point of view the question inevitably is how are we to get the spiritual life free from the state life! If spiritual life is to remain for the future bound up with the state life, then it will not be able to develop in such a way as men need in order to become really more experienced in their lives. The State would have to make spiritual life even shallower, because it cannot enter into those intimacies of spiritual life which lead to real experiences. The State could only engage in a spiritual life of a quite democratic kind, for democracy pertains to the State. But in its own depths spiritual life can never work democratically. You cannot plunge down into the depths of spiritual life, not yet into the depths of human knowledge, if you remain within the bounds of democracy. But everything must be democratic in the State: in it, judgement is only to be given on what every man can judge for every man. But in this way no real knowledge of Man can ever be assured. This must be removed to a sphere which is not quite alone by itself. Men pass one another by today, and will continue to pass one another by until they come to look on one another in a spiritual way.

This was not necessary in earlier times, for at that time men were not such complicated beings as they are today. The complication of human nature consists in the fact that mankind as such is, as it were, really only 27 years old. I have already explained to you from another point of view, that is to say, human beings only develop up to their 27th year. What comes after that no longer develops by itself, as in older times: development must be sought to get this. In his youth, up to his 27th year, man undergoes a development in which what pertains to humanity flows into him. Up to his 27th year, he is expecting something from life. Now comes the 27th year and now life, of itself, gives him nothing more. If, then, he does nothing about it on his own account, life from that time begins to be quite hollow, empty and barren for him, but it may be that he soars up to receive into himself the spiritual life, of which I said that it is flowing over mankind like a a wave.

AltName

This crisis, which is taking place at the present time in every human life about the 27th year and which then remains until about the 35th year, expresses itself in characteristic phenomenon. For everything which lives in universal human nature then expresses itself with particular intensity in single phenomenon. Thus, for example: a personage lived until a short time ago who was looked on as a very leading figure, although he did not in reality do much leading. At a definite point of time, this personage had an important decision set before him. But the following now appears. This personage had formerly incarnated in the 9th century of the Christian epoch and at that time was a kind of black magician in a place in southern Europe. This fact had such an influence on the present incarnation that this personage really died as this decisive event occurred: that is to say, the body was abandoned by the soul which had hitherto incarnated in it. But the personage lived on in an external way and, as judged by external appearances, was still there. Think what a chance this was for all sorts of Ahrimanic spirits and entities to live on in a man who had died in this way! This is one case of the kind which has frequently brought about the complication of present-day life. Things like this play into what is coming to pass on earth today as human activities, into what makes up human destinies today.

Without a feeling for decisive events such as the one which I have just mentioned, one can form no judgement about what is coming to pass. I have often stressed this: one cannot form judgements about the so-called "events leading up to this world-war catastrophe" in the same way as one used to deal with history before, because windows were being opened everywhere for Ahrimanic beings, who entered in. Spiritual basic causes of the most dubious and singular kind have played into the events of July 1914. Without the help of spiritual factors, one is unable to speak in a historical way about what led to this world-catastrophe.

But consider how necessary it is to take things really seriously today. Consider the basic phenomena which I have quoted before: up to the 7th year a human being develops his physical body, up to about the 14th year his etheric body, up to the 21st year his astral body, up to the 28th year his sentient soul. The 27th year is particularly important today. After that, up to the 35th year, first the mind-soul is working and then the consciousness soul. The Ego arises in the mind soul—you can read about this in my Theosophy.

But now, today, Man develops himself only until the 27th year in accordance with what human nature gives him. He develops himself in such a way that he awaits the rise of the Ego in the mind-soul. But this does not come of itself, because the development from the 28th to the 35th year no longer proceeds by itself.

This is the tremendous question which stands before the human being of today. Just imagine that a man lives on beyond his 27th year without having done anything to develop what gives the true ego-feeling and with it the feeling of being a man, namely the knowledge of Man. What happened? The question what is Man, really? The answer becomes either: "Away from Man to the Supreme", which gives us a merely unreal substance, or else it comes to expression as: "Something is out of order in myself. Consequently, I have not come into the world in such a way as befits a man. I find myself on a definite path. And not only I: many of us are the same. We become peculiar men, and fit ourselves into no order. Who among us is guilty? We ourselves are guilty, before ourselves and before life".

Then you have the question what is Man, really? arising from Spiritual Science. It lies at the basis of present day human nature. Is it not a serious task for the future to think how we really can separate the spiritual life, which enables us to have life experiences even about the Spirit, from the democratic state-life, which can never meddle with intimate experiences of life! Do you believe that anything could at any time arise in Theology, Jurisprudence, Philosophy, Medicine or the faculties of Political or Natural Science, as a result of which attention would be drawn to the fact that during this dangerous period between the 27th and 35th years there can come about an inward desolation of man, that in extreme cases the soul can even depart from the body and that thereafter the man only seems to continue to live, while he is possessed by a kind of Ahrimanic nature? The complication of modern life demands that the spiritual life shall be able really to flow over into the Spiritual. Today, the most important questions do not allow themselves to be grasped on the surface of life. And how is merely political democracy, which is fully justified in the sphere of state-life, to make it possible that men shall make their appearance in the future who will bring what they have to say about life wholly and completely in the form of a spiritual message out of the Spiritual World! Were it to be impossible in the future for spiritual messages to be brought to mankind out of the Spiritual World, then earth-evolution could in no way reach its goal. But the possibility of this kind of spiritual life depends on the freedom of spiritual life, depends on the spiritual life being genuinely set on its own feet, emancipated from the State. Otherwise the same thing will appear again and again which happened "far, far away from here", when the question arose of appointing new teachers in a university. Those who had to appoint them felt a certain anxiety because no one was teaching in the various faculties except people who had nothing in particular to say. Then it was loudly urged in the democratic assembly that "people with special qualifications" should be appointed. But the Democrats thumped with their sticks on the floor and shouted: "We want no people with special qualifications! We want average people, average people!"

All these things have a serious and deep basis. Our task is to point to this serious subsoil and, before everything, to oppose the most terrible evils of recent times, superficiality and thoughtlessness. It is often said: the Social Question is also a spiritual question. But then, the spiritual life must be considered in its fundamental nature, otherwise the spiritual consideration remains wholly imprisoned on the surface, above all when dealing with the Social Question.

Achter Vortrag

Wenn wir solche Gedanken durch unsere Seele ziehen lassen, wie wir sie gestern wiederum besprochen haben, so tun wir das in Anbetracht des Ernstes unserer Zeit, der ja leider, wie wir wissen, nicht allgemein, ja nicht einmal von einem einigermaßen schon größeren Kreise unserer Zeitgenossen wirklich gefühlt wird. Man wird erst sagen können, daß dieser Ernst der Zeit erfühlt werde, wenn eine größere Anzahl von Menschen die Empfindung haben werden, daß ein Weg, und zwar der unserer Zeit angemessene Weg in ein geistiges Erkennen hinein notwendig ist, und daß dieser Weg in ein geistiges Erkennen hinein gewissermaßen die einzige wirkliche Heilung für Schäden und Krankheiten unserer Zeit ist. Einer solchen Sache gegenüber muß eigentlich in uns die Frage auftauchen: Worinnen liegen die Fundamente der Schäden unserer Zeit? Worinnen liegt das eigentlich Verursachende der Krankheiten unserer Zeit? - Und wenn auch bei sehr vielen Menschen heute die Neigung besteht, diese Schäden, diese Krankheiten unserer Zeit woanders zu suchen als beim Menschen selbst, so ist es dennoch unendlich wichtig, einzusehen, daß dies, die Schäden beim Menschen selbst zu suchen, der einzige Weg ist, der irgendwie zu einem Ziel führen kann.

Wenn wir die Gegenwart überblicken, sehen wir ja, wie vom Osten Europas herüber die Wetterzeichen leuchten. Man kann nun auch heute noch nicht sagen, daß die europäische Menschheit geneigt sei, diese Wetterzeichen irgendwie ins Auge zu fassen. Die Dinge werden doch immer so betrachtet, daß man es unbequem findet, über die großen Angelegenheiten der Menschheit sich wirklich Urteile zu bilden. In solchen Angelegenheiten kann immer wieder und wiederum der Gedanke nützlich sein, der darauf hinweist, was versäumt worden ist. Denn sieht man einigermaßen ein, was versäumt worden ist, so wird man vielleicht abgehalten werden, in der Zukunft in ähnlicher Weise wiederum Versäumnisse herbeizuführen. Vom Osten herüber, von dem hier oftmals gesagt worden ist, daß trotz allem, was da vorgehen mag, dort die Keime für die sechste nachatlantische Kultur liegen, von jenem Osten sind seit langem Wetterzeichen gekommen. Sie waren ja nicht in so blutiger Schrift geschrieben, wie die der letzten Zeit es ist, aber sie wären doch geeignet gewesen, gehört zu werden, ins Auge gefaßt zu werden. Hier ist auf manches seit Jahren hingewiesen worden. Ich möchte einiges von dem zuerst heute, im ersten Teile unserer Betrachtung erwähnen, was hier von der einen oder anderen Seite her schon vorgebracht worden ist. Wenn man auf dasjenige hinblickt, was im Osten Europas seit langem lebt, so könnte man das zusammenfassen in eine für unsere Gegenwart außerordentlich charakteristische Frage, in die Frage: Was ist denn eigentlich der Mensch?

Man kann sagen, diese Frage: Was ist denn eigentlich der Mensch? Was stellt der Mensch vor im Weltenall? - diese Frage ist von den verschiedensten Schichten der Bevölkerung am ernstesten in der neueren Zeit im Osten Europas genommen worden. Der Westen hatte vielfach anderes zu tun, als über die Frage: Was ist denn eigentlich der Mensch? — nachzudenken. Gewiß, theoretisch wurde viel verhandelt über diese Frage; aber solche theoretischen Verhandlungen, wenn sie nicht durchdrungen sind von wirklichem spirituellem Leben, taugen ja nichts.

Ich will nur einiges anführen von dem, was hinweist auf die im Osten sehnsüchtig gestellte Frage: Was ist denn eigentlich der Mensch? Es sind bedeutsame Worte, die gerade von Osten gehört werden konnten. Ich habe schon einmal auf ein solches Wort hingewiesen. Unter denjenigen, welche in der neueren Zeit mitgewirkt haben beim Heraufkommen von Anschauungen über die soziale Frage, war einer der begabtesten Menschen Bakunin, später Marxens Gegner. Im Gegensatze zu Marx, der durchaus aus westeuropäischen Vorstellungen heraus das soziale Leben und die soziale Bewegung angegriffen hat, hat Bakunin aus östlichen Vorstellungen und Impulsen heraus die soziale Bewegung angefaßt. Überall glimmt bei Bakunin so etwas durch von einer Lebensphilosophie, von einer tieferen Auffassung und Anschauung des Lebens. Und so rührt denn auch von Bakunin ein sehr bedeutsames Wort her, das Wort, welches die Frage: Was ist denn eigentlich der Mensch? — beleuchten will durch einen Kontrast der Vorstellung des Menschen und der Vorstellung Gottes. Sehen Sie, dieses Wort Bakunins, von dem ich sprechen möchte nun, das ist hervorgegangen aus der Empfindung des modernen Lebens bei Bakunin. Er fand: tief in der menschlichen Natur liegt der Impuls der Freiheit, der Impuls des freien Menschen. Was möchte man denn mehr im Leben als ein freier Mensch sein - so etwa könnte man den Sehnsuchtsimpuls eines Menschen, der ähnlich denkt wie Bakunin, ausdrücken. Gegen diesen Sehnsuchtsimpuls der inneren Menschennatur steht bei einem solchen Menschen die andere Empfindung, die er bekommt von der Betrachtung des modernen Lebens, wo der Mensch eingespannt ist, wenn er den bürgerlichen Kreisen angehört, in eine Unsumme von staatlichen und sonstigen Vorurteilen, wenn er den proletarischen Kreisen angehört, in Industrialismus und Kapitalismus, der Mensch ist eigentlich innerhalb des modernen Lebens für den, der so frei und unabhängig dieses Leben betrachtet wie Bakunin, eine Art Sklave. Die Freiheit muß fundamental gefaßt werden, wie ich es versucht habe in meiner «Philosophie der Freiheit». Wenn diese Freiheit nicht so fundamental erfaßt wird, so wird man immer herumgeworfen werden, auf der einen Seite von der Sucht nach der Freiheit, auf der anderen Seite von der Wahrnehmung des gegenwärtigen Lebens, das alles eher realisiert als die Freiheit. Und so blickt Bakunin förmlich auf zu dem, was Jahrtausende sagen, zu den religiösen Gottesempfindungen der Menschheit und kontrastiert dieses mit dem modernen Leben. «Gott ist, also ist der Mensch frei.» Bakunin stellt sich vor, wenn Gott ist, so kann der Mensch nicht anders sein als frei. «Der Mensch ist Sklave, also gibt es keinen Gott. Ich bin überzeugt,» - sagt Bakunin weiter - «daß niemand aus diesem Kreise heraus kann, und jetzt laßt uns wählen.»

Das ist ein Wort, das eigentlich auf die Menschen einen bedeutungsvolleren Eindruck machen sollte als manches Weltereignis, das eben durch seine Außerlichkeit geeignet ist, auf die Sensationen der Menschen einen Eindruck zu machen. Wenn man nur die Menschen dazu bringen könnte, Empfindung zu haben für solch ein Wort, durch das ein moderner Mensch gesteht: Ich komme nicht hinaus über das Dilemma; auf der einen Seite müßte ich sagen: Gott ist, also ist der Mensch frei; auf der anderen Seite aber muß ich sagen: Aber der Mensch ist Sklave, also gibt es keinen Gott! - Wir haben zu wählen, zu wählen zwischen der ewigen Sehnsucht des menschlichen Herzens nach Freiheit, und der unbesieglichen Erfahrung des modernen Lebens, daß der Mensch Sklave ist. Das eine, die Menschennatur selbst, führt zum Gottesbeweis. Das moderne Leben führt zum Atheismus. Und dazwischen gibt es nicht eine Entscheidung — meint Bakunin - auf ein Urteil hin, dazwischen gibt es nur eine Wahl. Man kann so und so wählen, wenn man moderner Mensch ist, weil im Grunde genommen nichts zwingt dazu, etwas anderes zu tun, als zu wählen.

Nun kann man ja schon sagen, daß die meisten Menschen heute überhaupt nicht wählen, sondern gedankenlos in diesem Dilemma, in diesem Kreise dahinvegetieren geistig, seelisch.

Ein anderes Wort aus dem Osten, das Gorki einen seiner Helden sagen läßt: «Ich will ein kleines Buch schreiben. Ich will es «Das Sterbegebe» nennen; es gibt solche Gebete, man spricht sie über Sterbende. Und diese Gesellschaft, auf der der Fluch der inneren Schwäche lastet, wird, bevor sie verreckt, nach meinem Buche greifen wie nach Moschus.»

Sehen Sie, das ist ein solches Wort, welches schon von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus der neueren Menschheit zugerufen werden kann, - doch die neuere Menschheit sucht nur nach allerlei Betäubungsmitteln, seelischen, geistigen Betäubungsmitteln, um ein solches Wort nicht ernst genug nehmen zu müssen. Und im Osten ist ja jene merkwürdige Philosophenschule - nennen wir sie so - entstanden, welche eine Art Lebenskonsequenz des modernen Daseins gezogen hat, die Sekte der Barfüßer-Philosophen, wie sie von manchen genannt werden. Gorki läßt einen solchen Barfüßer die Worte aussprechen: «In mir selbst ist was nicht in Ordnung. Ich bin folglich nicht so zur Welt gekommen, wie es sich für einen Menschen gehört. Ich befinde mich auf besonderer Bahn. Und nicht allein ich. Unserer sind viele. Wir müssen zu absonderlichen Menschen werden und fügen uns in keine Ordnung .... Wer ist vor uns schuldig? Selbst sind wir vor uns und vor dem Leben schuldig!»

So sprachen im Osten nicht einzelne Menschen, so sprachen viele, und wenn einmal auch aus äußerlichen Untergründen - was heute noch nicht möglich ist - die Geschichte dieser letzten Wirrjahre Europas wird geschrieben werden können, dann wird man schon finden, wieviel Anteil eine solche Weltanschauung an dem ganzen Schicksal unserer Zeit hat, wie aber andererseits auch eine solche Weltanschauung begründet ist in dem, was ich gestern charakterisiert habe als die Verworrenheit, die Oberflächlichkeit, die Gedankenlosigkeit unseres Zeitalters.

Da muß man sich denn doch immer wieder und wiederum fragen: Wie drückt sich denn in den Einzelheiten dasjenige aus, was ich schon gestern sagte, daß unser Zeitalter, insbesondere seit dem Anfange des 18. Jahrhunderts, durchgeht wie durch eine Welle von Verwirrung, wie durch eine Welle von sich bildenden, die Menschen verwirrenden Gedankenknäueln? Sehen Sie, etwas, was zur Aufklärung über diese Frage dienen kann, kann eigentlich nur auf dem Boden einer wirklichen Geisteswissenschaft gefunden werden. Was ist denn eigentlich dasjenige, was am leichtesten sich heute unter einer gewissen Sorte von Menschen verbreitet? Gedanken, sogenannte Gedanken! Es sind allerdings meistens Gedanken, die in Worten zum Ausdrucke kommen, Vorstellungen, die auf bedrucktem Papier heute eine rasche Verbreitung gewinnen können, Gedanken namentlich von der Art, auf welche die Menschen am meisten stolz sind, über das sinnlich-materielle Leben, wie sie die Naturwissenschaft, die ja hinlänglich popularisiert wird, in allen Kreisen heute treibt. Es sollte einmal verglichen werden, welch gewaltiger Unterschied zwischen dem Seelenleben der heutigen Menschen besteht und dem Seelenleben eines Menschen etwa noch des 15. Jahrhunderts, ja des 16. Jahrhunderts. Damals teilte man sich die Gedanken mit; man las nicht jeden Morgen bedrucktes Papier mit den Gedanken, die dann eigentlich den Menschen durch den ganzen Tag hindurch, meistens ohne daß er irgendwie etwas davon ahnt, tragen. Was macht es schon heute auf den Menschen viel Eindruck, wenn er am Sonntag eine Predigt hört, nachdem er aus ganz anderen Gedankenunterlagen heraus seine Zeitung gelesen hat? Dadurch wird eine gewisse Bildung verbreitet. Aber in unserem Zeitalter ist diese Bildung ganz ohne eigentlichen wirklichen geistigen Inhalt, denn wirklicher geistiger Inhalt kann erst wiederum durch eine spirituelle Kultur kommen.

Nun haben Gedanken, wie sie in der neueren Zeit verbreitet werden, gar keinen wirklichen Menschheitswert, wenn diese Gedanken nicht bezogen werden können auf das übersinnliche Leben. Alle Gedanken - das ist etwas radikal gesprochen, aber es ist richtig -, die nicht angeknüpfe werden können an das übersinnliche Leben, sind eigentlich dem Menschen schädlich. Und darinnen liegt eine der Hauptkrankheiten unserer Zeit, daß aus allen möglichen Untergründen heraus, namentlich aus der Popularisierung der naturwissenschaftlichen Vorstellungen, Gedanken verbreitet werden, die dann nicht von den Menschen auf das übersinnliche Leben bezogen werden, und die deshalb schädlich sind. Gedanken sollten eigentlich immer auf das übersinnliche Leben bezogen werden. Sie wirken zerstörerisch, vernichtend auf das menschliche Leben, wenn sie nicht auf das Übersinnliche bezogen werden. Denn ohne die Beziehung der Gedanken, die im Menschen erzeugt werden, auf das Übersinnliche, kann nämlich die Kardinalfrage: Was ist denn eigentlich der Mensch? — gar nicht beantwortet werden. Da der Mensch mit seinem Wesen schon einmal das Übersinnliche hat, so bleibt immer für ihn etwas Odes, etwas ihn im Tiefsten Unbefriedigendes, wenn er Gedanken, die ja auf übersinnliche Art doch in ihm erzeugt werden, nicht auf das Übersinnliche beziehen kann. Nun wird niemals die Sehnsucht nach einer Antwort auf die Frage in der Menschenseele erlöschen, die Sehnsucht nach einer Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist denn eigentlich der Mensch? - Diese Sehnsucht kann nicht erlöschen. Sie kann betäubt werden, der Mensch kann gewissermaßen sich selber die Besinnung nehmen, so daß diese Besinnung nicht hinreicht bis zu der Frage: Was ist denn eigentlich der Mensch? - Dann wird in allerlei nervösen und sonstigen Zuständen diese Frage: Was ist denn eigentlich der Mensch? — in dem Menschen wühlen. Aber ausgelöscht aus dem menschlichen Seelenleben kann diese Frage: Was ist denn eigentlich der Mensch? — nicht werden.

Nun war gerade das 19. Jahrhundert mit seiner Gesamtkultur ganz und gar nicht geeignet, diese Frage in einer menschenbefriedigenden Art zu beantworten. Große Impulse des Zeitalters drücken sich dann immer in bedeutungsvollen Symptomen aus. Ein solches bedeutungsvolles Symptom für das ganze neuere Geistesleben ist das Dasein Friedrich Nietzsches. Es ist ja sehr zu beklagen, daß das neuzeitliche Spießer- und Philistertum sich auch als Anhängerschaft Nietzsches geriert hat, und daß vor allen Dingen der Blick nicht geworfen worden ist, oder wenigstens von wenigen nur geworfen worden ist auf das eigentliche Phänomen Nietzsche.

Ich habe es immer so ausgesprochen, daß ich gesagt habe: In Nietzsche stellt sich der moderne Mensch dar, welcher seelisch am meisten gelitten hat und auch daran zugrunde gegangen ist an der Kultur des letzten Drittels des 19. Jahrhunderts. Ich sagte oftmals: Die anderen haben diese Kultur des 19. Jahrhunderts hervorgebracht. Da war Schopenhauer. Er hat ein gewisses Stück der Kultur des 19. Jahrhunderts hervorgebracht. Nietzsche hat daran gelitten als Schopenhauerianer. Da war Richard Wagner, auch er hat ein Stück Kultur des 19. Jahrhunderts hervorgebracht. Nietzsche hat daran gelitten als Wagnerianer. Da war der wiedererneuerte Voltairismus, die freie Geistigkeit aus dem letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts; Haeckel, Büchner, Feuerbach und andere haben diese Freigeisterei vom letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts hervorgebracht. Nietzsche hat daran gelitten. Innerhalb der ganzen neueren Kultur drückt sich aus im letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts, daß diese Kultur sich selbst ad absurdum führen muß. Die Kunst lief ein in Werte, die man nur dann begreifen konnte, wenn man sie in ihrer Selbstauflösung begriff. Die Wissenschaft kam immer mehr und mehr dazu, ihre eigene Nichtigkeit gegenüber dem Übersinnlichen als höchste Weisheit zu predigen. Nietzsche litt daran. Er litt an Schopenhauer, an Richard Wagner, an dem wiederauferweckten Voltairismus vom letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts, er litt an der ganzen Kultur des letzten Drittels des 19. Jahrhunderts, und prägte aus diesem Leiden heraus zwei grandiose, überwältigende, aber Verzweiflung weckende Ideen, die Idee vom Übermenschen und die Idee von der Wiederkunft des Gleichen. Die Idee vom Übermenschen warum Übermensch? Weil man keine Möglichkeit hatte, die Frage: Was ist denn der Mensch? — zu beantworten. Das bewirkte in einem so Leidenden, wie es Nietzsche war, die Flucht vor dem Menschen, das Hineilen zu etwas, was den Menschen überwindet. Übermensch ist für Nietzsche einfach das starke, große Illusionsmittel, Betäubungsmittel gegen die Unmöglichkeit, aus der Kultur des 19. Jahrhunderts heraus zu einer Anschauung über den Menschen zu kommen.

Wiederkunft des Gleichen: Man muß sich nur den ganzen Ernst dieser Idee bei Nietzsche vorstellen. Denken Sie nur einmal, wie wir hier sitzen und vereinigt sind jetzt, sind wir schon unzählige Male so da gesessen und werden unzählige Male wiederum da sitzen; jeder von uns hat unzählige Male das durchgemacht, was er jetzt in dieser Zeit durchmacht und wird es unzählige Male wiederum durchmachen. Keine Evolution, welche wirklich aufkommen läßt den Gedanken an einen Aufstieg an einen Fortschritt. - Weil man nicht zu einer Anschauung über den Menschen kommen kann, deshalb Übermensch, weil man keinen wirklichen Fortschritt in der Entwickelung weder der Menschheit noch des Kosmos denken kann, Wiederkunft des Gleichen. Nietzsche ist zu diesen Konsequenzen gekommen. Die anderen, die vielleicht lachen über diese Konsequenzen, sie kommen nicht dazu aus Gedankenlosigkeit. Denn entweder kommt man zu diesen Konsequenzen, oder man muß zur Geisteswissenschaft sich wenden, die nicht vom Übermenschen spricht, aber von demjenigen spricht, was sich schon entwickelt hat durch Saturn-, Sonnen- und Mondenzeit, durch die Erdenentwickelung durch und weiterhin in den kosmischen Metamorphosen unserer Erde, und die auch nicht von der Wiederkunft des Gleichen spricht, sondern die in der Lage ist, von einem wirklichen Fortschritt — lesen Sie nur meine «Geheimwissenschaft im Umriß» — zu sprechen. Aber wo ist Neigung heute vorhanden, diese Dinge in ihrem vollen Ernste zu betrachten? Was ist denn für die meisten Menschen unendlich viel wichtiger, als diese große, weltumfassende Angelegenheit?

Aus allen solchen Voraussetzungen heraus muß man fragen: Was liegt denn da eigentlich vor? - In allen Tiefen kommt man heute nicht leicht dem bei, was da eigentlich vorliegt. Ich möchte einen besonderen Gesichtspunkt heute erwähnen. Wenn man sich bemüht, die Erlebnisse derjenigen Menschen ins Auge zu fassen, die eben oder vor kurzer Zeit durch die Todespforte gegangen sind, die also am Beginne desjenigen Lebens stehen, welches geführt wird zwischen dem Tode und einer neuen Geburt, da bemerkt man etwas sehr eigentümliches. Ich gestehe Ihnen offen, meine lieben Freunde, daß diese Bemerkung, von der ich Ihnen jetzt spreche, mir lange etwas recht Unerklärliches gewesen ist, daß man nur nach und nach zurechtkommt, wenn man eine solche Tatsache gefunden hat. Es ist die Tatsache, daß eine große Anzahl von Menschen, die heute, das heißt in unserer Gegenwart, durch die Todespforte gehen, durch dasjenige, was sie nach dem Tode erleben, außerordentlich überrascht sind über das Unbekannte, das da vor ihnen steht. Ich habe Ihnen ja von dem gesprochen, was der Tote erlebt, nachdem er durch die Todespforte gegangen ist. In all das, was leichter verständlich ist, mit dem man leichter zurechtkommt und über das auch leichter zu sprechen ist, mischt sich eben so manches hinein, was man nicht anders charakterisieren kann, als indem man sagt: es überrascht den Toten, daß so etwas auch da ist. Das auf der einen Seite. Es lebt in ihm das Bewußtsein, daß er eigentlich nicht gedacht haben würde, daß Erlebnisse solcher Art vor seine Seele treten würden.

Auf der anderen Seite bei älter gestorbenen Menschen - bei jugendlich Gestorbenen ist es weniger der Fall - zeigt sich dieses, das mit einer gewissen Unbekanntheit vor die Seele tritt, zugleich deutlich, daß es mit dem Menschen selbst etwas zu tun hat, daß es irgendwie von dem Menschen, der da durch die Todespforte gegangen ist, eigentlich herrührt. Also etwas Unbekanntes ist es, dem der Tote begegnet, aber zugleich etwas, von dem er deutlich weiß, es rührt von ihm selbst her, wie gesagt, namentlich dann, wenn er zu den älter gestorbenen Menschen gehört.

Wenn man diese Tatsache bemerkt, so findet man wirklich recht schwer eine Erklärung dafür. Erst dann findet man eine Erklärung dafür, wenn man es ganz ernst nimmt mit etwas anderem, was man im Zusammenhange damit betrachten muß, nämlich mit der Tatsache, daß der heutige Mensch, der in die heutige Lebensordnung hereingestellt ist, eine große Summe von Dingen erlebt, von denen er entweder gar nichts weiß, oder über die er sich alle möglichen Illusionen macht. Es ist eine ganze weite Summe von Erlebnissen, die man zu den unterbewußten Erlebnissen zählen kann, die an den Menschen herankommen, geradeso wie dasjenige, was er bewußt durchlebt, die er aber entweder gar nicht beachtet, während sie doch in ihm vorgehen, oder denen er eine ganz falsche Deutung gibt. Das ist ja überhaupt das Charakteristische des heutigen Menschen, daß dieser heutige Mensch gern umdeutet dasjenige, was er selbst erlebt. Er mag sich über sich selbst nicht gerne wahrheitsgemäße Rechenschaft geben. Er möchte dasjenige, was zusammenhängt mit seiner Einstellung zu der Welt, nach der einen oder nach der anderen Seite färben. Man prüfe sich nach dieser Richtung nur einmal und frage sich, wie oft man eigentlich sich eingesteht, daß man unrecht hat in einer Sache. Man wird da, wo man sich eingestehen sollte, daß man unrecht hat, in den meisten Fällen irgend etwas anderes vorstellen, was einen hinwegbetäubt über dasjenige, was man sich sonst sagen müßte: daß man in irgendeiner Sache unrecht hat. Aber das ist nur eine von den Erscheinungen, welche schon äußerlich den Menschen darauf hinweisen könnten, daß er vieles heute unterbewußt erlebt, worüber er sich in seinem Bewußtsein Illusionen macht. Wird man etwas älter und stirbt dann, dann hat man eine große Summe solcher unterbewußter Erfahrungen in sich. Und diese unterbewußten Erfahrungen sind es, welche wie umgestaltet in Wesenhaftes nach dem Tode dem Menschen entgegentreten. Findet man diesen Zusammenhang heraus zwischen dem unterbewußten Erlebten und dem, was der Tote, nachdem er durch die Todespforte gegangen ist, Überraschendes erlebt, dann kommt man erst mit dieser Erscheinung zurecht, dann kommt man erst dazu, zu begreifen, warum so viele Menschen, die heute gar nicht gern nachdenken darüber, wie sie das eine und das andere erleben, sondern es im Unterbewußten lassen, wie die überrascht sind, wenn ihnen nun diese ganze unterbewußte Sache, nachdem sie durch die Todespforte gegangen sind, wirklich entgegentritt. Sie sind davon überrascht, trotzdem sie die Dinge erlebt haben, und sie müssen zu gleicher Zeit empfinden, daß sie mit dem, was sie erleben, selbst sehr viel zu tun gehabt haben. Es ist eigentlich ein Teil ihres eigenen Lebens, der entweder gar nicht oder nur sehr undeutlich bemerkte Teil ihres eigenen Erlebens.

Solche Dinge in der richtigen Weise zu würdigen, ist heute eine notwendige, aber noch schwierige Aufgabe des geisteswissenschaftlichen Erkennens. Aber der Hinweis auf diese Tatsache ist für unsere Zeit von einer ganz fundamentalen Wichtigkeit. Denn erst wenn man von diesen Dingen ausgeht, kann man eigentlich eine ganz vernünftige Antwort auf die Frage bekommen: Warum gestaltet sich die Antwort auf die Frage: Was ist eigentlich der Mensch? — für den gegenwärtigen Menschen zu einer so außerordentlich schwierigen?

Wenn man das menschliche Leben in seiner inneren Entwickelung ganz nimmt, so zerfällt es eigentlich in drei Teile. Der eine umfaßt dasjenige, was wir als unsere Begabungen, unsere Talente, unsere Fähigkeiten empfinden. Der zweite Teil umfaßt alles dasjenige, was wir im Verkehr mit unseren Mitmenschen, durch die Wechselwirkung unseres Bewußtseins mit dem Bewußtsein anderer Menschen entwickeln. Und das dritte Gebiet umfaßt unsere Erfahrung. Unsere Zeit verhält sich zu diesen drei Teilen der Menschennatur sehr, sehr einseitig, berücksichtigt eigentlich nur den mittleren Teil. Gewiß, es wird ja heute von gewissen Seiten her viel gejammert über das Verkennen begabter Menschen, aber es sind zumeist die begabten Menschen selber, die so jammern. Die hingebungsvolle Art, Begabungen zu pflegen, die kommt ja immer mehr und mehr ab. Ebenso kommt aber eigentlich die Schätzung der menschlichen Erfahrung ab. Der Mensch ist sich heute nicht mehr bewußt - ich habe das öfters ausgeführt —, daß man nicht bloß älter wird, sondern daß man im Alterwerden Erfahrung ansammelt, daß man im Älterwerden klüger, weiser wird. Dieses Gefühl für die menschliche Entwickelung, das kommt auch den Menschen immer mehr und mehr abhanden. Die Menschen wollen heute, nachdem sie ein gewisses Alter erreicht haben, alle gleich weise sein, über alles in gleicher Weise mitreden, und nach der Ansicht vieler soll sich in dieses Mitreden weder die Begabung hineinmischen, noch die durch das Leben errungene Erfahrung. Darauf beruht im Grunde genommen unsere ganze demokratische Weltanschauung, die immer dazu neigen wird, sich selbst ihr Grab zu schaufeln: daß der Mensch, nachdem er ein gewisses Alter erreicht hat, im Verein mit seinen Mitmenschen über Gott und über die Welt und über noch drei Dörfer, über alles mögliche Entscheidungen treffen kann.

Dasjenige aber, was der Mensch in Verein mit seinen Mitmenschen durch die Wechselwirkung von Bewußtsein zu Bewußtsein entwickelt, das gehört nur dem einen Gebiete des sozialen Lebens, dem Staatsleben an. Der Staat ist allerdings der Götze geworden, gerade aus dem Grunde, weil man nur dasjenige gelten lassen will, was auf die eben angedeutete Weise unter den Menschen pulsiert. Die beiden anderen Gebiete will man nicht als selbständige soziale Organisationen gelten lassen, weil ja in der geistigen Organisation die besondere Pflege der individuellen Fähigkeiten da sein würde. Und in der wirtschaftlichen Organisation würde vor allen Dingen das wirklich ganz durch innere Kräfte zur Geltung kommen, was man die Erfahrung nennt. Im Lebenswirtschaften wird man eigentlich nur gescheiter, wobei ich natürlich unter Lebenswirtschaften nicht bloß Kühe melken und Kohl kochen verstehe, sondern das Lebenswirtschaften im weitesten Kreise. Zum Wirtschaften gehört auch Geistiges, insofern geistige Leistungen einen bestimmten Warenwert haben, und den müssen sie ja haben, sonst würde man von geistigen Leistungen niemals leben können. Sie haben natürlich auch auf anderem Gebiete einen Wert, aber sie haben Warenwert. Gerade aus diesem Wirtschaften, zu dem also das Erzeugen von geistigen Werten gehört, insofern diese Werte Warenwerte sind, ergibt sich die Erfahrung. Nun weiß man heute außer dem Gebiete der Geisteswissenschaft eigentlich gar nicht zu unterscheiden zwischen diesen drei Gebieten der menschlichen Natur, Untere gewöhnlichen Begabungen, durch die wir entweder in.den. einen oder in dem anderen geistigen Zweige begabt sind, oder durch die wir für das eine oder andere geschickt sind, denn auch körperliche Geschicklichkeiten gehören zu den individuellen Begabungen, alle diese Dinge gehören eigentlich, so wie der Mensch heute ist, nicht ganz der individuellen Menschennatur an. Im Grunde genommen, so paradox Ihnen das klingt, je genialer heute ein Mensch ist, desto weniger ist er eigentlich ein individueller Mensch. Denn unsere Begabungen, unsere individuellen Fähigkeiten, sie werden erzeugt durch eine Wechselwirkung des Kosmos vor unserer Geburt beziehungsweise vor unserer Empfängnis, mit den Kräften der Vererbung durch viele Generationen hindurch. Das habe ich einmal dargestellt, wie das ist. Unsere genialen Begabungen und überhaupt unsere individuellen Fähigkeiten sind alle vom Kopf abhängig. Worinnen auch die besondere Begabung eines Menschen bestehen mag, mag sie auch scheinbar zusammenhängen mit besonderen Muskelausbildungen, diese besonderen Begabungen haben doch im Kopfe ihren Ursprung, auch insoferne sich diese Begabungen in der Menschenstatur und dergleichen ausdrücken. Ob einer ein Riese ist, der Bäume zerbrechen kann, dickstämmige Bäume, oder ob einer ein kleiner Knirps ist, davon hängt doch seine individuelle Fähigkeit in vieler Beziehung ab. Das hat alles im Kopfe den Ursprung. Was am Menschen gewissermaßen eingeboren ist an individuellen Fähigkeiten, das hat alles aus dem Kopfe den Ursprung.

Was der Mensch im Verhältnis zum Menschen wirkt, das hat eben im Wechselverkehr, in dem Leben zwischen der Geburt und dem Tode den Ursprung, wie die Sprache, so alle sozialen Elemente in dem Menschenleben. Aber mit den Erfahrungen, die wir durchmachen, da betreten wir ein viel, viel schwierigeres Kapitel, als die meisten Menschen sich heute vorstellen, denn die Menschen heute werden sehr selten erfahrene Menschen, weil sie die Erfahrung nicht an sich herankommen lassen. Die meisten Menschen haben gegenwärtig sogar ein gewisses Geniertsein vor dem Erfahrenwerden. Wenn sie gestehen sollten, die Menschen, daß sie über etwas anders urteilen als vor zehn Jahren, sind sie beschämt, obwohl sie nicht beschämt sein sollten, daß sie seit zehn Jahren gescheiter geworden sind, aber sie sind doch beschämt. Die Anwendung des Lebens, um weiser zu werden, das ist kein Ideal des heutigen Menschen. Der Mensch verschleudert heute zum großen Teil sein Leben mit Bezug auf das Erfahrenerwerden. Aber in diesem Erfahrenerwerden drückt sich das Individuelle aus. Sie können ein Kapitalgenie sein: das, was Sie durch Ihr Kapitalgenie hervorbringen, dazu wird nur in sehr geringer Weise mitwirken, was Sie durchgemacht haben in Ihren früheren Inkarnationen. Diese früheren Inkarnationen sind meistens höchst unschuldig an dem eigentlichen Genie-Sein, denn das ist etwas, was bewirkt wird durch eine Wechselwirkung des Kosmos mit den Kräften der Vererbung durch Generationen hindurch. Die Genies werden der Menschheit gegeben, werden wahrhaftig nicht vom Himmel fallengelassen, damit sie sich selbst befriedigen. Aber dasjenige, was wir uns erwerben, indem wir von Jahr zu Jahr gescheiter werden, bis in unsere alten Tage hinein, davor genieren sich ganz besonders heute die Leute. Daß wir von Jahr zu Jahr gescheiter werden, daß wir die Erfahrungen des Lebens hinnehmen zum Weiserwerden, das hängt mit unseren Inkarnationen zusammen.

Sehen Sie, wenn man bei so etwas eine Persönlichkeit wie die Goethes anschaut, so kommt man zu sehr, sehr merkwürdigen, sehr bedeutungsvollen Resultaten. Man kann sprechen von Goethes Genie. Dieses Goethesche Genie spricht sich schon in seiner Jugend aus. Aber, was da an Fähigkeiten bei ihm hervortritt in seiner Jugend, das hat, ich möchte sagen, den Wert wie etwas vom Himmel Gefallenes. Aber indem Goethe ein alter Mann wird und immer reifer und reifer wird, nie aufhört reifer zu werden, da gestaltet sich nach und nach das, da evolutioniert sich dasjenige, was er aus seinen früheren Inkarnationen mitgebracht hat. Das hassen aber auch die Menschen heute. Goethe selbst mußte sich schon beklagen darüber, daß dasjenige, was er nicht sich als Verdienst anrechnete, die Produktionen seiner Jugend, den Leuten besonders wertvoll war, dagegen dasjenige, was er sich durch seine Lebenserfahrung angeeignet hat, daß sie das ablehnen. Ich habe Ihnen öfter einen Spruch angeführt, den er getan hat mit Bezug auf den ersten Teil seines «Faust», der zweite Teil war dazumal noch nicht in Aussicht:

Da loben sie den Faust
Und was noch sunsten
In meinen Schriften braust'
Zu ihren Gunsten.
Das alte Mick und Mack,
Das freut sie sehr,
Es meint das Lumpenpack,
Man wär’s nicht mehr.

Aber das ging ja weit in unsere Tage herein. Wie hat noch der wahre und sehr gescheite, begabte Schwaben-Vischer, der sogenannte V-Vischer, über den zweiten Teil des Goetheschen «Faust» geschimpft, ihn parodiert, ihn ein zusammengeschustertes, zusammengeleimtes Machwerk des Goetheschen Alters genannt, weil man in unserer Zeit nicht viel Empfindung hat für das Reiferwerden, für das Erfahrung-Bekommen. Mit dem hängt aber zusammen, daß das heutige Leben nichts hergibt zu der Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist denn eigentlich der Mensch als Mensch? - Denn eigentlich kann nur aus der Lebenserfahrung heute die Antwort kommen auf die Frage: Was ist denn eigentlich der Mensch als Mensch? — Aber diese Lebenserfahrung darf nicht so gemacht werden, daß das Geistige dabei ausgeschlossen wird. Man muß im fortschreitenden individuellen Leben nach und nach das Gefühl bekommen können: Du lernst nicht nur von dem äußeren sinnlichen Verlauf der Dinge, sondern du lernst auch aus dem, was aus dem Untergrund der Dinge heraufkommt. Alle diese Dinge sind zu gleicher Zeit so, daß sie heute von einem gewissen höheren Gesichtspunkte aus die Frage fast unvermeidlich machen: Wie lösen wir das Geistesleben vom Staatsleben los? - Würde das Geistesleben mit dem Staatsleben fernerhin verbunden bleiben, so könnte sich dieses Geistesleben nicht so entwickeln, wie es die Menschen brauchen, um wirkliche Lebenserfahrungen zu machen. Der Staat würde das Geistesleben immer mehr verflachen müssen, weil der Staat nicht eingehen könnte auf jene Intimitäten des Geisteslebens, die dann zu den wirklichen Erfahrungen führen. Der Staat könnte sich nur auf ein solches Geistesleben einlassen, das ganz demokratisch wäre, denn dem Staate gehört die Demokratie zu. Das Geistesleben aber in seinen eigenen Tiefen kann nie ganz demokratisch wirken. Sie können nicht in die Tiefe des Geisteslebens und auch nicht in die Tiefe der Menschenerkenntnis hinuntersteigen, wenn Sie bei der Demokratie bleiben. Aber im Staate muß alles demokratisch sein. Im Staate soll nur dasjenige beurteilt werden, was jeder Mensch von jedem Menschen beurteilen kann. So kann aber niemals eine wirkliche Menschenerkenntnis zustande kommen. Die muß weggeschoben werden auf das Gebiet, welches ganz allein eben auf sich selbst gestellt ist und als Geistesleben für sich verläuft. Die Menschen gehen heute aneinander vorbei und werden so lange aneinander vorbeigehen, bis sie sich im Geist erschauen.

Das war in älteren Zeiten aus dem Grunde nicht notwendig, weil in alteren Zeiten die Menschen nicht so komplizierte Wesen waren, wie sie heute sind. Die Komplikation in der Menschennatur tritt heute besonders dadurch ein, daß die Menschen eigentlich nur — wie ich es Ihnen von einem anderen Gesichtspunkte aus auseinandergesetzt habe -, das Menschengeschlecht als solches nur siebenundzwanzig Jahre alt wird, das heißt, von selbst sich nur entwickelt bis zum siebenundzwanzigsten Jahre. Was dann noch kommt, das entwickelt sich nicht von selbst wie in alten Zeiten, für das muß die Entwickelung gesucht werden. Und so ist es heute so, daß der junge Mensch bis zu seinem siebenundzwanzigsten Jahre eine Entwickelung durchmacht, wo ihm die Elemente des Menschentums anfliegen. Er erwartet sie bis zu diesem siebenundzwanzigsten Jahr vom Leben. Jetzt kommt das siebenundzwanzigste Jahr, da gibt das Leben selber nichts mehr her. Er tut aber nichts dazu. Daher beginnt von da ab das Leben hohl und leer, öde zu werden, wenn der Mensch sich nicht aufschwingt, das geistige Leben, von dem ich gesagt habe, daß es wie eine Welle sich über die Menschheit ergieße, heute in sich aufzunehmen.

AltName

Diese Krisis, die eigentlich in jeglichem Menschenleben heute ist um das siebenundzwanzigste Jahr - sie dauert dann bis um das fünfunddreißigste Jahr herum -, die drückt sich in charakteristischen Erscheinungen heute aus. Denn alles dasjenige, was in der allgemeinen Menschennatur lebt, das drückt sich in einzelnen Erscheinungen besonders radikal, besonders stark aus. So hat es bis vor kurzer Zeit eine als sehr führend — obwohl sie nicht viel führte - angesehene Persönlichkeit gegeben, die war zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt vor eine wichtige Entscheidung gestellt. Aber gleichzeitig mit dieser Entscheidung zeigte sich etwas anderes bei dieser Persönlichkeit. Diese Persönlichkeit war früher einmal inkarniert im 9. Jahrhunderte der christlichen Zeitrechnung und war in diesem 9. Jahrhunderte an einem südlicheren Orte Europas eine Art schwarzer Magier. Das hat in die jetzige Inkarnation dieser Persönlichkeit so hereingewirkt, daß, als diese Entscheidung eintrat, das entscheidungsvolle Ereignis, diese Persönlichkeit eigentlich starb, das heißt, der Leib von der Seele, die da sich wieder inkarniert hatte, verlassen worden ist. Aber die Persönlichkeit lebte weiter, äußerlich, war trotzdem da. Denken Sie, welche Gelegenheiten für allerlei ahrimanische Geister und Individualitäten, in einem solch gestorbenen Menschen weiterzuleben! Das ist ein Fall von solchen Fällen, wie sie die Komplikation des heutigen Lebens mehrfach hervorbringt. Solche Dinge spielen hinein in dasjenige, was heute Menschenhandlungen sind, in dasjenige, was heute auch Menschenschicksale sind. Man kann heute nicht, ohne wenigstens ein Gefühl zu haben für so einschneidende Dinge, wie ich jetzt einen Fall erwähnt habe, ein Urteil über dasjenige gewinnen, was geschieht. Ich habe oftmals betont, und auch hier sind Persönlichkeiten, denen gegenüber ich öfter betont habe: Über die sogenannte Vorgeschichte dieser Weltkriegskatastrophe wird nicht so geurteilt werden können, wie man früher Geschichte gemacht hat, weil überall Fenster geöffnet waren für ahrimanische Wesenheiten, die hereinkamen. Und weil geistige Ursachen der zweifelhaftesten und sonderbarsten Art hereingespielt haben in die Ereignisse vom Juli 1914, wird man nicht ohne Zuhilfenahme von geistigen Faktoren über dasjenige sprechen können, geschichtlich, was zu dieser Weltkriegskatastrophe geführt hat.

Aber bedenken Sie, wie notwendig es ist, die Dinge heute wirklich ernst zu nehmen. Nehmen Sie also dasjenige, was ich als Grundphänomen angeführt habe gerade vorhin: Bis zum siebenten Jahre entwickelt der Mensch seinen physischen Leib, bis zum vierzehnten Jahre etwa den Ätherleib, bis zum einundzwanzigsten Jahre den Astralleib, bis zum achtundzwanzigsten Jahre die Empfindungsseele. Da ist aber das siebenundzwanzigste Jahr, das heute besonders wichtig ist. Dann wirken bis zum fünfunddreißigsten Jahre erst Verstandesseele, dann Bewußtseinsseele; in der Verstandesseele — lesen Sie nach in meiner «Theosophie», so finden Sie das -, da geht das Ich auf. Nun entwickelt sich aber der Mensch nach dem, was die Menschennatur hergibt, nur bis zum siebenundzwanzigsten Jahr. Er entwickelt sich so, daß er den Aufgang des Ich in der Verstandesseele erwartet. Das kommt aber nicht von selber, weil die Entwickelung vom achtundzwanzigsten bis fünfunddreißigsten Jahr nicht mehr von selber vonstatten geht.

Das ist die ungeheure Frage, die vor dem heutigen Menschen steht. Er lebt über das siebenundzwanzigste Jahr hinaus. Er hat nichts dazu getan, um dasjenige zu entwickeln, was das wirkliche Ich-Gefühl gibt und damit das Menschheitsgefühl, das Wissen vom Menschen. Was entsteht? Die Frage: Was ist der Mensch eigentlich? - Die Antwort ist: Weg vom Menschen, zum Übermenschen -, der einen bloßen lyrischen Inhalt abgibt. Oder aber solche Dinge wie: «In mir selbst ist was nicht in Ordnung. Ich bin folglich nicht so zur Welt gekommen, wie es sich für einen Menschen gehört. Ich befinde mich auf besonderer Bahn. Und nicht allein ich. Unserer sind viele. Wir müssen zu absonderlichen Menschen werden und fügen uns in keine Ordnung. Wer ist vor uns schuldig? Selbst sind wir vor uns und vor dem Leben schuldig!»

Da haben Sie aus der Geisteswissenschaft heraus die Frage: Was ist eigentlich der Mensch? - Sie kommt aus der gegenwärtigen Menschennatur heraus. Ich frage Sie: Ist es nicht eine ernste Aufgabe für die Zukunft, daran zu denken, das Geistesleben, das uns befähigt, Lebenserfahrungen zu machen auch über den Geist, wirklich zu trennen von demjenigen, was niemals intime Lebenserfahrungen geben könnte, von dem demokratischen Staatsleben? Glauben Sie, daß jemals irgend etwas aufkommen könnte an der theologischen oder juristischen oder philosophischen oder medizinischen oder staatswissenschaftlichen oder naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät - ich glaube, diese Fakultäten gibt es heute schon alle -, was zum Beispiel darauf aufmerksam machen könnte: In dieser gefährlichen Zeit nach dem siebenundzwanzigsten bis zum fünfunddreißigsten Jahre, da kann den Menschen innerlich Verödung ankommen, in einem extremen Fall so, daß die Seele sogar herausfahren kann, so daß der Mensch später eigentlich nur noch scheinbar lebt, indem er besessen ist von irgendeiner ahrimanischen Natur. Die Kompliziertheit des modernen Lebens fordert, daß das Geistesleben wirklich hineinmünden kann in das Geistige. Die Fragen, die die wichtigsten sind, lassen sich heute nicht an der Oberfläche des Lebens anfassen. Und wie sollte die bloße staatliche Demokratie, die auf dem Gebiete des Staatslebens ganz berechtigt ist, es möglich machen, was nun kommen muß über die Menschheit, daß in der Zukunft Menschen auftreten, die immer notwendiger und notwendiger sein werden, die dasjenige, was sie über das Leben zu sagen haben, ganz und gar als geistige Botschaft aus der geistigen Welt bringen. Würde das nicht möglich sein, daß in die Zukunft der Menschheit hinein geistige Botschaft aus der geistigen Welt getragen werde, dann würde die Erdenentwickelung keineswegs ihr Ziel erreichen können. Aber die Möglichkeit des Auftretens eines solchen Geisteslebens hängt an der Freiheit des Geisteslebens, hängt daran, daß wirklich das Geistesleben emanzipiert vom Staate und auf sich selbst gestellt wird. Sonst wird sich immer wieder vollziehen, was einmal irgendwo, weit von hier, geschehen ist: An einer Hochschule, wo immer nur Menschen lehrten, die nichts Besonderes zu sagen hatten, machten sich in der demokratischen Versammlung Rufe laut, es sollten «Kapazitäten» berufen werden. Aber die Demokraten stießen mit ihren Stöcken auf den Erdboden: Wir wollen keine Kapazitäten, wir wollen mittlere Lüt! Mittlere Lüt!

Sehen Sie, meine lieben Freunde, diese Dinge haben schon alle eine ernste, tiefe Grundlage. Und es ist unsere Aufgabe, auf diese ernste, tiefe Grundlage auch hinzuweisen, und vor allen Dingen das furchtbarste Übel der neueren Zeit, die Oberflächlichkeit und Gedankenlosigkeit, zu bekämpfen. Vielfach wird gesagt, die soziale Frage sei auch eine geistige Frage. Aber das Geistesleben muß dann in seinen Fundamenten und wirklich in seiner Tiefe betrachtet werden, sonst bleibt die geistige Betrachtung vor allen Dingen der sozialen Frage eine recht oberflächliche, bleibt an der Oberfläche haften.

Diese Betrachtungen werden wir dann am nächsten Freitag fortsetzen, oder wenn Freitag, wie gewünscht worden ist, in der Nähe hier irgendwo ein anderer Vortrag sein sollte, dann am Samstag um sieben Uhr.

Jetzt aber bin ich gebeten, Ihnen zu sagen, daß am Mittwoch um acht Uhr in einer der Abteilungen des Schweizerischen Studentenbundes Basel ein Vortrag sein wird von mir über «Soziales Wollen und proletarische Forderungen» im Bernoullianum, wozu Sie von den Studierenden alle freundlich eingeladen sind.

Eighth Lecture

When we allow such thoughts to pass through our souls, as we discussed again yesterday, we do so in view of the seriousness of our times, which, as we know, is unfortunately not generally felt, not even by a reasonably large circle of our contemporaries. We will only be able to say that the seriousness of the times is being felt when a larger number of people have the feeling that a path, namely the path appropriate to our times, is necessary for spiritual knowledge, and that this path to spiritual knowledge is, in a sense, the only real cure for the damage and illnesses of our times. Faced with such a thing, the question must actually arise in us: Where do the foundations of the damage of our time lie? What is the actual cause of the illnesses of our time? And even if many people today tend to look for the damage and illnesses of our time somewhere other than in human beings themselves, it is nevertheless infinitely important to realize that looking for the damage in human beings themselves is the only way that can somehow lead to a goal.

When we look at the present, we see the signs of the times shining from Eastern Europe. Even today, it cannot be said that the European people are inclined to take these signs seriously. Things are always viewed in such a way that it is considered inconvenient to form real judgments about the great issues of humanity. In such matters, it can always be useful to reflect on what has been neglected. For if we can see to some extent what has been neglected, we may be deterred from repeating similar mistakes in the future. From the East, which has often been said to be the source of the seeds of the sixth post-Atlantean culture, despite everything that may be happening there, signs have been coming for a long time. They were not written in such bloody letters as those of recent times, but they would have been worthy of being heard and taken into consideration. Many things have been pointed out here for years. I would like to mention some of what has already been brought up from one side or the other in the first part of our discussion today. If one looks at what has long been alive in Eastern Europe, one could summarize it in a question that is extremely characteristic of our present time: What is man actually?

One could say that this question: What is man? What is man's place in the universe? — this question has been taken most seriously in recent times in Eastern Europe by the most diverse sections of the population. The West has had many other things to do than ponder the question: What is man actually? Certainly, there has been much theoretical discussion of this question, but such theoretical discussions are worthless if they are not imbued with real spiritual life.

I will mention just a few examples of what points to the question that has been asked so earnestly in the East: What is man actually? These are significant words that could be heard especially in the East. I have already referred to one such word. Among those who have contributed to the emergence of views on the social question in recent times, one of the most gifted individuals was Bakunin, who later became Marx's opponent. In contrast to Marx, who attacked social life and social movement entirely from Western European ideas, Bakunin approached the social movement from Eastern ideas and impulses. Everywhere in Bakunin there is a glimmer of a philosophy of life, of a deeper understanding and view of life. And so it is from Bakunin that a very significant word originates, a word that seeks to illuminate the question: What is man? — by contrasting the idea of man with the idea of God. You see, this saying of Bakunin's, which I would like to talk about now, arose from Bakunin's perception of modern life. He found that deep in human nature lies the impulse toward freedom, the impulse of the free human being. What more could one want in life than to be a free human being? This is how one might express the longing of a person who thinks similarly to Bakunin. This impulse of longing in human nature is countered in such a person by another feeling that he gets from observing modern life, where people are bound, if they belong to bourgeois circles, by a myriad of state and other prejudices, and if they belong to proletarian circles, by industrialism and capitalism. In modern life, people are actually, for those who, like Bakunin, views this life as free and independent, a kind of slave. Freedom must be understood in fundamental terms, as I have attempted to do in my Philosophy of Freedom. If this freedom is not understood in such fundamental terms, one will always be tossed about, on the one hand by the addiction to freedom, on the other by the perception of present life, which is more real than freedom. And so Bakunin looks up to what millennia have said, to the religious feelings of humanity toward God, and contrasts this with modern life. “God is, therefore man is free.” Bakunin imagines that if God is, then man cannot be anything other than free. “Man is a slave, therefore there is no God. I am convinced,” Bakunin continues, ‘that no one can escape from this circle, and now let us choose.’

These are words that should actually make a more meaningful impression on people than many world events, which, precisely because of their external nature, are likely to make an impression on people's sensibilities. If only people could be made to feel the significance of such a statement, through which a modern man confesses: I cannot escape this dilemma; on the one hand, I must say: God exists, therefore man is free; on the other hand, however, I must say: But man is a slave, therefore there is no God! We have to choose between the eternal longing of the human heart for freedom and the invincible experience of modern life that man is a slave. One, human nature itself, leads to the proof of God. Modern life leads to atheism. And between the two there is no decision—according to Bakunin—no judgment, only a choice. One can choose either way if one is a modern human being, because basically nothing compels one to do anything other than choose.

Now, one can already say that most people today do not choose at all, but vegetate mentally and spiritually in this dilemma, in this circle, without thinking.

Another word from the East, which Gorky has one of his heroes say: “I want to write a little book. I want to call it ‘The Death Prayer’; there are such prayers, they are said over the dying. And this society, burdened by the curse of inner weakness, will reach for my book like for musk before it dies.”

You see, this is a word that, from a certain point of view, can already be applied to modern humanity – but modern humanity is only looking for all kinds of anaesthetics, spiritual anaesthetics, so that it does not have to take such a word seriously enough. And in the East, that strange school of philosophy—let us call it that—has arisen, which has drawn a kind of conclusion about modern existence, the sect of barefoot philosophers, as they are called by some. Gorky has one such barefoot philosopher say the following words: “There is something wrong with me. I was therefore not born into this world as a human being should be. I am on a special path. And I am not alone. There are many of us. We must become strange people and do not fit into any order.... Who is guilty before us? We ourselves are guilty before ourselves and before life!”

These were not the words of a few individuals in the East, but of many, and once the history of these last turbulent years in Europe can be written, even if for external reasons that are not yet possible today, it will become clear how much such a worldview has contributed to the overall fate of our time, but also how such a worldview is rooted in what I characterized yesterday as the confusion, superficiality, and thoughtlessness of our age.

One must therefore ask oneself again and again: How is what I said yesterday expressed in detail, namely that our age, especially since the beginning of the 18th century, is passing through a wave of confusion, a wave of tangled thoughts that are forming and confusing people? You see, anything that can serve to enlighten us on this question can really only be found on the basis of a genuine spiritual science. What is it that spreads most easily among a certain type of people today? Thoughts, so-called thoughts! However, these are mostly thoughts that are expressed in words, ideas that can spread rapidly on printed paper today, thoughts of the kind that people are most proud of, about sensual, material life, as it is driven in all circles today by natural science, which is, of course, sufficiently popularized. It would be interesting to compare the enormous difference between the spiritual life of people today and that of people in, say, the 15th or even the 16th century. Back then, people shared their thoughts; they did not read printed paper every morning with thoughts that then carried them through the whole day, mostly without them being aware of it. What impression does it make on people today when they hear a sermon on Sunday after reading their newspaper, which is filled with completely different thoughts? This spreads a certain kind of education. But in our age, this education is completely devoid of real spiritual content, because real spiritual content can only come through a spiritual culture.

Now, thoughts as they are spread in modern times have no real value for humanity if they cannot be related to the supersensible life. All thoughts—this is radical, but it is true—that cannot be connected to the supersensible life are actually harmful to people. And therein lies one of the main illnesses of our time, that from all kinds of backgrounds, especially from the popularization of scientific ideas, thoughts are spread that people cannot relate to the supersensible life and are therefore harmful. Thoughts should always be related to the supersensible life. They have a destructive, devastating effect on human life if they are not related to the supersensible. For without the relationship of the thoughts generated in the human being to the supersensible, the cardinal question: What is the human being? — cannot be answered at all. Since human beings already have the supersensible in their nature, something remains for them, something deeply unsatisfying, if they cannot relate thoughts, which are after all generated in them in a supersensible way, to the supersensible. Now, the longing for an answer to the question in the human soul will never die, the longing for an answer to the question: What is man actually? This longing cannot die. It can be numbed, human beings can, in a sense, deprive themselves of their consciousness, so that this consciousness does not extend to the question: What is man actually? Then, in all kinds of nervous and other states, this question: What is man actually? — will gnaw at human beings. But this question: What is man actually? — cannot be eradicated from human soul life.

Now, the 19th century, with its overall culture, was not at all suited to answering this question in a way that would satisfy human beings. Great impulses of an age always express themselves in meaningful symptoms. One such meaningful symptom for the whole of modern intellectual life is the existence of Friedrich Nietzsche. It is very regrettable that modern philistinism and narrow-mindedness have also presented themselves as followers of Nietzsche, and that above all, no one, or at least very few, have looked at the actual phenomenon of Nietzsche.

I have always expressed it this way: In Nietzsche, modern man is represented, who has suffered the most emotionally and has also been destroyed by the culture of the last third of the 19th century. I have often said: The others brought about this culture of the 19th century. There was Schopenhauer. He brought about a certain part of the culture of the 19th century. Nietzsche suffered from this as a Schopenhauerian. There was Richard Wagner, who also produced a piece of 19th-century culture. Nietzsche suffered from this as a Wagnerian. There was the renewed Voltaireanism, the free spirit of the last third of the 19th century; Haeckel, Büchner, Feuerbach, and others produced this free-thinking of the last third of the 19th century. Nietzsche suffered from this. The entire modern culture of the last third of the 19th century expressed the fact that this culture had to lead itself to absurdity. Art ran into values that could only be understood if one understood them in their self-destruction. Science increasingly preached its own insignificance in relation to the supernatural as the highest wisdom. Nietzsche suffered from this. He suffered from Schopenhauer, from Richard Wagner, from the resurgent Voltaireanism of the last third of the 19th century, he suffered from the entire culture of the last third of the 19th century, and out of this suffering he formed two grandiose, overwhelming, but despair-inducing ideas, the idea of the superhuman and the idea of the return of the same. The idea of the superhuman—why superhuman? Because there was no way to answer the question: What is man? This caused someone as tormented as Nietzsche to flee from humanity, to rush toward something that transcends humanity. For Nietzsche, the superhuman is simply a powerful means of illusion, an anesthetic against the impossibility of arriving at a view of man from within 19th-century culture.

The return of the same: One need only imagine the full seriousness of this idea in Nietzsche. Just think how we are sitting here now, united, how we have sat here countless times before and will sit here countless times again; each of us has gone through what we are going through now countless times and will go through it countless times again. No evolution that really gives rise to the idea of an ascent, of progress. Because one cannot arrive at a view of man, therefore the superhuman, because one cannot conceive of any real progress in the development of either humanity or the cosmos, the return of the same. Nietzsche came to these conclusions. Others, who perhaps laugh at these conclusions, do not arrive at them out of thoughtlessness. For either one comes to these conclusions, or one must turn to spiritual science, which does not speak of the superhuman, but of that which has already developed through the Saturn, Sun, and Moon epochs, through the development of the Earth and further in the cosmic metamorphoses of our Earth, and which also does not speak of the return of the same, but is able to of real progress — just read my “Outline of Esoteric Science.” But where is the inclination today to consider these things in all their seriousness? What is infinitely more important to most people than this great, world-encompassing matter?

From all these premises, one must ask: What is actually at stake here? - In all depths today, it is not easy to come to what is actually there. I would like to mention a special point of view today. When one tries to grasp the experiences of those people who have just passed through the gate of death or who are at the beginning of that life which is led between death and a new birth, one notices something very peculiar. I confess to you openly, my dear friends, that this observation I am now telling you about has long been something quite inexplicable to me, that one can only gradually come to terms with it once one has encountered such a fact. It is the fact that a large number of people who pass through the gate of death today, that is, in our presence, are extremely surprised by what they experience after death, by the unknown that stands before them. I have told you about what the dead experience after they have passed through the gate of death. In all that is easier to understand, easier to come to terms with, and easier to talk about, there is also a great deal that cannot be characterized in any other way than by saying that it surprises the dead that such a thing also exists. That is one side of it. There lives within him the awareness that he would not have thought that experiences of this kind would come before his soul.

On the other hand, in people who died at an older age – this is less the case with those who died young – it is clear that what comes before the soul with a certain unfamiliarity has something to do with the person themselves, that it actually originates from the person who has passed through the gates of death. So it is something unknown that the dead person encounters, but at the same time something that he clearly knows comes from himself, as I said, especially if he belongs to the group of people who died at an older age.

When one notices this fact, it is really quite difficult to find an explanation for it. Only then can one find an explanation for it when one takes something else very seriously that must be considered in connection with it, namely the fact that modern man, who is placed in today's order of life, experiences a great number of things about which he either knows nothing at all or about which he has all kinds of illusions. It is a vast sum of experiences that can be counted among the subconscious experiences that come to people, just like those they consciously go through, but which they either do not notice at all while they are happening within them, or to which they give a completely false interpretation. This is, in fact, characteristic of modern man, that he likes to reinterpret what he experiences himself. He does not like to give himself a truthful account of himself. He wants to color what is connected with his attitude toward the world in one direction or another. Just examine yourself in this regard and ask yourself how often you actually admit to yourself that you are wrong about something. In most cases, when you should admit that you are wrong, you will imagine something else that numbs you to what you would otherwise have to say to yourself: that you are wrong about something. But this is only one of the phenomena that could already outwardly indicate to people that they experience many things subconsciously today about which they have illusions in their consciousness. When you get a little older and then die, you have a large sum of such subconscious experiences within you. And it is these subconscious experiences that, transformed into something essential, confront you after death. If one discovers this connection between subconscious experiences and what the dead experience after passing through the gate of death, then one can come to terms with this phenomenon, and one can begin to understand why so many people today, who do not like to think about how they experience one thing or another, but leave it in their subconscious, are surprised when all these subconscious things really confront them after they have passed through the gate of death. They are surprised by this, even though they have experienced these things, and at the same time they must feel that they themselves had a great deal to do with what they are experiencing. It is actually a part of their own life, a part of their own experience that they either did not notice at all or only very vaguely.

Appreciating such things in the right way is a necessary but still difficult task for spiritual science today. But pointing this fact out is of fundamental importance for our time. For only when we start from these things can we actually arrive at a reasonable answer to the question: Why is the answer to the question, “What is man?” so extraordinarily difficult for contemporary human beings?

If we take human life in its inner development as a whole, it actually falls into three parts. The first part comprises what we perceive as our gifts, our talents, our abilities. The second part comprises everything we develop in our interactions with our fellow human beings, through the interaction of our consciousness with the consciousness of other people. And the third area encompasses our experience. Our time is very, very one-sided in its attitude toward these three parts of human nature, actually taking only the middle part into account. Certainly, there is much lamentation today from certain quarters about the failure to recognize gifted people, but it is mostly the gifted people themselves who lament in this way. The devoted way of cultivating talents is becoming less and less common. Likewise, the appreciation of human experience is also declining. People today are no longer aware—as I have often pointed out—that one does not merely grow older, but that one accumulates experience as one grows older, that one becomes wiser and more intelligent. This sense of human development is also increasingly being lost. Today, once they have reached a certain age, people want to be equally wise, to have an equal say in everything, and in the opinion of many, neither talent nor experience gained through life should interfere with this equal say. This is basically what our entire democratic worldview is based on, and it will always tend to dig its own grave: that once a person has reached a certain age, they can make decisions about God and the world and three villages and everything else in association with their fellow human beings.

But what man develops in association with his fellow men through the interaction of consciousness with consciousness belongs only to the one sphere of social life, namely, the life of the state. The state has become an idol precisely because people want to accept only what pulsates among men in the manner just indicated. The other two areas are not accepted as independent social organizations because, in the spiritual organization, there would be a special cultivation of individual abilities. And in the economic organization, what is called experience would come to the fore, which is really entirely the result of inner forces. In the economy of life, one actually only becomes more intelligent, whereby I naturally understand the economy of life to mean not just milking cows and cooking cabbage, but the economy of life in the broadest sense. The economy also includes intellectual activities, insofar as intellectual achievements have a certain commodity value, and they must have this value, otherwise it would never be possible to live from intellectual achievements. Of course, they also have value in other areas, but they have commodity value. It is precisely from this economy, which includes the creation of intellectual values insofar as these values are commodity values, that experience arises. Today, apart from the field of the humanities, we do not really know how to distinguish between these three areas of human nature: lower ordinary talents, through which we are either gifted in one or another intellectual branch, or through which we are skilled in one or another intellectual branch, because physical skills also belong to individual talents; all these things actually belong to the individual talents, and we do not know how to distinguish between them. one or another branch of intellectual activity, or through which we are skilled in one thing or another, for physical skills also belong to individual talents, all these things do not, as human beings are today, belong entirely to individual human nature. Basically, as paradoxical as it may sound to you, the more genius a person is today, the less he is actually an individual human being. For our talents, our individual abilities, are produced by an interaction of the cosmos before our birth or before our conception with the forces of heredity through many generations. I once illustrated how this works. Our genius and all our individual abilities depend on our minds. Whatever a person's special talent may be, even if it seems to be connected with special muscle development, these special talents have their origin in the mind, even insofar as these talents are expressed in a person's physique and the like. Whether someone is a giant who can break trees, thick-trunked trees, or whether someone is a little runt, their individual abilities depend on this in many ways. It all has its origin in the mind. What is, so to speak, innate in human beings in terms of individual abilities all has its origin in the mind.

What a person does in relation to other people has its origin in interaction, in the life between birth and death, just like language and all social elements in human life. But with the experiences we go through, we enter a much, much more difficult chapter than most people today can imagine, because people today very rarely become experienced people because they do not allow experience to come to them. Most people today even have a certain embarrassment about becoming experienced. If they were to admit that they judge something differently than they did ten years ago, they would be ashamed, even though they should not be ashamed of having become wiser in ten years, but they are ashamed nonetheless. Using life to become wiser is not an ideal for people today. People today largely squander their lives in relation to gaining experience. But it is in this gaining of experience that the individual expresses himself. You may be a genius in capital, but what you produce through your genius in capital will be only very slightly influenced by what you have gone through in your previous incarnations. These previous incarnations are usually highly innocent of actual genius, for that is something that is brought about by an interaction of the cosmos with the forces of heredity through generations. Geniuses are given to humanity; they are truly not dropped from heaven to satisfy themselves. But what we acquire by becoming wiser from year to year, right into our old age, is something that people today are particularly embarrassed about. The fact that we become wiser from year to year, that we accept the experiences of life in order to become wiser, is connected with our incarnations.

You see, when you look at a personality like Goethe's, you come to very, very strange, very significant conclusions. One can speak of Goethe's genius. This Goethean genius is already evident in his youth. But what emerges in his youth in terms of abilities has, I would say, the value of something that has fallen from heaven. But as Goethe grows old and becomes more and more mature, never ceasing to mature, what he has brought with him from his earlier incarnations gradually takes shape and evolves. But people today hate that too. Goethe himself had to complain that what he did not consider his own achievement, the works of his youth, were particularly valuable to people, whereas they rejected what he had acquired through his life experience. I have often quoted a saying of his in reference to the first part of his “Faust,” the second part of which was not yet in sight at the time:

They praise Faust
And what else
In my writings roars
In their favor.
The old Mick and Mack,
That pleases you greatly,
It means the rabble,
We would no longer be.

But that continued well into our time. How did the true and very clever, talented Swabian Vischer, the so-called V-Vischer, rant about the second part of Goethe's “Faust,” parodying it, calling it a cobbled-together, glued-together piece of work from Goethe's old age, because in our time we don't have much feeling for maturing, for gaining experience. This is related to the fact that today's life offers no answer to the question: What is man as man? — For only life experience can provide the answer to the question: What is man as man? — But this life experience must not be gained in such a way that the spiritual is excluded. In the course of one's individual life, one must gradually be able to feel that one learns not only from the external, sensory course of events, but also from what emerges from the depths of things. All these things are such that, from a certain higher point of view, they almost inevitably raise the question: How do we separate spiritual life from state life? If spiritual life were to remain connected to state life, this spiritual life could not develop in the way that people need in order to gain real life experience. The state would have to increasingly flatten spiritual life because it could not respond to those intimacies of spiritual life that lead to real experiences. The state could only engage in a spiritual life that was entirely democratic, because democracy belongs to the state. But spiritual life in its own depths can never be entirely democratic. You cannot descend into the depths of spiritual life or into the depths of human knowledge if you remain within democracy. But in the state, everything must be democratic. In the state, only that which every human being can judge about every other human being should be judged. But in this way, real knowledge of human beings can never come about. It must be pushed aside into the realm that is entirely on its own and proceeds as spiritual life. People today pass each other by and will continue to do so until they see each other in the spirit.

This was not necessary in earlier times because people were not as complicated as they are today. The complication in human nature today arises particularly from the fact that human beings actually only — as I have explained to you from another point of view — live to the age of twenty-seven, that is, they only develop by themselves until the age of twenty-seven. What comes after that does not develop by itself as it did in ancient times; for that, development must be sought elsewhere. And so it is today that young people undergo a development up to the age of twenty-seven, during which the elements of humanity come to them. They expect them from life until this age of twenty-seven. Now the twenty-seventh year comes, and life itself has nothing more to give. But he does nothing to contribute to it. Therefore, from that point on, life begins to become hollow and empty, desolate, unless the human being rises to take up within himself the spiritual life of which I have spoken, which is pouring out over humanity like a wave.

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This crisis, which actually occurs in every human life today around the age of twenty-seven—and lasts until around the age of thirty-five—is expressed in characteristic phenomena today. For everything that lives in general human nature expresses itself particularly radically and strongly in individual phenomena. Until recently, there was a personality who was considered very influential — although he did not influence much — who was faced with an important decision at a certain point in time. But at the same time as this decision, something else became apparent in this personality. This personality had once been incarnated in the 9th century of the Christian era and was a kind of black magician in a southern part of Europe during that century. This had such an effect on the current incarnation of this personality that when this decision was made, the decisive event, this personality actually died, that is, the body was left by the soul that had reincarnated there. But the personality lived on, outwardly, was still there. Think of the opportunities for all kinds of Ahrimanic spirits and individualities to live on in such a dead human being! This is one of those cases that the complexity of modern life produces many times over. Such things play into what are now human actions, into what are now also human destinies. Today, without at least having a feeling for such incisive things as I have just mentioned, it is impossible to form a judgment about what is happening. I have often emphasized, and here too there are personalities to whom I have often emphasized: The so-called prehistory of this world war catastrophe cannot be judged in the same way that history was made in the past, because windows were open everywhere for Ahrimanic beings to enter. And because spiritual causes of the most dubious and strange kind played a part in the events of July 1914, it will not be possible to speak historically about what led to this world war catastrophe without the help of spiritual factors.

But consider how necessary it is to take things really seriously today. Take, for example, what I mentioned just now as a fundamental phenomenon: up to the age of seven, the human being develops his physical body; up to about the age of fourteen, his etheric body; up to the age of twenty-one, his astral body; and up to the age of twenty-eight, his sentient soul. But then there is the twenty-seventh year, which is particularly important today. Then, until the age of thirty-five, first the intellectual soul and then the consciousness soul come into play; in the intellectual soul — you can read about this in my book Theosophy — the I awakens. Now, however, human beings develop according to human nature only until the age of twenty-seven. They develop in such a way that they expect the emergence of the I in the intellectual soul. But this does not happen automatically, because development from the age of twenty-eight to thirty-five no longer takes place automatically.

This is the enormous question facing human beings today. They live beyond the age of twenty-seven. They have done nothing to develop what gives them a real sense of self and thus a sense of humanity, a knowledge of human beings. What arises? The question: What is man actually? The answer is: Away from man, toward the superhuman — which is merely lyrical content. Or else things like: “Something is wrong with me. I was therefore not born into the world as a human being should be. I am on a special path. And I am not alone. There are many of us. We must become peculiar people and do not fit into any order. Who is guilty before us? We ourselves are guilty before ourselves and before life!"

There you have the question from spiritual science: What is man actually? It comes from the present nature of man. I ask you: Is it not a serious task for the future to remember to truly separate the spiritual life, which enables us to gain life experience through the spirit, from that which could never give us intimate life experience, from democratic state life? Do you believe that anything could ever emerge in the theological, legal, philosophical, medical, political, or natural science faculties—I believe all these faculties already exist today—that could draw attention to the fact that, for example: In this dangerous time between the ages of twenty-seven and thirty-five, people can experience inner desolation, in extreme cases to such an extent that the soul can even leave the body, so that the person later only appears to be alive, obsessed by some kind of Ahrimanic nature. The complexity of modern life demands that the life of the spirit can truly flow into the spiritual realm. The most important questions cannot be addressed at the surface level of life today. And how could mere state democracy, which is entirely justified in the realm of state life, make possible what must now come upon humanity, namely that in the future people will appear who will be increasingly necessary, who will bring what they have to say about life entirely as a spiritual message from the spiritual world? If it were not possible for spiritual messages from the spiritual world to be carried into the future of humanity, then the development of the earth would by no means be able to reach its goal. But the possibility of the emergence of such a spiritual life depends on the freedom of spiritual life, on the fact that spiritual life is truly emancipated from the state and stands on its own. Otherwise, what once happened somewhere far away will happen again and again: at a university where only people who had nothing special to say taught, loud calls were made in the democratic assembly for “capacities” to be appointed. But the democrats banged their sticks on the floor: We don't want capacities, we want middle-class people! Average people!

You see, my dear friends, these things all have a serious, deep foundation. And it is our task to point out this serious, deep foundation and, above all, to combat the most terrible evil of modern times, superficiality and thoughtlessness. It is often said that the social question is also a spiritual question. But spiritual life must then be considered in its foundations and truly in its depth, otherwise the spiritual consideration of the social question remains quite superficial, stuck on the surface.

We will continue these considerations next Friday, or if, as requested, there is to be another lecture somewhere nearby on Friday, then on Saturday at seven o'clock.

Now, however, I have been asked to inform you that on Wednesday at 8 p.m., I will be giving a lecture on “Social Will and Proletarian Demands” in one of the departments of the Swiss Student Union in Basel, at the Bernoullianum, to which all students are cordially invited.