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The Influences of Lucifer and Ahriman
GA 191

1 November 1919, Dornach

Lecture I

When social questions are discussed from a spiritual scientific point of view, this is not done out of any subjective motive or impulse. Everything is based upon observation of the evolution of humanity and of what the forces underlying that evolution demand of us now and in the immediate future.

To reveal the deeper impulses working at the present time is not a congenial task, for there is little inclination to enter into such matters with any real earnestness. But our age calls for this earnestness wherever the affairs of humanity are concerned, above all for the discarding of prejudices and preconceptions. Today, therefore, I shall put before you certain deeper aspects of matters to which reference has often been made.

Once again it is necessary to survey a rather lengthy period in the life of humanity. As you know, we distinguish the present epoch from other epochs, reckoning that it began in the middle of the fifteenth century A.D. We speak of it as the fifth post-Atlantean epoch, distinguishing it from the previous epoch which began in the eighth century B.C. and is called the Greco-Latin epoch after the peoples responsible for its culture. It was preceded by the epoch of Egypto-Chaldean civilization.

When we come to consider the Egypto-Chaldean epoch we find that the records of ordinary history break down. Even with the help of accessible Egyptian and Chaldean lore, external evidence does not carry us very far back in the history of humanity.

But it is not possible to grasp what is of importance for the present time unless we understand the intrinsic characteristics of that third post-Atlantean epoch of culture.

You are certainly aware that in the ordinary history of that ancient time, all civilization, all culture in the then-known world, goes by the name of paganism. Like an oasis, Hebraic culture arises in its midst as a preparation for Christianity. But disregarding for the moment this Jewish culture, which differed so fundamentally from the other forms of pre-Christian civilized life, let us turn our attention to paganism. Its special characteristic may be said to lie in its wisdom, in its deep insight into the things and processes of the world. The knowledge contained in paganism had its source in the ancient Mysteries and although according to modern scholarship it bears a mythical, pictorial character, it must be emphasized that all the imagery, all the pictures which have come down to posterity from this ancient paganism are the fruits of profound insight.

Recalling the many treasures of this super-sensible lore which we have been endeavoring to bring to light, it will be obvious that here we have to do with a primeval wisdom, a wisdom underlying all the thinking, all the perceptions and feelings of those ancient peoples. A kind of echo of this primeval wisdom, a tradition in which it was enshrined, survived here and there in secret societies, actually in a healthy form, until the end of the eighteenth century and at the beginning of the nineteenth. In the nineteenth century the source ran dry and such vestiges as remain have passed into the hands of isolated groups belonging to certain, nationalities. And what is in the possession of ordinary secret societies today can no longer be regarded as wholesome or as a genuine tradition of the old pagan wisdom.

Now this ancient wisdom has one particular characteristic of which sight must never be lost. It has one characteristic on account of which Judaism, the smaller stream then making preparation for Christianity had to be introduced as a kind of oasis.

If this ancient paganism is rightly understood, it will be found to contain sublime, deeply penetrating wisdom, but no moral impulses for human action. These impulses were not really essential to humanity, for unlike what now passes as human knowledge, human insight, this old pagan wisdom gave one the feeling of being membered into the whole cosmos. People moving about the earth not only felt themselves composed of the substances and forces present around them in earthly life, in the mineral, plant, and animal kingdoms, but they felt that the forces operating, for example, in the movements of the stars and the sun were playing into them. This feeling of being a member of the whole cosmos was not a mere abstraction, for from the Mysteries they received directives based on the laws of the stars for their actions and whole conduct of life. This ancient star-wisdom was in no way akin to the arithmetical astrology sometimes considered valuable today, but it was a wisdom voiced by the initiates in such a way that impulses for individual action and conduct went forth from the Mysteries. Not only did human beings feel safe and secure within the all-prevailing wisdom of the cosmos, but those whom they recognized as the initiates of the Mysteries imparted this wisdom in directives for their actions from morning till evening on given days of the year. Yet, neither Chaldean nor Egyptian wisdom contained a single moral impulse from what had been imparted by the initiates in this way. The moral impulse in its real sense was prepared by Judaism and then further developed in Christianity.

Inevitably the question arises: Why is it that this sublime pagan wisdom, although it contained no moral impulse, was able, for example in ancient Greece, to come to flower in such beauty of art and grandeur of philosophy?

If we were to go much farther back, to a time more than three thousand years before the Christian era, we should find that together with the promptings of wisdom there did come a moral impulse, that the moral principles, the ethics needed by these people of old were contained in this wisdom. But a specific ethos, a specific moral impulse such as came with Christianity was not an integral part of paganism. Why was this? It was because through the millennia directly preceding Christianity, this pagan wisdom was inspired from a place far away in Asia, inspired by a remarkable being who had been incarnated in the distant East in the third millennium before Christ—namely, Lucifer.

To the many things we have learned about the evolution of humanity, this knowledge too must be added: that just as there was the incarnation which culminated in Golgotha, the incarnation of Christ in the man Jesus of Nazareth, there was an actual incarnation of Lucifer in far-off Asia, in the third millennium B.C.And the source of inspiration for much ancient culture was what can only be described as an earthly incarnation of Lucifer in a man of flesh and blood. Even Christianity, even the Mystery of Golgotha as enacted among human beings, was understood at first by the only means then available, namely the old luciferic wisdom. The one-sidedness of the gnosis, for all its amazing profundity, stems from the influence that had spread from this Lucifer incarnation over the whole of the ancient world. The significance of the Mystery of Golgotha cannot be fully grasped without the knowledge that rather less than three thousand years previously, there had been the incarnation of Lucifer.

In order that the luciferic inspiration might be lifted away from its one-sidedness, there came the incarnation of Christ and with it the impulse for the education and development of European civilization and its American offshoot. But since the middle of the fifteenth century, since the impulse for the development of individuality, of personality, has been at work, this phase of evolution has also contained within it certain forces whereby preparation is being made for the incarnation of another super-sensible Being. Just as there was an incarnation of Lucifer in the flesh and an incarnation of Christ in the flesh, so, before only a part of the third millennium of the post-Christian era has elapsed, there will be, in the West, an actual incarnation of Ahriman: Ahriman in the flesh. Humanity on earth cannot escape this incarnation of Ahriman. It will come inevitably. But what matters is that people shall find the right vantage point from which to confront it.

Whenever preparation is being made for incarnations of this character, we must be alert to certain indicative trends in evolution. A being like Ahriman, who will incarnate in the West in time to come, prepares for this incarnation in advance. With a view to his incarnation on the earth, Ahriman guides certain forces in evolution in such a way that they may be of the greatest possible advantage to him. And evil would result were people to live on in a state of drowsy unawareness, unable to recognize certain phenomena in life as preparations for Ahriman's incarnation in the flesh. The right stand can be taken only by recognizing in one or another series of events the preparation that is being made by Ahriman for his earthly existence. And the time has now come for individual human beings to know what tendencies and events around them are machinations of Ahriman, helping him to prepare for his approaching incarnation.

It would undoubtedly be of the greatest benefit to Ahriman if he could succeed in preventing the vast majority of people from perceiving what would make for their true well-being, if the vast majority of people were to regard these preparations for the Ahriman incarnation as progressive and good for evolution. If Ahriman were able to slink into a humanity unaware of his coming, that would gladden him most of all. It is for this reason that the occurrences and trends in which Ahriman is working for his future incarnation must be brought to light.

One of the developments in which Ahriman's impulse is clearly evident is the spread of the belief that the mechanistic, mathematical conceptions inaugurated by Galileo, Copernicus, and others, explain what is happening in the cosmos. That is why anthroposophical spiritual science lays such stress upon the fact that spirit and soul must be discerned in the cosmos, not merely the mathematical, mechanistic laws put forward by Galileo and Copernicus as if the cosmos were some huge machine. It would augur success for Ahriman's temptings if people were to persist in merely calculating the revolutions of the heavenly bodies, in studying astrophysics for the sole purpose of ascertaining the material composition of the planets—an achievement of which the modern world is so proud. But woe betide if this Copernicanism is not confronted by the knowledge that the cosmos is permeated by soul and spirit. It is this knowledge that Ahriman, in preparing his earthly incarnation, wants to withhold. He would like to keep people so obtuse that they can grasp only the mathematical aspect of astronomy. Therefore he tempts many people to carry into effect their repugnance to knowledge concerning soul and spirit in the cosmos. That is only one of the forces of corruption poured by Ahriman into human souls. Another means of temptation connected with his incarnation—he also works in cooperation with the luciferic forces—another of his endeavors is to preserve the already widespread attitude that for the public welfare it is sufficient if the economic and material needs of humanity are provided for. Here we come to a point that is not willingly faced in modern life. Official science nowadays contributes nothing to real knowledge of the soul and spirit, for the methods adopted in the orthodox sciences are of value only for apprehending external nature, including the external human constitution. Just think with what contempt average citizens today regard anything that seems idealistic, anything that seems to be a path leading in any way to the spiritual. At heart they are always asking: What is the good of it? How will it help me to acquire this world's goods? They send their sons to a private school, having perhaps been to one themselves; they send them on to a university or institute of advanced studies. But all this is done merely in order to provide the foundations for a career, in other words, to provide the material means of livelihood.

And now think of the consequences of this. What numbers of people there are today who no longer value the spirit for the sake of the spirit or the soul for the sake of the soul! They are out to absorb from cultural life only what is regarded as “useful.” This is a significant and mysterious factor in the life of modern humanity and one that must be lifted into the full light of consciousness. Average citizens, who work assiduously in their offices from morning till evening and then go through the habitual evening routine, will not allow themselves to get mixed up with what they call the “twaddle” to be found in anthroposophy. It seems to them entirely redundant, for they think: that is something one cannot eat! It finally comes to this—although people will not admit it—that in ordinary life nothing in the way of knowledge is considered really useful unless it helps to put food in the mouth!

In this connection people today have succumbed to a strange fallacy. They do not believe that the spirit can be eaten, and yet the very ones who say this, do eat the spirit! Although they may refuse to accept anything spiritual, nevertheless with every morsel that passes through the mouth into the stomach they are devouring the spiritual, but dispatching it along a path other than the path which leads to the real well-being of mankind.

I believe that many Europeans think it is to the credit of their civilization to be able to say: We are not cannibals! But these Europeans and their American affinities are, none the less, devourers of soul and spirit! The soulless devouring of material food leads to the side-tracking of the spirit. It is difficult to say these things today, for in the light of such knowledge just think what would have to be said of a large section of modern culture! To keep people in the state of being devourers of the soul and spirit is one of Ahriman's impulses in preparation for his incarnation. To the extent to which people can be roused into conducting their affairs not for material ends alone and into regarding a free and independent spiritual life, equally with economic life, as an integral part of the social organism—to that same extent Ahriman's incarnation will be awaited with an attitude worthy of humanity.

Another tendency in modern life of benefit to Ahriman in preparing his incarnation is all that is so clearly in evidence in nationalism. Whatever can separate people into groups, whatever can alienate them from mutual understanding the whole world over and drive wedges between them, strengthens Ahriman’s impulse. In reality we should recognize the voice of Ahriman in what is so often proclaimed nowadays as a new ideal: “Freedom of the peoples, even the smallest,” and so forth. But blood relationship has ceased to be the decisive factor and if this outworn notion persists, we shall be playing straight into the hands of Ahriman. His interests are promoted, too, by the fact that people are taken up with the most divergent shades of party opinions, of which the one can be justified as easily as the other. A socialist party program and an anti-socialist program can be supported by arguments of equal validity. And if people fail to realize that this kind of “proof” lies so utterly on the surface that the No and the Yes can both be justified with our modern intelligence—useful as it is for natural science but not for a different kind of knowledge—if people do not realize that this intelligence lies entirely on the surface in spite of serving economic life so effectively, they will continue to apply it to social life and spiritual life irrespectively. One group will prove one thing, another it’s exact opposite, and as both proofs can be shown to be equally logical, hatred and bitterness—of which there is more than enough in the world—will be intensified. These trends too are exploited by Ahriman in preparation for his earthly incarnation.

Again, what will be of particular advantage to him is the short-sighted, narrow conception of the Gospel that is so prevalent today. You know how necessary it has become in our time to deepen understanding of the Gospels through spiritual science. But you also know how widespread is the motion that this is not fitting, that it is reprehensible to bring any real knowledge of the spirit or of the cosmos to bear upon the Gospels; it is said that the Gospels must be taken “in all their simplicity,” just as they stand. I am not going to raise the issue that we no longer possess the true Gospels. The translations are not faithful reproductions of the authentic Gospels, but I do not propose to go into this question now. I shall merely put before you the deeper fact, namely that no true understanding of Christ can be reached by the simple, easy going perusal of the Gospels beloved by most religious denominations and sects today. At the time of the Mystery of Golgotha and for a few centuries' afterward, a conception of the real Christ was still possible, because accounts handed down by tradition could be understood with the help of the pagan, luciferic wisdom. This wisdom has now disappeared, and what sects and denominations find in the Gospels does not lead people to the real Christ for whom we seek through spiritual science, but to an illusory picture, at most to a sublimated hallucination of Christ.

The Gospels cannot lead to the real Christ unless they are illumined by spiritual science. Failing this illumination, the Gospels as they stand give rise to what is no more than hallucination of Christ's appearance in world history. This becomes very evident in the theology of our time. Why does modern theology so love to speak of the “simple man of Nazareth” and to identify the Christ with Jesus of Nazareth—whom it regards as a man only a little more exalted than other great figures of history? It is because the possibility of finding the real Christ has been lost, and because what people glean from the Gospels leads-to hallucination, to a kind of illusion. An illusory conception of Christ is all that can be` gleaned through the way in which the Gospels are read today—not the reality of Christ. In a certain sense this has actually dawned on the theologians and many of them are now describing Paul's experience on the way to Damascus as a “vision.” They have come to the point of realizing that their way of studying the Gospels can lead only to a vision, to hallucination. I am not saying that this vision is false or untrue, but that it is merely an inner experience, unconnected with the reality of the Christ being. I do not use the word “illusion” with the side-implication of falsity, but I wish only to stress that the Christ Being is here a subjective, inner experience, of the same character as hallucination. If people could be brought to a standstill at this point, not pressing on to the real Christ but contenting themselves with a hallucination of Christ, Ahriman's aims would be immeasurably furthered.

The influence of the Gospels also leads to hallucinations when one Gospel alone is taken as the basis of belief. Truth to tell, this principle has been forestalled by the fact that we have been given four Gospels, representing four different aspects, and it does not do to take each single Gospel word-for-word on its own, when outwardly there are obvious contradictions. To take one single Gospel word-for-word and disregard the other three is actually dangerous. What you find in sects whose adherents swear by the literal content of the Gospel of St. Luke alone or that of St. John alone is an illusory conception arising from a certain dimming of consciousness. With the dimming of consciousness that inevitably occurs when the deeper content of the Gospels is not revealed, people would fall wholly into Ahriman's service, helping in a most effective way to prepare for his incarnation, and adopting toward him the very attitude he desires.

And now another uncomfortable truth for humankind today! Living in the arms of their denominations, people say: “We do not need anthroposophy or anything of the kind; we are content with the Gospels in all their simplicity.” They insist that this is said out of “humility.” In reality, however, it is the greatest arrogance! For it means that such persons, making use of ideas which have been presented to them through their birth and surge out of their blood, are deigning to rule out the deeper treasures of wisdom to be discovered in the Gospels. These “humblest” of human beings are generally the most arrogant of all, especially in the sects and denominations. The point to remember is, however, that the people who do most to prepare for the incarnation of Ahriman are those who constantly preach. “All that is required is to read the Gospels word-for-word-nothing more than that!”

Strange to say, in spite of their radical differences, the two parties play into each other's hands: those whom I called “devourers of soul and spirit” and those who demand the literal, word-for-word reading of the Gospels. Each party plays into the hands of the other, furthering the preparation of Ahriman's incarnation. For if the outlook of the “devourers of soul and spirit” on the one side and that of professed Christians who refuse to enter into the deeper truths of the Gospels on the other were to hold the day, then Ahriman would be able to make all human beings on the earth his own. A good deal of what is spreading in external Christianity today is a preparation for Ahriman's incarnation. And in many things which arrogantly claim to represent true belief, we should recognize the preparation for Ahriman's work.

Words nowadays do not really convey the innermost reality of things. As I have often told you, far too much store is set upon words—for words do not necessarily lead to that reality; nowadays indeed it is rather a case of words separating people from the real nature of things in the world. And this they do most of all when people accept ancient records such as the Gospels with “simple understanding”—as the saying goes. But there is a far truer simplicity in trying to penetrate to the in dwelling spirit of things and to understand the Gospels themselves from the vantage ground of the spirit.

As I told you, Ahriman and Lucifer will always work hand in hand. The only question is which of the two predominates in human consciousness at a particular epoch of time. It was a preeminently luciferic culture that persisted until after the Mystery of Golgotha—a culture inspired by the incarnation of Lucifer in China in the third millennium B.C. Many influences of this incarnation continued to radiate and were still powerful in the early Christian centuries; indeed they are working to this day.

But now that we are facing an incarnation of Ahriman in the third millennium after Christ, Lucifer's tracks are becoming less visible, and Ahriman's activities in such trends as I have indicated are coming into prominence. Ahriman has made a kind of pact with Lucifer, the import of which may be expressed in the following way. Ahriman, speaking to Lucifer, says: “I, Ahriman, find it advantageous to make use of ‘preserving jars.’ To you I will leave people's stomachs, if you will leave it to me to lull them to sleep—that is to say to lull their consciousness to sleep where their stomachs are concerned.”

You must understand what I mean by this. The consciousness of those human beings whom I have called devourers of soul and spirit is in a condition of dimness so far as their stomachs are concerned; for, by not accepting the spiritual into their human nature, they drive straight into the luciferic stream everything they introduce into their stomachs. What people eat and drink without spirituality goes straight to Lucifer!

And what do I mean by “preserving jars?” I mean libraries and institutions of a similar kind, where the various sciences pursued by human beings without really stirring their interest are preserved; these sciences are not really alive in them but are simply preserved in the books on the shelves of libraries. All this knowledge has been separated from human beings. Everywhere there are books, books, books! Themselves students, when they take their doctor's degree, have to write a learned thesis which is then put into as many libraries as possible. When the students want to take up some particular post, again they must write a thesis! In addition to this, people are forever writing, although only a very small proportion of what they write is ever read. Only when some special preparation has to be made do people resort to what is moldering away in libraries. These “preserving jars” of wisdom are a particularly favorable means of furthering Ahriman's aims.

This kind of thing goes on everywhere. It could only be to some purpose if people took a really live interest in it, but they do not, its existence is entirely separate and apart. Just think—if one were so disposed one might well despair—just think, for example, of a lawsuit where a lawyer has to be engaged to plead the case. The time comes when one has to discuss the matter. Documents pile up! The lawyer has them all there in a dossier, but when one starts talking, this lawyer has no inkling of the circumstances. The papers are turned over and over without getting anywhere; the lawyer has no connection at all with the documents. Here is one portfolio full of them, there another. The number of documents grows and grows but as for interest in them—that is simply nonexistent! These professional people make one despair when one has dealings with them; they really know nothing about the matter at issue, have no connection with it, for everything remains in the documents. These are the little preserving jars and the libraries are the big preserving jars of soul and spirit. Everything is preserved in them but human beings do not want to connect themselves with it, to permeate it with their interest. And finally there arises the mood which does not want the head to play any part in a professed view of the world. But after all, the head, or some element of the head, is necessary for any understanding! What people like is to base their religious faith, their view of the world, on the heart alone. The heart must play a part, of course; but the way in which people today often speak of their religion reminds me of a saying much quoted in the district where my youth was spent. It was to this effect: “There is something very special about love. If you buy it, you buy the heart only and the head is thrown in gratis.” This is more or less the attitude which people today like to adopt in their view of life; they would like to take in everything through the heart, as they say, without exerting the head at all. The heart cannot beat without the head, but the heart is well able to take things in if by “heart” here one really means the stomach! And then, what ought to be achieved through the head is supposed to be thrown in gratis, especially where the most important things in life are concerned. It is very important indeed to pay heed to these matters, because in observing them it becomes evident what earnestness must be applied to life at this juncture, how necessary it is to learn from the illusions to which even the Gospels may give rise, and how dearly humankind today loves those illusions.

Truth is beyond the reach of the kind of knowledge for which people aspire today. They feel on secure ground when they can reckon by means of figures, when they can prove things by statistics. With statistics and figures Ahriman has an easy game; it suits him admirably when some erudite scholar points out, for example, that conditions in the Balkans are due to the fact that the population of Macedonia consists of so many Greeks, so many Serbs, so many Bulgarians. Nothing can stand up against figures because of the faith that is reposed in them; and Ahriman is only too ready to exploit figures for his purposes. But later on one begins to see just how “reliable” such figures are! Admittedly, figures are sometimes a means of proof, but if one goes beyond them and investigates more closely, one often notices things like the following. In the statistics of Macedonia, for example, a father may be put down as a Greek, one son as a Serb, another son as a Bulgarian; so the father is counted in with the Greeks, one son with the Serbs, and the other with the Bulgarians. What would really help one to get at the truth, however, would be to discover how it has happened that in the same family one is said to be Greek, one Serbian, and one Bulgarian, and how this affects the figures—rather than simply accepting the figures that people find so satisfactory today. If the father is Greek then naturally the sons are Greek too. Figures are means whereby people are led astray in a direction favorable to Ahriman for his future incarnation in the third millennium A.D.

We shall speak of these things again in the lecture tomorrow.

Elfter Vortrag

Wenn jetzt in dieser Zeit gerade von geisteswissenschaftlicher Seite her auch über soziale Fragen gesprochen wird, so beruht das ja, wie ich Ihnen übrigens von den verschiedensten Gesichtspunkten aus schon dargestellt habe, wahrhaftig nicht auf irgendeiner subjektiven Maxime, auf irgendeinem subjektiven Antriebe, sondern es beruht auf der Beobachtung der Entwickelung der Menschheit, auf der Beobachtung desjenigen, was die Entwickelungskräfte der Menschheit gerade für unsere Zeit enthalten, wozu sie uns in der Gegenwart und für die nächste Zukunft besonders auffordern.

Es muß schon gesagt werden, daß die tieferen Impulse desjenigen zu enthüllen, was eigentlich für die gegenwärtige Menschheitsentwickelung in Betracht kommt, eine etwas unbequeme Sache ist; denn man ist in der Gegenwart nicht allzu geneigt, auf die Dinge, auf die es ankommt, einzugehen, sie mit wirklichstem, tiefstem Ernste zu betrachten. Aber unsere Zeit erfordert gegenüber den Angelegenheiten der Menschheit einen wirklichen, gründlichen Ernst. Sie erfordert namentlich das Sich-Freimachen von ganz bestimmten Vorurteilen und namentlich von Vorempfindungen. Ich möchte Ihnen nun heute einige Gesichtspunkte angeben, die Sie in die Lage versetzen, die Dinge, über die wir oft gesprochen haben, von einem tieferen Gesichtspunkte aus zu betrachten. Da werden wir schon wieder eben den Blick richten müssen über einen etwas größeren Menschheitszusammenhang.

Wir unterscheiden ja denjenigen Zeitraum, in dem wir als in unserer kosmischen Gegenwart leben, so von den anderen Zeiträumen, daß wir ihn in der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts beginnen lassen, und wir nennen diesen Zeitraum, wie Sie wissen, den fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum. Wir trennen ihn ab von demjenigen Zeitraume, der damals sein Ende gefunden hat und begonnen hat im 8. vorchristlichen Jahrhunderte, den wir den griechisch-lateinischen Zeitraum nennen, nach den Bevölkerungen, die seine Kultur getragen haben. Und dann, was voranging, das bezeichnen wir als den ägyptisch-chaldäischen Zeitraum.

Wenn man nun den ägyptisch-chaldäischen Zeitraum ins Auge faßt, ins Seelenauge selbstverständlich, dann findet man schon, daß die gewöhnliche Geschichtsbetrachtung gar sehr versagt. Man kommt, selbst wenn man die erschlossenen chaldäischen und ägyptischen Überlieferungen ins Auge faßt, mit der äußerlichen Geschichte nicht sehr weit zurück in der Entwickelungsgeschichte der Menschheit. Aber verstehen kann man dasjenige, was für die Gegenwart bedeutsam ist, doch auch nur, wenn man gerade diesen dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraum aus seinen besonderen Eigentümlichkeiten heraus richtig versteht.

Nun wissen Sie ja vor allen Dingen eines. In der gewöhnlichen Geschichte wird dasjenige, was als Kultur, als Zivilisation unter den Menschen war über die damals bekannte Welt hin, als das Heidnische bezeichnet. Wie eine Oase setzt sich in diese heidnische Kultur hinein, was das Jüdisch-Hebräische ist, das als Vorbereitung des Christentums aufgefaßt werden muß. Aber wenn wir absehen von dem, was von ganz anderer Natur als die übrige damalige Kultur als Judentum sich hineinsetzt in das Vorchristliche, so können wir den Blick richten auf das über die Zivilisation hingehende Heidentum. Was ist das Eigentümliche dieser alten heidnischen Kultur? Das Eigentümliche dieser alten heidnischen Kultur ist, daß sie vorzugsweise eine Kultur der Weisheit ist, eine Kultur des Hineinschauens in die Dinge und Vorgänge der Welt. Wenn auch dasjenige, was der alte Heide wiedergab von seinem Wissen über die Welt, herausgeströmt war aus den alten Mysterien, für die heutige «gescheite» Welt einen mythischen Charakter, einen Bildcharakter hat, so muß doch gesagt werden, daß alles dasjenige, was an solchen Bildern auf die Nachwelt gekommen ist, entstammt tiefen Einblicken in das Wesen der Dinge und Vorgänge.

Man braucht nur sich zu erinnern übersinnlicher Weistümer, die wir versuchten aus den verschiedenen Gebieten dieser alten Zeit für die Gegenwart bloßzulegen, und man wird schon sehen, daß man es zu tun hat mit einer Urweisheit, die den Grund alles Denkens, alles Empfindens, alles Fühlens der alten Völker bildet. Ein gewisser Nachklang dieser Urweisheit, eine Tradition, die diese Urweisheit in sich schloß, war ja für gewisse Geheimgesellschaften auch in einer gedeihlichen Form bis zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, auch noch bis zum Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts vorhanden. Im 19. Jahrhundert ist das mehr oder weniger versiegt, und dasjenige, was geblieben ist, ist in den Dienst einzelner Gruppen, namentlich einzelner Nationalitäten gestellt worden. Und es kann heute dasjenige, was in den gewöhnlichen Geheimgesellschaften vorhanden ist, nicht mehr ein ersprießliches, mit Echtheit überliefertes altes heidnisches Weisheitsgut genannt werden.

Dieses heidnische Weisheitsgut, es hat eine bestimmte Eigenschaft, die man nie aus dem Auge verlieren darf, wenn man verstehen will, um was es sich eigentlich handelt. Es hat eine Eigenschaft, derentwegen gerade sich hineinstellen mußte wie eine Oase in diesen Strom der alten heidnischen Weisheit die kleinere Strömung, das Judentum, das dann das Christentum vorbereitete.

Wenn man die alte heidnische Kultur richtig erkennt, so findet man überall, daß sie hehre, große Weistümer, ungeheuer tief in das Wesen der Dinge Hineinschürfendes enthält; aber diese heidnischen Weistümer, sie enthalten keinen eigentlich sittlichen Antrieb für das menschliche Handeln. Man brauchte gewissermaßen diese sittlichen Antriebe für das menschliche Handeln nicht; denn ungleich demjenigen, was heute als Wissen, als Erkenntnis unter den Menschen figuriert, war diese alte heidnische Weisheit etwas, was dem Menschen wirklich das Gefühl und die Empfindung gab, daß er drinnensteht im ganzen Kosmos. Der Mensch, der hier auf der Erde stand und herumwandelte, fühlte sich nicht nur zusammengesetzt aus den Stoffen und Kräften, die außer ihm im irdischen Leben, die im mineralischen, im tierischen, im pflanzlichen Reiche vorhanden sind. Der Mensch fühlte, wie die Kräfte in ihn hereinspielten, die in den Sternen und in den Sonnen kreisten und so weiter. Der Mensch fühlte sich als ein Glied des ganzen Kosmos und er fühlte nicht etwa nur abstrakt, wie er ein Glied des ganzen Kosmos sei, sondern er bekam Anhaltspunkte aus seinen Mysterien heraus, wie er zum Handeln, zu seinem ganzen Verhalten vorzuschreiten habe im Sinne des Sternenlaufes. Was alte Sternenweisheit war, war ja keineswegs jene rechnerische Astrologie, welche heute die Menschen für etwas Bedeutsames halten, sondern es war jene alte Sternenweisheit etwas, was von den Leitern der alten heidnischen Mysterien so gefaßt wurde, daß da von diesen Mysterien herauskommen konnten wirkliche Antriebe für das Handeln, für das Verhalten des einzelnen Menschen. Der Mensch wußte sich gewissermaßen geborgen im Kosmos, nicht nur durch eine allgemeine Weisheit, sondern was er vom Morgen bis zum Abend an einem Tag des Jahres zu tun hatte, das lasen ihm ab und gaben ihm als Direktiven diejenigen, die er anerkannte als die Initiierten in den Mysterien. Aber es war aus alldem, was da die Initiierten aus den Mysterien ablasen, für die chaldäische, für die ägyptische Weisheit nicht zu gewinnen irgendein moralischer Antrieb für die Menschheit. Der eigentlich moralische Antrieb für die Menschheit wurde erst durch das Judentum vorbereitet, dann durch das Christentum weiter ausgebildet.

Und die Frage muß entstehen: Woher kommt es denn, daß die gloriose alte heidnische Weisheit, die zum Beispiel ja noch in dem Griechentum eine künstlerische und eine philosophische Blüte schönster Art trug, keinen moralischen Impuls in sich hatte?

Würden wir allerdings weiter zurückgehen hinter das 3. Jahrtausend der vorchristlichen Zeit, so würden wir finden, daß mit dem Weisheitsimpuls zugleich ein moralischer Impuls kommt, und daß das durchaus so ist, wie ich es hier schon auseinandergesetzt habe: daß in dem Weisheitsimpuls zugleich dasjenige enthalten war, was die alten Menschen als ihre Moral, als ihr Ethos brauchten. Aber ein besonderes Ethos, ein besonderer moralischer Impuls, wie er dann mit dem Christentum kam, war der heidnischen Weisheit als solcher nicht eigen. Warum? Aus dem Grunde, weil für die Jahrtausende, die unmittelbar dem Christentum vorangingen, diese heidnische Weisheit von einer Stelle weit in Asien drüben inspiriert war, aber inspiriert von einer sehr merkwürdigen Wesenheit, von der im 3. vorchristlichen Jahrtausend wirklich in Asien drüben, weit im Osten inkarnierten Wesenheit des Luzifer.

Und zu dem mancherlei, das wir kennengelernt haben über die Menschheitsentwickelung, ist es notwendig, daß wir auch die Erkenntnis hinzufügen, daß es ebenso, wie es gegeben hat die Inkarnation von Golgatha, die Inkarnation des Christus in dem Menschen Jesus von Nazareth, auch gegeben hat eine wirkliche Inkarnation des Luzifer im 3. vorchristlichen Jahrtausend in Asien. Und ein großer Teil der alten Kultur ist eben inspiriert von der Seite her, die nur bezeichnet werden kann als eine irdische Inkarnation Luzifers in einem Menschen, der in Fleisch und Blut gelebt hat. Es wurde ja sogar das Christentum, das Mysterium von Golgatha, als es unter den Menschen sich abspielte, zuerst so gefaßt, wie die Menschen es fassen konnten durch dasjenige, was sie aus der alten luziferischen Weisheit bekommen "konnten. Auch die Einseitigkeit der aber sonst außerordentlich tiefsinnigen Gnosis rührt davon her, daß eben über die alte Welt diese Luziferinkarnation ging. Man versteht nicht richtig die volle Bedeutung des Mysteriums von Golgatha, wenn man nicht weiß, daß ihm - nicht ganz dreitausend Jahre — vorangegangen ist eine Luziferinkarnation.

Um zu dieser Luziferinspiration dasjenige hinzuzufügen, was diese Luziferinspiration aus der Einseitigkeit herausholt, kam die ChristusInkarnation. Und damit kam dasjenige, was nun den menschheitlichen Erziehungsimpuls bildet für die Entwickelung der europäischen Zivilisation und ihres amerikanischen Anhanges. Aber seit der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts, seit in der Menschheitsentwickelung entstanden ist der Antrieb vorzugsweise zur Individualitäts-, zur Persönlichkeitsentwickelung, liegen in dieser Entwickelung auch die Kräfte, die eine neue Inkarnation eines übersinnlichen Wesens wiederum vorbereiten. Und ebenso wie es gegeben hat eine fleischliche Inkarnation Luzifers, wie es gegeben hat eine fleischliche Inkarnation des Christus, so wird es, ehe auch nur ein Teil des dritten Jahrtausends der nachchristlichen Zeit abgelaufen sein wird, geben im Westen eine wirkliche Inkarnation Ahrimans: Ahriman im Fleische. Dieser Inkarnation Ahrimans im Fleische kann nicht etwa die Erdenmenschheit entgehen. Die wird kommen. Es handelt sich nur darum, daß die Erdenmenschheit ihre richtige Stellung finden muß zu dieser ahrimanischen Erdeninkarnation.

In alledem, was auf diese Art vorgeht, wenn sich solche Inkarnationen vorbereiten, muß hingesehen werden auf dasjenige, was nach und nach in der Menschheitsentwickelung hinführt zu solchen Inkarnationen. Solch eine Wesenheit wie Ahriman, die sich eine gewisse Zeit nach der unsrigen hier auf der Erde in der westlichen Welt inkarnieren will, bereitet ihre Inkarnation vor. Eine solche Wesenheit wie Ahriman, der auf der Erde inkarniert werden will, lenkt gewisse Kräfte in der menschlichen Entwickelung so, daß sie dieser Wesenheit zu ihrem ganz besonderen Vorteil gereichen. Und schlimm wäre es, wenn die Menschen schlafend dahinleben würden und gewisse Erscheinungen, die im Menschenleben vor sich gehen, nicht so nehmen würden, daß sie in ihnen erkennen können eine Vorbereitung für die fleischliche Inkarnation des Ahriman. Nur dadurch werden die Menschen die rechte Stellung finden, daß sie erkennen: In dieser oder jener Tatsachenreihe, die der menschheitlichen Entwickelung angehört, muß man erkennen, wie Ahriman vorbereitet sein irdisches Dasein. Und heute ist es an der Zeit, daß einzelne Menschen wissen, welche von den Vorgängen, die um sie herum sich abspielen, Machinationen Ahrimans sind, die - ihm zum Vorteil - seine demnächstige irdische Inkarnation womöglich vorbereiten.

Am günstigsten würde es ja zweifellos für Ahriman sein, wenn er es dahin brächte, daß die weitaus größte Anzahl der Menschen keine Ahnung hätte von dem, was eigentlich zur Begünstigung seines Daseins hinführen könnte; wenn die weitaus größte Anzahl von Menschen so dahinleben würde, daß diese Vorbereitungen für die Ahrimaninkarnation abliefen, aber die Menschen sie für etwas Fortschrittliches, Gutes, der Menschheitsentwickelung Angemessenes hielten. Wenn sich gewissermaßen Ahriman in eine schlafende Menschheit hereinschleichen könnte, dann würde ihm das am allerangenehmsten sein. Deshalb müssen diejenigen Ereignisse aufgezeigt werden, in denen Ahriman arbeitet für seine künftige Inkarnation.

Sehen Sie, eine derjenigen Entwickelungstatsachen, in denen, ich möchte sagen, deutlich zu vernehmen ist der Impuls des Ahriman, das ist die Verbreitung des Glaubens unter der Menschheit, daß man durch jene mechanisch-mathematische Erfassung des Weltenalls, welche durch den Galileismus, Kopernikanismus und so weiter gekommen ist, wirklich verstehen könne dasjenige, was da draußen im Kosmos sich abspielt. Deshalb muß ja so streng von anthroposophisch orientierter Geisteswissenschaft betont werden, daß man Geist und Seele suchen muß im Kosmos, nicht bloß dasjenige, was der Galileismus, der Kopernikanismus suchen als Mathematik, Mechanik, wie wenn die Welt eine große Maschine wäre. Es würde eine Verführung durch Ahriman sein, wenn die Menschen stehenbleiben dabei, nur die Umlaufzeiten der Gestirne zu berechnen, nur Astrophysik zu studieren, um hinter die stofflichen Zusammensetzungen der Himmelskörper zu kommen, worauf die Menschen heute so stolz sind. Aber es würde schlimm sein, wenn nicht entgegengehalten würde diesem Galileismus, diesem Kopernikanismus dasjenige, was man wissen kann über die Durchseelung des Kosmos, über die Durchgeistigung des Kosmos. Das ist es, was Ahriman aber zugunsten seiner irdischen Inkarnation ganz besonders vermeiden möchte. Er möchte gewissermaßen die Menschen so stark in der Dumpfheit erhalten, daß sie nur das Mathematische der Astronomie begreifen. Daher verführt er viele Menschen dazu, ihre bekannte Abneigung gegen das Wissen vom Geist und der Seele des Weltenalls geltend zu machen. Aber das ist nur eine von den verführerischen Kräften, die gewissermaßen Ahriman in die Seele der Menschen hineingießt.

Eine andere von diesen verführerischen Kräften des Ahriman - er arbeitet, möchte ich sagen, in entsprechender Weise mit den Luziferkräften zusammen - hängt ja natürlich für seine Inkarnation zusammen mit dem Bestreben, unter den Menschen nach Möglichkeit die bereits sehr verbreitete Stimmung zu erhalten, daß es für das öffentliche Leben genügt, wenn dafür gesorgt wird, daß die Menschen wirtschaftlich zufriedengestellt werden. Man berührt dabei einen Punkt, den der moderne Mensch oftmals nicht gern zugibt. Sehen Sie, für eine wirkliche Erkenntnis des Geistes und der Seele bietet ja eigentlich die heutige offizielle Wissenschaft gar nichts mehr; denn die Methoden, welche man in den heutigen öffentlichen Wissenschaften hat, taugen nur dazu, die äußere Natur, auch vom Menschen nur die äußere Natur aufzufassen. Aber denken Sie sich nur, wie verächtlich eigentlich so ein Durchschnittsbürger der Gegenwart hinblickt auf alles dasjenige, was ihm idealistisch vorkommt, was ihm wie ein Weg, auf irgendeine Art wie ein Weg ins Geistige hinein vorkommt! Er fragt doch im Grunde genommen immer wiederum: Ja, was bringt das ein? Was trägt das für irdische Güter? — Er läßt seine Söhne im Gymnasium ausbilden, ist vielleicht selber im Gymnasium oder in einer anderen Anstalt ausgebildet, er läßt sie an einer Universität oder an einer anderen Hochschule ausbilden. Allein, all das dient eigentlich nur dazu, um die Grundlagen für einen Beruf abzugeben, das heißt, um im Leben die materiellen Güter zu schaffen, die sie ernähren.

Überblicken Sie einmal das, was berührt wird, wenn man gerade diese Frage ins Auge faßt. Wie viele Menschen bewerten heute eigentlich gar nicht mehr den Geist um des Geistes willen, die Seele um der Seele willen! Solche Menschen nehmen nur das auf, was ihnen vom öffentlichen Erkenntnisleben als nützlich gepriesen wird. Da muß man sich eine sehr wichtige, geheimnisvolle Tatsache der heutigen Menschheit schon eigentlich zum Bewußtsein bringen. So ein richtiger Durchschnittsbürger der Gegenwart, der von morgens bis abends vielleicht ganz fleißig in seinem Kontor ist, dann die bekannten «Abendformalitäten» durchmacht, der will sich durchaus nicht herbeilassen, solche «Allotria» mitzumachen, wie sie etwa in der anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft vorgebracht werden. Es erscheint ihm als etwas Unnötiges; denn er denkt: Das kann man doch nicht essen. — Und schließlich: alles dasjenige, was wirklich nützlich ist an Erkenntnis, das soll doch — wenn auch die Menschen es sich nicht immer gestehen, aber es ist im öffentlichen Leben so - eine Vorbereitung dazu sein, um die Essensmöglichkeiten herbeizuführen.

Ja, es ist ein merkwürdiger Irrtum, dem sich eben gerade auf diesen Gebiet die Menschen der Gegenwart hingeben. Sie glauben, den Geist könne man doch nicht essen. Aber sehen Sie, die Menschen, die dies sagen, sind gerade diejenigen, die den Geist essen! Denn in demselben Maße, in dem man es ablehnt, irgend etwas Geistiges in sich aufzunehmen, das als Geistiges aufgenommen werden würde, in demselben Maße verzehrt man mit jedem Bissen, den man materiell durch den Mund in den Magen führt, das Geistige und befördert es auf einen anderen Weg, als es gehen sollte zum Heile der Menschheit.

Ich glaube, daß viele Europäer sich etwas auf ihre Zivilisation zugute tun werden dann, wenn sie sagen können: Wir sind doch keine Menschenfresser! — Aber Seelenfresser und Geistesfresser, das sind die Europäer mit ihrem amerikanischen Anhang! Das geistlos verzehrte Materielle bedeutet ein Hingeleiten des Geistes auf einen Abweg. Es ist schwierig, diese Dinge heute der Menschheit zu sagen. Denn erfassen Sie nur einmal richtig, in welcher Weise eigentlich vieles von der heutigen Kultur charakterisiert werden muß, wenn man diese Tatsache weiß. Und den Menschen in einem solchen seelen- und geistesfresserischen Zustande zu erhalten, das ist einer der Impulse des Ahriman, um seine Inkarnation zu befördern. Je mehr es gelingen würde, die Menschen aufzurütteln, daß sie nicht bloß wirtschaften im materiellen Sinne, sondern ebenso wie das Wirtschaftsleben auch das selbständige freie Geistesleben, das den wirklichen Geist hat, als ein Glied des sozialen Organismus betrachten, in demselben Maße würden die Menschen die Inkarnation Ahrimans so erwarten, daß sie eine menschheitsgemäße Stellung zu dieser Inkarnation würden einnehmen können.

Eine andere Strömung in unserem jetzigen Leben, die Ahriman benötigt, um seine eigene Inkarnation zu befördern, das ist diejenige, die heute so deutlich hervortritt in dem sogenannten nationalen Prinzip. Alles dasjenige, was die Menschen spalten kann in Menschengruppen, was sie entfernt von dem gegenseitigen Verständnis über die Erde hin, was sie auseinanderbringt, das fördert zu gleicher Zeit Ahrimans Impulse. Und man sollte eigentlich Ahrimans Stimme entnehmen aus dem, was heute so vielfach als ein neues Ideal über die Erde hin gesprochen wird: Befreiung der Völker, selbst der kleinsten, und so weiter. Die Zeiten sind vorüber, in denen das Blut entscheidet. Und konserviert man ein solches Altes, dann fördert man dasjenige, was Ahriman gefördert haben will.

Ebenso fördert man dasjenige, was Ahriman gefördert haben will, wenn man dasjenige nicht energisch zurückweist, was ich ja hier schon öfter charakterisiert habe, indem ich Ihnen gezeigt habe: Heute gibt es Menschen mit den verschiedensten Parteimeinungen und Parteilebensauffassungen. Man kann davon die eine so gut beweisen wie die andere. Sie können ebensogut beweisen dasjenige, was irgendeine sozialistische Partei vertritt, wie das, was eine antisozialistische Partei vertritt, mit gleich guten Gründen, die dann die Menschen in Anspruch nehmen. Werden die Menschen nicht einsehen, daß diese Beweisartsoweitan der Oberfläche des Daseins liegt, daß man eben das Nein und das Ja zugleich beweisen kann mit unserer gegenwärtigen Intelligenz, die für die Naturwissenschaft sehr brauchbar ist, die aber für eine andere Erkenntnis unbrauchbar ist, werden die Menschen nicht einsehen, daß diese Intelligenz, die unserer Wissenschaft so große Dienste leistet, an der Oberfläche liegt, dann werden sie diese Intelligenz anwenden auf dasjenige, was soziales Leben ist, auf dasjenige, was geistiges Leben ist. Dann werden sie das Entgegengesetzte beweisen, der eine dieses, der andere jenes, die eine Gruppe dieses, die andere Gruppe jenes; und da man beides beweisen kann, so werden die Menschen übergehen zu Haß und Erbitterung, die wir ja genügend in unserer Zeit finden. Das alles sind wiederum Dinge, die Ahriman fördern will zur Förderung seiner eigenen Erdeninkarnation.

Und was ganz besonders Ahriman dienen wird zur Förderung seiner Erdeninkarnation, das ist die einseitige Auffassung des Evangeliums selbst. Sie wissen ja, wie nötig geworden ist in unserer Zeit die Vertiefung der Evangelien im geisteswissenschaftlichen Sinne. Sie wissen aber auch, wie sehr heute noch die Gesinnung über die Erde hin verbreitet ist, man solle die Evangelien nicht geistig vertiefen, man solle sich nicht darauf einlassen, dies oder jenes aus einer wirklichen Erkenntnis des Geistes, des Kosmos über die Evangelien zu sagen. «Schlicht hinnehmen» solle man die Evangelien, so sie hinnehmen, wie sie sich heute den Menschen darbieten. Ich will gar nicht davon sprechen, daß sich die wahren Evangelien gar nicht darbieten; denn das, was heute die Menschen aus den Ursprachen als Übersetzungen der Evangelien haben, sind nicht die Evangelien. Aber darauf will ich gar nicht eingehen; sondern ich will nur die tieferliegende Tatsache vor Sie hinstellen, die darin besteht, daß man nicht zu einer wirklichen Christus-Auffassung kommen kann, wenn man sich nur, wie es die meisten Bekenntnisse und Sekten heute wollen, schlicht, das heißt bequem, in die Evangelien hineinfinden will. Man ist in der Zeit, als das Mysterium von Golgatha sich abgespielt hat, und einige Jahrhunderte nachher, zu einer Auffassung des realen Christus gekommen, weil man dasjenige, was überliefert war, fassen konnte mit Hilfe der heidnisch-luziferischen Weisheit. Diese heidnisch-luziferische Weisheit ist zurückgegangen, und dasjenige, was heute die Menschen aus Bekenntnissen und Sekten heraus in den Evangelien finden, das führt sie nicht zum realen Christus, den wir suchen durch unsere Geisteswissenschaft, sondern das führt sie nur zu einer Illusion oder höchstens zu einer Halluzination, zu einer seelischen oder vergeistigten Halluzination von dem Christus.

Man kann nicht durch die Evangelien zu dem wirklichen Christus kommen, wenn man diese Evangelien nicht geisteswissenschaftlich durchdringt. Man kann durch die Evangelien nur bis zu einer Halluzination der weltgeschichtlichen Erscheinung des Christus kommen. Das hat sich übrigens gründlich auch gezeigt in der Theologie der neuesten Zeit. Warum liebt es denn diese Theologie der neuesten Zeit so sehr, von dem «schlichten Mann aus Nazareth» zu sprechen und den Christus eigentlich nur als den Jesus von Nazareth aufzufassen, der etwas hinausragt über die anderen geschichtlichen Größen? Weil man verloren hat die Möglichkeit, zum realen Christus zu kommen, und weil dasjenige, was die Menschen aus den Evangelien gewonnen haben, lediglich bis zu einer Halluzination, bis zu etwas Illusionsartigem kommt; sie können nicht wirklich ergreifen die Realität des Christus durch die Evangelien, sondern nur eine halluzinatorische oder illusorische Vorstellung. Das haben die Menschen auch erfaßt. Denken Sie, wie viele Theologen davon reden, daß Paulus vor Damaskus «nur eine Vision» gehabt habe. Sie kommen darauf, daß eigentlich durch ihre Betrachtung der Evangelien nur eine Halluzination, eine Vision zu gewinnen ist. Das ist nicht etwas Falsches, aber eben eigentlich nur ein inneres Erleben, das in keinem Zusammenhang steht mit der Realität des Christus-Wesens. Ich nenne das nicht halluzinatorisch mit dem Nebengeschmack, daß es unwahr ist, sondern ich will nur charakterisieren, daß die Christus-Wesenheit in derselben Art erfaßt wird, wie eine Halluzination innerlich erfaßt wird. Wenn nun die Menschen dabei stehenbleiben würden, nicht zu dem wirklichen Christus vorzudringen, sondern nur vorzudringen zu der Halluzination des Christus, dann würde Ahriman am meisten seine Zwecke gefördert finden.

(Zu Halluzinationen läuft das Wirken der Evangelien auch aus, wenn nur ein Evangelium auf die Menschen wirkt.) Man hat gegen dieses Prinzip, die Evangelien einzeln zu nehmen, gearbeitet, indem man vier Evangelien von vier verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten aus hingestellt hat, und da geht es doch nicht an, diese vier Evangelien, die, wie wir ja oft gesehen haben, sich äußerlich widersprechen, nun einzeln wörtlich, wortwörtlich zu nehmen. Aber es ist eine große Gefahr, ein einzelnes Evangelium wortwötrtlich zu nehmen. Was Sie bei den Sekten erleben, die auf das Johannes- oder auf das Lukas-Evangelium schwören als auf seinen wortwörtlichen Inhalt, ist eine Art WahnideeBildung, eine Art Dämmerung, Umdämmerung des Bewußtseins. Bei umdämmerten Bewußtseinen, die sich gerade durch die Evangelien, die man nicht geistig vertieft, herausbilden würden, würden sich Menschen ergeben, die am besten dazu dienen würden, daß Ahriman seine Inkarnation vorbereiten könnte, so daß die Menschen ganz in seinem Sinn zu ihm einstmals stehen würden.

Sehen Sie, wiederum eine unbequeme Wahrheit für die Menschen der Gegenwart! Da leben die Menschen in ihren Konfessionen und sagen: Wir brauchen nicht irgend etwas wie eine Anthroposophie, denn wit bleiben bei dem schlichten Evangelium. — Aus Bescheidenheit - sagen die Leute - bleiben sie bei dem schlichten Evangelium. In Wahrheit ist es die furchtbarste Anmaßung, die nur zu denken ist. Und diese Anmaßung besteht darin, daß man scheinbar das Evangelium wortwörtlich nimmt, aber sich hermacht über das, was erarbeitet ist als Weisheitsgut, um es zu beurteilen mit dem, was man durch die Geburt mitbekommen hat und was aus dem Blute herauswirbelt an Ideen. Die «schlichtesten» Menschen sind meistens die hochmütigsten, gerade auf religiösen Gebieten, auf Bekenntnisgebieten. Aber was dabei in Betracht kommt, das ist, daß diejenigen am meisten die Inkarnation des Ahriman vorbereiten, die vor den Menschen immer wiederum predigen: Ihr braucht nichts weiter, als im Evangelium zu lesen!

Und merkwürdig, die zwei Parteien, wenn sie auch sehr, sehr verschieden voneinander sind, arbeiten sich in die Hände: diejenigen, die ich früher bezeichnet habe als Seelenfresser, Geistfresser, und diejenigen, welche in der letztcharakterisierten Weise durch das bloße Aufgehen im Wörtlichen der Evangelien die Inkarnation des Ahriman fördern. Die beiden arbeiten sich furchtbar in die Hände. Denn würde nichts sich geltend machen als die Weltanschauung der Seelen- und Geistfresser auf der einen Seite, der Bekenntnischristen, die nicht auf die Tiefen des Evangeliums eingehen wollen, auf der anderen Seite, dann würde Ahriman alle Menschen zu «Ahrimanianern» machen können auf der Erde! Dasjenige, was heute vielfach im positiven Christentum der äußeren Welt verbreitet wird, das ist eine Vorbereitung für die Inkarnation des Ahriman. Und aus gar manchem, was mit der Anmaßung auftritt, die Vertretung der rechtgläubigen Kirche zu sein, sollte man heute eigentlich hören eine Vorbereitung des Werkes des Ahriman.

Denn die Dinge sind heute nicht so, wie die Menschen sie wortwörtlich sagen. Die Menschen leben heute, wie ich oftmals auseinandergesetzt habe, eben viel zu sehr in Worten. Wir haben gar sehr nötig, von den Worten weg in die Dinge einzudringen. Heute ist es wirklich so, daß das Wort gewissermaßen die Menschen von dem wirklichen Wesen der Dinge trennt. Und am meisten trennen sich die Menschen von dem wirklichen Wesen, wenn sie die alten Urkunden, zu denen auch die Evangelien gehören, so nehmen wollen, wie es heute oftmals angedeutet wird im sogenannten «schlichten Verständnis». Viel schlichter ist dasjenige, was wirklich in den Geist der Dinge hineindringen und auch die Evangelien selber vom Gesichtspunkte des Geistes aus verstehen will.

Ich habe gesagt: Zusammenwirken werden Ahriman und Luzifer ja immer. Es handelt sich nur darum, welcher von beiden gewissermaßen für das Bewußtsein der Menschen die Übermacht in einem bestimmten Zeitalter erhält. Es war eine stark luziferische Kultur, die der Zeit nach bis über das Mysterium von Golgatha hinüberreichte, von der Inkarnation des Luzifer in China im 3. vorchristlichen Jahrtausend ab. Von da strahlte vieles aus, was besonders stark wirkte bis in die ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte herein, was aber auch noch in unserer Zeit wirkt.

Nun ist es aber in unserer Zeit jetzt so, daß gewissermaßen Luzifers Spuren mehr unsichtbar werden, weil bevorsteht eine Inkarnation des Ahriman im 3. Jahrtausend, und Ahrimans Wirken in solchen Dingen, wie ich sie Ihnen heute angeführt habe, besonders deutlich seinen Spuren nach wahrnehmbar ist. Ahriman hat gewissermaßen mit Luzifer einen Vertrag geschlossen, den ich so bezeichnen möchte: Ich, Ahriman, finde es für mich besonders günstig — so sagte Ahriman zu Luzifer -, die Konservenbüchsen in Anspruch zu nehmen; dir überlasse ich den Magen, wenn du es mir nur überläßt, die Mägen in Dämmerung zu wiegen, respektive die Bewußtseine der Menschen in bezug auf den Magen in Dämmerung zu wiegen.

Sie müssen nur richtig verstehen, was ich damit meine. In Dämmerung über den Magen sind diejenigen Menschen, die ich eben als Seelenfresser und als Geistesfresser bezeichnet habe; denn sie führen direkt der luziferischen Strömung dasjenige zu, was sie ihrem Magen zuführen, wenn sie nicht in ihrer Menschheit Spirituelles tragen. Durch den Magen geht das ungeistig Gegessene und Getrunkene zu Luzifer hin!

Und mit den Konservenbüchsen, was meine ich denn eigentlich damit? Mit den Konservenbüchsen meine ich die Bibliotheken und ähnliches, wo diejenigen Wissenschaften aufbewahrt sind, die man zwar treibt, die man aber nicht eigentlich mit seinem wirklichen Interesse verfolgt, die nicht bei den Menschen leben, sondern in den Büchern, die in den Bibliotheken stehen. Sehen Sie sich diese Wissenschaft an, die abseits von den Menschen getrieben wird! Viele Bücher stehen überall in den Bibliotheken. Jeder Student muß schon anfangen, wenn er das Doktorat macht, eine gelehrte Abhandlung zu machen; dann werden diese in möglichst viele Bibliotheken hineingestellt. Dann kommt wiederum eine gelehrte Abhandlung, wenn der Betreffende in irgendeine Stellung hineinrücken will. Aber auch sonst schreiben und schreiben und schreiben die Menschen heute. Aber gelesen wird das wenigste von dem, was heute geschrieben wird. Nur dann, wenn die Menschen sich vorbereiten müssen für dieses oder jenes, dann zitieren sie das, was da in den Bibliotheken drinnen modert, konserviert ist. Diese «Konservenbüchsen der Weisheit», das ist dasjenige, was besonders ein gutes Förderungsmittel für Ahriman ist.

Die Art, wie das getrieben wird, aber auch vieles andere, was ähnlich ist, was eigentlich nur in die Welt gesetzt wird, aber einen Sinn nur hätte, wenn sich die Menschen dafür interessieren würden, für das sie sich aber eigentlich nicht interessieren, sondern das eigentlich nur in einer von den Menschen getrennten Weise vorhanden ist, findet sich auf allen Gebieten. Bedenken Sie doch nur einmal, man könnte ja, wenn man dazu veranlagt wäre, verzweifeln! Da hat man zum Beispiel einen Prozeß, da muß man sich einen Advokaten nehmen. Dieser Advokat führt den Prozeß. Dann kommen die Zeiten, wo man mit dem Advokaten verhandeln muß; es häufen sich immer mehr und mehr die Papiere. Die hat er in einer Mappe. Aber wenn man dann mit ihm redet, so hat er keine Ahnung von dem Zusammenhang, er weiß nichts, er schlägt auf und auf und es kommt nichts dabei heraus. Er hat keinen Zusammenhang mit seinen Akten. Da ist eine Aktenmappe, da ist die nächste Aktenmappe. Die Akten wachsen. Aber das Interesse ist ganz und gar nicht vorhanden. Es ist zum Verzweifeln, wenn man mit den Fachleuten, die so irgendwie die Dinge machen, wirklich zu tun hat. Sie sind ganz und gar außer Verbindung mit dem, worum es sich handelt, wissen nichts davon in Wirklichkeit, denn alles steht in den Akten. Das sind die kleinen Konservenbüchsen, die Bibliotheken sind die großen Konservenbüchsen von Geist und Seele. Da wird alles konserviert. Aber die Menschen wollen es nicht mit sich vereinigen, wollen es nicht mit ihrem Interesse durchdringen. Und schließlich entsteht gerade daraus ja auch jene Stimmung in der neueren Zeit, welche gar nicht hineinlassen möchte in das Weltanschauungsbekenntnis dasjenige, ja, wozu schon etwas Kopf notwendig ist. Es ist ja etwas Kopf notwendig, um etwas zu verstehen. Die Menschen möchten das Bekenntnis, die Weltanschauung bloß auf das Herz zurückführen. Gewiß muß es auf das Herz zurückgeführt werden; aber die Art, wie die Menschen gegenwärtig oftmals über das religiöse Bekenntnis sprechen, kommt mir vor wie dasjenige, was mit einem Sprichwort getroffen werden soll, das viel in der Gegend angewendet wurde, wo ich meine Jugend verlebt habe. Da wurde gesagt: «Des mit der Liab, des is a ganz besundere Sach. Wama sie kaft, so kaft ma eigentli nur das Heaz, und in Kobf griag ma umasunst drauf.» Also mit der Liebe sei es eine ganz besondere Sache: Wenn man sie kaufe, so kaufe man nur das Herz, und den Kopf bekomme man umsonst als Zugabe dazu! - So ungefähr, sehen Sie, soll ja auch die Stimmung sein für dasjenige, was die Menschen heute gern als Inhalt ihrer Weltanschauung aufnehmen. Sie möchten alles ohne Anstrengung des Kopfes aufnehmen, durch das Herz, wie sie sagen, das allerdings ohne den Kopf nicht schlägt, aber durch das man gut aufnehmen kann, wenn man eigentlich den Magen meint. Und dann soll dasjenige, was eigentlich in der Menschheit geleistet werden soll durch den Kopf, das soll umsonst drauf sein, das soll insbesondere in den allerwichtigsten Dingen des Lebens umsonst drauf sein.

Alle diese Dinge, sie sind sehr wichtig zu beachten, und es ist sehr wichtig, sie zu beachten. Denn man sieht, wenn man sie beachtet, wie großen Ernst man aufwenden muß gegenüber dem gegenwärtigen Menschenleben und wie es notwendig ist, zu lernen selbst von den Illusionen, die von den Evangelien ausgehen können, zu lernen von der Art, wie die Menschen gegenwärtig die Illusionen lieben. Mit der Art von Wissen, das die Menschen heute oftmals anstreben, ist nicht Wahrheit zu erreichen. Die Menschen finden es heute sehr sicher, wenn sie mit Zahlen rechnen, statistisch die Dinge der Welt zu beweisen. Mit der Statistik und mit den Zahlen hat Ahriman ein ganz besonders leichtes Spiel; denn er ist ganz besonders froh, wenn ein Gelehrter heute der Menschheit klarmacht, auf dem Balkan muß es so und so aussehen, denn da leben zum Beispiel in Mazedonien so und so viele Griechen, so und so viele Serben, so und so viele Bulgaren. Gegen Zahlen läßt sich nichts machen, denn die Menschen glauben an Zahlen. Und Ahriman macht mit den Zahlen, an die die Menschen glauben, seine Rechnung in dem Sinne, wie ich es Ihnen heute erklärt habe. Nur kommt man nachher dahinter, wie «sicher» diese Zahlen sind. Zahlen beweisen ganz bestimmt etwas für den Menschen; aber wenn man nicht stehenbleibt bei dem, was in den Büchern steht, wo mit Zahlen bewiesen wird, sondern genauer nachsieht, so merkt man oftmals: ja, in diesen Statistiken, sagen wir zum Beispiel den mazedonischen, da ist angeführt ein Vater, der ist Grieche, ein Sohn, der ist Serbe und ein anderer Sohn, der ist Bulgare; also steht der Vater bei den Griechen, der eine Sohn bei den Bulgaren, der andere bei den Serben. Wie das zugeht, daß in derselben Familie der eine ein Grieche ist, der andere ein Serbe, der andere ein Bulgare, und wie das in die Zahlen hineingeht, das zu durchschauen wäre dasjenige, was wirklich zur Wahrheit führt, nicht das Aufnehmen der Zahlen, womit sich die Menschen heute so befriedigen. Die Zahlen sind es, durch welche die Menschen in einer Richtung verführt werden, durch die Ahriman am besten seine Rechnung findet für seine künftige Inkarnation im 3. Jahrtausend. Davon wollen wir dann morgen weitersprechen.

Eleventh Lecture

If social issues are now being discussed from a spiritual scientific perspective, this is certainly not based on any subjective maxim, as I have already explained to you from various points of view, on any subjective impulse, but on the observation of the development of humanity, on the observation of what the forces of human development contain for our time in particular, what they are calling us to do in the present and in the near future.

It must be said that revealing the deeper impulses of what is actually relevant to the present development of humanity is a somewhat uncomfortable task, for in the present day people are not overly inclined to engage with the things that matter, to consider them with the utmost seriousness. But our time demands a genuine, thorough seriousness when it comes to the affairs of humanity. It requires, in particular, that we free ourselves from certain prejudices and, in particular, from preconceptions. I would now like to give you a few points of view that will enable you to look at the things we have often spoken about from a deeper perspective. To do this, we will once again have to look at a somewhat larger human context.

We distinguish the period in which we live as our cosmic present from other periods in such a way that we let it begin in the middle of the 15th century, and we call this period, as you know, the fifth post-Atlantean period. We separate it from the period that ended at that time and began in the 8th century BC, which we call the Greco-Latin period, after the peoples who carried its culture. And then, what preceded that, we call the Egyptian-Chaldean period.

If we now consider the Egyptian-Chaldean period, in the eye of the soul, of course, we find that the usual view of history fails miserably. Even if we consider the Chaldean and Egyptian traditions that have been uncovered, we do not get very far back in the history of human development with the external history. But we can only understand what is significant for the present if we correctly understand this third post-Atlantean period with its special characteristics.

Now you know one thing above all else. In ordinary history, what existed as culture and civilization among human beings throughout the then known world is referred to as paganism. Like an oasis, the Jewish-Hebrew culture emerged within this pagan culture, which must be understood as a preparation for Christianity. But if we disregard what is of a completely different nature from the rest of the culture of that time, namely Judaism, we can focus our attention on the paganism that transcended civilization. What is unique about this ancient pagan culture? What is unique about this ancient pagan culture is that it is primarily a culture of wisdom, a culture of looking into the things and processes of the world. Even if what the ancient pagans conveyed from their knowledge of the world had flowed out of the ancient mysteries and has a mythical character, an pictorial character, for today's “intelligent” world, it must nevertheless be said that everything that has come down to posterity in such images stems from deep insights into the essence of things and processes.

One need only recall the supernatural wisdom that we have attempted to uncover from various areas of ancient times for the present day, and one will see that we are dealing with a primordial wisdom that forms the basis of all thinking, all feeling, and all perception of the ancient peoples. A certain echo of this primordial wisdom, a tradition that encompassed this primordial wisdom, existed in a prosperous form for certain secret societies until the end of the 18th century and even into the beginning of the 19th century. In the 19th century, this more or less dried up, and what remained was placed at the service of individual groups, namely individual nationalities. And today, what exists in ordinary secret societies can no longer be called a fruitful, authentically handed-down body of ancient pagan wisdom.

This pagan wisdom has a certain characteristic that must never be lost sight of if one wants to understand what it is really about. It has a characteristic that meant that the smaller stream, Judaism, which then prepared the way for Christianity, had to emerge like an oasis in this stream of ancient pagan wisdom.

If one correctly recognizes the old pagan culture, one finds everywhere that it contains noble, great teachings that delve deeply into the essence of things; but these pagan teachings do not contain any actual moral impetus for human action. These moral impulses for human action were not really needed, because unlike what passes for knowledge and insight among people today, this ancient pagan wisdom was something that gave people the feeling and sense that they were part of the whole cosmos. The human being who stood here on earth and wandered about did not feel himself to be merely composed of the substances and forces that exist outside him in earthly life, in the mineral, animal, and plant kingdoms. Human beings felt the forces circulating in the stars and suns and so on playing upon them. Human beings felt themselves to be a member of the whole cosmos, and they did not feel this in an abstract way, but rather they received clues from its mysteries as to how they should act and conduct themselves in accordance with the course of the stars. What ancient star wisdom was, was by no means the mathematical astrology that people today consider to be something significant, but rather it was something that was understood by the leaders of the ancient pagan mysteries in such a way that real impulses for action, for the behavior of the individual human being, could emerge from these mysteries. Human beings felt secure in the cosmos, not only through a general wisdom, but also through what they had to do from morning to evening on each day of the year, which was read to them and given to them as directives by those whom they recognized as initiates into the mysteries. But from all that the initiates read in the mysteries, there was no moral impulse for humanity to be gained for Chaldean or Egyptian wisdom. The actual moral impulse for humanity was first prepared by Judaism and then further developed by Christianity.

And the question must arise: Why is it that the glorious ancient pagan wisdom, which, for example, still bore artistic and philosophical fruit of the most beautiful kind in Greek culture, had no moral impulse within itself?

However, if we were to go back further than the third millennium BC, we would find that the impulse toward wisdom was accompanied by a moral impulse, and that this is indeed the case, as I have already explained here: that the impulse toward wisdom also contained what the ancient people needed as their morality, as their ethos. But a special ethos, a special moral impulse, as it then came with Christianity, was not inherent in pagan wisdom as such. Why? Because for the millennia immediately preceding Christianity, this pagan wisdom was inspired from a place far away in Asia, but inspired by a very strange being, by the being of Lucifer, who was truly incarnated in Asia, far to the east, in the third millennium BC.

And to the many things we have learned about human development, we must also add the knowledge that just as there was the incarnation of Golgotha, the incarnation of Christ in the man Jesus of Nazareth, there was also a real incarnation of Lucifer in Asia in the third millennium BC. And a large part of the ancient culture is inspired from this source, which can only be described as the earthly incarnation of Lucifer in a human being who lived in flesh and blood. Even Christianity, the mystery of Golgotha, when it took place among human beings, was initially understood in the way that human beings were able to understand it through what they were able to receive from the ancient Luciferic wisdom. The one-sidedness of the otherwise extraordinarily profound Gnosis also stems from the fact that this incarnation of Lucifer passed over the ancient world. One cannot properly understand the full meaning of the mystery of Golgotha unless one knows that it was preceded — not quite three thousand years earlier — by a Lucifer incarnation.

In order to add to this Lucifer inspiration that which lifts it out of its one-sidedness, the Christ incarnation came. And with it came that which now forms the educational impulse for humanity for the development of European civilization and its American appendage. But since the middle of the 15th century, since the impulse toward individuality and personality development arose in human evolution, the forces that are preparing a new incarnation of a supersensible being are also present in this development. And just as there was a physical incarnation of Lucifer, just as there was a physical incarnation of Christ, so will there be, before even a part of the third millennium of the post-Christian era has passed, a real incarnation of Ahriman in the West: Ahriman in the flesh. Humanity on Earth cannot escape this incarnation of Ahriman in the flesh. It will come. It is only a matter of humanity finding its right position in relation to this Ahrimanic incarnation on Earth.

In all that happens in this way when such incarnations are being prepared, we must look at what gradually leads to such incarnations in human evolution. A being such as Ahriman, who wants to incarnate in the Western world here on earth some time after ours, is preparing his incarnation. A being such as Ahriman, who wants to incarnate on Earth, directs certain forces in human evolution in such a way that they benefit this being in a very special way. And it would be terrible if people lived their lives in a sleepy state and did not perceive certain phenomena occurring in human life as a preparation for the incarnation of Ahriman in the flesh. Only by recognizing that in this or that series of facts belonging to human development, one must recognize how Ahriman is preparing his earthly existence, will human beings find the right position. And today it is time for individuals to know which of the events taking place around them are the machinations of Ahriman, which—to his advantage—are preparing his imminent earthly incarnation.

It would undoubtedly be most advantageous for Ahriman if he could bring about a situation in which the vast majority of people had no idea what could actually lead to the promotion of his existence; if the vast majority of people lived their lives in such a way that these preparations for the incarnation of Ahriman took place, but people regarded them as something progressive, good, appropriate to human development. If Ahriman could, so to speak, sneak into a sleeping humanity, that would be most pleasant for him. Therefore, those events in which Ahriman is working for his future incarnation must be pointed out.

You see, one of the facts of development in which, I would say, the impulse of Ahriman can be clearly heard is the spread of the belief among humanity that through the mechanical-mathematical understanding of the universe that has come about through Galileanism, Copernicanism, and so on, one can truly understand what is happening out there in the cosmos. That is why anthroposophically oriented spiritual science must emphasize so strongly that we must seek spirit and soul in the cosmos, not merely what Galileanism and Copernicanism seek as mathematics and mechanics, as if the world were a large machine. It would be a seduction by Ahriman if people were to remain content with calculating the orbital periods of the stars, studying astrophysics in order to understand the material composition of the heavenly bodies, of which people are so proud today. But it would be terrible if this Galileanism, this Copernicanism, were not countered by what can be known about the soul-life of the cosmos, about the spiritualization of the cosmos. This is precisely what Ahriman wants to avoid at all costs for the sake of his earthly incarnation. He wants, so to speak, to keep people so deeply mired in dullness that they can only comprehend the mathematics of astronomy. That is why he tempts many people to assert their familiar aversion to knowledge of the spirit and soul of the universe. But that is only one of the seductive forces that Ahriman pours into the souls of human beings, so to speak.

Another of these seductive forces of Ahriman – he works, I would say, in a corresponding way with the Lucifer forces – is naturally connected, for his incarnation, with the desire to maintain as far as possible the already widespread mood among people that it is sufficient for public life to ensure that people are economically satisfied. This touches on a point that modern people often do not like to admit. You see, today's official science offers nothing at all for a real understanding of the spirit and the soul, because the methods used in today's public sciences are only good for understanding the outer nature, even of human beings. But just think how contemptuously the average person of today looks at everything that seems idealistic to them, everything that seems to them to be a path, in some way a path to the spiritual! Basically, they always ask again: Yes, but what does that achieve? What does it contribute to earthly goods? He sends his sons to grammar school, is perhaps himself educated at grammar school or another institution, and sends them to university or another higher educational institution. But all this actually serves only to lay the foundations for a profession, that is, to create the material goods that will sustain them in life.

Take a look at what is touched upon when one considers this question. How many people today no longer value the spirit for the sake of the spirit, the soul for the sake of the soul! Such people only accept what is praised as useful by public opinion. Here we must become aware of a very important and mysterious fact about humanity today. The average person today, who may be very diligent in their office from morning to night and then goes through the familiar “evening formalities,” does not want to stoop to participating in such “nonsense” as is presented in anthroposophically oriented spiritual science. It seems unnecessary to him, because he thinks, “You can't eat that.” And finally, everything that is truly useful in knowledge should be—even if people don't always admit it, but it is so in public life—a preparation for bringing about the possibility of eating.

Yes, it is a strange mistake that people today make in this area. They believe that you cannot eat the spirit. But look, the people who say this are precisely those who eat the spirit! For to the same extent that one refuses to take in anything spiritual that would be taken in as spiritual, to the same extent one consumes the spiritual with every bite that one puts into one's mouth and sends it on a path other than the one it should take for the good of humanity.

I believe that many Europeans will do their civilization a great service when they can say: We are not cannibals! — But soul-eaters and spirit-eaters, that is what the Europeans are, with their American followers! The spiritless consumption of material things means leading the spirit astray. It is difficult to tell humanity these things today. For just consider how much of today's culture must be characterized in this way, once you know this fact. And to keep people in such a soul- and spirit-devouring state is one of Ahriman's impulses to promote his incarnation. The more we succeed in rousing people to realize that they should not merely engage in economic activity in the material sense, but should also regard independent, free spiritual life, which has the real spirit, as a member of the social organism, to the same extent will people await the incarnation of Ahriman in such a way that they will be able to take a position toward this incarnation that is appropriate to humanity.

Another current in our present life that Ahriman needs to promote his own incarnation is the one that is so clearly evident today in the so-called national principle. Everything that can divide people into groups, that distances them from mutual understanding on earth, that drives them apart, promotes Ahriman's impulses at the same time. And one should actually hear Ahriman's voice in what is so often spoken of today as a new ideal for the earth: liberation of peoples, even the smallest, and so on. The times when blood decided everything are over. And if you preserve such old things, you promote what Ahriman wants to promote.

Likewise, you promote what Ahriman wants to promote if you do not energetically reject what I have already characterized here on several occasions by showing you: Today there are people with the most diverse party opinions and views on party life. One can prove one just as well as the other. You can just as easily prove what any socialist party stands for as what an anti-socialist party stands for, with equally good reasons, which people then claim. If people do not realize that this type of proof lies on the surface of existence, that one can prove both yes and no at the same time with our present intelligence, which is very useful for natural science but useless for other kinds of knowledge, if people do not realize that this intelligence, which serves our science so well, lies on the surface, then they will apply this intelligence to what social life is, to what spiritual life is. Then they will prove the opposite, one this, the other that, one group this, another group that; and since both can be proven, people will turn to hatred and bitterness, which we find enough of in our time. All these are things that Ahriman wants to promote in order to further his own incarnation on earth.

And what will serve Ahriman particularly well in promoting his incarnation on earth is the one-sided interpretation of the Gospels themselves. You know how necessary it has become in our time to deepen our understanding of the Gospels in a spiritual-scientific sense. But you also know how widespread the attitude is today that one should not delve deeply into the Gospels spiritually, that one should not get involved in saying this or that about the Gospels based on a real knowledge of the spirit, of the cosmos. One should simply accept the Gospels as they present themselves to people today. I do not want to talk about the fact that the true Gospels do not present themselves at all, because what people today have from the original languages as translations of the Gospels are not the Gospels. But I do not want to go into that at all; I only want to point out the deeper fact, which is that one cannot arrive at a real understanding of Christ if one simply wants to find one's way into the Gospels in a straightforward, that is, convenient way, as most confessions and sects today want to do. At the time when the mystery of Golgotha took place, and for several centuries afterwards, people arrived at a conception of the real Christ because they were able to grasp what had been handed down with the help of pagan-Lucifer wisdom. This pagan-Luciferian wisdom has receded, and what people today find in the Gospels through creeds and sects does not lead them to the real Christ whom we seek through our spiritual science, but only to an illusion or, at best, to a hallucination, to a soulful or spiritualized hallucination of Christ.

One cannot come to the real Christ through the Gospels unless one penetrates them spiritually. Through the Gospels, one can only arrive at a hallucination of the world-historical appearance of Christ. Incidentally, this has also been thoroughly demonstrated in recent theology. Why does this recent theology love so much to speak of the “simple man from Nazareth” and to understand Christ as nothing more than Jesus of Nazareth, who stands out somewhat above other historical figures? Because they have lost the possibility of coming to the real Christ, and because what people have gained from the Gospels amounts to nothing more than a hallucination, something illusory; they cannot really grasp the reality of Christ through the Gospels, but only a hallucinatory or illusory idea. People have also realized this. Think of how many theologians talk about Paul having had “only a vision” before Damascus. They come to the conclusion that, in fact, only a hallucination, a vision, can be gained from their contemplation of the Gospels. This is not something wrong, but it is actually only an inner experience that has no connection with the reality of the Christ being. I do not call this hallucinatory with the connotation that it is untrue, but I only want to characterize that the Christ being is grasped in the same way that a hallucination is grasped inwardly. If people were to remain at this stage, not advancing to the real Christ, but only advancing to the hallucination of Christ, then Ahriman would find his purposes most advanced.

(The work of the Gospels also leads to hallucinations if only one Gospel has an effect on people.) People have worked against this principle of taking the Gospels individually by presenting four Gospels from four different points of view, and it is not possible to take these four Gospels, which, as we have often seen, contradict each other outwardly, individually, literally, word for word. But there is a great danger in taking a single Gospel literally. What you experience in sects that swear by the Gospel of John or Luke as the literal content is a kind of delusion, a kind of twilight, a twilight of consciousness. With a twilight consciousness, which would develop precisely through the Gospels that are not studied in depth, people would emerge who would best serve Ahriman in preparing his incarnation, so that people would one day stand completely in his service.

See, again an uncomfortable truth for the people of today! People live in their denominations and say: We don't need anything like anthroposophy, because we stick to the simple Gospel. — Out of modesty, people say, they stick to the simple Gospel. In truth, it is the most terrible presumption imaginable. And this presumption consists in apparently taking the Gospel literally, but then setting oneself up to judge what has been worked out as wisdom with what one has received at birth and what whirls out of one's blood in the form of ideas. The “simplest” people are usually the most arrogant, especially in religious matters, in matters of confession. But what comes into consideration here is that those who preach to people again and again that they need nothing more than to read the Gospel are the ones who most prepare the way for the incarnation of Ahriman.

And strangely enough, the two parties, even though they are very, very different from each other, work hand in hand: those I previously described as soul-eaters, spirit-eaters, and those who, in the manner I just described, promote the incarnation of Ahriman by merely immersing themselves in the literal meaning of the Gospels. The two work terribly well together. For if nothing were to assert itself other than the worldview of the soul-eaters and spirit-eaters on the one hand, and the professing Christians who do not want to go into the depths of the Gospel on the other, then Ahriman would be able to make all people on earth into “Ahrimanianers”! What is widely propagated today in positive Christianity in the outer world is a preparation for the incarnation of Ahriman. And from much of what appears with the presumption of representing the orthodox church, one should actually hear today a preparation for the work of Ahriman.

For things today are not as people say they are. As I have often explained, people today live far too much in words. We have a great need to move away from words and penetrate into things themselves. Today it is really the case that words, in a sense, separate people from the real essence of things. And people separate themselves most from the real essence when they want to take the old documents, including the Gospels, as they are often interpreted today in the so-called “simple understanding.” Much simpler is that which really penetrates into the spirit of things and also wants to understand the Gospels themselves from the point of view of the spirit.

I have said that Ahriman and Lucifer always work together. It is only a question of which of the two gains the upper hand in the consciousness of human beings in a particular age. It was a strongly Luciferic culture that lasted until the Mystery of Golgotha, from the incarnation of Lucifer in China in the third millennium BC. From there, much radiated out that had a particularly strong effect into the first Christian centuries, but which is still effective in our time.

Now, however, in our time, Lucifer's traces are becoming more invisible, because the incarnation of Ahriman is imminent in the third millennium, and Ahriman's work in such things as I have described to you today is particularly clearly perceptible in his traces. Ahriman has, so to speak, made a contract with Lucifer, which I would describe as follows: I, Ahriman, find it particularly advantageous for myself — so said Ahriman to Lucifer — to make use of the tin cans; I will leave the stomach to you, if you will only leave me to weigh the stomachs in twilight, or rather to weigh the consciousness of human beings in relation to the stomach in twilight.

You must understand correctly what I mean by this. Those people whom I have just described as soul-eaters and spirit-eaters are in twilight consciousness with regard to the stomach; for they feed directly to the Luciferic stream whatever they feed to their stomachs if they do not carry anything spiritual in their humanity. Through the stomach, the unspiritual things that are eaten and drunk go to Lucifer!

And what do I actually mean by tin cans? By tin cans I mean libraries and similar places where sciences are stored that are pursued but not really pursued with genuine interest, that do not live among people but in the books that stand in libraries. Look at this science that is pursued apart from people! There are many books everywhere in libraries. Every student has to start writing a scholarly treatise when they do their doctorate; these are then placed in as many libraries as possible. Then another scholarly treatise comes along when the person in question wants to move into some position. But even otherwise, people today write and write and write. However, very little of what is written today is read. Only when people have to prepare for this or that do they quote what is molding and preserved in the libraries. These “cans of wisdom” are what are particularly good means of promoting Ahriman.

The way this is done, but also many other similar things that are simply put out into the world but would only make sense if people were interested in them, which they are not, and which therefore only exist in a way that is separate from people, can be found in all areas of life. Just think about it: if you were inclined to do so, you could despair! For example, you have a lawsuit and you have to hire a lawyer. This lawyer conducts the trial. Then there come times when you have to negotiate with the lawyer; the papers pile up more and more. He has them in a folder. But when you talk to him, he has no idea of the context, he knows nothing, he thumps away and nothing comes of it. He has no connection with his files. There is one file folder, then the next file folder. The files grow. But there is no interest whatsoever. It is exasperating when you really have to deal with experts who somehow do things this way. They are completely out of touch with what is going on, they know nothing about it in reality, because everything is in the files. They are little tin cans, and libraries are the big tin cans of the mind and soul. Everything is preserved there. But people do not want to unite it with themselves, do not want to penetrate it with their interest. And ultimately, this is precisely what gives rise to the mood in recent times, which does not want to allow anything into its worldview that requires the use of one's head. It takes a certain amount of intellect to understand something. People want to reduce their beliefs, their worldview, to the heart. Certainly, it must be reduced to the heart; but the way people often talk about religious beliefs today seems to me to be like a proverb that was often used in the area where I spent my youth. There they said: “Love is a very special thing. When you buy it, you really only buy the heart, and you get the head for free.” So love is a very special thing: if you buy it, you only buy the heart, and you get the head for free as an extra! That's roughly how people feel about what they like to include in their worldview today. They want to take everything in without exerting their minds, through the heart, as they say, which, of course, does not beat without the mind, but through which one can take things in well, if one actually means the stomach. And then what should actually be achieved in humanity through the mind should be free, especially in the most important things in life.

All these things are very important to note, and it is very important to note them. For when one notes them, one sees how much seriousness one must apply to present human life and how necessary it is to learn even from the illusions that can arise from the Gospels, to learn from the way in which people currently love illusions. The kind of knowledge that people often strive for today does not lead to truth. People today feel very secure when they calculate with numbers and prove things in the world statistically. Ahriman has a particularly easy time with statistics and numbers, for he is especially pleased when a scholar today explains to humanity that things must be this way or that way in the Balkans because, for example, there are this many Greeks, this many Serbs, and this many Bulgarians living in Macedonia. Nothing can be done against numbers, for people believe in numbers. And Ahriman uses the numbers that people believe in to do his calculations in the way I have explained to you today. Only afterwards do you realize how “reliable” these numbers are. Numbers certainly prove something to people; but if you don't just stop at what is written in the books, where numbers are used to prove things, but take a closer look, you often realize: yes, in these statistics, let us say, for example, the Macedonian ones, there is a father who is Greek, a son who is Serbian, and another son who is Bulgarian; so the father is listed with the Greeks, one son with the Bulgarians, and the other with the Serbs. How it happens that in the same family one is Greek, another is Serbian, and another is Bulgarian, and how that is reflected in the figures, that is what really leads to the truth, not simply recording the figures, with which people today are so satisfied. It is the numbers that lead people in a direction that best serves Ahriman's plans for his future incarnation in the third millennium. We will talk more about this tomorrow.