Roman Catholicism
GA 198
3 June 1920, Dornach
Lecture II
It is my intention today to continue with the subject we began here last Sunday, and I should like first to go back to the few words I then said concerning the Anti-Modernist Oath. I described its nature by saying that since the time of its inauguration anyone who holds a teaching office in the Roman Catholic Church, whether as theologian or preacher, has to take this oath which forbids anyone engaged in Catholic teaching to deviate from what is recognized as dogmatic truth by the Roman Catholic Church; which means, in fact, what is recognized as dogma by the Roman Curia.
Now in face of such a fact the important question to ask oneself is: “What is there actually new about this Anti-Modernist Oath?”
There is nothing new in the adherence of a Catholic preacher or theologian to the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church; please be clear about that. What is new is that the person concerned has to take an oath as to what is the doctrine of the Church. I want you to be clear about this first, and then to see it in relation to the fact that there has been a prodigious piling up of historical deeds in the Roman Catholic Church during the last half century. It began with the definition of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception; then came a further extraordinary, subtle, and clever step in the Encyclical and Syllabus of the sixties, in which Pope Pius IX in his eighty Articles declared all modern thinking to be heretical. Then on top of that came the definition of the Dogma of Infallibility, again a very important and extraordinarily clever and subtle advance. The next extremely logical step was the Encyclical “Acterni Patris,” which declared the doctrine of Thomas Aquinas to be the official doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church. The crowning of this whole structure for the time being is this oath against Modernism, which in effect is nothing else than the carrying over of something which was always present intellectually into the sphere of human emotion, the sphere of will and feeling. That which always had to be acknowledged has, since the year 1907, had also to be sworn on oath.
Anyone who understands this grandiose dramatic development will certainly not underestimate its importance, for it demonstrates the only wakeful consciousness within our sleeping civilization. I should be interested to know how many people felt as if stung by a viper when they read a certain sentence in the last number of the “Basler Vorwarts,” which illuminates as by a flash of lightning the whole situation at the present time. I should really like to know how many people, when reading this, felt as if stung by a viper! The sentence runs: “Religion, which represents a fantastic reflex in the minds of human beings concerning their relations one to another and to nature, is doomed to natural decay through the victorious growth of the scientific, clear and naturalistic grasp of reality which is bound to develop parallel with the establishment of a planned society.” This sentence is to be found in an article which has not yet appeared in its entirety, but has yet to be concluded. It is to be found in an article on the measures taken by Lenin and Trotsky against the Russian Catholic Church and the Russian religious communities in general. This article is at the same time an indication of what is regarded as the programme for the future in these quarters.
One knows for a certainty that the number of Lenin’s opponents who feel as if stung by a viper on reading such a sentence is very small. I want to emphasize this as not being without significance, because it brings out to what an extent modern humanity passes lightly over things, usually asleep—how it passes over the weightiest facts, facts which are decisive for the life of mankind on this earth. It is, of course, not a question of any one such sentence; the point is that in certain quarters they will see to it that the content of what is there expressed will be made known throughout the world, that among the widest circles of the European population an outlook will come about which can be thus expressed: “Religion which represents a fantastic reflex in the minds of human beings concerning their relations to one another and to nature, is doomed to natural decay.” The so-called ‘enlightened’ humanity of today is still soundly asleep to the fact that such a view is coming. But the Roman Catholic Church is awake; she alone in fact is awake and is working systematically against the approaching storm. She works against it in her own way. And it is very important that we should understand that way, for I have had much to say about the attacks from that quarter that are being forged against what we have to stand for. Meanwhile the clouds are gathering. The latest is that the bill posters had to notify us that the man who this morning was to have posted up in Reinach the announcement of Saturday’s lecture had the posters taken from him and burnt. You see, these things are getting worse, even here they are getting systematically worse.
What was written by a man who frequently hides behind the bushes and calls himself ‘Spectator’—a pack of sheer lies, I told you last time about the most egregious of them—now goes through the whole Roman Catholic press, and this burning of our posters really takes one back out of modern times altogether.
Now, my dear friends, I have already raised the important question as to why the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church today must take an oath in support of what they were already pledged to maintain. No one will deny that the enforcement of such an oath strengthens the external grasp of the matter. Nor will anyone deny that if it is felt necessary to make people take this oath, the assumption is that without such an oath they would no longer go so firmly forward. But, my dear friends, there is, of course, still a third point, which it would be well for you to ponder. For verily things enter in here which must not yet be called by their right names; yet the question may nevertheless be thrown out as an aside. Must not confidence in a thing be already to a certain extent shattered if it has to be sworn on oath? Is it a possibility to administer an oath for the truth? Can there be such a possibility? Is it not necessary to assume that the truth of its own inherent force is its own guarantee in the human soul? Perhaps it is not so important to ask whether an oath is moral or good or useful; perhaps it is far more important historically to ask whether it has become necessary, and if so, why?
In face of this oath something else is now necessary. It is necessary that a certain number of human beings should feel how without spiritual science there must inevitably come over Europe the consequence of the frame of mind expressed in the words “Religion, which represents a fantastic reflex in the minds of human beings concerning their relations to one another and to nature, is doomed to natural decay through the victorious growth of the scientific, clear and naturalistic grasp of reality, which is bound to develop parallel with the establishment of a planned society.”
What is it that is to bring about the decay of the old religions one and all? It is all that has arisen during the last three to four centuries as modern science, enlightened science—all that is taught as objective science in the educational institutions of civilized humanity. Bourgeois teaching and bourgeois methods of administration have been adopted by the proletariat. What the teachers of the universities and high schools right down to the elementary schools have put into the souls of men, comes out through Lenin and Trotsky. They bring out nothing but what is already taught in the institutions of civilized humanity.
My dear friends, today there exists an antithesis which one should contemplate without prejudice. It is this. What is to be done to prevent the influence of Lenin and Trotsky from spreading over the entire civilized world? The primary necessity is no longer to allow our children and our youth to be taught what has been taught right up to the Twentieth Century in our universities and in our secondary and elementary schools. To grasp this seeming contradiction demands courage, and because men do not want to have this courage, they go to sleep. That is why one has to say that whoever reads a declaration such as the one I have just quoted, even if it only appears in a few lines of an article, should feel as if stung by a viper; for it is as if the whole situation of present-day civilization were illumined by a flash of lightning.
Face to face with this situation, what would spiritual science with all its detailed concreteness have? What spiritual science would have, I would characterize somewhat as follows. The Roman Catholic Church, as a mighty corporation, represents the last withered remains of the civilization of the fourth post-Atlantean Epoch. It can be well authenticated in all detail that the Roman Catholic Church represents the last remnant of what was the right civilization for the fourth post-Atlantean epoch, what was justified right up to the middle of the Fifteenth Century, but what has now become a shadow. Of course products of a later evolution often herald their arrival in an earlier period, and its earlier products linger on into a later epoch; but in essentials the Roman Catholic Church represents what was justifiable for Europe and its colonies up to the middle of the Fifteenth Century.
Spiritual science, however, as we understand it, has to further the needs of the fifth post-Atlantean civilization. The Roman Catholic Church represents in a number of dogmas, as a self-contained structure which is dead, but which still exists as a corpse, something which hangs together inwardly through a well-constructed logic, a logic of reality. In this structure there is spirit, the spirit of a past epoch, but it is spirit. The way in which spirit is contained within it I have, I think, shown in the lectures I held here on St. Thomas Aquinas. There was spirit in these teachings, in these dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church, a spirit which had been perceived by those great ones whose last stragglers we find in Plotinus, and others, and with which St. Augustine had yet in an interesting way to wrestle.
Since the middle of the Fifteenth Century, what has appeared as philosophy, science, public opinion, world conception, apart from the Roman Catholic Church, is, for the most part, void of spirit. For the spirit of the fifth post-Atlantean age begins only to emerge with such principles as those of Lessing and Goethe. And it wants to enter into what the natural-scientific trend inaugurated by Copernicus, Galilee and Kepler was able to yield without spirit, and out of which Darwin, Huxley, and so on have blown the last remnant of Spirit. It wants to enter into that and fill it with Spirit. And spiritual science wishes to make manifest the Spirit which has to be the spirit of the fifth post-Atlantean age.
An institution permeated by a certain spirit as its own soul, if it is to maintain itself as an institution, can only fight for the past. To demand of the Catholic Church that it should fight for the future would be folly, for an institution which carried the spirit of the fourth post-Atlantean epoch cannot possibly carry that of the fifth. What the Catholic Church has become, what has spread over the civilized world as the configuration of the Catholic Church, and has its other aspect in Roman law and the abstractness of the whole Latin culture, all that belongs to the fourth cultural epoch. And the Catholic Church configuration has permeated the entire of civilization far more than men think. The monarchies, even if they were Protestant ones, were in their structure at bottom Latin Catholic institutions. For the fourth epoch it was necessary that men should be organized according to abstract principles, and that certain hierarchical ordinances should form the basis of organization. But what is to come as the spirit of the fifth post-Atlantean age, which we seek to cultivate through spiritual science, does not require such a firm structure, does not need a structure organized according to abstract principles, but requires such a relation of one human being to another as is characterized in my Philosophy of Spiritual Activity as ethical individualism. What that book has to say on the subject of ethics stands in the same contrast to the social structure fostered by the Roman Catholic Church as in the last resort spiritual science stands to Roman Catholic theology.
Spiritual Science was verily never meant to appear in the role of belligerent; spiritual science was only meant to state what it saw to be the truth. Anyone who examines our activities here will have to admit that never, never have I taken an aggressive stance. Of course, one has had constantly to defend oneself against attacks which came from outside, and that is the essential thing. But it is simply a demand of the age that what spiritual science has to give should be stated quite concretely. One has to remember that modern civilization is asleep, and that Rome is awake. That Rome is awake is revealed by the mighty drama unrolled in the definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception; in the publication of the Encyclical of 1864, with its Syllabus condemning eighty modern truths; in the declaration of the Infallibility of the Pope; in the naming of Thomas Aquinas as the official philosopher of the Catholic priesthood; and finally in the anti-Modernist Oath for the teaching clergy.
In face of the rising tide of Darwinism, in face of the rising tide of naturalism in the fifties, something was done which, although it can only be understood out of the spiritual demands of the fourth post-Atlantean epoch nevertheless throws down the gauntlet before all this rising materialism. The rest of the world lets it come, or at best counters it with foolish arguments such as those of Eucken. Rome, however, sets up the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, which states clearly: “Naturally, no one can accept the Immaculate Conception and at the same time ascribe to Darwinism; thus we establish the incompatibility of the two things.” Not more than a decade later, the whole structure of the modern world conception, void of spirit, is condemned by the Syllabus. The definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception was already a departure from all the earlier traditional development of the Catholic Church. In what then in former times consisted definition by an Ecumenical Council? Within the Catholic Church a fundamental condition for the definition of any dogma—I am simply relating, not criticizing—was that the Fathers gathered together in the Council in which the dogma was to be defined should be illumined by the Holy Spirit; so that in reality the originator of the dogma is the Holy Spirit. It is really a question of recognizing whether the Holy Ghost is really the inspirer of the dogma to be defined. How does one know, how did they know that? Because what was about to be defined as a dogma by an Ecumenical Council was already the opinion of the whole Catholic Church. Now that was not the case with the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception; consequently, one of the fundamental principles of the Catholic Church was broken, the principle which required that a doctrine shall only be made into a dogma if the faithful have previously signified an inclination towards it. Of course, as regards these modern definitions of dogma, one was already living in the events of the fifth post-Atlantean epoch; and it was no longer so easy as in the Middle Ages so to prepare the faithful that a common opinion prevailed among them which could then be defined. But you see, the ground had been well prepared—preparations had really been going on all through the last three or four centuries for these latest revelations; that is to say, these last revelations so far. Even then the Roman Catholic Church was already awake; and if you remember when the Jesuit Order was founded, you will easily draw the inference that the foundation of that Order is essentially connected with the fact that some means had to be found to overcome the difficulties of working on the faithful in modern times and generally to take these difficulties into account. One ought to pay attention to the course things have taken. I am only relating, I am not criticizing. 1574 was the year in which the citizens of Lucerne themselves expressed a desire for Jesuitism. Let me repeat that it was Canisius, the immediate disciple of Ignatius Loyola, who founded the Jesuit College in Freiburg in 1580 which later established its colony in Solothurn. I should like too, to say that after the suppression of the Jesuit Order by Clement XIV, the Jesuits had, of course, to disappear from Switzerland, and they then continued their activities only in the countries of Frederick II of Prussia and of Catherine of Russia, to whom the Jesuit Order really owes its continued existence.
But in this extraordinary interregnum between the suppression of the Jesuit Order in 1773 by Clement XIV and its reinstatement by Pius VII in 1814, strange things nevertheless happened. For you see, during this interval, in Sion, for example, the institution which had been conducted by the Jesuits naturally remained; and as a matter of fact for the most part, too, the same teachers remained in it; only up to 1773 these teachers were Jesuits, and from that date onward they were no longer Jesuits, but one spoke of the Fathers of the Faith as teaching in such institutions. Therefore, it is not surprising that after Pius VII had in 1814 withdrawn the decree of Clement XIV, these Jesuit colonies were again reinstated—in Brigue the same year, in Freiberg in 1818, in Schwiez in 1836.
It is not my task to criticize these things, but I want you to know about them, and I should further like to say this. From my explanations you will have seen that from the 21st of July, 1773, when Clement XIV issued the Bull “Dominus ac Redemptor Noster” until Pius VII caused his Bull “Solicitude omnium Ecclesiarum” to appear, the Jesuit Order was officially suppressed. Now comes something extraordinary. There exist memoirs written by a man who was called Cordara, a Jesuit, one who had gone through all the grades of the Jesuit Order. From his memoirs it is evident that he was not an ignoramus like Count Hoensbruch, whose speeches and writings are unimportant, for, of course, the Jesuits are clever and Hoensbruch is very foolish. It is a question of not being asleep over these things today, but of knowing how to distinguish the important from the unimportant. I should like to mention one point in Cordara’s memoirs, where he remarks that it was strange that the Jesuit Order should have been suppressed by Pope Clement XIV, who had a great liking for the Jesuits and was at the same time an extremely tolerant man and no fool. Thus Cordara gives Pope Clement an excellent character, almost lauds him to the skies, in spite of the fact that he suppressed the Jesuits. Therefore, Cordara naturally asks how it was that they had to be suppressed by this kindly Pope. “One must ask,” says Cordara, “What were the intentions of Divine Wisdom in the suppression of the Jesuits and why it was permitted?” Now, of course, Cordara was a Jesuit, but a man who had even been taught by them to think logically, and therefore, he does not ask abstract questions but very concrete ones. He said, “We have to look for what was blameworthy in the Order,” and he goes on to say, “I find that as regards morality, the Jesuit Order has gone admirably to work; as to unchastity or the like, we are very strict, nobody can deny it. But we are very lenient towards everything of the nature of slander, calumny, and abuse.” Cordara actually says that God probably allowed the suppression of the Jesuit Order by Pope Clement XIV because there had gradually crept into the Order a certain tendency to slander, calumny, and abuse. Now I am not criticizing this, I am only relating facts. I should only like to add that the Jesuit Cordara further says: “One of our chief faults is pride, which causes us to regard all other Orders as of no account and worthless, and all secular clergy as worthless.”
Now, if one puts together everything in these memoirs which is said, not as a reproach to the Jesuit Order but simply as a kind of mea culpa, as an examination of conscience by a Jesuit, one finds in the first place striving for political power; second—pride, arrogance; third—contempt of other Orders and secular priests; fourth—accumulation of wealth. But if one gradually comes to know what it means to maintain dead, withered truths by means of power, one cannot do better than to use such an Order to provide for their maintenance. The Roman Catholic Church in Pius VII well knew what it was doing. It discharged its debt of gratitude to world history, history made by Frederick II, King of Prussia, and by Catherine of Russia, both now dead, when it reinstated the Jesuit Order. And among the first ‘foreign’ Jesuits to teach here in Switzerland again were many of those who had been protected by Catherine, many who came back from Russia. You can read all this in the relevant historical documents.
You can see, therefore, that Rome was wide awake and made in advance her necessary preparations. Wide awake preparation was made. Now comes the next step, the condemnation of all that mounting tide of science—ripe for condemnation since after four centuries of effort to drive out the spirit, it remained void of spirit and mankind remained asleep. The next step was the Encyclical of 1864 with its Syllabus. If the definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception had already been a break with all earlier custom of the Roman Catholic Church, undoubtedly what was promulgated in the doctrine of Infallibility constituted a far greater break. For all the acumen of the practiced logic of the Catholic Church was needed to justify the contention that the Pope is infallible after Pope Clement XIV in 1773 had suppressed the Jesuit Order, and his successor Pope Pius VII in 1814 had reinstated it. A goodly number of such things could be adduced. But the logic which had been so well cultivated was not applied to produce sharply defined concepts. What was needed was a well-formed concept which could justify infallibility. Not what the Pope expresses as his private opinion is regarded as infallible, only what he says ‘ex cathedra’. Then it was not necessary to decide whether Clement XIV or Pius VII was infallible, but whether Clement XIV or Pius VII had spoken ‘ex cathedra’ or privately. Clement XIV must have spoken privately when he suppressed the Jesuit Order, and Pius VII ‘ex cathedra’ when he reinstated it! But, you see, the trouble is that the Pope never states whether he is speaking ‘ex cathedra’ or privately. That he has never yet said! One must admit that it is difficult to distinguish in the individual instance whether it is subject to the dogma of infallibility, but the dogma is there, and with it a good blow was struck at what can arise as the elemental culture of the fifth post-Atlantean epoch. It then became necessary to draw the consequences and that was well done by Pope Leo XIII, a man full of insight and of very great intelligence. Pope Leo XIII sought to adopt the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas as it was in the fourth post-Atlantean epoch. The Church needed that philosophy which is so great but great for the last culture epoch, for, of course, objectively everything in the way of philosophy which has subsequently arisen is small compared to what blossomed as Philosophy in Scholasticism. But what is small is still a beginning, whereas what was in Scholasticism was an end, a climax.
Now we must remember that mankind is nevertheless trying to progress and therefore it happened that, both in the sphere of natural-scientific research and in historical research, strange vagaries cropped up among the Catholic clergy. Very well then, it now became necessary to adopt strong measures in support of the Catholic doctrine derived from St. Augustine. Hence the Oath against Modernism.
Now of course, my dear friends, nothing can be said against all that, if it is pursued by any community out of a free impulse, but when in 1867 the Jesuits were again allowed into Munich, a Jesuit priest in his first sermon then said that the Rules of the Order forbade Jesuits to meddle in politics, that a Jesuit never has taken any part in politics; then it appears to me that modern men are not likely to believe that. And it soon becomes otherwise. Up to that time it had not in fact been possible to find a really adequate measure.
My dear friends, what I am really trying to bring home to you is that all those who seriously want knowledge, progress and the good of humanity will have to recognize the threefold nature of the social organism. For how little political measures avail against the Roman Catholic Church has shown itself in the course of the German ‘Kultur’ campaign. But what I am primarily trying to bring home to you is how slow people are to see what, as the necessary consequence of spiritual-scientific endeavor, must come into the world as the impulse for the threefold order of society. That is what we need, a wide awake understanding for the phenomena of the time.
Now, my dear friends, I have plunged into a theme into which I would certainly not have entered had it not been for recent events here, of which we shall see further developments. You know that on Saturday I am to give a public lecture on “The Truth about Anthroposophy and its Defense against Untruth.” But in any case I must contrive next Sunday to continue the comments which I cannot complete today. So next Sunday at half-past seven we will meet here once more, although we have to start on a journey on Monday. In these troubled times one cannot do otherwise, and so on Saturday, despite the burning of our posters, the public lecture also will take place here.
Siebenter Vortrag
Ich habe heute vor, in den Betrachtungen, die letzten Sonntag hier begonnen worden sind, fortzufahren, und zwar möchte ich zunächst noch einmal zurückkommen auf die paar Worte, die ich gesagt habe am letzten Sonntag über den Antimodernisteneid. Ich habe das Wesen dieses Antimodernisteneides ja dahin charakterisiert, daß seit jener Zeit ein jeder, der im römisch-katholischen Kirchenlehramt tätig ist, sei es als I'heologe, sei es als Kanzelredner, diesen Eid zu schwören hat, diesen Eid, der im wesentlichen besagt, daß nicht abweichen dürfe derjenige, der innerhalb des katholischen Lehramtes steht, von demjenigen, was durch das Lehramt der römisch-katholischen Kirche als die Wahrheit dogmatisch anerkannt ist, das heißt aber im wesentlichen, was anerkannt ist durch die römische Kurie.
Nun handelt es sich darum, daß gegenüber einer solchen Tatsache die Frage aufgeworfen werden muß: Was ist denn eigentlich neu an diesem Antimodernisteneid? Neu ist nicht das Bekenntnis des katholischen Kanzelredners oder des Theologen zu dem, was Lehrgut der römisch-katholischen Kirche ist — dies bitte ich Sie zunächst ins Auge zu fassen -, sondern neu ist, daß die Betreffenden zu schwören haben, daß sie einen Eid abzulegen haben auf dasjenige, was eben Lehrgut der katholischen Kirche ist. Dies bitte ich Sie zunächst ins Auge zu fassen und es zusammenzubringen mit dem anderen, daß eine gewaltige Steigerung weltgeschichtlich wirksamer Tatsachen innerhalb der römischkatholischen Kirche in etwas mehr als einem halben Jahrhundert vorliegt. Die Sache hat begonnen mit den Erklärungen des Dogmas der Conceptio immaculata, und sie fand dann außerordentlich subtil und geistvoll eine weitere Steigerung in der Enzyklika und in dem Syllabus der sechziger Jahre, in denen durch Pius IX. alles moderne Denken in achtzig Artikeln als häretisch erklärt worden ist. Eine weitere bedeutsame Steigerung, wiederum außerordentlich geistvoll und historisch konsequent, lag dann in der Erklärung des Infallibilitätsdogmas, in der Erklärung des Unfehlbarkeitsdogmas. Der nächste innerlich außerordentlich konsequente Schritt war die Enzyklika «Aeterni patris», jene Enzyklika, welche die Lehre des Thomas von Aquino als die offizielle Lehre der römisch-katholischen Geistlichkeit erklärte. Und die vorläufige Krönung des ganzen Gebäudes ist der Antimodernisteneid, der ja im wesentlichen nichts anderes ist als eine Übertragung desjenigen, was intellektuell immer da war, in die Emotionssphäre des Menschen, in die Willens- und Gemütssphäre des Menschen. Was immer anerkannt werden mußte, das muß seit dem Jahre 1910 auch noch beschworen werden.
Wer diese grandiose dramatische Entwickelung versteht, der wird sie wahrhaftig nicht als irgend etwas Geringes anschlagen, denn sie stellt gewissermaßen von einer gewissen Seite her das einzige Wachsein dar innerhalb unserer schlafenden Kultur. Denn, sehen Sie, ich möchte wahrhaftig abzählen können, wieviel Leute wie von einer Viper gestochen aufgefahren sind, als sie einen gewissen Satz im letzten «Basler Vorwärts» gelesen haben, einen Satz, der wie blitzartig die ganze Situation der Gegenwart beleuchtet. Aber ich möchte wissen, wieviele Leute bei diesem Satze, wie von einer Viper gestochen, aufgefahren sind. Der Satz heißt: «Die Religion, die einen phantastischen Reflex in den Köpfen der Menschen über ihre Beziehungen untereinander und zur Natur darstellt, ist dem natürlichen Untergang geweiht durch das Anwachsen und den Sieg der wissenschaftlichen, klaren, naturalistischen Auffassung von der Wirklichkeit, die sich parallel mit dem planmäßigen Aufbau der neuen Gesellschaft entwickeln wird.» Dieser Satz findet sich in einem Leitartikel, in einer Abhandlung, die noch nicht ganz erschienen ist, über die Maßnahmen von Lenin und Trotzkij gegenüber der russischen katholischen Kirche, den russischen religiösen Gemeinschaften überhaupt. Und zu gleicher Zeit ist dieser Artikel programmatisch für dasjenige, was von dieser Seite als Zukunftsziel angesehen wird.
Ich möchte die Tatsache, daß man ganz gewiß wissen kann, daß diejenigen, die als Nichtleninisten einen solchen Satz lesen, nur zum geringsten Teile über den Satz so hinüberlesen, daß sie heute wie von einer Viper gestochen auffahren, als nicht unbedeutend bezeichnen, weil sie gerade zur Anschauung bringt, wie sehr die heutige Menschheit über die wichtigsten Tatsachen, die entscheidend sind für das Leben der Menschheit auf der Erde, überhaupt schlafend hinweggeht. Natürlich kommt es nicht auf einen solchen einzelnen Satz an, sondern es kommt darauf an, daß ja heute diejenige Seite, die ihn hier einmal wieder ausspricht, den Inhalt dieses Satzes von den Dächern herab die Spatzen pfeifen läßt. Was in diesem Satze liegt, daß eine Anschauung kommen werde über die weitesten Bevölkerungskreise in Europa, die sich so aussprechen wird: Die Religion, die einen phantastischen Reflex in den Köpfen der Menschen über ihre Beziehungen untereinander und zur Natur darstellt, ist dem natürlichen Untergang geweiht —, daß eine solche Anschauung kommen werde, das verschlief die sogenannte aufgeklärte Menschheit der neueren Zeit vollständig, und verschläft es noch heute. Aber die römisch-katholische Kirche wacht. Die römisch-katholische Kirche ist im Grunde genommen die einzige, die nun wirklich wacht, und die systematisch entgegenarbeiter demjenigen, was da heraufzieht. Sie arbeitet entgegen in ihrem Sinne. Dieser Sinn, der liegt allerdings zunächst uns nahe, zu verstehen, denn ich habe Ihnen ja mancherlei zu erklären gehabt über das, was als Angriffe von jener Seite gegen dasjenige geschmiedet wird, was hier an diesem Orte vertreten werden muß. Mittlerweile hat sich das in mancherlei Wolken zusammengezogen. Das letzte ist, daß uns die Plakargesellschaft ankündigen mußte, daß man heute morgen dem Mann, der das Plakat zu meinem Vortrage über den sonnabendlichen Vortrag in Reinach anschlagen wollte, dieses weggerissen und alle Plakate verbrannt hat. Sie sehen, die Dinge gehen auch hier ganz systematisch weiter.
Was Sie als eine Summe von lauter Unwahrheiten — ich habe Ihnen die knüppeldicksten das letzte Mal charakterisiert — lesen konnten von einem Menschen, der sich häufig hinter den Sträuchern hält und sich als «Spektator» charakterisiert, das geht bereits durch die ganze katholische Presse, und das Verbrennen der Plakate erinnert wahrhaftig nicht mehr an neuzeitliche Zustände.
Diese Frage stellte ich an den Ausgangspunkt: Warum muß heute dasjenige beschworen werden, wozu vordem verpflichtet waren die Kleriker der römisch-katholischen Kirche? Niemand wird leugnen, daß eine solche Tatsache, daß man schwören muß, eine Verstärkung bedeutet in dem äußeren Ergreifen einer Sache. Niemand wird auch leugnen, daß, wenn man sich gezwungen sieht, die Leute schwören zu lassen, man voraussetzt, daß sie ohne den Schwur nicht mehr in einer solchen Stärke vorwärtsschreiten würden. Aber noch ein drittes ist allerdings da, wovon am besten wäre, wenn Sie es sich zunächst selber überlegen würden. Denn wahrhaftig, es spielen da Dinge, die vorläufig noch gar nicht beim rechten Namen genannt werden sollten. Aber die Frage dürfte doch gewissermaßen als eine Unterfrage aufgeworfen werden: Muß denn das Vertrauen in eine Sache nicht schon etwas erschüttert sein, wenn ein Eid für diese Sache gefordert wird? Kann es denn im Grunde genommen eine Möglichkeit geben, daß man jemandem einen Eid für die Wahrheit abnimmt? Kann es eine solche Möglichkeit geben? Ist es denn nicht notwendig, anzunehmen, daß dasjenige, was wahr ist, durch seine eigene Kraft sich in der Seele des Menschen verbürgt? Es ist vielleicht nicht einmal so wichtig, zu fragen, ob jener Eid sittlich oder ob er gut ist, oder ob er nützlich ist, sondern es ist vielleicht das historisch Wichtigere, zu fragen, ob dieser Eid und warum er notwendig geworden ist. Ihm gegenüber ist aber gewiß etwas anderes notwendig. Notwendig ist, daß eine gewisse Anzahl von Menschen fühlt, wie ohne Geisteswissenschaft über Europa unbedingt kommen muß das Ergebnis der Gesinnung, die sich eben ausspricht in den Worten: «Die Religion, die einen phantastischen Reflex in den Köpfen der Menschen über ihre Beziehungen untereinander und zur Natur darstellt, ist dem natürlichen Untergang geweiht durch das Anwachsen und den Sieg der wissenschaftlichen, klaren, naturalistischen Auffassung von der Wirklichkeit, die sich parallel mit dem planmäßigen Aufbau der neuen Gesellschaft entwickeln wird.» Was wird da als dasjenige hingestellt, wodurch die alte Religion, welche immer, dem Untergang geweiht ist? Nun, es ist dasjenige, was seit drei bis vier Jahrhunderten als die neue, aufklärerische Wissenschaft, als die sogenannte objektive Wissenschaft in den Lehranstalten der zivilisierten Menschheit gelehrt wird. Was gelehrt wird, was verwaltet wurde von den bürgerlichen, führenden Menschen, das hat das Proletariat der zivilisierten Menschheit als Überzeugung übernommen. Was die Lehrer der Universitäten, der Gymnasien bis in die Volksschulen herunter in die Seelen der Menschen hineingetragen haben, das geht durch Lenin und Trotzkij auf. Und nichts anderes ist es, was da aufgeht, als dasjenige, was in den Anstalten der zivilisierten Menschheit gelehrt wird.
Heute gibt es eine Antithese, der man mit unbefangenem Sinn ins Auge schauen sollte. Diese Antithese ist diese: Was ist zunächst zu tun, wenn man will, daß die Früchte von Lenin und Trotzkij nicht über die ganze zivilisierte Menschheit aufgehen? Das ist zu tun, daß man die Kinder nicht mehr lehren läßt, die Jugend nicht mehr lehren läßt, was bis in das 20. Jahrhundert von unseren Hoch-, Mittel- und Volksschulen die Jugend gelehrt worden ist. Diese Antithese gilt. Diese Antithese fordert heraus Mut. Weil man diesen Mut nicht haben will, schläft man. Das ist dasjenige, warum man sagen muß: Wer eine solche Manifestation, wenn sie einem auch nur in ein paar Zeilen eines Leitartikels entgegentritt, liest, sollte, wie von einer Viper gestochen, aufzucken, denn es ist, wie wenn die ganze Kultursituation der Gegenwart vom Blitze beleuchtet würde.
Was will dieser Situation gegenüber die Geisteswissenschaft mit allen ihren konkretesten Einzelheiten? Nun, wenn ich das charakterisieren soll, was die Geisteswissenschaft will, so muß ich folgendes sagen: Die römisch-katholische Kirche vertritt als eine grandiose Körperschaft dasjenige, was der vertrocknete Ausläufer der Zivilisation der vierten nachatlantischen Zeit war. Streng nachweisbar in allen Einzelheiten ist, daß die römisch-katholische Kirche den lerzten Ausläufer desjenigen vertritt, was schon zum Schatten sogar geworden ist desjenigen, was berechtigte Zivilisation der vierten nachatlantischen Zeit war, berechtigt war bis in die Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts herein. Selbstverständlich kündigen sich spätere Früchte der Menschheitsentwickelung früher an, reichen frühere Sprossen noch in eine spätere Zeit hinein; aber im wesentlichen ist es so, daß die römisch-katholische Kirche dasjenige vertritt, was bis in die Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts für Europa und seine Kolonien zu vertreten war.
Geisteswissenschaft, wie wir sie auffassen, soll dasjenige erfassen, was nun notwendig ist als fünfte nachatlantische Kultur. Die römisch-katholische Kirche vertritt in einer Summe von Dogmen als ein geschlossenes Gebäude, das zwar erstorben ist, das aber noch ein Leichnam ist, etwas, was innerlich in einer wohlgefügten Logik zusammenhängt, in einer Wirklichkeitslogik zusammenhängt. Und enthalten ist in diesem Gebäude der Geist einer vergangenen Epoche; aber der Geist ist darinnen. Wie der Geist darinnen ist, das hat sich, denke ich, gezeigt durch die Vorträge, die ich hier über den Thomismus gehalten habe. Geist war in jenen Lehren, in den Dogmen der römisch-katholischen Kirche, Geist, der erschaut worden war von jenen Großen, deren letzte Nachzügler in Plotin, in Porphyrios, Jamblichos und so weiter erschienen, und mit denen noch als, ich möchte sagen, in einer interessanten Art Augustinus kämpft, ringt.
Was als Philosophie, als Wissenschaft, als öffentliche Meinung, als Weltanschauung zum großen Teile sich der modernen Zivilisation geoffenbart hat seit der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts, abgesehen von der römisch-katholischen Kirche, ist geistlos. Denn es beginnt der Geist der fünften nachatlantischen Zeit erst mit solchen Prinzipien, wie sie bei Lessing und Goethe aufkommen. Denn es will dasjenige, was die naturwissenschaftliche Richtung - von Kopernikus, Galilei und Kepler angefangen — geistlos liefern konnte, woraus Darwin, Huxley und so weiter den Geist völlig ausgeblasen haben, es will das mit Geist erfüllt sein. Und Geisteswissenschaft will den Geist zur Offenbarung bringen, welcher der Geist sein muß der fünften nachatlantischen Periode.
Eine Institution, die von einem gewissen Geist als ihrer Seele durchtränkt war, kann als Institution, wenn sie sich erhält, nur für das Vergangene kämpfen. Von der katholischen Kirche zu verlangen, daß sie für das Zukünftige kämpft, wäre eine Torheit. Denn nicht kann dieselbe Institution den Geist der fünften nachatlantischen Periode tragen, welche den der vierten getragen hat. Dasjenige, was die Konfiguration der katholischen Kirche geworden ist, was sich ausgebreitet hat über die zivilisierte Welt als die Konfiguration der katholischen Kirche - und viel mehr als die Menschen glauben, war von dieser Konfiguration der katholischen Kirche durch die ganze Zivilisation hindurch vorhanden; die Monarchien waren durchaus im Grunde genommen, auch wenn sie protestantisch waren, ihrem Gefüge nach lateinisch-katholische Einrichtungen -, alles dasjenige, was da sich verbreitet hat über die Welt, was, ich möchte sagen, seine andere Art der Erscheinung in dem römischen Recht und in der ganzen lateinischen Abstraktion hat, das gehört der vierten nachatlantischen Periode an. Das fordert, daß die Menschen nach abstrakten Grundsätzen organisiert sind, und daß gewisse hierarchische Anordnungen dieser Organisation zugrunde liegen. Dasjenige, was als der Geist, wie wir ihn durch die Geisteswissenschaft pflegen, der fünften nachatlantischen Zeit kommen soll, das fordert nicht eine solche festgefügte, nach abstrakten Grundsätzen organisierte Struktur, sondern das fordert ein solches Verhalten der Menschen zueinander, wie es als ethischer Individualismus in meiner «Philosophie der Freiheit» charakterisiert ist. Was da als die ethische Seite auftritt, steht in demselben Gegensatz zu der sozialen Struktur, der von der römisch-katholischen Kirche geforderten sozialen Ordnung, wie schließlich Geisteswissenschaft steht zu demjenigen, was römischkatholische Theologie ist.
Geisteswissenschaft war wahrhaftig nicht dazu veranlagt, als irgendeine Streitmacht aufzutreten. Sie war ja nur dazu veranlagt, dasjenige zu sagen, was sich ihr als die Wahrheit kundgab. Und derjenige, der verfolgen will alles das, was wir getrieben haben, der wird sich sagen müssen: Niemals, aber auch gar niemals ist, wenigstens von mir aus, irgend etwas Aggressives erfolgt. — Stets mußte nur die Defensive aufgenommen werden gegen Angriffe, die von außen kamen, und das ist das Wesentliche, worauf es heute ankommt. Daß aber dasjenige, was Geisteswissenschaft kundgeben soll, daß das tatsächlich gesagt werden muß, das ist einfach selbstverständlich eine Forderung der Zeit. Aber man muß nur bedenken, daß allerdings die moderne Zivilisation schläft, und Rom wacht. Und daß Rom wacht, das zeigt die großartige Dramatik, welche in den Tatsachen liegt: Festlegung des Dogmas der Conceptio immaculata, Erscheinen der Enzyklika 1864 mit dem Syllabus, mit der Verdammung der achtzig modernen Wahrheiten, Erklärung der Infallibilität, Erklärung des Thomas von Aquino zum offiziellen Philosophen des katholischen Klerus und für das katholische Lehramt, Antimodernisteneid.
Bedenken Sie, gegenüber dem heraufziehenden Darwinismus, gegenüber dem heraufziehenden Naturalismus in den fünfziger Jahren wird etwas festgelegt, was allerdings nur verstanden werden kann aus den geistigen Anforderungen des vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraums, aber etwas, was der Fehdehandschuh ist für diesen ganzen heraufziehenden Materialismus. Die ganze übrige Welt läßt den Materialismus kommen und schwätzt höchstens mit Euckenschen Worten dagegen. Rom stellt ein Dogma auf von der Conceptio immaculata, welches genau sagt: Selbstverständlich kann niemand die Conceptio immaculata annehmen, der sich zum Darwinismus schlägt. Also, wir richten eine reinliche Scheidewand auf. — Es vergeht nicht mehr als ein Jahrzehnt: dasjenige, was heraufkommt, allerdings zunächst als geistlose Gestalt der neuen Weltanschauung, es wird durch den Syllabus verdammt. Schon die Aufstellung des Dogmas von der Conceptio immaculata brach mit allen Traditionen der früheren katholischen Kirchenentwickelung. Worin bestand denn die Aufstellung eines Dogmas von einem Konzil in früheren Zeiten innerhalb der römisch-katholischen Kirche? Eine primäre Grundbedingung für die Aufstellung eines Dogmas war diese — ich erzähle, ich kritisiere gar nicht —, daß die betreffenden Väter, die im Konzil versammelt sind, in dem das Dogma zur Aufstellung kommt, vom Heiligen Geiste erleuchtet sind, so daß also eigentlich der Urheber des Dogmas der Heilige Geist ist. Es handelte sich aber darum, zu erkennen für den Menschen, daß der Heilige Geist wirklich der Inspirator des aufzustellenden Dogmas ist. Worinnen erkennt man das, erkannte man das? Das erkannte man dadurch, daß dasjenige, was durch ein Konzil als Dogma aufgestellt werden sollte, schon Meinung der gesamten katholischen Kirche war. Das war die Conceptio immaculata nicht, und es ist prinzipiell mit jenem Grundsatz der katholischen Kirche gebrochen worden, der da verlangte, daß nur das zum Dogma gemacht wurde, wofür sich vorher schon die Gläubigen geneigt gezeigt haben. Allerdings lebte man ja mit den neueren Dogmenaufstellungen schon innerhalb desjenigen, was sich abspielte im fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraume, und es war nicht mehr so leicht wie im alten Mittelalter, die Gläubigen vorzubereiten, so daß sich unter ihnen eine gemeinschaftliche Regelung als Dogma festsetzte, das man dann festlegen konnte.
Aber nun wurde gut vorbereitet, und die Vorbereitungen, welche gepflogen wurden, damit man die letzten Offenbarungen, die vorläufig letzten Offenbarungen, das, was zunächst losgelassen werden konnte, die liegen wirklich eigentlich schon in dem Verlauf der letzten drei bis vier Jahrhunderte. Auch da hat die römisch-katholische Kirche schon gewacht. Und wenn Sie sich erinnern, wann der Jesuitenorden begründet worden ist, so werden Sie da leicht den Schluß ziehen können, daß die Begründung des Jesuitenordens im wesentlichen zusammenhängt damit, daß man suchte, etwas zu schaffen, was die Schwierigkeiten einer Bearbeitung der Gläubigen in der neueren Zeit leichter überwand und was überhaupt in entsprechender Weise mit diesen Schwierigkeiten rechnen konnte.
Das sollte mit einiger Aufmerksamkeit gesehen werden, wie die Dinge denn eigentlich verlaufen sind. Ich erzähle, ich kritisiere nicht; aber ich möchte doch erzählen, daß 1574 dasjenige Jahr ist, in dem die Bürgerschaft von Luzern den Jesuitismus selber verlangt hat. Ich möchte doch einmal darauf hinweisen, daß in Freiburg Canisins es war, der unmittelbare Schüler des /gnatius von Loyola, welcher das Jesuitenkollegium in Freiburg 1580 selber eingerichtet hat, das dann seine Kolonie in Solothurn begründet hat. Ich möchte doch auch erzählen, daß nach der Aufhebung des Jesuitenordens durch Clemens XIV. selbstverständlich die Jesuiten auch aus der Schweiz verschwinden mußten, denn sie pflanzten sich nur fort in den Ländern Friedrichs II. von Preußen und der Kaiserin Katharina von Rußland. Denen verdankt der Jesuitenorden seine Kontinuität. Ich habe das neulich schon ererwähnt. Aber in diesem merkwürdigen Interregnum, das da bestand zwischen der Aufhebung des Jesuitenordens durch den Papst Clemens XIV., 1773, und der Wiederherstellung durch Pius VII., 1814, da spielt sich doch mit dem Jesuitenorden etwas sehr Merkwürdiges ab, denn in dieser Zeit war zum Beispiel in Sitten die Anstalt selbstverständlich verblieben, die bis dahin von Jesuiten geleitet war, und es waren auch zum großen Teile dieselben Lehrer geblieben; nur waren diese Lehrer bis 1773 Jesuiten und von 1773 an waren sie keine Jesuiten mehr, sondern man redete dann davon, daß in den betreffenden Lehranstalten die sogenannten «Väter des Glaubens» lehren. Deshalb war es nicht besonders wunderbar, daß 1814 in Brig, 1818 in Freiburg, 1836 in Schwyz, 1844 in Luzern die Jesuitenkolonien wiederum errichtet wurden, nachdem Pius VII. das Dekret Clemens XIV. 1814 aufgehoben hat.
Diese Dinge obliegt mir nicht zu kritisieren, aber ich möchte sie erzählen. Ich möchte aber noch etwas erzählen. Aus meinen Auseinandersetzungen sehen Sie, daß von dem 21. Juli 1773, wo von Clemens XIV. die Bulle «Dominus ac redemptor noster» erschien, der Jesuitenorden offiziell aufgehoben wurde, bis Pius VII. 1814 durch die Bulle «Sollicitudo omnium» erließ. Nun gibt es etwas sehr Merkwürdiges. Es gibt Denkwürdigkeiten von einem Mann, der Cordara heißt und der Jesuit war, der alles mitgemacht hat, was innerhalb des Jesuitenordens mitgemacht werden kann. Aus seinen «Denkwürdigkeiten» geht hervor, daß er kein bornierter Mann war wie etwa der Hoensbroech, denn das, was der Hoensbroech schreibt, hat keine Bedeutung, ebensowenig wie wenn er darüber redet. Denn natürlich, die Jesuiten sind gescheit, und Hoensbroech außerordentlich töricht. Also es handelt sich nicht darum, daß man heute schläfrig jene Sachen einfach hinnimmt, sondern daß man in der Lage ist, vor allen Dingen heute das Bedeutende von dem Unbedeutenden zu unterscheiden. Ich möchte nur das hervorheben von den «Denkwürdigkeiten» des Cordara, daß er sagt, es sei doch sehr merkwürdig, daß der Jesuitenorden durch den Papst Clemens aufgehoben werden konnte, denn der Papst Clemens hätte die Jesuiten eigentlich sehr gern gehabt, und er wäre eigentlich ein außerordentlich toleranter Mann gewesen, wäre auch kein dummer Mann gewesen. Also dieser Cordara stellt dem Papst Clemens das allerbeste Zeugnis aus. Geradezu Lobeshymnen sind es, die der Jesuit Cordara trotz dem Aufheben des Jesuitenordens Clemens XIV. ausstellt. Daher frägt der Jesuit selbstverständlich, wie es denn möglich war, daß durch diesen gütigen Papst der Jesuitenorden hat aufgehoben werden müssen. Da muß man fragen, sagt Cordara, welche Absichten die göttliche Weisheit mit der Aufhebung des Jesuitenordens gehabt hat, daß er sie zuließ. Nun ist Cordara allerdings ein Jesuit, aber eigentlich ein Mensch, der allerdings vom Jesuitenorden auch das gelernt hat, logisch ordentlich zu denken, und deshalb frägt er nicht bloß abstrakt, sondern sehr konkret. Da sagt er: Wir müssen allerdings suchen, was innerhalb des Jesuitenordens selber da sein könnte, was wir verschuldet haben. — Da sagt er: Ich finde, daß wir allerdings in bezug auf die Moral in einer merkwürdigen Weise zu Werke gegangen sind. Mit Bezug auf alles dasjenige, was zum Beispiel Unkeuschheit oder dergleichen betrifft, ist man bei uns sehr strenge, anderes kann man nicht sagen — sagt Cordara —, aber man ist so lässig gegen alles dasjenige, was betrifft Anschwärzerei, Verleumdungen und Beschimpfungen.-Cordara sagt eben, daß Gott die Aufhebung des Jesuitenordens durch den Papst Clemens XIV. wohl deshalb wird zugelassen haben, weil sich im Jesuitenorden allmählich eingeschlichen hat eine gewisse Sucht, Anschwärzereien, Verleumdungen und Beschimpfungen zu vollziehen. — Ich möchte auch diese Sache nicht kritisieren, sondern sie nur erzählen. Ich möchte nur noch hinzufügen, daß der Jesuit Cordara sagt: Einer unserer Hauptfehler ist auch die Hochfahrigkeit, durch die wir alle anderen Orden für unbedeutend ansehen, für nichtswürdig ansehen, und alle Weltpriester für nichtswürdig ansehen.
Stellt man also zusammen dasjenige, was in diesen «Denkwürdigkeiten» dem Jesuitenorden nicht als Vorwürfe gemacht wird, sondern als mea culpa, als eine Art Gewissenserforschung von einem Jesuiten, so findet man: Erstens Streben nach politischer Macht; zweitens Stolz, Hochfahrigkeit; drittens Verachtung der anderen Orden und der Weltgeistlichen; viertens Reichtümer anhäufen. Aber wenn man allmählich weiß, was es heißt, durch Macht verdorrte Wahrheiten aufrechtzuerhalten, dann kann man nichts Besseres tun, als das Aufrechterhalten dieser Wahrheiten präparieren zu lassen durch einen solchen Orden. Die römisch-katholische Kirche wußte in Pius VII. sehr gut, was sie tat, als sie die Dankesschuld der Welthistorie abtrug, die eigentlich nur abzutragen war gegenüber dem König von Preußen, Friedrich II. — der war tot - und der Kaiserin Katharina von Rußland — die war auch tot —, daß diese Dankesschuld abgetragen wurde, den Jesuitenorden wiederum aufzurichten. Und unter denjenigen, die hier in der Schweiz als erste, als ausländische, sogenannte ausländische Jesuiten wiederum gelehrt haben, waren viele von den von Katharina aufgepäppelten, die aus Rußland zurückgekommen sind nach der Schweiz. Bitte, lesen Sie alle diese Sachen in den entsprechenden Dokumenten nach.
Nun handelt es sich darum, daß man also sehen kann, daß gut wachend vorbereitet war das, wovon man voraussah, daß man es brauchen werde; und daß man weiter ging, daß man also alles dasjenige, was da heraufzog, zur rechten Zeit noch bezeichnete, solange es geistlos blieb, nachdem man sich schon vier Jahrhunderte angestrengt hatte, den Geist herauszutreiben, solange die Menschheit außerdem sonst schlafend blieb. Es handelte sich darum, daß man das vollzog, was dann 1864 mit der damaligen Enzyklika und dem Syllabus vollzogen worden ist.
War schon das Aufstellen des Dogmas von der Conceptio immaculata ein Bruch mit allen Gepflogenheiten der früheren römisch-katholischen Kirche, so war es selbstverständlich noch mehr dasjenige, was aufgestellt wurde mit dem Infallibilitätsdogma. Denn nun hatte man allerdings schon allen Scharfsinn der von der katholischen Kirche wohlgepflegten Logik nötig, um rechtfertigen zu können, daß der Papst unfehlbar ist, nachdem 1773 Clemens XIV. den Jesuitenorden aufgehoben, sein Nachfolger, Pius VII. 1814 ihn wieder eingesetzt hat, Solche Dinge ließen sich eine stattliche Anzahl nachweisen. Aber es handelte sich ja darum, daß man die Logik, die man wohl gepflegt hat, nunmehr verwendete, um Begriffskonturen heraufzubringen. Da handelt es sich darum, daß man eine Begriffskontur heraufbrachte für das, was nun die Unfehlbarkeit rechtfertigen könnte. Das allein gilt als unfehlbar, was der Papst nicht sagt als private Meinung, sondern was er sagt «ex cathedra». Nun hatte man, nicht wahr, nicht die Frage zu entscheiden, ob Clemens XIV., Pius VII, unfehlbar wären, sondern ob Clemens XIV. oder Pius VII. ex cathedra redeten oder privat. Clemens XIV. muß privat gesprochen haben, als er den Jesuitenorden aufhob, und Pius VII. muß ex cathedra gesprochen haben, als er ihn wieder eingesetzt hat, nicht wahr! Aber das Fatale ist, daß der Papst es nie sagt, ob er ex cathedra spricht oder ob er privat spricht. Das hat er noch nie gesagt. Man muß sagen, daß es seine Schwierigkeiten hat, nunmehr die Frage im einzelnen zu unterscheiden, ob nun irgend etwas dem Infallibilitätsdogma unterliegt oder nicht. Aber immerhin, das Infallibilitätsdogma ist da. Damit hatte man einen guten Strich gemacht gegenüber alledem, was heraufkommen kann als die elementare Kultur des fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraums. Jetzt war es aber notwendig, auch die Konsequenzen zu ziehen. Das hat der sehr einsichtige, mit Bezug auf seine Intelligenz grandiose Papst Leo XIII. wohl getan, indem er den Thomismus herübergenommen wissen wollte in der Art, wie der Thomismus eben noch im vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum war. Man brauchte diejenige Philosophie, die grandios ist, aber grandios ist für den vorigen Zeitraum. Denn selbstverständlich ist es objektiv so, daß alles das, was hinterher als Philosophie aufgetreten ist, kleiner ist gegenüber demjenigen, was in der Hochscholastik als Philosophie da war; aber dasjenige, was klein ist, ist eben ein Anfang, und dasjenige, was in der Hochscholastik da war, war eine Vollendung.
Nun muß man bedenken, daß die Menschheit doch vorwärtsschreiten will, und daher kam es, daß nun wirklich, sei es durch Natur-, sei es durch Geschichtsforschung, unter den katholischen Klerikern ganz merkwürdige Dinge auftauchten. Da war es schon notwendig, um dasjenige, was vom Augustinismus im katholischen Klerus ist, aufrechtzuerhalten, starke Maßregeln zu ergreifen. Daher der Antimodernisteneid.
Gegen alles das läßt sich ja nichts sagen, wenn es als freie Impulse irgendeiner Gemeinschaft getrieben wird. Aber wenn nun 1867, als die Jesuiten in München wieder zugelassen worden sind, ein Jesuitenprediger in seiner ersten Predigt gesagt hat, daß die Ordensregeln den Jesuiten verbieten würden, sich in die Politik hineinzumischen, also daß niemals ein Jesuit sich in Politik hineinzumischen habe, so scheint mir doch die moderne Menschheit in ihren breiten Massen nicht recht veranlagt zu sein, das zu glauben, und es wird schon anders sein!
Dasjenige, um was es sich handelt, ist im Grunde doch dieses: in Wirklichkeit müßten alle diejenigen, die es wirklich mit der Erkenntnis und mit dem Fortschritt, mit der Güte der Menschheit ernst meinen, sich zur Dreigliederung des sozialen Organismus bekennen. Denn wie wenig politische Maßregeln gegen die römisch-katholische Kirche vermögen, das beweist der Verlauf des deutschen sogenannten Kulturkampfes. Aber worum es sich hauptsächlich handelt, das ist, daß es ja so langsam geht mit dem Einsehen desjenigen, was als notwendige Konsequenz geisteswissenschaftlicher Bestrebungen doch in die Welt gehen muß als der Impuls für die Dreigliederung des sozialen Organismus. Das ist es, was wir brauchen, daß ein waches Verständnis für die Erscheinungen der Gegenwart wirklich vorhanden wäre.
Damit habe ich eben ein Thema angeschnitten, das ich wahrhaftig nicht angeschnitten hätte, wenn nicht all das um uns herum geschähe, was eben geschieht und weiter geschehen wird. Sie wissen, ich werde hier am Sonnabend über das 'Thema öffentlich sprechen: «Die Wahrheit über die Anthroposophie und deren Verteidigung wider die Unwahrheit»; aber ich kann nicht umhin, am Sonntag Ihnen noch einiges als Fortsetzung desjenigen zu sagen, was ich heute nicht mehr zu sagen in der Lage bin, so daß wir uns am Sonntag um halb acht Uhr doch noch einmal hier treffen müssen, trotzdem wir am Montag ja reisen müssen. Es geht aber in dieser bewegten Zeit nicht anders. Sonnabend ist also hier der öffentliche Vortrag — trotz dem Verbrennen der Plakate!
Seventh Lecture
Today I intend to continue the reflections I began here last Sunday, and I would like to return first to the few words I said last Sunday about the anti-modernist oath. I characterized the essence of this anti-modernist oath as follows: since that time, everyone who is active in the Roman Catholic Church's teaching authority, whether as a theologian or as a preacher, must swear this oath, which essentially states that no one who stands within the Catholic teaching authority may deviate from what is dogmatically recognized as truth by the teaching authority of the Roman Catholic Church, which essentially means what is recognized by the Roman Curia.
Now, in view of this fact, the question must be asked: What is actually new about this anti-modernist oath? What is new is not the confession of the Catholic preacher or theologian to what is the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church—I ask you to consider this first—but what is new is that those concerned must swear an oath to what is precisely the doctrine of the Catholic Church. I ask you to consider this first and to connect it with the fact that there has been a tremendous increase in world-historically significant events within the Roman Catholic Church in little more than half a century. The matter began with the declarations of the dogma of the Conceptio immaculata, and then found an extraordinarily subtle and ingenious further intensification in the encyclical and in the Syllabus of the 1860s, in which Pius IX declared all modern thinking to be heretical in eighty articles. A further significant intensification, again extremely ingenious and historically consistent, was then found in the declaration of the dogma of infallibility, in the declaration of the dogma of infallibility. The next internally extremely consistent step was the encyclical “Aeterni patris,” which declared the teachings of Thomas Aquinas to be the official teachings of the Roman Catholic clergy. And the provisional crowning glory of the whole edifice is the anti-modernist oath, which is essentially nothing more than a transfer of what has always been there intellectually into the emotional sphere of human beings, into the sphere of their will and mind. Whatever had to be acknowledged must also be invoked since 1910.
Anyone who understands this grandiose dramatic development will truly not regard it as anything insignificant, for in a certain sense it represents the only wakefulness within our sleeping culture. For, you see, I would truly like to be able to count how many people reacted as if stung by a viper when they read a certain sentence in the last issue of Basler Vorwärts, a sentence that illuminates the entire present situation like a flash of lightning. But I would like to know how many people reacted to this sentence as if stung by a viper. The sentence reads: “Religion, which represents a fantastic reflection in the minds of people about their relationships with each other and with nature, is doomed to natural extinction by the growth and victory of the scientific, clear, naturalistic view of reality, which will develop in parallel with the systematic construction of the new society.” This sentence is found in an editorial, in a treatise that has not yet been published in its entirety, on the measures taken by Lenin and Trotsky against the Russian Catholic Church and Russian religious communities in general. At the same time, this article is programmatic for what this side considers to be its goal for the future.
I would not consider insignificant the fact that one can know with certainty that those who, as non-Leninists, read such a sentence will only skim over it to the slightest degree, so that today they react as if stung by a viper, because it shows just how much humanity today is asleep to the most important facts that are decisive for the life of humanity on earth. . Of course, it is not a single sentence that matters, but the fact that today the side that is once again voicing it is making the content of this sentence known to everyone. What this sentence implies is that a view will spread among the broadest sections of the population in Europe, which will express itself as follows: Religion, which represents a fantastic reflex in people's minds about their relationships with each other and with nature, is doomed to natural destruction — that such a view will come, the so-called enlightened humanity of modern times completely slept through, and is still sleeping through it today. But the Roman Catholic Church is awake. The Roman Catholic Church is basically the only one that is really awake and systematically working against what is coming. It is working against it in its own way. This way is, of course, easy for us to understand, because I have had to explain to you many things about the attacks that are being forged from that side against what must be represented here in this place. In the meantime, this has gathered in many clouds. The latest is that the poster company had to inform us that this morning the man who wanted to put up the poster for my lecture on Saturday in Reinach had it torn down and all the posters burned. You see, things are continuing quite systematically here as well.
What you have been able to read as a collection of utter untruths—I characterized the most blatant ones for you last time—from a person who often hides behind the bushes and describes himself as a “spectator,” is already circulating throughout the Catholic press, and the burning of the posters is truly reminiscent of conditions in modern times.
I asked this question at the outset: Why must we today invoke what the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church were previously obliged to do? No one will deny that the fact that one must swear an oath means a strengthening of one's external commitment to a cause. No one will deny that when one feels compelled to make people swear, one assumes that without the oath they would no longer be able to move forward with such strength. But there is a third point, which you would do well to consider for yourselves first. For truly, there are things at play here that should not yet be called by their proper names. But the question may be raised as a sub-question: Must not trust in a thing already be somewhat shaken if an oath is demanded for it? Can there really be any possibility of accepting someone's oath for the truth? Can such a possibility exist? Is it not necessary to assume that what is true is guaranteed by its own power in the soul of man? It is perhaps not even so important to ask whether that oath is moral or good, or whether it is useful, but it is perhaps historically more important to ask whether this oath has become necessary and why. However, something else is certainly necessary in relation to it. It is necessary that a certain number of people feel that without spiritual science, the result of the attitude expressed in the words “Religion, which represents a fantastic reflection in the minds of men of their relations with each other and with nature, is doomed to natural extinction through the growth and victory of the scientific, clear, naturalistic conception of reality, which will develop parallel to the systematic construction of the new society.” What is presented here as the cause of the inevitable demise of the old religion? Well, it is that which has been taught for three to four centuries as the new, enlightened science, as so-called objective science, in the educational institutions of civilized humanity. What has been taught, what has been administered by the bourgeois, leading people, has been adopted as conviction by the proletariat of civilized humanity. What the teachers of the universities, the high schools, and even the elementary schools have instilled in the souls of the people is being brought to light by Lenin and Trotsky. And what is coming to light is nothing other than what is taught in the institutions of civilized humanity.
Today there is an antithesis that must be faced with an open mind. This antithesis is this: What must be done first if we want to prevent the fruits of Lenin and Trotsky from ripening throughout civilized humanity? We must stop teaching children and young people what has been taught to young people in our high schools, middle schools, and elementary schools up to the 20th century. This antithesis is valid. This antithesis demands courage. Because people do not want to have this courage, they sleep. That is why one must say: Anyone who reads such a manifestation, even if it only appears in a few lines of an editorial, should startle as if bitten by a viper, for it is as if the entire cultural situation of the present were illuminated by lightning.
What does the humanities want in this situation, with all its concrete details? Well, if I am to characterize what the humanities want, I must say the following: The Roman Catholic Church, as a grandiose institution, represents what was the dried-up remnant of the civilization of the fourth post-Atlantean epoch. It can be strictly proven in every detail that the Roman Catholic Church represents the last remnants of what has already become a shadow of what was justified civilization in the fourth post-Atlantean epoch, justified until the middle of the 15th century. Of course, later fruits of human development announce themselves earlier, and earlier sprouts extend into a later time; but essentially it is true that the Roman Catholic Church represents what was to be represented for Europe and its colonies until the middle of the 15th century.
Spiritual science, as we understand it, should grasp what is now necessary as the fifth post-Atlantean culture. The Roman Catholic Church represents, in a sum of dogmas, a closed edifice which, although dead, is still a corpse, something which is internally connected in a well-ordered logic, connected in a logic of reality. And contained within this edifice is the spirit of a bygone era; but the spirit is within it. How the spirit is within it has, I think, been shown by the lectures I have given here on Thomism. There was spirit in those teachings, in the dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church, spirit that had been glimpsed by those great men whose last followers appeared in Plotinus, Porphyry, Iamblichus, and so on, and with whom, I would say, Augustine still struggles in an interesting way.What has largely revealed itself to modern civilization since the middle of the 15th century as philosophy, science, public opinion, and worldview, apart from the Roman Catholic Church, is spiritless. For the spirit of the fifth post-Atlantean epoch only begins with principles such as those that emerged in Lessing and Goethe. For it wants to fill with spirit that which the scientific direction—beginning with Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler—could deliver without spirit, and from which Darwin, Huxley, and so on have completely blown the spirit out. And spiritual science wants to bring to revelation the spirit that must be the spirit of the fifth post-Atlantean period.
An institution that was imbued with a certain spirit as its soul can, if it survives, only fight for the past. To demand that the Catholic Church fight for the future would be foolish. For the same institution cannot carry the spirit of the fifth post-Atlantean period that carried that of the fourth. That which has become the configuration of the Catholic Church, that which has spread throughout the civilized world as the configuration of the Catholic Church—and much more than people believe was present throughout civilization through this configuration of the Catholic Church; the monarchies were, even if they were Protestant, fundamentally Latin Catholic institutions in their structure—all that that has spread throughout the world, that has, I would say, its other mode of appearance in Roman law and in all Latin abstraction, belongs to the fourth post-Atlantean period. This requires that human beings be organized according to abstract principles and that certain hierarchical arrangements underlie this organization. What is to come in the fifth post-Atlantean period as the spirit we cultivate through spiritual science does not require such a rigid structure organized according to abstract principles, but rather requires people to behave toward one another in the way characterized as ethical individualism in my Philosophy of Freedom. What appears here as the ethical side stands in the same contrast to the social structure, the social order demanded by the Roman Catholic Church, as spiritual science ultimately stands to what Roman Catholic theology is.
Spiritual science was truly not predisposed to act as any kind of fighting force. It was only predisposed to say what revealed itself to it as the truth. And anyone who wants to trace everything we have done will have to say to himself: Never, but never, at least as far as I am concerned, has anything aggressive been done. We have always had to take a defensive stance against attacks from outside, and that is the essential point today. But that what spiritual science has to reveal, that it must actually be said, is simply a requirement of the times. One must only consider that modern civilization is asleep and Rome is awake. And that Rome is awake is shown by the great drama that lies in the facts: the establishment of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, the appearance of the encyclical in 1864 with the Syllabus, condemning eighty modern truths, the declaration of infallibility, the declaration of Thomas Aquinas as the official philosopher of the Catholic clergy and for the Catholic Magisterium, and the anti-modernist oath.
Consider that, in the face of the rise of Darwinism and naturalism in the 1850s, something was established that can only be understood from the spiritual requirements of the fourth post-Atlantean period, but something that is the gauntlet thrown down to all this rising materialism. The rest of the world lets materialism come and at most chatters against it with Eucken's words. Rome establishes a dogma of the Conceptio immaculata, which says precisely: Of course, no one who espouses Darwinism can accept the Conceptio immaculata. So we erect a clean dividing wall. — Not more than a decade passes: what emerges, albeit initially as a spiritless form of the new worldview, is condemned by the Syllabus. The very establishment of the dogma of the Conceptio immaculata broke with all the traditions of the earlier development of the Catholic Church. What did the establishment of a dogma by a council in earlier times within the Roman Catholic Church consist of? A primary prerequisite for the establishment of a dogma was this—I am merely stating, not criticizing—that the Fathers gathered at the council where the dogma was to be established were enlightened by the Holy Spirit, so that the Holy Spirit was actually the originator of the dogma. However, it was a matter of recognizing for human beings that the Holy Spirit was truly the inspirer of the dogma to be established. How could this be recognized, how was it recognized? It was recognized by the fact that what was to be established as dogma by a council was already the opinion of the entire Catholic Church. This was not the case with the Conceptio immaculata, and it broke with the principle of the Catholic Church, which demanded that only what the faithful had already shown themselves inclined to accept should be made dogma. However, with the newer dogmatic formulations, people were already living within the context of what was happening in the fifth post-Atlantean epoch, and it was no longer as easy as in the Middle Ages to prepare the faithful so that a common rule could be established among them as dogma, which could then be laid down.
But now everything was well prepared, and the preparations that were made so that the last revelations, the provisional last revelations, that which could initially be let go, could be revealed, have actually already been made over the course of the last three to four centuries. The Roman Catholic Church has also been vigilant in this regard. And if you remember when the Jesuit order was founded, you will easily conclude that the founding of the Jesuit order is essentially connected with the search for something that would more easily overcome the difficulties of dealing with the faithful in modern times and that could deal with these difficulties in an appropriate manner.
It is important to look closely at how things actually happened. I am not criticizing, but I would like to point out that 1574 was the year in which the citizens of Lucerne themselves demanded Jesuitism. I would also like to point out that it was Canisins in Freiburg, a direct disciple of Ignatius of Loyola, who established the Jesuit college in Freiburg in 1580, which then founded its colony in Solothurn. I would also like to mention that after the abolition of the Jesuit Order by Clement XIV, the Jesuits naturally had to leave Switzerland, as they only continued to exist in the countries of Frederick II of Prussia and Empress Catherine of Russia. The Jesuit Order owes its continuity to them. I mentioned this recently. But in this strange interregnum that existed between the abolition of the Jesuit Order by Pope Clement XIV in 1773 and its restoration by Pius VII in 1814, something very strange happened to the Jesuit Order. For example, during this period, the institution in Sion, which had been run by Jesuits until then, remained open as a matter of course, and most of the teachers stayed on; only, these teachers had been Jesuits until 1773, and from 1773 onwards they were no longer Jesuits, but were referred to as the “Fathers of the Faith” teaching in the educational institutions in question. It was therefore not particularly surprising that the Jesuit colonies were re-established in Brig in 1814, in Fribourg in 1818, in Schwyz in 1836, and in Lucerne in 1844, after Pius VII had repealed Clement XIV's decree in 1814.
It is not my place to criticize these things, but I would like to recount them. But I would like to tell you something else. From my discussions, you can see that from July 21, 1773, when Clement XIV issued the bull “Dominus ac redemptor noster,” the Jesuit Order was officially abolished, until Pius VII issued the bull “Sollicitudo omnium” in 1814. Now there is something very strange. There are memoirs of a man named Cordara, who was a Jesuit and experienced everything that could be experienced within the Jesuit Order. His memoirs show that he was not a narrow-minded man like Hoensbroech, for what Hoensbroech writes has no meaning, just as when he talks about it. For, of course, the Jesuits are intelligent, and Hoensbroech is extremely foolish. So it is not a matter of simply accepting these things sleepily today, but of being able to distinguish the significant from the insignificant, especially today. I would just like to highlight from Cordara's “Memoirs” that he says it is very strange that the Jesuit order could be abolished by Pope Clement, because Pope Clement actually liked the Jesuits very much and was actually an extremely tolerant man, and was not a stupid man either. So Cordara gives Pope Clement the very best testimony. The Jesuit Cordara sings the praises of Clement XIV despite the abolition of the Jesuit order. Therefore, the Jesuit naturally asks how it was possible that this benevolent pope had to abolish the Jesuit order. One must ask, says Cordara, what intentions divine wisdom had in allowing the abolition of the Jesuit order. Now Cordara is a Jesuit, but he is actually a man who has learned from the Jesuit order to think logically and orderly, and therefore he does not ask merely abstract questions, but very concrete ones. He says: We must indeed seek what there might be within the Jesuit order itself that we have done wrong. He says: I find that we have indeed acted in a strange way with regard to morality. With regard to everything that concerns, for example, unchastity or the like, we are very strict, one cannot say otherwise,” says Cordara, ”but we are so lax toward everything that concerns slander, defamation, and insults. Cordara says that God must have allowed Pope Clement XIV to abolish the Jesuit order because a certain addiction to slander, defamation, and insults had gradually crept into the Jesuit order. I do not wish to criticize this matter, but only to recount it. I would just like to add that the Jesuit Cordara says: One of our main faults is also our arrogance, which leads us to regard all other orders as insignificant, as worthless, and all secular priests as worthless.
If we put together what is not presented as accusations against the Jesuit order in these “Memoirs,” but rather as mea culpa, as a kind of examination of conscience by a Jesuit, we find: first, the pursuit of political power; second, pride and arrogance; third, contempt for other orders and secular clergy; fourth, the accumulation of wealth. But when one gradually comes to understand what it means to uphold truths that have been withered by power, then one can do no better than to have the upholding of these truths prepared by such an order. The Roman Catholic Church knew very well in Pius VII what it was doing when it repaid the debt of gratitude owed to world history, which was actually only owed to the King of Prussia, Frederick II—who was dead—and Empress Catherine of Russia—who was also dead—by restoring the Jesuit order. And among those who were the first to teach here in Switzerland as foreign, so-called foreign Jesuits, there were many who had been brought up by Catherine and had returned to Switzerland from Russia. Please read all about this in the relevant documents.
Now it is clear that those who foresaw what would be needed were well prepared, and that they went further, identifying everything that was coming at the right time, as long as it remained spiritless, after four centuries of efforts to drive out the spirit, while humanity otherwise remained asleep. It was a matter of carrying out what was then accomplished in 1864 with the encyclical and the Syllabus.
If the establishment of the dogma of the Conceptio immaculata was already a break with all the customs of the earlier Roman Catholic Church, then it was of course even more so what was established with the dogma of infallibility. For now, all the ingenuity of the logic cultivated by the Catholic Church was needed to justify that the pope is infallible, after Clement XIV abolished the Jesuit order in 1773 and his successor, Pius VII, reinstated it in 1814. A considerable number of such things could be proven. But the point was that the logic that had been so carefully cultivated was now being used to establish conceptual contours. The point was to establish a conceptual contour for what could now justify infallibility. Only what the pope does not say as a private opinion, but what he says “ex cathedra,” is considered infallible. Now, the question was not whether Clement XIV or Pius VII were infallible, but whether Clement XIV or Pius VII spoke ex cathedra or privately. Clement XIV must have spoken privately when he abolished the Jesuit order, and Pius VII must have spoken ex cathedra when he reinstated it, mustn't he? But the fatal thing is that the Pope never says whether he is speaking ex cathedra or privately. He has never said so. It must be said that it is now difficult to distinguish in detail whether something is subject to the dogma of infallibility or not. But at least the dogma of infallibility is there. This was a good way of dealing with everything that could arise from the elementary culture of the fifth post-Atlantean period. Now, however, it was necessary to draw the consequences. The very insightful Pope Leo XIII, who was grandiose in terms of his intelligence, did this well by wanting to adopt Thomism in the form it had taken in the fourth post-Atlantean period. They needed a philosophy that was grandiose, but grandiose for the previous period. For it is objectively true that everything that has subsequently appeared as philosophy is smaller than what was present as philosophy in high scholasticism; but what is small is just a beginning, and what was present in high scholasticism was a completion.
Now one must bear in mind that humanity wants to progress, and that is why, whether through natural or historical research, very strange things began to appear among Catholic clergy. It was therefore necessary to take strong measures to uphold what remained of Augustinianism in the Catholic clergy. Hence the anti-modernist oath.
Nothing can be said against any of this if it is driven by the free impulses of a community. But when, in 1867, when the Jesuits were readmitted to Munich, a Jesuit preacher said in his first sermon that the rules of the order forbid Jesuits from interfering in politics, and therefore that no Jesuit should ever interfere in politics, it seems to me that modern humanity in its broad masses is not really inclined to believe this, and that things will be different!
What is at stake here is basically this: in reality, all those who are serious about knowledge and progress and the good of humanity should profess their belief in the threefold social order. For the course of the German so-called Kulturkampf proves how little political measures against the Roman Catholic Church can achieve. But what is mainly at stake is that it is taking so long for people to realize what must come into the world as the necessary consequence of spiritual scientific endeavors, namely, the impulse for the threefold social order. What we need is a truly alert understanding of the phenomena of the present.
I have just touched on a subject that I would not have touched upon if it were not for everything that is happening around us and will continue to happen. You know that I will speak publicly here on Saturday on the topic: “The truth about anthroposophy and its defense against falsehood”; but I cannot refrain from saying a few more things to you on Sunday as a continuation of what I am unable to say today, so that we will have to meet here again at half past seven on Sunday, even though we have to leave on Monday. But in these turbulent times, there is no other way. So, Saturday is the public lecture — despite the burning of the posters!