True and False Paths in Spiritual Investigation
GA 243
14 August 1924, Torquay
4. The Secret of Investigation into Other Realms through the Metamorphosis of Consciousness
I have spoken about the form, substantiality and metallity of the mineral kingdom in so far as they are related to the different levels of consciousness in man. Before extending my observations to include certain metallic substances, I must make my position perfectly clear.
From what I have said it might readily be inferred that I was recommending the ingestion of these substances in the form of nutriments as a means of inducing states of consciousness that differ from the normal. When discussing methods of achieving spiritual insight through inner training and discipline, one often hears the remark: I would be only too glad to know something of other worlds and other states of consciousness, but it is too difficult to carry out the exercises which are recommended; they take up so much time.
A little later, perhaps, these people make a start. Then, after a time, the immediate demands of life intervene and they find they are unwilling to sacrifice their ingrained habits. By degrees they lose enthusiasm and the exercises are quietly dropped. Not surprisingly these people achieve nothing; they find the need to practise spiritual exercises excessively irksome.
When they hear, for example, that the qualities of certain metals are associated with other levels of consciousness, they feel more reassured. If a small dosage of copper is all that is required in order to preserve a spiritual link with another after death, then why not take it, they conclude, if it enables one to develop a higher level of consciousness.
The idea becomes all the more attractive when they hear that the practice adopted in the ancient Mysteries was not so very dissimilar, though in those days, of course, it was only carried out under the continuous and closest supervision of the Initiates. And when people are told of this, they wonder why these old practices are not revived. But they overlook the fact that in ancient times the whole physical organization of man was differently constituted. In those days, and even as late as the Chaldean epoch, he lacked our present intellectuality. Thoughts were not self-generated as today, but came to him through inspiration. Just as we realize today that we do not create the red of the rose, but receive the impression of the rose from without, so the men of ancient times were aware that thoughts were transmitted via external objects, they were “in-spired,” breathed into them. The reason for this was to be found in the different constitution of the physical organism, including even the composition of the blood. Therefore it was possible to administer highly potentized doses of those metals I have spoken of—homoeopathic doses as we call them today—in order to assist people in carrying out their spiritual exercises.
A man of the Chaldean epoch, we will suppose, has been prescribed highly potentized doses of copper. Before taking it—this was the general practice of the time—he was directed to perform certain specific spiritual exercises. In such cases, years rather than days of training were demanded of him before the highly potentized copper could be administered. And because his physical constitution was different from ours, he learned, through his training, to retrace the reactions upon the upper part of the body, of this finely distributed, highly potentized copper that was circ41ating in his blood stream. When copper was administered after this careful training, he felt inwardly that his words took on added warmth, because he himself had generated warmth in his larynx and in the nerves leading from the larynx to the brain.
Now because his physical make-up was different, he was able to react with such extreme sensitivity to what was taking place within him. If one were to administer highly potentized copper in similar circumstances today, it would of course take effect, but it would provoke a laryngeal condition and nothing further.
It is important, therefore, to understand the difference between the physical constitution of man in those times and that of today. Then one will no longer be tempted to induce other states of consciousness by administering medicaments, which was the normal practice in ancient times and was still frequently practised in the Middle Ages.
At the present time the only valid method is for man to have an inner perception of the nature, the essential being of copper as I indicated yesterday and thus develop a sensitive response to the colour of burnished copper, to the behaviour of copper in copper sulphate solution. By concentrating and meditating upon this response, he will ensure that he reacts in the right way.
But, you will object, in my book, Knowledge of the Higher Worlds, there is no indication of what preparatory steps should be undertaken in order to develop this response to copper. That is so. But in principle the directives are given in my book, though copper is not specifically mentioned. A description is given of how one should enter into the being of crystals, plants, etc. and the preparatory exercises are indicated. But of course no information is given of how to meditate on the nature of copper; a whole library (rather than a book) would be needed for that. Nor was it necessary, since directives have already been given—exercises to promote self-confidence, for example, and exercises in concentration upon some specific theme or object. Such exercises, in effect, are already covered by what I have just said about the nature of copper. There is no specific statement to the effect that one should meditate upon the nature of copper. It is suggested that some simple subject or theme should be selected for purposes of meditation morning and evening. That is tantamount to meditating upon the nature of copper. Only that is given as a subject for meditation which could refer to its metallic nature.
A meditation upon some specific theme such as “wisdom radiates in the light” has a decisive influence upon the inner life, if carried out in earnest. The effect would be the same as if someone were to explore the nature of copper from all angles and to concentrate on its physical aspect. In the first instance, our approach is from the moral standpoint, in the second, from the physical and chemical standpoint. It is far better for the non-chemist to enter the spiritual world from the moral standpoint.
It is necessary, therefore, to see things in their proper relationship, because it would be a mistake for the man of today to follow uncritically the methods of the ancient Mysteries in order to gain insight into the spiritual world. The right course for today is to replace the external, physical approach by a more moral and spiritual approach. With the development of his physical organism man's whole relationship to nature has been transformed. Composition of the blood, tissue fluid and the whole physical constitution are different today from those of the ancient Chaldeans. This cannot be proved by anatomical analysis. In the first place, the anatomist spends most of his time dissecting corpses. Recently a scientific congress raised a cry of alarm and clamoured for more corpses. Anatomists found there was a shortage of corpses for investigating the hidden secrets of life. But it would not be easy to procure Chaldean corpses in order to pursue these investigations! In the second place, with his crude technique, the anatomist would find no answer to the hidden secrets of life; these must be explored by spiritual means.
Since our physical body is differently constituted from that of the ancients, one point must be clearly established. It is still possible today to dispense highly potentized substances, metal potencies, for example. What is the reason for this? The explanation is that we have a deeper insight into the real being of nature. If we really understand the nature of the human body, we know that its functioning is modified by the metals I have mentioned—tin, copper, lead, and so forth. And I have shown how they modify, in the first instance, the conditions of consciousness.
Today, however, we are aware that changes take place in the body, even in normal life, if I may use such a mundane expression. Let us assume, for example, that we experience a change in that region of the body which radiates the activity of copper as I pointed out yesterday. Any such change is reflected in disturbances of the digestive organs, in the metabolic-limb system—in disturbances of the organs predominantly associated with metabolism, digestion and assimilation of nutrients. Every such disturbance in the human organization which we call dis-ease is also associated with the evocation of a different state of consciousness. The full implication of this must be borne in mind.
Now what is the significance of organic disease? I said yesterday that for the man of today his normal condition of waking consciousness lies in the heart centre. Other states of consciousness are associated with other organs, but they always remain in the subconscious. The region of the larynx, including the area extending from the larynx to the brain, lives continuously in a state of consciousness sequential to the normal state which I described yesterday. The region in the neighbourhood of the digestive organs shares the same time-scale as the dead after death. Man always participates in this state of consciousness. Everyone shares the after-death experiences of those he knew personally in life. But he experiences them below the heart, not in the heart. Therefore he knows nothing of this experience; it remains in the subconscious, below the threshold of consciousness. When some disturbance occurs, such as dyspepsia, for example, in that region where man is spiritually in touch with the dead, the consciousness below the heart centre is modified; it begins to operate too actively.
What then is the explanation of a certain kind of gastric disorder? From the physical angle it is simply a label for the practitioner's diagnosis. Now the point of view presented here is in no way directed against a purely physical approach to medicine. I recognize and appreciate its value. As Anthroposophists we do not adopt the attitude of the dilettante, the amateur or the charlatan who disparage or criticize orthodox medicine. We fully accept its findings. When a person suffers from a gastric disorder, the symptoms can be diagnosed physically; but as a result of his gastric condition he is more able to share in the life of the dead immediately after their death. Of course a physical diagnosis is made before therapeutic treatment can begin. From the spiritual standpoint we would say that such a person feels impelled to preserve, after their death, his spiritual link with the souls he has known on Earth. But he is unable to enter into the consciousness that lies below the heart. He is unaware that he is in communion with the dead.
That is the spiritual aspect of such a complaint. Gastric disorders arise because one is too much attached to the dead. Under such conditions one is dominated by the dead. We are strongly influenced by that world which, as I indicated yesterday, is so much more real than the physical world.
Let us imagine we have a balance in front of us. If the pointer is deflected, the zero reading is restored by loading the other scale-pan. The state of disbalance in a person who has developed such abnormal sensitivity in this consciousness below the heart that he is too attached to the dead—and he is quite unconscious of this—is analogous to the scale-pan that is loaded on the one side. Equilibrium is restored by adding an equivalent load to the other side.
Thus, if the consciousness below the heart is too active, the consciousness in the region of the larynx must be diminished; the heart lies between, it acts as a regulator and it is the knife edge on which the beam of the balance oscillates. Equilibrium is restored by administering copper. I have already pointed out that man's body today is constituted in such a way that the larynx reacts to copper.
The metabolic and laryngeal systems are as closely related as the two sides of the balance. One may be adjusted by means of the other. If suitable doses of copper are administered, the patient is inclined to withdraw somewhat from the realm of the dead and thereby benefits in health, whereas otherwise he is increasingly identified with it. That is the spiritual aspect of healing.
Today we know, therefore, that all substances have both a physical and moral aspect. The old Initiates could make use of the physical aspect for the benefit of their pupils but only after their pupils had undergone extensive training. It should no longer be used in the same way today. Today the moral attributes are the province of psychic development, the physical attributes that of the doctor. It is important that the man who is familiar with the physical side of substances and has occasion to make a detailed study of this aspect should also supplement his information by a knowledge of the moral side. This must be strictly adhered to for present day perception and for practical perception in the field of spiritual methods. The human organism has changed radically with the passage of time and the close relationship that used to exist between the knowledge of the moral and physical aspect of substances has been lost and must be restored again. I shall have more to say presently about the loss of this relationship.
The relationship between medical science with its predominantly physical outlook and spiritual science must none the less be different today from that of the remote past. In both cases this relationship must continue, but it will assume a different form today. It is upon the knowledge of such things that our ability to distinguish between the true and false paths in spiritual investigation depends.
A brief review of man's whole attitude to knowledge over the centuries may help to throw further light upon what I have already discussed.
Let us look at the evolution of mankind in retrospect, when the interpretation of knowledge and research was so very different. The enormous advances made in recent times in the knowledge of thermo- and electro-dynamics and of living organisms are c1assffied today under nature, natural history, natural science and, in England, natural philosophy. The way nature is presented in schools today is highly abstract. Nature is seen as a sum of “natural laws”—that is the expression used—which children are expected to memorize. And the abstract character of this study is carried over into life.
Consider how cold and abstract even the most enthusiastic student finds natural science today. In botany he is obliged to learn by heart lists of botanical terms for plants and plant species, in zoology, the names and classifications of animals and animal species. He soon forgets them and has to go over the ground again and again for examination purposes. And after the examination he often forgets them completely; should he need them again, he looks them up in a book of reference. It could hardly be said that a student of today has the same relationship to botany and zoology as he has to some personality to whom he is devoted. That is out of the question.
Nature today has become something vague and nebulous, a catalogue of laws of gravitation, heat, light, electricity, magnetism—the laws of mechanics. Natural science and natural history deal with the study of stones and plants. But natural science includes in addition the life and inner constitution of the organs of plants, animals and man of which we are admittedly ignorant. In brief, natural science and natural philosophy today include much that we claim to know and much of which we are totally ignorant.
Now this is a state of affairs that hardly inspires confidence; everything is so nebulous and confused, the thinking so superficial and abstract. Nowadays we strive manfully to master this abstraction we call “nature” and many, it must be admitted, have grown somewhat indifferent to this abstract approach. And if we do not belong to the younger generation which is in active revolt against what is being taught in our schools as natural science, we adopt an attitude of benevolent neutrality. This was not always the case. I should like now to characterize briefly the attitude to knowledge a few centuries ago.
When we look back to the ninth, tenth, eleventh and even to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries we come across men—though they were considerably fewer at that time—whom we should describe today as savants, men adjudged to be the outstanding scholars of their day, who taught in the famous School of Chartres in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, such as Bernardus Silvestris, Bernard of Chartres, Alanus ab Insulis. These personalities were still fortunate enough at that time to be associated with Initiates, men who had profound insight into the mysteries of existence, such as the famous medieval Initiate Joachim of Fiore or that other illustrious personality known to the world as John of Hanville. [or Hauteville; in Latin, Altavilla. His work Architrenius (1184) is mentioned in one of Rudolf Steiner's notebooks. The work is a long epic describing the allegorical journey of a young man seeking the help and counsel of the Goddess Natura.]
I mention these names, to which many others could be added, in order to evoke the spirit of the age, in order to characterize the attitude towards knowledge that was prevalent at the time.
When we enter into the spiritual outlook of such personalities, we find that their conception of nature is wholly different from our own. In the case of the typical botanist, pathologist or histologist of today, the expression on his face belies any deep interest in the mysteries of pathology or anatomy; it reflects rather the memories of the dance he had attended the night before. We learn more about the festive occasion than about the mysteries of nature!
It was a very different matter to look into the eyes of a Joachim of Fiore, an Alanus ab Insulis or a Bernardus Silvestris. Tragedy was written on their countenances. They felt they were living in an epoch which had suffered irreparable loss. And the growing realization of this loss filled their hearts with tragic sorrow.
Or again, if we had looked at their fingers, fingers which the modern decadent world would describe as ‘nervous,’ sensitive fingers, which bore living witness to their desire to probe into those ancient mysteries, the loss of which was written on their faces, we should have perceived a yearning to revive the ancient wisdom of the past.
There were brief moments when they were able to conjure up pictures of those ancient times for their pupils; but they were only phantom images.
Now what I am about to depict to you is no poetic fantasy, but a reality. We can visualize Alanus ab Insulis of the School of Chartres, where the magnificent Cathedral still stands today, speaking to his pupils about nature and saying: Nature is a Being who eludes us when we draw near to her. Man now directs his energies to other ends; he no longer shares that intuitive understanding of nature which the sages of former times once possessed. Nature, in their eyes, was a majestic Being endowed with spirit, operating everywhere—where rock formations were created, where plants sprang out of the Earth, and jewelled stars sparkled in the heavens. Everywhere a Being of infinite grandeur was at work, who revealed herself in the wondrous form of a woman weaving nature's web. The ancients experienced this intuitively. From their descriptions we can still picture how nature appeared in their eyes, weaving and working in all around, in the manifestations of warmth, light, colour and life. They realized that the Goddess Natura was a divine-spiritual Being whose real essence could be known only through direct perception.
A personality such as Alanus ab Insulis was still able to present such conceptions to his pupils in the School of Chartres. But because the Initiates saw this old conception of the Goddess Natura gradually fade and die, saw replete with life and vitality the nature that we today regard as dead and abstract because we have lost touch with her, sorrow and tragedy were written on their faces.
Then, again, we hear of such men as Brunetto Latini, Dante's famous teacher. During his travels, through some strange karmic incident, he suffered a heat-stroke which produced a change of consciousness. This event was far more important for his development than the sufferings he endured when the last of the Guelphs were expelled from his native city. Because of this transformation of consciousness he was still able to perceive this Goddess Natura and described her in his book Tesoretto. He gives a graphic description, imaginatively inspired, of how, on his homeward journey to his native Florence, he came upon a hill in the midst of a desolate forest and on this hill he saw the Goddess Natura weaving at her loom. She revealed to him the significance of thinking, feeling and willing for the human soul the intrinsic nature of the four temperaments and the function of the five senses.
And the eyes of his spirit and soul were opened. This experience on his homeward journey from Spain to his native Florence under the influence of a depressed, pathological condition was a spiritual reality. As a result of this inward transformation, he saw the weaving life of the four Elements, fire, earth, water and air, the flux and movement of the planets and the soul emerging from the body into the Cosmos. All this he experienced under the influence of a spiritual teaching at the hands of the Goddess Natura.
These experiences were described by the men of that epoch with a clarity and concreteness that could scarcely be bettered today. At the same time, they felt that the ancients had experienced this knowledge in a different way and that in the course of time it had gradually been lost. In order to revive the knowledge of these mysteries it was necessary to induce a pathological condition. And they felt an irresistible urge to keep alive the real image of Natura.
And when in retrospect we review man's whole attitude to nature knowledge, we feel that our approach to nature is abstract, that nature is a catalogue of laws. We are proud if we can see these laws even to some extent as a related whole. If we look back a few centuries we see that a living relationship existed between man and a divine Being who was living, weaving and working in natural phenomena—in the rising and setting of the Sun, in the transmission of warmth to the stones and plants, a warmth that is actively operating within all this life, growth and proliferation. How different was a science that took into account the activities of the Goddess Natura. The mood in which the students of the School of Chartres—the majority were of the Cistercian Order—came out of their lectures was vastly different from the mood of students leaving their lecture-rooms today! Their response was vitally alive and a deeper expression of their inner being. And the same living reality is reflected in the descriptions of such men as Brunetto Latini, the celebrated teacher of Dante. The vigorous, creative spirit of the time can readily be imagined, for the characters and splendid pictorial descriptions of Dante's Commedia are inspired by the graphic descriptions of his teacher Brunetto Latini who owed his Initiation to a karmic incident. And the School of Chartres and other Schools were indebted to Initiates such as Joachim of Fiore and others for much of the instruction given at the time.
The term Natura was not used in our abstract sense; it implied something operating creatively in external sensible phenomena, but which remained veiled and escaped one's gaze.
Another factor must also be taken into consideration. Let us assume—and again I am describing a fundamental reality, not some poetic fantasy—that, as an elderly student, you had attended a course of lectures given by Alanus ab Insulis and had taken part in the discussions; the students had been dismissed and you were walking alone with Alanus ab Insulis discussing the problems at issue.
The conversation might have turned upon some particular point. You might have spoken of the Goddess Natura who manifests herself in the phenomenal world, but who is veiled from you. Then Alanus ab Insulis who had warmed to the discussion would have said: If we still shared in our life of sleep the condition formerly possessed by the ancients, we would be in touch with the hidden side of nature. Our sleep leads to oblivion; but it was precisely in the unconscious that the ancients were in contact with the hidden side of nature. Could we but experience again the clairvoyant sleep of the ancients, we should know the Goddess Natura.
And if, in a similar situation, you had been engaged in intimate conversation with Joachim of Fiore, he would have replied: our sleep is devoid of content, our consciousness is obliterated. It would be difficult therefore to know the Goddess Natura weaving and working in all created things. The ancients were aware of her hidden and her visible aspects. They never used the term Natura. They never maintained that the Being whose presence we vaguely sense, but do not know, was the Goddess Natura. They gave her another name—Proserpina, or Persephone.
This was common knowledge in those days. What I have just described has been transformed into our abstract conception of nature. And what lived in the souls of such men as Bernardus Silvestris, Alanus ab Insulis, John of Hanville, and above all in Brunetto Latini, was a transformation of the Goddess whom the ancients saw as Proserpina, the daughter of Demeter—the entire universe; Proserpina (the modern term sounds commonplace)—nature, nature who can live only half of her life in the upper world, who reveals only her physical and sensuous aspect to mankind, whilst the other half of her life is spent in those realms where man dwells in sleep, realms which man can no longer inhabit today because his sleep is emptied of true reality.
Our knowledge of nature, though we are unable to realize it owing to our present abstract conception, is an echo of what once lived in the old Greek myth of Persephone.
The fact that the men of sorrowful countenance were aware of this and that it could still be known in their day, shows how much the paths of knowledge have changed with the passage of time. As I said in the earlier part of my lecture, we can only develop the right feeling for, and sense the subtle distinctions in these things, when we review in retrospect the nature of the knowledge that once existed. I have quoted these examples, not with the idea of reviving ancient forms of knowledge, but in order to call attention to the kind of knowledge that was prevalent in former times.
If we can hold fast to the words which might have been spoken perhaps by Joachim of Fiore or John of Hanville: “What we regard as nature today, or whatsoever is veiled from us because we cannot apprehend it spiritually, this was once known as Proserpina,” and if this myth of Proserpina (for it has survived only as a myth) is renewed within us, then the images evoked by this myth awaken images of still earlier relationships. They are images from the time when man knew neither the abstract nor the tragic aspect of the Goddess Natura, when he saw Proserpina-Persephoneia herself, in her aspect of radiant beauty and tragic gloom.
And in what aspect did she appear in those far-off days of her prime? These were not the days of Plato's philosophy, nor of Socrates' dialogues, but much earlier times, when knowledge was far more vitally alive than at the height of Greek culture.
Let us try to envisage the different forms knowledge has taken in the course of human evolution so that we may see in the right perspective what we have already discussed from the standpoint of the present and which will be discussed in further detail in the course of these lectures.
Though of necessity our account will be brief and imperfect, let us try to envisage the nature of the Mysteries into which the Greek philosopher Heraklites was initiated, the ‘dark’ and ‘gloomy’ Heraklites as he was called, because, in later years, a psychic darkness had descended upon all that he had received at the hands of the Mysteries. Let us picture that period in the development of the Mysteries when the Greeks drew upon them for their imaginative vision and the creation of their myths. And let us picture to ourselves the Mysteries of Ephesus into which Heraklites had been initiated.
Knowledge from primeval times was still extant in Ephesus and persisted into Homer's time and even into the time of Heraklites' Initiation, though in an emasculated form. These ancient Mysteries were still actively flourishing. A strong and powerful spiritual atmosphere was present in that temple which was adorned on the Eastern side with the statue of the Goddess Diana, the Goddess of Fertility, who symbolizes the superabundant fertility of nature everywhere. When conversations were held, momentous secrets of existence, profound spiritual secrets were imparted to the pupils through the spoken word immediately after they had taken part in the Mysteries and had received the mighty impulses of the Mysteries from the ceremonies in the Temple of Ephesus. And these profound conversations were continued after the participants in the ceremonies had left the Temple. At the twilight hour, when nature invites to contemplation, they would follow the pathway leading from the Temple doorway into a grove with arboured walks, planted with dark-green trees in which paths fanning out from the Temple of Ephesus were gradually lost to view in the distance. I should like to offer you a somewhat inadequate picture of conversations of this kind.
It was not unknown for someone who had received a partial Initiation into the Mysteries of those times to enter into conversation with a pupil of either sex. Now you must realize that in those days equality of rights between the sexes, though forfeited immediately afterwards, was very much more a living reality than it is today. We can speak, therefore, both of male and female pupils at Ephesus. And in these conversations there was a lively interest in the spiritual aspect of the myth of Persephone. But how was such a conversation conducted? First, there was the teacher, the Priest-Initiate, who, from the spiritual impulses he had received, was empowered to speak of the contingencies in the world of forms, of the inter-relationships of entities in that world. Speaking from his Initiate knowledge he would say something like the following to his pupil.—It is now twilight, and sleep which reveals the spiritual world will soon overtake us. Look upon your human form in its totality. Beneath our feet are the plants and around us are the lengthening shadows of twilight and the dim green light of the temple grove. The first stars are beginning to shine in the heavens. Behold the majesty and grandeur of life's inexhaustible vitality in the Heavens above and the Earth beneath. Then behold yourself and remember that a whole universe lives and stirs within you, that all organic activity, all the changes and chances of your inner life bear witness every moment of the day to a plenitude of facts and to endless transformations of your being. Realize that you are a microcosm which, though spatially delimited, is richer in mystery and wonder than the macrocosm which you apprehend visually and intellectually. Learn then to feel and know this world within you. Realize that you are now looking out from your microcosmic world into the larger world that reaches from the Earth to the stars. Then sleep will overtake you; you will no longer be a prisoner of your own body, of your own world, but will inhabit that other world you now behold, a world that embraces the Earth and the stars. Your soul and spirit will have relinquished the physical body and you will be sharing the radiance of the stars and the exhalations of the Earth. You will ride the winds and think with star-radiance. You will now be living in the spiritual world and will look back upon your microcosmic self.
In ancient times it was possible for the teacher to speak to his pupil after this fashion, because the perception of the external world was not so sharply defined as now, and the life of sleep had not yet become a total blank. It was still crowded with experiences. When referring to this state of sleep, the teacher spoke of realities, saying: You are now in the presence of Proserpina, Persephone or Cora. Cora lives in the stars, in the rays of sunshine, in the moonbeams and the growing plants. Everywhere can be seen the activities of Persephone, for she has woven the garment of the universe. And behind it all is Demeter, her mother, for whom Persephone has woven this garment which you see as the external world.—The teacher did not use the term ‘nature;’ he preferred to speak of Persephone or Cora.
And continuing the dialogue with his pupil, the teacher went on: If someone were to remain awake for a longer period than yourself, then, whilst you were asleep, he would perceive the plants, mountains, clouds and stars—external manifestations of Persephone—exactly as you do now. Illusion lies in the manner of our seeing. It is not Persephone, not her creative activities in mountains, plants, clouds and stars that are illusory, but how you see them. And now the moment has come for sleep. Through your eyes, the organ of life's mysteries, Cora-Persephone will enter into you.—
These things were described so vividly because they had been so vividly experienced; so that, whilst falling asleep, the sleeper not only felt that sight, hearing and perception were being extinguished, but he was aware of Persephone sinking down through the eyes into the physical and etheric bodies from which his soul and spirit had withdrawn whilst he slept.
In waking life we live in the upper world, in sleep we live in the lower world. Persephone entered through the eyes of the sleeper into the physical and etheric bodies. She dwelt with Pluto, the Lord of sleep within the physical and etheric bodies. The sleeping neophyte experienced the activity of Pluto and Persephone. Through the instruction he had received he became aware of the entry of Cora through the gateway of the eyes. This became a living reality to him, and now he experienced the deeds of Pluto and Persephone during sleep. And whilst the neophyte experienced this, his teacher had corresponding experiences that were related to the world of forms.
Then, when teacher and pupil met together again, each had experience of his own particular insights. And when they discussed plants and trees, the teacher would describe how the forms arose, for they had been revealed to him in sleep. Then he would discuss in detail the configuration of the leaves and stems, of the whole nature-kingdom and the formative forces which work down into the Earth from above. And though the pupil had perhaps experienced different insights, he could probably follow his teacher when he spoke of the mysteries of chlorophyll and osmosis. Thus the conversations supplemented each other: in this vivid picture of the Goddess Persephone in the underworld, revealing her other aspect to man whilst he slept, these secrets were revealed to the human soul and entered into it.
Thus, in those far-off times, the pupil learned from the teacher and the teacher from the pupil. On the one hand, the teachings were of the spirit and soul, on the other hand, of soul and spirit. From this interchange of pooled experience they touched the highest flights of knowledge. When they shared these deepest insights, when next they saw the approach of dawn and the morning star shining in the East, sending shafts of light into the dark green grove whose avenues of majestic trees were gradually lost to view in the distant vista, their hearts were gladdened. They had dwelt for a brief hour in that realm we now call the realm of nature. And when they had talked of these things amongst themselves, they knew for certain they had held converse with Persephone. And they knew also that all that was later incorporated into the myth of Persephone was, in reality, the hidden source of man's knowledge of nature.
I can only indicate imperfectly the fascination of these conversations that were related to the Mysteries of Ephesus and were imbued with a vital, living knowledge of Persephone. But in the course of time this knowledge was toned down to the abstraction we know as nature today and men such as Joachim of Fiore were saddened by this tragic loss.
We can only understand the path leading to an understanding of the spiritual nature of man and the Cosmos when we draw attention to, and characterize, not only the separate states of consciousness within man's reach, but also show how these states have been transformed in the course of the evolution of mankind; when we realize how very different from our own was the knowledge ,that informed the conversations of those who had participated in the Mysteries in the Temple of Ephesus, and how different was the nature of the converse held with such personalities as Joachim of Fiore and Alanus ab Insulis; and how different today is the knowledge that we must strive to attain once more, in order through spiritual training to seek forms of knowledge which lead back from the Outer to the Inner, from the Above to the Below and then from the Inner to the Outer and the Below to the Above.

Das Geheimnis des Erforschens anderer Welten durch die Metamorphose des Bewußtseins
Der Zusammenhang der Metallität mit anderen Bewußtseinszuständen des Menschen
Von der Form und der Substantialität, der eigentlichen Metallität des Mineralischen habe ich gesprochen, insofern diese Dinge, wenn sie an den Menschen herantreten, Bezug haben auf seine Bewußtseinszustände. Bevor ich die Betrachtung, die sich auf einige Metallsubstanzen ausdehnen muß, werde fortsetzen können, muß ich eine bestimmte Bemerkung einflechten.
Man könnte nun leicht glauben, daß in dem, was ich gesagt habe, eine Empfehlung läge, Bewußtseinszustände, die abweichen von dem gewöhnlichen menschlichen Bewußtseinszustand des heutigen alltäglichen Lebens, dadurch hervorzurufen, daß man sozusagen wie eine Art Nahrungsmittel sich diese Substanzen körperlich beibringt. Und wenn von den Methoden gesprochen wird, durch die man den Weg in die geistige Welt findet, und da gesprochen wird davon, welche innerliche Schulung, Trainierung intimer Art man durchzumachen hat, dann kommen häufig die Menschen darauf, zu sagen: Ja, ich möchte sehr gerne etwas wissen von anderen Welten, von anderen Bewußtseinszuständen, aber das ist so schwierig, diese Übungen zu machen, die einem angeraten werden; das dauert so lange.
Dann beginnen wohl die Leute mit solchen Übungen. Aber dann kommt das Leben, das so voller Gewohnheiten ist, aus denen man nicht heraus möchte. Dann werden die Übungen nach und nach etwas, was an innerlichem Enthusiasmus und innerlicher Intensität verliert. Die Sache verschwimmit so allmählich im seelischen Leben. Und dann kommen die Leute zu nichts, finden es ungeheuer unbequem, so seelisch üben zu sollen. Hören sie dann, daß bestimmte, sagen wir, Metallitäten mit anderen Bewußtseinszuständen zusammenhängen, dann sagen die Menschen leicht: Ja, das ist bequemer. Wenn ich zum Beispiel, um einen Menschen nach dem Tode zu begleiten, bloß notwendig hätte, ein wenig Kupfer einzunehmen, warum soll ich dann nicht Kupfer einnehmen, um mir denjenigen Bewußtseinzustand zu verschaffen, der es mir möglich macht, den Toten durch sein ganzes Seelenleben zu begleiten.
Die Sache wird noch verfänglicher, wenn nun die Menschen vernehmen, daß in alten Mysterien die Sache wirklich in einer gar nicht unähnlichen Weise getrieben worden ist; daß in alten Mysterien, allerdings unter der strengen, unaufhörlichen Aufsicht derjenigen, die Initiaten waren, solche Dinge schon geübt worden sind. Wenn die Leute auch noch das hören, dann sagen sie: Warum sollten denn nicht diese alten Methoden wiederum erneuert werden? Aber man berücksichtigt dabei nicht, daß die Körper der Menschen bis ins Innerste hinein eben etwas ganz anderes in alten Zeiten waren, als sie heute sind. Was war denn in alten Zeiten, auch noch in jenen chaldäischen Zeiten, von denen ich gesprochen habe in diesen Tagen, bei den Menschen vor allen Dingen vorhanden, besser gesagt, nicht vorhanden?
Sehen Sie, es war unsere heutige Intellektualität nicht vorhanden. Die Menschen dachten nicht so von sich aus, wie wir heute denken, sondern die Menschen empfingen ihre Gedanken als Inspiration. Wie wir uns heute bewußt sind, daß wir das Rot der Rose nicht machen, sondern daß die Rose auf uns einen Eindruck macht, so waren sich die alten Menschen darüber klar, daß auch die Gedanken von den Dingen hereinkommen, hereininspiriert sind. Und das war deshalb, weil die Körperlichkeit eine ganz andere war in jenen alten Zeiten. Bis in die Blutzusammensetzung hinein war die Körperlichkeit eine andere.
Und so konnte es kommen, daß in jenen alten Zeiten solche Metalle, wie diejenigen sind, von denen ich gesprochen habe, in einer außerordentlich feinen, wir würden heute sagen, homöopathischen Hochpotenz den Leuten verabreicht worden sind, um die Übungen der Seele zu unterstützen. Aber sehen Sie, der ganze Körper war dazumal ein anderer. Und nehmen wir nun an, solch ein Mensch in alten Zeiten, also in jenen chaldäischen Zeiten, von denen ich gesprochen habe, solch ein Mensch habe ganz hochpotenziertes Kupfer bekommen und dann die Anweisung empfangen, er solle, bevor er dieses Kupfer bekommt - das war immer so —, bestimmte Seelenübungen machen, solch ein Mensch mußte ja nicht tagelang, sondern er mußte sich jahrelang trainieren, bevor ihm das hochpotenzierte Kupfer verabreicht worden ist. Und dann, wenn ihm das verabreicht worden war, dann hatte er, weil seine Körperlichkeit eben eine ganz andere war, durch die Trainierung fühlen gelernt, wie dieses fein verteilte, dieses in ganz feiner, hochpotenzierter Substanz in ihm, in seinem Blute pulsierende Kupfer in den oberen Partien wirkte. Er hatte gefunden, daß, wenn er nach dieser sorgfältigen Trainierung das Kupfer bekam, er innerlich erlebte, daß seine Worte, die er aussprach, gewissermaßen wärmer wurden, wärmer wurden dadurch, daß er in seinem Kehlkopf und in den Nerven, die vom Kehlkopf nach dem Gehirn gehen, selber warm wurde.
Nun, das beruhte darauf, daß der Mensch in jenen alten Zeiten wegen seiner anderen Körperlichkeit eine feine Empfindlichkeit entwickeln konnte für das, was so in ihm vorging. Geben Sie in derselben Lage einem Menschen der Gegenwart hochpotenziertes Kupfer, dann wirkt das auch. Natürlich wirkt es. Aber es bewirkt, daß er kehlkoptkrank wird, und weiter zunächst nichts. Diesen Unterschied zwischen der alten Organisation und der neueren Organisation des Menschen muß man eben kennen, dann wird man nicht mehr die Begierde und Sehnsucht entwickeln, wie es in alten Zeiten noch üblich war, ja, im Mittelalter noch vielfach geübt worden ist, durch äußeres Einnehmen sich in andere Bewußtseinszustände zu versetzen.
Sehen Sie, heute ist der einzig richtige Weg der, daß der Mensch sich zunächst seelisch bekanntmacht, wie ich es gestern beschrieben habe, mit der Natur, mit der Wesenheit des Kupfers, daß er sich eine feine Empfindung verschafft von der Farbe des Kupfers, wie sie ist, wenn man das Kupfer irgendwie findet, von der Farbe des Kupfers, wie sie ist, wenn man es abschleift, daß er sich eine Empfindung verschafft, wie Kupfer in Kupfervitriol und der Säure drinnen wirkt und so weiter. Wenn sich der Mensch in dieser Weise ein Gefühl verschafft, dann wirkt dieses Gefühl, über das er nun meditiert, auf das er sich konzentriert, auf den neueren Menschen in der richtigen Weise.
Nun können Sie sagen: Ja, du hast aber dein Buch geschrieben «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?», und da steht gar nichts drinnen, daß man sich in dieser Weise ins Kupfer versetzen soll. — Schön, es steht nicht drinnen. Aber es stehen andere Dinge drinnen. Vor allen Dingen, prinzipiell steht das schon in meinem Buche, nur nicht gerade für das Kupfer, sondern für andere Dinge. Es wird da beschrieben, wie man sich in die Natur von Kristallen, von Pflanzen und so weiter versetzen soll. Diese elementaren Übungen werden angegeben. Dann wird allerdings nicht gesagt, man solle die Natur des Kupfers kennenlernen; denn da müßte man nicht ein Buch, sondern eine Bibliothek schreiben. Es ist das aber auch nicht notwendig; denn es werden da Übungen gegeben, zum Beispiel Übungen im Selbstvertrauen, Konzentrationsübungen in bezug auf ganz bestimmte Inhalte. Ja, die decken sich mit dem, was ich eben darstellte von der Natur des Kupfers. Man sagt nicht, man soll vor sich die Natur des Kupfers haben, sondern man sagt: Versuche einmal, irgendeinen einfachen Inhalt zu nehmen und konzentriere dich auf diesen jeden Morgen und jeden Abend. Das heißt nämlich, nur mit anderen Worten ausgesprochen, sich auf die Natur des Kupfers konzentrieren. Es wird nur als Seeleninhalt das gegeben, was man auch in Anlehnung an die Metallität geben könnte.
Sage ich jemandem: Du sollst dich auf einen bestimmten Seeleninhalt, zum Beispiel «Im Lichte strahlt Weisheit» jeden Morgen und jeden Abend konzentrieren, dann wirkt es, wenn er das wirklich tut, in seiner Seele. Und es wirkt gerade so, als wenn ich ihm gesagt hätte: Lerne die Natur des Kupfers nach allen Seiten kennen und konzentriere dich auf das Kupfer. - Nur ist das eine Mal vom Moralischen, das andere Mal vom rein Physikalischen, Chemischen ausgegangen. Und es ist für denjenigen, der nicht gerade Chemiker ist, viel besser, wenn er auf dem moralischen Wege in die geistige Welt hineinkommt.
So also sehen Sie, wie diese Dinge sich verhalten müssen, weil der Weg, den man gehen würde in die geistigen Welten in Anlehnung an die Wege, die in den alten Mysterien gemacht worden sind, für den heutigen modernen Menschen ganz falsch wäre. Der richtige Weg ist heute derjenige, der das äußere naturhaft Physikalische ersetzt auf eine mehr moralische, seelische Art. Denn alle Zusammenhänge des Menschen mit der Natur sind eben anders geworden unter dem Einflusse der Entwickelung der menschlichen Körperlichkeit. Blutzusammensetzung, Gewebeflüssigkeit, Konstitution, sie sind ja alle heute anders als beidem Menschen des alten Chaldäa. Unser Körper ist ein anderer.
Der Anatom kann das nicht nachweisen. Erstens arbeitet der Anatom heute zumeist mit Leichen. Und wenn auch jüngst bei einer Naturforscherversammlung gesagt worden ist, um eine Art Notschrei in bezug auf die Naturwissenschaft zu erlassen: Gebt uns Leichen! die Anatomen finden nämlich, daß sie zu wenig Leichen haben, um alle Geheimnisse zu untersuchen -, chaldäische Leichen wird es doch sehr schwer sein, sich zu verschaffen, um diese Dinge zu untersuchen! [Und zweitens würde der Anatom auch nichts mit seinen groben Mitteln finden.] Die Dinge müssen schon auf geistigem Wege erforscht werden.
Also wir haben eine andere Körperlichkeit als die Alten. Und aus dem Grunde muß man etwas ganz bestimmtes sagen. Wir können auch heute hochpotenzierte Substanzen, Metallität zum Beispiel herstellen. Aber warum tun wir das? Ja, sehen Sie, gerade die tiefere Einsicht in das Wesen der Natur, die gibt einem die nötige Orientierung, Richtung. Wenn man den menschlichen Körper wirklich kennt, so weiß man, daß er durch alle die Metalle, die ich angeführt habe, Zinn, Kupfer, Blei und so weiter, daß er durch alle diese Metalle verändert wird. Und ich habe Ihnen ja die Veränderung zunächst durch die Veränderung der Bewußtseinszustände angegeben.
Nun treten aber im menschlichen Körper auch im normalen Leben, wenn ich den philiströsen Ausdruck eben gebrauchen darf, Veränderungen auf. Sagen wir zum Beispiel, wir haben eine Veränderung in der Gegend, von der ich gestern gesagt habe, daß von ihr die Kupferwirkung ausstrahlt (siehe Zeichnung S$. 76). Nun, solch eine Veränderung drückt sich aus in allerlei Störungen der Verdauungsorgane, in allerlei Störungen des Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßenmenschen, Störungen desjenigen Teiles des Menschen, der vorzugsweise mit dem Stoffwechsel, mit der Verdauung, mit der Verteilung der Nahrungsmittel im Körper zusammenhängt. Jede solche Störung im menschlichen Organismus, die man eine Krankheit nennt, ist aber auch verbunden mit dem Hervorrufen eines anderen Bewußtseinszustandes. Sie müssen das nur in seiner vollen Tragweite ins Auge fassen.
Wenn Sie irgendwo ein krankes Organ haben, was bedeutet das? Nun, ich habe ja gestern gesagt: In der Gegenwart hat der Mensch seinen wachen Bewußtseinszustand im gewöhnlichen Leben durch sein Herz; die anderen Glieder der menschlichen Organisation haben andere Zustände, die kommen nur nicht herauf ins Bewußtsein. — Die Gegend Ihres Kehlkopfes mit alledem, was vom Kehlkopf aus mit dem Gehirn zusammenhängt, hat den nächsten Bewußtseinszustand, den ich neben dem gewöhnlichen gestern beschrieben habe, fortwährend. — Die Gegend hier, die Gegend der Verdauungsorgane, hat fortwährend den Bewußtseinszustand, der einen führt längs der Zeit, die die Toten nach dem Tode durchlaufen (siehe Zeichnung S$. 76). Da geht der Mensch immer mit. Jeder Mensch erlebt das Leben derjenigen Menschen, die er kennengelernt hat, nachdem sie durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen sind. Aber er erlebt sie unter seinem Herzen, nicht im Herzen. Daher weiß er nichts davon. Daher bleibt es im Unterbewußtsein, Unbewußten.
Wenn nun in derselben Gegend, in der der Mensch fortwährend das Leben der Toten in den Jahren nach dem Tode erlebt, eine Störung eintritt, wenn also eine Verdauungsstörung als Krankheit auftritt, so wird der Bewußtseinszustand da unten geändert. Unter dem Herzen tritt ein zu starkes Bewußtsein auf. Was heißt zum Beispiel, eine bestimmte Art von Magenkrankheit zu haben? Im physischen Leben heißt es natürlich dasjenige, was der Arzt physisch beschreibt. Und das, was ich hier vertrete, wird durchaus nicht das geringste gegen die physische Medizin einwenden. Sie wird voll anerkannt und gewürdigt. Wir stehen in der Anthroposophie nicht auf dem Standpunkte des Dilettantismus und der Laienhaftigkeit, der Scharlatanhaftigkeit, welche die physische Medizin ablehnt, sie kritisiert oder abkanzelt und dergleichen. Wir erkennen sie voll an. Aber daneben, daß der Mensch das an sich hat, was man in der physischen Medizin beschreibt, wenn einer eine bestimmte Art von Magenkrankheit hat, wird der Mensch durch eine solche Magenkrankheit geeigneter, das Leben der Menschen nach dem Tode, unmittelbar nach dem Tode zu verfolgen. Was kann man also vom spirituellen Standpunkte aus sagen?
Man beschreibt zunächst selbstverständlich, damit man die Therapie angeben kann und so weiter, die Krankheit im physischen Sinne. Aber vom spirituellen Sinne aus könnte man sagen: Der Mensch hat den Drang, mit den Toten, die er gekannt hat, mitzugehen nach dem Tode. Aber er hat nicht die Fähigkeit, in das Bewußtsein, das unter seinem Herzen liegt, hinunterzukommen. Er weiß nicht, daß er in die Region der Toten geht. Das ist die spirituelle Seite der Krankheit. Man ist magenkrank, weil man zuviel mit Toten zusammen ist. Aber indem Augenblicke, wo man zuviel mit Toten zusammen ist, wirken die Toten auch zu stark. Es kommt aus der Welt, von der ich gestern gesagt habe, daß sie realer ist als die physische Welt, sehr viel herein in uns. Und wenn Sie eine Waage haben, die hier unterstützt ist (es wird gezeichnet), hier die Waagschalen sind, und da die Waage zu stark heruntersinkt, und Sie wieder Gleichgewicht hervorrufen wollen, da müssen Sie auf die andere Seite ein größeres Gewicht legen. Wenn die Waage aus dem Gleichgewicht gekommen ist, müssen Sie auf die andere Waagschale ein größeres Gewicht legen.
Nehmen wir nun an, ein Mensch hat unter seinem Herzen ein so empfindliches Bewußtsein ausgebildet - aber es bleibt ihm unbewußt -, daß er zuviel mit Toten mitgeht, dann ist das wie ein Herabsenken der einen Waagschale bei der Waage. Das wird zu stark. Da muß man ein Gewicht auf die andere Waagschale legen. Wie tut man das?
Wenn hier (es wird auf die Zeichnung $. 76 hingewiesen) ein zu starkes Bewußtsein ist, muß man das Bewußtsein hier (rot) schwächer machen, denn im Herzen ist die Mitte des Waagebalkens (orange). Sie müssen also hier das Bewußtsein schwächer machen in dieser Region. Wie tun Sie das? Sie geben dem Menschen Kupfer. Ich habe Ihnen ja gesagt, der moderne Mensch ist so organisiert in seinem Leib, daß das Kupfer auf die Kehlkopforgane wirkt. Aber Verdauungsorgane und Kehlkopforgane stehen in so naher Verbindung miteinander, wie der eine Waagebalken mit dem anderen. Man kann das eine durch das andere regulieren. Gibt man dem Menschen entsprechend dosiertes Kupfer, so geht er zu seinem Heile wieder mehr an der Region der Toten vorbei, während er sonst immer mehr in der Region der Toten bleibt. Das ist die spirituelle Seite der Heilung.

Daher muß man heute sagen: Alle Substanzen, alle Substantialitäten haben eine physische Seite und eine moralische Seite, wie ich es vorhin beschrieben habe. Die physische Seite konnte von den alten Initiaten für ihre Schüler nach langer Trainierung so benützt werden, wie ich es gesagt habe; sie darf heute nicht mehr so benützt werden. Heute gehört die moralische Substanz in das Gebiet der seelischen Entwickelung; die physische Substanz gehört dem Arzt. Und mit Bezug auf die moralische Seite handelt es sich nur darum, daß derjenige, der die physische Seite kennt, auch die Möglichkeiten hat, in die physische Seite der Substanzen tief einzudringen, daß der auch unterstützt wird von der Erkenntnis der moralischen Seite der Substanzen.
Aber das muß für das heutige Erkennen, für das praktische Erkennen auf dem Gebiet spiritueller Wege streng eingehalten werden. Die physische Seite der Substantialität gehört dem Arzt; die moralische Seite gehört dahin, wo seelische Entwickelung ist. Denn die menschlichen Organismen haben sich eben ganz prinzipiell geändert seit alten Zeiten. Und so intim einmal der Zusammenhang war zwischen der Erkenntnis der moralischen Seite der Substanzen und der physischen, so intiim muß er wieder werden, nachdem er verloren worden ist. Ich werde gleich nachher über diesen Verlust sprechen. Aber das Verhältnis, das besteht zum Beispiel zwischen physischer medizinischer Wissenschaft und moralischer Wissenschaft, das muß trotzdem ein anderes sein heute, als es im grauen Altertum war. In beiden Fällen muß dieses Verhältnis bestehen. Aber es ist ein anderes heute, als es im Altertum war. Und auf der Erkenntnis solcher Dinge beruht die Einsicht, welches wahre und welches falsche Wege sind in die spirituelle Welt hinein.
Veränderungen in der Stellung des Menschen zur Erkenntnis im Laufe der Geschichte
Nun, es wird uns etwas nützen, wenn wir, um das, was ich ausgeführt habe, etwas mehr zu beleuchten, einen Blick werfen auf Veränderungen, die seit langen Zeiten in der ganzen Stellung des Menschen zur Erkenntnis vor sich gegangen sind. Gehen wir von der Gegenwart aus und gehen wir ein wenig zurück in der Entwickelung der Menschheit, um zu sehen, wie verschieden man auf dem Gebiete der Erkenntnis, der Forschung, über die Dinge gesprochen hat. Wir reden heute, wenn wir unseren Blick auf jene großen, wunderbaren Fortschritte werfen, die in der Erkenntnis von Wärmekräften, von Elektrizitätskräften, aber auch von Kräften in lebendigen Organismen in der neueren Zeit heraufgekommen sind, wir reden von der Natur und reden von der Naturerkenntnis, von der Naturwissenschaft, in England von der Naturphilosophie.
Wenn wir dasjenige überschauen, was man in den Schulen, schon in den untersten Schulen heute, in den gewöhnlichen Primarschulen, als Natur bezeichnet, so ist das etwas außerordentlich Abstraktes. Es ist die Summe von Naturgesetzen, wie man sagt, die man lernen muß, etwas außerordentlich Abstraktes. Und die Abstraktheit der Sache drückt sich ja auch im Leben aus. Denken Sie nur, wie abstrakt fühlt und empfindet heute selbst der enthusiastischste Student der Naturwissenschaft. Er muß, sagen wir in der Botanik, viele Namen auswendig lernen von Pflanzen und Pflanzengattungen, in der Zoologie von Tieren und Tiergattungen. Er vergißt sie wieder, muß sie immer und immer wieder lernen, wenn er Examen machen will. Und nach dem Examen vergißt er sie erst recht. Dann schaut er sie nach, wenn er sie braucht, in den Handbüchern. Und man kann nicht gerade sagen, daß das Verhältnis eines Menschen, der heute Botanik oder Zoologie studiert, zu Botanik oder Zoologie etwa wie das Verhältnis eines Menschen zu einer geliebten Persönlichkeit ist. Das kann man nicht sagen. Das ist heute nicht so.
Natur ist etwas, was im Nebel verschwimmit. Es sind viele Gesetze: Gesetze über Schwerkraft, Gesetze über Wärme, Gesetze über Licht, Gesetze über Elektrizität, Gesetze über Magnetismus, Gesetze über Dampf und Wasser und Gleichgewicht und Verschiedenheit des Gleichgewichtes; Naturwissenschaft, Naturerkenntnis ist, was man weiß über Steine und Pflanzen. Naturwissenschaft ist auch dasjenige, von dem man sagt, daß man es nicht weiß, über das Leben der inneren Konstitution der Organe der Pflanzen, der Tiere, der Menschen, kurz, vieles, von dem man heute sagt, dafß man es weiß, vieles, von dem man sagt, daß man es nicht weiß. Das ist heute Naturwissenschaft, ist Naturphilosophie.
Aber es ist etwas, dem man nicht so recht einen warmen Händedruck geben kann, denn es ist alles verschwommen, es ist alles dünn und abstrakt gedacht. Wir strengen uns heute an, dieses Abstraktum «Natur» zu bezwingen. Manche sind, das können wir schon sagen, diesem Abstraktum der Natur gegenüber etwas gleichgültig geworden. Wir bewahren eine wohlwollende Neutralität, wenn wir nicht zur völligen Jugend gehören, die ja in Opposition heute stark aufmuckt gegen dasjenige, was als Naturwissenschaft in den Schulen getrieben wird; wir bekennen uns zu einer wohlwollenden Neutralität. So war es nicht immer. Und ich möchte jetzt zunächst die Erkenntnisstimmungen ein wenig nach älteren Jahrhunderten hin charakterisieren.
Wenn wir zum Beispiel zurückkommen so in das 9., 10., 11. Jahrhundert, auch ins 12., 13. Jahrhundert, aber da schon sehr wenig, da kommen wir zu Menschen, die wir, wenn wir heute das Wort anwenden würden, gelehrte Menschen, Wissenschafter nennen würden. Wir kommen da zurück zu jenen großartigen Gelehrten im Sinne der damaligen Zeit, die in der bedeutsamen Schule von Chartres im 11., 12. Jahrhundert gelehrt haben, kommen zurück zu Bernardus Silvestris, zu Bernardus von Chartres, zu Alanus ab Insulis. Wir kommen zurück dann zu solchen Persönlichkeiten, die in der damaligen Zeit noch, ich möchte sagen, mit dem Typus des Eingeweihten unter anderen Menschen herumgingen, mit dem Typus eines Menschen, der viel weiß um die Geheimnisse des Daseins, wie jener großartige, im Sinne des Mittelalters noch initiierte Joachim de Fiore, oder zu jener großartigen Persönlichkeit, die auch in jener Zeit gewirkt hat, die der Welt bekanntgeworden ist unter dem Namen Johannes von Auville. Ich erwähne diese Persönlichkeiten, zu denen ich auch viele andere hinzufügen könnte, deshalb, um in die Zeit hineinzukommen, um die Stimmung der Zeit in bezug auf die Erkenntnis zu charakterisieren.
Wenn man diesen Menschen mit der Seele gegenübersteht und sie reden von Natur, dann ist das eine ganz andere Sache, als wenn wir heute von Natur reden. Wenn man heute so einen Botaniker oder einen Pathologie-Anatomen oder einen Histologen trifft, ja, man hat so selten das Gefühl, daß seine Physiognomie, die er einem entgegenbringt, von den Geheimnissen der pathologischen Anatomie oder der Zoologie kommt. Man hat viel eher das Gefühl, wenn man heute solch einem Pathologie- Anatomen oder Histologen oder auch einem Therapeuten entgegentritt, daß die Physiognomie eher von dem Tänzchen kommt, das er am vorhergehenden Tag da oder dort getanzt hat. Man sieht durch diese Physiognomien eher in diese artigen Verhältnisse hinein, als auf dasjenige, was er erlebt aus den Geheimnissen der Natur heraus. So war es ganz gewiß nicht, wenn man einem Joachim de Fiore in die Augen geschaut hat oder einem Alanus ab Insulis oder einem Bernardus Silvestris, die in jenem Zeitalter gelebt haben, von dem ich eben gesprochen habe. Es ruhte auf dem Antlitz dieser Leute etwas von einem tragischen Zug, etwas von dem, was einem sagte: Wir leben in einem Zeitalter, das viel verloren hat. - Etwas Tragisch-Trauriges, möchte ich sagen, lebte aus der Vertiefung in die Erkenntnis auf dem Antlitze jener Leute.
Daneben wiederum — wenn man gesehen haben würde die Finger dieser Leute, diese Finger, die der heutige dekadente Mensch nervöse Finger nennen würde, die aber in sich hatten das lebende Zeugnis davon, daß diese Leute wiederum schürfen und arbeiten wollten in den alten Geheimnissen, von denen ihr Antlitz ausdrückte, daß sie verloren worden sind, dann würde man bemerkt haben: in diesen Menschen arbeitet etwas, das wieder heraufbringen möchte dasjenige, was in alten Zeiten da war. Manchmal ist ihnen das gelungen. Manchmal ist es ihnen gelungen, wieder die alten Zeiten, wenn auch im Schattenbilde, heraufzuzaubern vor ihren Schülern.
Man kann sich schon vorstellen - es ist nicht ein poetisches Bild, das ich vor Sie hinstelle, es ist eine Wirklichkeit, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden -, man kann sich schon vorstellen die Schule von Chartres, wo heute noch die wunderschöne Kathedrale ist, lehrend Alanus ab Insulis, sprechend zu seinen Schülern von der Natur, etwa sagend: Die Natur - ein Wesen, das wir nicht mehr fassen können, das sich uns entzieht, wenn wir ihm nahen wollen. Die Menschheit hat Kräfte entwickelt, die sie zu anderen Dingen hinführen, die aber nicht mehr fähig sind, so die Natur zu erfassen, wie die Natur in alten Zeiten von den Erkennenden erfaßt worden ist. Denn die Natur war ein mächtig großes Geistwesen, das überall gewirkt hat, da, wo die Steine im Gebirge sich gebildet haben, da, wo die Pflanzen aus dem Erdboden herausgewachsen sind, da, wo die Sterne am Himmel funkelten. Überall webte ein unermeßlich großes Wesen, das sich in der Gestalt eines wunderbaren Weibes darstellt. Das sahen die Alten mit ihrem Schauen. Wir können uns nach den Angaben, welche die Alten gemacht haben, noch Vorstellungen davon bilden, was die Natur war, dieses überall Weben, Wirken, das in allem Umgebenden, in aller Wärme, in allen Lichterscheinungen, in allen Farbenerscheinungen, in allen Lebenserscheinungen lebt und webt. Aber es entschlüpft uns, wenn wir ihm nahen wollen. Denn lebend-webend ist die Göttin Natura in allem. Eine Göttin, ein göttlich-geistiges Wesen, von dem man wußte, man kann es in seiner Wesenheit nur erkennen, wenn man es anschauen kann.
Solche Vorstellungen machte im 12. Jahrhundert noch solch eine Persönlichkeit wie Alanus ab Insulis seinen Schülern in der Schule von Chartres klar. Aber weil man im Nebel sich auflösend diese Göttin Natura sah, mit der Lebendigkeit all dessen, was wir heute als abstrakte, tote Naturgesetze finden, weil sie einem gleich wieder entschlüpfte, deshalb war dieser tragische, traurige Zug auf den Antlitzen dieser Menschen.
Und dann gab es etwa solche Menschen, wie der große Lehrer des Dante war, Brunetto Latini, der durch einen besonderen karmischen Fall, daß er eine Art von Sonnenstich bei einer Wanderung bekommen hat - was viel wichtiger war als der Schmerz, den er über die Vertreibung der Welfen aus seiner Vaterstadt bekommen hatte -, der dadurch, daß sein Bewußtseinszustand infolgedessen ein anderer geworden war, noch wahrnehmen konnte diese Göttin Natura, wie er es in seinem Buche «Tesoretto» beschreibt. Und er schildert ganz anschaulich, in lebendiger Imagination, wie er auf dem Heimweg nach seiner Vaterstadt Florenz durch einen öden Wald kommt, wie er in diesem öden Wald an einen Berg herantritt, auf diesem Berge wirkend sieht die Göttin Natura, wie die Göttin Natura nun ihn aufklärt, was die menschliche Seele im Denken, Fühlen und Wollen ist, wie sie ihn aber auch aufklärt, was die vier Temperamente des Menschen ihrem Wesen nach sind, wie sie ihn auch aufklärt, was die fünf Sinne des Menschen sind.
Das war alles eine wirkliche geistig-seelische Unterweisung, eine Realität, die er durchmachte unter dem Einfluß eines pathologischen Zustandes, als er von Spanien wiederum zurückkehrte nach seiner Vaterstadt Florenz. Und als er das alles durchgemacht hatte, sah er das Weben und Wesen der vier Elemente, Feuer, Erde, Wasser, Luft, sah das Weben und Wesen der Planeten, das Hinausgehen der menschlichen Seele in den Sternenhimmel. Das alles sah er unter dem Einfluß einer Geistlehre, die ihm zukam von der Göttin Natura.
Das alles schildert ein Mensch der damaligen Zeit so anschaulich, wie es der heutigen Sprache nur irgend noch möglich ist. Zugleich aber hat man das Gefühl, er empfindet: Die anderen, die Alten haben das noch ganz anders gewußt; es entschlüpft einem heute immer. Man muß sogar in einen herabgestimmten, pathologischen Zustand kommen, wenn man in diese Geheimnisse noch hineinschauen will.
Aber ein ungeheurer Drang war in diesen Menschen, wiederum heraufzuzaubern so etwas, wie es die wirkliche Gestalt der Natura ist. Und sehen Sie, wenn wir so diesen Gang zurückmachen im menschlichen Empfinden, im menschlichen Denken gegenüber der Erkenntnis, dann haben wir das Gefühl: Nun ja, wir stehen auch heute vor der Natur, aber wir bezeichnen sie mit einem Namen, der etwas ganz Abstraktes, eine Summe von Gesetzen ist. Wir sind stolz darauf, wenn wir diese Gesetze nur einigermaßen in einer Harmonie zusammenfassen. Wir gehen einige Jahrhunderte zurück. Wir schauen ein lebendiges Verhältnis, das der Mensch zu einem göttlichen Wesen hatte, das webte und lebte und all dasjenige wirkte, was an Erscheinungen auftrat: den Aufgang der Sonne, den Untergang der Sonne, die Erwärmung der Steine, die Erwärmung der Pflanzen, die all das im lebendigen Weben und Treiben wirkt. Denken Sie, was das für eine ganz andere Wissenschaft ist! Die Wissenschaft enthielt die Taten der Göttin Natura. Es war schon auch ein Unterschied zwischen der Stimmung, wenn die Studenten von Chartres herauskamen - Zisterziensermönche waren sie zumeist -, und derjenigen Stimmung, die heute Studenten haben, welche aus der Schule herauskommen; es war schon etwas anderes und etwas Lebendigeres, etwas Wesenhafteres. Und ganz lebendig Wesenhaftes wird es eben in solchen Schilderungen wie der des Brunetto Latini, des großen Lehrers des Dante.
Daß das lebendig war, kann man sich ja vorstellen, denn all die herrlichen Bilder und Gestalten, die Dante in seiner «Commedia» hingemalt hat, sind ja hervorgegangen aus den lebendigen Schilderungen seines durch einen karmischen Fall eingeweihten Lehrers Brunetto Latini; wie ja auch viel von dem, was dann in solchen Schulen wie Chartres und anderen gelehrt worden ist, hervorgegangen ist aus solchen Eingeweihten wie Joachim de Fiore und anderen.
Man hat dazumal den Ausdruck «Natura» gebraucht, aber nicht so abstrakt wie wir, sondern für etwas, was da ist, was in den äußeren Sinneserscheinungen wirkt, aber sich zurückzieht, einem entschlüpft. Und dann war noch etwas anderes. Nehmen Sie an — wiederum schildere ich nicht ein poetisches Bild, sondern etwas, was durchaus Realität war —, nehmen Sie an, man wäre schon als ein etwas bejahrter Student im Kolleg gesessen, so nennt man es ja wohl auch, des Alanus ab Insulis. Man hätte das mitgemacht, was da sich abgespielt hat. Die Studenten wären entlassen worden, und man wäre mit Alanus ab Insulis einsam auf einem Spaziergang weitergegangen, das besprechend, was vorgekommen war. Was hätte man da erfahren?
Ja, solch ein Gespräch hätte eine besondere Form annehmen können. Man hätte sprechen können von dieser Göttin Natura, die einem sich offenbart in den Erscheinungen der äußeren physisch-sinnlichen Welt, die einem aber entschlüpft. Dann würde Alanus ab Insulis, wenn er nun auch warm geworden war in der seelischen Unterhaltung, einem auf die Schulter geklopft haben und gesagt haben: Ach, hätten wir noch jenen Schlafzustand, den die Alten hatten, dann würden wir die andere Seite, die verborgene Seite der Göttin Natura kennenlernen. Aber wir schlafen ja hinein in das Unbewußte, wo sich den Alten gerade die andere Seite der Natur geoffenbart hat. Könnten wir noch so schlafen, so hellsichtig schlafen wie die Alten, dann würden wir die Göttin Natura kennen. — So sprechend, hätte einem Alanus ab Insulis auf die Schulter geklopft.
Und wäre man auch in einem solchen Falle in ein vertrauliches Gespräch mit Joachim de Fiore gekommen, dann hätte er nach einiger Zeit gesagt: Ja, es wird uns schwer, gegenüber unserem inhaltsarmen Schlafe, der das Bewußtsein ganz herabdämpft, die andere Seite der Natura, der großen Göttin kennenzulernen, die da schafft und webt in allem Schaffenden und Webenden. Die Alten haben sie gekannt nach ihren beiden Seiten. Und weißt du - würde er einem gesagt haben -, die Alten haben nicht das Wort «Natura» gebraucht. Sie haben nicht gesagt, von dem Wesen, das wir heute mehr ahnen, als daß wir viel von ihm wissen: es ist die Göttin Natura. Sie haben ein anderes Wort gebraucht. Sie haben das Wort «Proserpina» gebraucht. Das ist die Wahrheit.
Davon hat man auch in der damaligen Zeit noch gewußt. Unsere abstrakte Natur, die wir in den Ideen tragen, ist die Umwandlung dessen, was ich Ihnen eben beschrieben habe. Und was gelebt hat in den Seelen von Persönlichkeiten wie Bernardus Silvestris, Alanus ab Insulis, Johannes von Auville, und in solchen Persönlichkeiten vor allen Dingen wie Brunetto Latini, was in ihnen gelebt hat, ist die Umwandlung dessen, was die Alten in der Proserpina gesehen haben, der Tochter der Demeter. Demeter, das ganze Weltenall, Proserpina! Es ist schon ganz philiströs, wenn man nun das neuere Wort ausspricht, [für] Proserpina: die Natur. Die Natur, die nur die Hälfte ihrer Zeit auf der Oberweltbleiben kann, das heißt, ihre physisch-sinnliche Seite zuwendet dem Menschen, die andere Hälfte des Lebens hinuntersteigt in jene Regionen, die der Mensch mit dem Schlafe erreicht, die er aber, weil der Schlaf wesensinhaltslos geworden ist, in der neueren Zeit nicht mehr erreicht.
Unsere Naturerkenntnis ist, ohne daß man ihr das heute in ihrer Abstraktheit ansehen könnte, eine Nachahmung desjenigen, was in dem Proserpina-Mythos im alten Griechenland lebte. Daß das empfunden wurde von den Persönlichkeiten mit dem tragischen Antlitz, deren Namen ich Ihnen angeführt habe, daß das in jener Zeit selbst noch empfunden werden konnte, das ruft schon eine Vorstellung davon hervor, wie die Wege der Erkenntnis sich geändert haben.
Aber die richtige Färbung von so etwas, wie ich es auch heute wiederum im ersten Teil meiner Rede gesagt habe, die richtige Färbung dafür bekommt man doch nur, wenn man so zurückblickt auf die Art und Weise, wie einmal Erkenntnis war. Nicht um alte Erkenntnisse wiederum heraufzubeschwören, sondern um ein Gefühl hervorzurufen, was einmal Erkenntnis war, gebe ich solche Schilderungen.
Bilder aus alten Zeiten
Wenn man in der Seele den Ausspruch festhalten will, den etwa ‘ Joachim de Fiore oder Johannes von Auville, einem auf die Schultern klopfend, im Mittelalter sagen konnte: Was wir heute als Natur ansehen, oder was auch entschwindet, weil wir es nicht erreichen können auf der anderen Seite des Lebens, das war einstmals Proserpina -, und wenn einem der Proserpina-Mythus - als Mythus ist er ja nur erhalten - in der Seele aufersteht, dann drängen sich heran an diese Eindrücke wiederum die Bilder noch älterer Verhältnisse. Es sind die Bilder aus jener Zeit, in der nicht die abstrakte Natur, nicht die in tragischer Stimmung empfundene Göttin Natura gelebt hat unter den Menschen, in den Seelen, sondern in der gelebt hat die hellstrahlende auf der einen Seite, die tragische Göttin auf der anderen Seite: Proserpina-Persephoneia.
Und wie lebte sie in gewissen Zeiten der Erkenntnis, in jenen alten Zeiten, in denen sie noch voll lebendig war? Es waren nicht die Zeiten, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, in denen Plato über Philosophie geschrieben hat, in denen Sokrates über Philosophie gesprochen hat, nein, es waren nicht diese Zeiten. Es waren noch viel ältere Zeiten, alte Zeiten, in denen Erkenntnis etwas ungeheuer viel Lebendigeres unter Menschen war, als sie später selbst in den erleuchteten Zeiten des Griechentums geworden ist.
Versuchen wir, es im Bilde vor unsere Seele zu stellen, um in diesem Bilde wachzurufen, was einmal im Verlaufe der Menschheitsentwickelung Erkenntnis war, um das richtige Licht auf dasjenige zu werfen, was wir schon auseinandergesetzt haben vom gegenwärtigen Gesichtspunkt und noch weiter auseinandersetzen werden in diesen Vorträgen. Versuchen wir einmal, ein kleines, natürlich nur unvollkommen geschildertes Bild hervorzurufen von jener Art von Mysterien, in die noch der griechische Philosoph Heraklit eingeweiht war, der «der Dunkle», «der Finstere» genannt wird, weil schon dunkel geworden war in der späteren Zeit, seelisch dunkel, dasjenige, was er empfangen hatte aus jenen Mysterien heraus. Versuchen wir einmal ein Bild vor unsere Seele hinzumalen aus der Zeit der Mysterienentwickelung, aus der das Griechentum vor allen Dingen geschöpft hat, geschöpft hat in bezug auf seine Phantasie, geschöpft hat auch in bezug auf die Ausgestaltung seiner Mythen. Versuchen wir uns ein Bild vor die Seele zu stellen von den Ephesischen Mysterien, von den Mysterien von Ephesus, in denen ja auch noch Heraklit, der Dunkle, eingeweiht worden ist.
Es waren allerdings in Ephesus uralte Erkenntnisse noch herrschend, aber sie waren auch bewahrt in Ephesus bis in jene Zeiten hinein, in denen Homer gewirkt hat, Ja, bis in die Zeiten hinein, wenn auch dann schwächer, in denen Heraklit eingeweiht worden ist. Es waren solche alten Mysterien in der allerstärksten Lebendigkeit vorhanden. Und es waren schon starke, mächtige Initiationsströmungen, die erflossen in jenem Tempel, der geschmückt war an seiner Ostseite mit jenem Bildnis, das ja auch der Welt bekanntgeworden ist, mit dem Bildnisse der Göttin Diana, der Göttin der Fruchtbarkeit, die in ihrer Bildhaftigkeit die in der Natur überall strotzende Fruchtbarkeit zum Ausdrucke bringt. Und es wurden schon große Geheimnisse des Daseins, tief spirituelle Geheimnisse in die menschlichen Worte hineingezogen, wenn die Gespräche geführt wurden, etwa unmittelbar nachdem die an den Mysterien Teilnehmenden ihre mächtigen Impulse empfangen hatten bei den Kulten und bei den Einzelheiten der Kulte im Tempel von Ephesus. Und es waren tiefe Gespräche, die das dann fortsetzten, wenn die am Kultus Teilnehmenden herausgetreten sind aus diesem Tempel und dann, etwa gerade dann, wenn die äußere Welt am fruchtbarsten ist für solche Dinge, in der Abenddämmerung, jenen Weg angetreten haben, der von der Tempelpforte hineinführte in eine Waldung, die wunderbare Gänge hatte, in jene Waldung, mit schwärzlich-grünen Bäumen bewachsen, wo sich die Wege in schöner Perspektive nach den verschiedenen Seiten von Ephesus verloren. Gespräche von solcher Art möchte ich in ein unvollkommenes Bild bringen.
Da war es so, daß derjenige, der von der einen Seite initiiert war in die Geheimnisse von dazumal, dann wohl ins Gespräch kam mit einem Schüler oder einer Schülerin. Denn bemerkt werden muß, daß in jenen alten Zeiten die Gleichberechtigung des männlichen und weiblichen Geschlechtes, gerade in denjenigen Zeiten, nach denen sie sogleich abgenommen hat, viel lebendiger war, als sie etwa in unserer Zeit ist. So daß wir ebensogut von Schülerinnen in Ephesus sprechen können wie von Schülern, in gleicher Weise. Und gerade der Proserpina-, der Persephoneia-Mythus in seiner spirituellen Gestalt war in jenen Gesprächen ganz lebendig.
Aber wie wurde solch ein Gespräch über den Proserpina-Mythus geführt? Da war zunächst, sagen wir etwa der Lehrer, der eingweihte Priester, der da aus dem, was er an Impulsen empfangen hatte, reden konnte über die Geschehnisse in der Formenwelt, reden konnte über die Geschehnisse, die sich abspielen zwischen Wesenheiten, und etwa aus dieser Einweihung heraus das Folgende zu seinem Zögling sagen konnte: Sieh einmal, wir gehen durch die Dämmerung. Der Schlaf, der die göttliche Welt schaubar, sichtbar macht, er wird bald beginnen. Schaue dich an in deiner ganzen menschlichen Gestalt. Da drunten sind die Pflanzen; um uns herum ist der in der Dämmerung schattende, in seinem grünen Dämmerdunkel wunderbare Wald. Schon beginnen oben die ersten funkelnden Sterne sich zu zeigen. Schaue einmal das alles an. Schaue die Majestät, die Größe, aber auch das Sprießende, Sprossende des Lebens oben und unten. Und dann schaue dich selbst an. Bedenke, wie in dir lebt und webt ein ganzes Weltenall, wie in alledem, was in dir zirkuliert, in alledem, was in dir sein Dasein in Geschehnissen hat, eine Fülle von Tatsachen, eine Fülle von Wesensverwandlungen in jedem Augenblicke vorhanden ist. Fühle, wie du selber eine ganze Welt bist, die geheimnisvoller, großartiger, wenn auch dem Raume nach kleiner ist als das Universum, das du von der Erde bis zu den Sternen überschaust. Fühle das! Fühle dich als Mensch als eine Welt, als eine Welt, die eine größere Fülle hat als die Welt, die du mit deinen Augen schaust, mit deinen Gedanken umfängst. Fühle die Welt in dir innerhalb deiner Haut.
Und dann empfinde, wie du jetzt aus deiner Welt herausschaust in die Welt, die von der Erde bis zu den Sternen reicht. Du wirst dann vom Schlaf umfangen sein. Dann wirst du nicht in deinem Leib, nicht in deiner Welt sein, dann wirst du in der Welt sein, die du jetzt überschaust von der Erde bis zu den Sternen. Dann wirst du aus dir herausgegangen sein mit deinem seelisch-geistigen Teil. Dann wirst du in der Sternenstrahlung, in der Erdenausdünstung leben. Dann wirst du mit dem Winde gehen. Dann wirst du mit dem Sternenstrahl denken. Dann wirst du in deiner Außenwelt leben und wirst zurückschauen auf dasjenige, was du als eine Welt in dir bist.
Und es konnte in jenen alten Zeiten noch so gesprochen werden von dem Lehrer zu dem Zögling, denn es war eben noch das äußere Anschauen während des Tagwachens nicht so konturiert, sondern so, wie ich es Ihnen beschrieben habe. Und es war das Schlafen noch nicht von völliger Finsternis durchdrungen. Es war das Schlafen noch von Erlebnissen über Erlebnissen durchdrungen, und man wies hin auf Erlebnisse, wenn man auf den schlafumfangenen Zustand hinwies: Um dich ist jetzt Proserpina oder Persephoneia, Kore. Kore lebt in den Sternen. Kore lebt in den Sonnenstrahlen und Mondenstrahlen. Kore lebt in den aufwachsenden Pflanzen. Überall ist es Persephoneias Wirksamkeit, die da lebt, denn sie hat das Kleid gewoben, aus dem alles das ist. Und hinter alledem ist Demeter, ihre Mutter, für die sie das Kleid gewoben hat, das du jetzt schaust als äußere Welt. Natura würde man nicht gesagt haben. Persephoneia oder Kore würde man gesagt haben - hat man gesagt.
Und sieh, wenn einer länger wach bleiben wird als du - so sagte der Lehrer zu seinem Zögling -, dann wird der, während du schläfst, dasjenige, was äußerlich als Gestalt der Proserpina in Pflanzen, in Bergen, in Wolken, in Sternen auftritt, ebenso sehen wie du. Denn das ist die Illusion, wie man das sieht. Nicht die Proserpina ist die Illusion, nicht dasjenige, was sie schafft in Bergen und Pflanzen und Wolken und Sternen ist Illusion, sondern so wie du schaust, das ist die Illusion. Und du wirst schlafen. Durch deine Augen, durch dieses wunderbare Daseinsrätsel Auge wird in dich einziehen Kore-Persephoneia.
Und es wurde das so lebendig hingestellt, weil es so lebendig erlebt wurde, daß der Einschlafende nicht bloß fühlte: jetzt erlischt mein Sehvermögen, jetzt erlischt mein Hörvermögen - nicht bloß fühlte: jetzt höre ich auf, wahrzunehmen -, sondern daß der Einschlafende wahrnahm, wie untertauchte Persephoneia durch das Augenpaar in den Leib, in den physischen Leib, in den ätherischen Leib, die von dem Seelisch-Geistigen im Schlafe verlassen wurden.
Die Oberwelt, man ist in ihr im Wachen; die Unterwelt, man ist in ihr im Schlafen. Persephoneia ist durch das Auge in den schlafenden physischen und Ätherleib eingezogen. Persephoneia ist bei Pluto, dem Herrscher über den Schlafzustand im physischen und ätherischen Leibe. Die Wirksamkeit des Pluto im Vereine mit Persephoneia, die untergetaucht ist in den physischen und Ätherleib während des Schlafes, die Tätigkeit des Pluto mit Persephoneaa erlebte der schlafende Zögling, der durch diese Direktion, die er bekommen hatte dadurch, daß ihm der Einzug der Kore durch die Tore der Augen klargemacht worden war, der das ins Lebendige umgesetzt hat und im Schlafe nun die Taten des Pluto und der Persephoneia erlebte. Der Zögling erlebte dies, während sein Lehrer anderes Entsprechendes erlebte, das mehr zusammenhing mit den Formdingen.
Dann, wenn sie wieder zusammenkamen, dann hatten sie beide ihre Geheimnisse erlebt. Dann konnten sie sprechen über eine Pflanze, über einen Baum. Dann schilderte wohl der Lehrer, wie sich die Formen bilden, denn das hatte sich ihm gerade dargestellt während des Schlafes. Dann drang er ein in die Formen der Blätter, des Stammes, in die Figuration der Welt, in jene Figurationen, die sich sozusagen von oben nach unten senken. Und vielleicht hatte der Zögling das andere erlebt: Er konnte vielleicht dasjenige erlangen, wovon der Lehrer sprach, wenn er von den Geheimnissen des Chlorophylis, von den Geheimnissen der Pflanzensäfte, die von unten nach oben in der Pflanze sich ausbreiten, erzählte. So ergänzten sich wunderbar die Gespräche, indem im lebendigen Umfassen der Göttin Proserpina, die die andere Seite zeigte den Menschen während des Schlafens in der Unterwelt, diese Geheimnisse in die menschliche Seele herein sich offenbarten. Und so lernte in jenen alten Zeiten der Schüler von dem Lehrer, der Lehrer von dem Schüler. Denn auf der einen Seite waren die Offenbarungen geistig-seelisch, auf der anderen Seite seelischgeistig. Und ein Gespräch, das in dieser Weise unter Menschen sich abspielte, gab in Menschengemeinschaft, in gemeinschaftlichem menschlichem Erleben die höchsten Erkenntnisse.
Und man war, indem man diese höchsten Erkenntnisse erlebte, indem man des Morgens wiederum die Morgendämmerung herankommen sah, von Osten herüber erglänzend das Tagesgestirn erlebte, hineinerglänzend in den dunklen grünen Wald — mit seiner wunderbaren Perspektive verlaufend -, man war ein Stündchen über das eine oder andere in dem Reiche, das wir heute das Reich der Natur nennen, aufgelebt; alles das floß im Gespräche zusammen. Und man war sich klar darüber, daß das alles der Umgang mit Persephoneia war. Man war sich klar darüber, daß dasjenige, was dann sich eingegliedert hat in den Persephoneia-Mythus, daß das das Geheimnis der menschlichen Naturerkenntnis ist. Und es waltete ein Zauber, den ich Ihnen nur unvollkommen andeuten konnte, über den Gesprächen, die geführt wurden in Anlehnung an die Mysterien von Ephesus; es waltete dieser Zauber in den Gesprächen. Und in jenen Gesprächen lebten die Persephone-Erkenntnisse, lebten darin in aller Lebendigkeit, die dann abgeschattet wurde zu dem, was wir heute als das Abstraktum «Natur» haben, und worüber tragische Trauer auf dem Antlitz trugen Menschen wie Joachim de Fiore.
Die Wege in die menschliche Spiritualität und in die Spiritualität des Kosmos hinein, wir verstehen sie nur, wenn wir nicht nur auf die einzelnen Bewußtseine, die der Mensch erreichen kann, charakterisierend hindeuten, sondern wenn wir darauf hinschauen, wie im Laufe der Menschheitsentwickelung die Bewußtseine sich nach und nach metamorphosiert haben, wie andersartig die Erkenntnisse waren, welche lebten in den Gesprächen, die da führten diejenigen, die herausgingen aus dem Tempel von Ephesus - die wunderbaren Gespräche; und wie anders geartet die Gespräche waren, die da führten die Menschen mit Persönlichkeiten wie Joachim de Fiore, wie Alanus ab Insulis; und wie anders die Erkenntnisse heute sind, die wir wieder suchen müssen, um aus dem Äußeren in das Innere zurückzukommen, aus dem Oberen in das Untere, zurück aus dem Inneren in das Äußere, zurück aus dem Unteren in das Obere zu kommen auf geistige, spirituelle Art.
Aufzeichnung Rudolf Steiners zum vierten Vortrag vom 14. August 1924
Notizzettel Archiv-Nr. NZ 4426
Eine düster wirkende Landschaft - eckig wirkende Gebäudeformen ragen da und dort im Umkreise empor - es ist der letzte Strahl der Sonne im Entschwinden
Ankommen an einem Walde — Eingang in schmalen Gang - es wird immer dunkler —
Ganz finster —
Tempelpforte =
Anschlagen = -..-..-..
Öffnen =
Ein Geistwesen: Wer seid ihr?
(nur durch sich leuchtend)
Wir sind alt verwandt Bekannte Ihr seid ungetreue Erdenmenschen; ihr habt eure Hüter vergessen —
Wir haben Früchte gesammelt im Erdensein für die Ewigkeit —
Vor euren Früchten vergeht mein Licht
Ich halte dein Licht, so lange wir es brauchen.
Das Licht trägt weiter
Ergreife, was vor dir steht = Ephesus Geheimnis =
Erlöschen des Lichtes.
Von oben Mond —

The secret of exploring other worlds through the metamorphosis of consciousness
The connection of metallicity with other states of human consciousness
I have spoken of the form and substantiality, the actual metallicity of the mineral, in so far as these things, when they approach man, have reference to his states of consciousness. Before I can continue the consideration, which must extend to some metallic substances, I must interweave a certain remark.
It would be easy to believe that what I have said is a recommendation to induce states of consciousness that differ from the ordinary human state of consciousness of today's everyday life by physically ingesting these substances as a kind of food. And when we talk about the methods by which one finds the way into the spiritual world, and when we talk about the inner training, the intimate kind of training one has to undergo, then people often come to say: Yes, I would very much like to know something about other worlds, about other states of consciousness, but it is so difficult to do these exercises that are advised; it takes so long.
Then people start doing these exercises. But then comes life, which is so full of habits that you don't want to get out of. Then the exercises gradually become something that loses its inner enthusiasm and intensity. It gradually fades into the life of the soul. And then people come to nothing, find it tremendously uncomfortable to have to practise in such a spiritual way. Then they hear that certain, let's say, metallicities are connected with other states of consciousness, then people easily say: Yes, that's more comfortable. If, for example, in order to accompany a person after death, I only needed to take a little copper, why shouldn't I take copper to provide me with the state of consciousness that will enable me to accompany the deceased throughout his entire spiritual life?
The matter becomes even more intriguing when people now hear that in ancient Mysteries the matter has really been practiced in a not at all dissimilar way; that in ancient Mysteries, though under the strict, unceasing supervision of those who were Initiates, such things have already been practiced. When people hear this too, they say: Why shouldn't these old methods be renewed? But they don't take into account the fact that people's bodies were something completely different in ancient times than they are today. What was it in ancient times, even in those Chaldean times of which I have spoken in these days, that was above all present in people, or rather, not present?
You see, our intellectuality of today was not there. People did not think for themselves as we think today, but people received their thoughts as inspiration. Just as we are aware today that we do not make the red of the rose, but that the rose makes an impression on us, so the ancients were aware that thoughts also come in from things, are inspired by them. And that was because the physicality was quite different in those ancient times. The physicality was different right down to the composition of the blood.
And so it was possible that in those ancient times metals such as those I have spoken of were administered to people in an extraordinarily fine, we would say today, homeopathic high potency, in order to support the exercises of the soul. But you see, the whole body was different in those days. And let us now assume that such a person in ancient times, that is, in those Chaldean times of which I have spoken, such a person received highly potentized copper and then received the instruction that he should do certain soul exercises before receiving this copper - that was always the case - such a person did not have to train for days, but had to train for years before the highly potentized copper was administered to him. And then, when this had been administered to him, then, because his physicality was quite different, he had learned through the training to feel how this finely distributed, this copper pulsating in very fine, highly potentized substance in him, in his blood, worked in the upper parts. He had found that when he received the copper after this careful training, he experienced inwardly that the words he uttered became warmer, warmer, as it were, because he himself became warm in his larynx and in the nerves that go from the larynx to the brain.
Well, this was due to the fact that man in those ancient times, because of his different physicality, was able to develop a fine sensitivity to what was going on in him. If you give highly potentized copper to a person in the same situation today, it will also work. Of course it works. But it causes him to become laryngitis, and nothing more at first. This difference between the old organization and the newer organization of the human being must be known, then one will no longer develop the desire and longing, as was still common in ancient times, indeed, as was often practiced in the Middle Ages, to put oneself into other states of consciousness through external ingestion.
You see, today the only correct way is for man to first acquaint himself mentally, as I described yesterday, with the nature, with the essence of copper, to acquire a subtle sensation of the color of copper as it is when copper is somehow found, of the color of copper as it is when it is abraded, to acquire a sensation of how copper acts in copper vitriol and the acid inside, and so on. If a man procures a sensation in this way, then this sensation, on which he now meditates, on which he concentrates, acts on the newer man in the right way.
Now you can say: Yes, but you have written your book “How do you gain knowledge of the higher worlds?”, and there is nothing in it that says that you should put yourself into the copper in this way. - Fine, it doesn't say that. But it does say other things. Above all, in principle it is already in my book, only not exactly for copper, but for other things. It describes how you should immerse yourself in the nature of crystals, plants and so on. These elementary exercises are given. However, it is not said that one should get to know the nature of copper, for then one would not have to write a book, but a library. But that is not necessary either, because exercises are given, for example exercises in self-confidence, concentration exercises in relation to very specific content. Yes, they coincide with what I have just described about the nature of copper. It is not said that you should have the nature of copper in front of you, but rather that you should try to take some simple content and concentrate on it every morning and every evening. In other words, this means to concentrate on the nature of copper. Only that is given as soul content which could also be given based on metallicity.
I say to someone: You should concentrate on a certain soul content, for example “In the light shines wisdom” every morning and every evening, then if he really does this, it works in his soul. And it works just as if I had said to him: Get to know the nature of copper from all sides and concentrate on the copper. - The only difference is that one time I started from the moral, the other time from the purely physical, chemical. And it is much better for those who are not exactly chemists to enter the spiritual world by the moral route.
So you see how these things must behave, because the path that one would take into the spiritual worlds, following the paths that were made in the ancient Mysteries, would be quite wrong for today's modern man. The right path today is the one that replaces the external natural-physical with a more moral, spiritual way. For all of man's connections with nature have become different under the influence of the development of human physicality. Blood composition, tissue fluid, constitution, they are all different today from those of the people of ancient Chaldea. Our body is a different one.
The anatomist cannot prove this. Firstly, anatomists today mostly work with corpses. And even though it was recently said at a meeting of natural scientists, as a kind of cry of distress with regard to natural science: 'Give us corpses! for the anatomists find that they have too few corpses to investigate all the mysteries - Chaldean corpses it will be very difficult to procure in order to investigate these things!' [And secondly, the anatomist wouldn't find anything with his crude means either] Things have to be investigated by spiritual means.
So we have a different physicality than the ancients. And for this reason we have to say something quite specific. Even today we can produce highly potentized substances, metallicity for example. But why do we do that? Yes, you see, it is precisely the deeper insight into the essence of nature that gives us the necessary orientation and direction. If you really know the human body, you know that it is changed by all the metals I have mentioned, tin, copper, lead and so on, that it is changed by all these metals. And I have indicated to you the change initially through the change in the states of consciousness.
But now changes also occur in the human body in normal life, if I may use the philistine expression. Let us say, for example, that we have a change in the area of which I said yesterday that the copper effect radiates from it (see drawing p. 76). Now, such a change expresses itself in all kinds of disturbances of the digestive organs, in all kinds of disturbances of the metabolic limb-man, disturbances of that part of the human being which is preferably connected with the metabolism, with digestion, with the distribution of food in the body. Every such disturbance in the human organism, which is called a disease, is also connected with the evocation of a different state of consciousness. You only have to consider this in its full scope.
If you have a diseased organ somewhere, what does that mean? Well, as I said yesterday: in the present, man has his waking state of consciousness in ordinary life through his heart; the other members of the human organization have other states, they just don't come up into consciousness. - The region of your larynx, with all that is connected from the larynx to the brain, has the next state of consciousness, which I described yesterday in addition to the ordinary one, continuously. - The region here, the region of the digestive organs, continually has the state of consciousness that leads one along the time that the dead pass through after death (see drawing p. 76). The human being always goes with them. Every human being experiences the life of the people he has met after they have passed through the gate of death. But he experiences them under his heart, not in his heart. Therefore he knows nothing about it. Therefore it remains in the subconscious, the unconscious.
When a disturbance occurs in the same region in which man continually experiences the life of the dead in the years after death, that is, when a digestive disorder occurs as an illness, the state of consciousness down there is changed. Under the heart a too strong consciousness appears. For example, what does it mean to have a certain kind of stomach disease? In physical life, of course, it means what the doctor describes physically. And what I am advocating here will not object in the slightest to physical medicine. It is fully recognized and appreciated. In anthroposophy we do not take the standpoint of dilettantism and amateurism, of charlatanism, which rejects physical medicine, criticizes it or dismisses it and the like. We fully recognize them. But apart from the fact that man has in himself what is described in physical medicine, if one has a certain kind of stomach disease, such a stomach disease makes man more apt to follow the life of men after death, immediately after death. So what can we say from a spiritual point of view?
First of all, of course, one describes the disease in the physical sense, so that one can indicate the therapy and so on. But from a spiritual point of view one could say that man has the urge to go with the dead whom he has known after death. But he does not have the ability to descend into the consciousness that lies beneath his heart. He does not know that he is going into the region of the dead. That is the spiritual side of sickness. One is sick to the stomach because one is with the dead too much. But by being with the dead too much, the dead also have too strong an effect. A great deal comes into us from the world, which I said yesterday is more real than the physical world. And if you have a scale that is supported here (it is drawn), if the scales are here, and if the scale sinks too low and you want to restore balance, you have to put more weight on the other side. If the scales are out of balance, you have to put more weight on the other pan.
Suppose a person has developed such a sensitive consciousness under his heart - but it remains unconscious to him - that he goes along with the dead too much, then it is like lowering one pan of the scales. It becomes too heavy. You have to put a weight on the other pan. How do you do that?
If the consciousness here (see drawing S. 76) is too strong, you have to make the consciousness here (red) weaker, because the center of the balance beam (orange) is in the heart. So you have to weaken the consciousness here in this region. How do you do that? You give the human being copper. I told you that modern man is organized in his body in such a way that the copper acts on the organs of the larynx. But the digestive organs and the organs of the larynx are as closely connected to each other as one balance beam is to the other. One can be regulated by the other. If a person is given an appropriate dose of copper, he will move more towards the region of the dead for his healing, whereas otherwise he will remain more and more in the region of the dead. This is the spiritual side of healing.

Today we must therefore say that all substances, all substantialities have a physical side and a moral side, as I described earlier. The physical side could be used by the old initiators for their disciples after long training as I have said; today it may no longer be used in this way. Today the moral substance belongs to the field of spiritual development; the physical substance belongs to the doctor. And with regard to the moral side, it is only a question of the person who knows the physical side also having the possibilities to penetrate deeply into the physical side of the substances, that he is also supported by the knowledge of the moral side of the substances.
But this must be strictly adhered to for today's cognition, for practical cognition in the field of spiritual paths. The physical side of substantiality belongs to the physician; the moral side belongs where there is spiritual development. For human organisms have changed quite fundamentally since ancient times. And as intimate as the connection once was between the realization of the moral side of substances and the physical, it must become intimate again after it has been lost. I shall speak of this loss in a moment. But the relationship that exists, for example, between physical medical science and moral science must nevertheless be different today than it was in ancient times. This relationship must exist in both cases. But it is different today than it was in antiquity. And it is on the recognition of such things that the insight into the true and false paths into the spiritual world is based.
Changes in man's position towards knowledge in the course of history
Now, it will be of some use to us if, in order to shed a little more light on what I have said, we take a look at the changes that have taken place in man's whole attitude to knowledge over a long period of time. Let us start from the present and go back a little in the development of mankind to see how differently people have spoken about things in the field of knowledge, of research. Today, when we look at the great, wonderful progress that has been made in recent times in the knowledge of thermal forces, of electrical forces, but also of forces in living organisms, we speak of nature and speak of the knowledge of nature, of natural science, in England of natural philosophy.
If we look at what is called nature in schools, even in the lowest schools today, in ordinary elementary school, it is something extraordinarily abstract. It is the sum of natural laws, as they say, which one has to learn, something extraordinarily abstract. And the abstractness of the matter is also expressed in life. Just think how abstract even the most enthusiastic student of natural science feels and senses today. In botany, let's say, he has to memorize many names of plants and plant genera, in zoology of animals and animal genera. He forgets them again, has to learn them over and over again if he wants to pass his exams. And after the exam he forgets them even more. Then he looks them up in the manuals when he needs them. And you can't exactly say that the relationship of a person who studies botany or zoology today to botany or zoology is like the relationship of a person to a loved one. You can't say that. It's not like that today.
Nature is something that is shrouded in fog. There are many laws: laws about gravity, laws about heat, laws about light, laws about electricity, laws about magnetism, laws about steam and water and equilibrium and differences in equilibrium; natural science, knowledge of nature is what we know about stones and plants. Natural science is also what we say we do not know about the life of the inner constitution of the organs of plants, animals, human beings, in short, much of what we say we know today, much of what we say we do not know. Today this is natural science, natural philosophy.
But it's something you can't really give a warm handshake to, because it's all hazy, it's all thin and abstract. Today, we are making an effort to conquer this abstract concept of “nature”. We can already say that some have become somewhat indifferent to this abstract concept of nature. We maintain a benevolent neutrality, even if we are not part of the complete youth, which today is strongly opposed to what is practiced as natural science in schools; we profess a benevolent neutrality. It was not always like this. And I would now like to begin by characterizing the epistemological moods a little in terms of older centuries.
For example, if we go back to the 9th, 10th, 11th centuries, even to the 12th, 13th centuries, but very little there, we come to people who, if we were to use the word today, we would call learned people, scientists. We come back to those great scholars of the time who taught in the important school of Chartres in the 11th and 12th centuries, we come back to Bernardus Silvestris, to Bernardus of Chartres, to Alanus ab Insulis. We then come back to those personalities who, at that time, were still, I would say, walking around among other people with the type of initiate, with the type of person who knew a lot about the secrets of existence, like that great Joachim de Fiore, who was still initiated in the sense of the Middle Ages, or to that great personality who also worked at that time, who became known to the world under the name of John of Auville. I mention these personalities, to which I could add many others, in order to enter into the time, to characterize the mood of the time with regard to knowledge.
When you face these people with your soul and they talk about nature, it is a completely different matter than when we talk about nature today. When you meet a botanist or a pathological anatomist or a histologist today, you rarely have the feeling that the physiognomy he presents to you comes from the mysteries of pathological anatomy or zoology. When you meet such a pathological anatomist or histologist or even a therapist today, you are much more likely to get the feeling that the physiognomy comes from the little dance he danced here or there the day before. One sees through these physiognomies rather into these kind relationships than into what he experiences out of the mysteries of nature. It was certainly not so when one looked into the eyes of a Joachim de Fiore or an Alanus ab Insulis or a Bernardus Silvestris, who lived in the age of which I have just spoken. There was something tragic about the faces of these people, something that said: we live in an age that has lost a lot. - Something tragically sad, I would like to say, lived on the faces of those people from their immersion in knowledge.
Again, if one had seen the fingers of these people, these fingers which today's decadent man would call nervous fingers, but which had within them the living testimony that these people again wanted to dig and work in the old secrets, of which their countenance expressed that they had been lost, then one would have noticed that something was at work in these people which wanted to bring up again that which was there in ancient times. Sometimes they have succeeded in doing so. Sometimes they have succeeded in conjuring up the old times again, albeit in a shadowy image, before their pupils.
You can imagine - it is not a poetic image that I am placing before you, it is a reality, ladies and gentlemen - you can imagine the school of Chartres, where the beautiful cathedral still stands today, Alanus ab Insulis teaching, speaking to his students about nature, saying something like: "Nature - a being that we can no longer grasp, that eludes us when we want to get close to it. Humanity has developed powers that lead it to other things, but which are no longer capable of grasping nature in the same way that nature was grasped by those who knew it in ancient times. For nature was a mighty great spirit being that worked everywhere, where the stones were formed in the mountains, where the plants grew out of the ground, where the stars twinkled in the sky. Everywhere an immeasurably great being was weaving in the form of a wonderful woman. The ancients saw this with their eyes. According to the information given by the ancients, we can still form mental images of what nature was, this everywhere weaving, working, that lives and weaves in all that surrounds us, in all warmth, in all light phenomena, in all color phenomena, in all life phenomena. But it slips away from us when we want to get close to it. For the goddess Natura is living and weaving in everything. A goddess, a divine-spiritual being, whose essence can only be recognized if we can look at it.
In the 12th century, such a personality as Alanus ab Insulis made such mental images clear to his students at the School of Chartres. But because this goddess Natura was seen dissolving in the mist, with the vitality of everything that we find today as abstract, dead natural laws, because she slipped away again immediately, that is why there was this tragic, sad look on the faces of these people.
And then there were people like the great teacher of Dante, Brunetto Latini, who through a special karmic event, that he got a kind of sunstroke during a hike - which was much more important than the pain he got over the expulsion of the Guelphs from his hometown - who, because his state of consciousness had become different as a result, was still able to perceive this goddess Natura, as he describes in his book “Tesoretto”. And he describes quite vividly, in vivid imagination, how he passes through a barren forest on the way home to his hometown of Florence, how he approaches a mountain in this barren forest, sees the goddess Natura acting on this mountain, how the goddess Natura now enlightens him as to what the human soul is in thinking, feeling and willing, but also how she enlightens him as to what the four temperaments of man are according to their nature, how she also enlightens him as to what the five senses of man are.
This was all a real spiritual and mental instruction, a reality that he went through under the influence of a pathological state when he returned from Spain to his hometown of Florence. And when he had gone through all this, he saw the weaving and being of the four elements, fire, earth, water, air, saw the weaving and being of the planets, the going forth of the human soul into the starry heavens. He saw all this under the influence of a spiritual teaching that came to him from the goddess Natura.
A man of that time describes all this as vividly as is possible in today's language. At the same time, however, one has the feeling that he feels: The others, the ancients, knew it quite differently; it always slips out of one's mouth today. You even have to get into a degraded, pathological state if you still want to look into these secrets.
But there was a tremendous urge in these people to conjure up something like the real form of Natura. And you see, when we take this step backwards in human feeling, in human thinking towards knowledge, then we have the feeling: Well, we are also faced with nature today, but we call it by a name that is something quite abstract, a sum of laws. We are proud of it if we can only summarize these laws in some harmony. We go back a few centuries. We see a living relationship that man had with a divine being that wove and lived and worked all the phenomena that occurred: the rising of the sun, the setting of the sun, the warming of the stones, the warming of the plants, all this working in the living weaving and driving. Think what a completely different science that is! Science contained the deeds of the goddess Natura. There was also a difference between the mood when the students of Chartres came out - they were mostly Cistercian monks - and the mood that students have today when they come out of school; it was already something different and something more alive, something more essential. And it becomes very lively and essential in such descriptions as that of Brunetto Latini, Dante's great teacher.
You can imagine that this was alive, because all the wonderful images and figures that Dante painted in his “Commedia” emerged from the vivid descriptions of his teacher Brunetto Latini, who was initiated by a karmic fall; just as much of what was then taught in schools such as Chartres and others emerged from such initiates as Joachim de Fiore and others.
The term “Natura” was used at that time, but not as abstractly as we do, but for something that is there, that works in the external sensory phenomena, but withdraws, slips away. And then there was something else. Suppose - again, I'm not describing a poetic image, but something that was quite real - suppose you had already sat in the college as a somewhat aged student, as it is called, of Alanus ab Insulis. You would have gone through what happened there. The students would have been dismissed and you would have gone on a lonely walk with Alanus ab Insulis, discussing what had happened. What would you have learned there?
Yes, such a conversation could have taken on a special form. One could have spoken of this goddess Natura, who reveals herself to us in the appearances of the outer physical-sensual world, but who slips away from us. Then Alanus ab Insulis would have patted you on the back and said, "Oh, if only we had still had that sleep: Oh, if we still had that state of sleep that the ancients had, then we would get to know the other side, the hidden side of the goddess Natura. But we sleep into the unconscious, where the other side of nature was revealed to the ancients. If we could still sleep like that, sleep as clairvoyantly as the ancients, then we would know the goddess Natura. - Speaking like this, Alanus ab Insulis would have patted you on the back.
And if, in such a case, one had entered into an intimate conversation with Joachim de Fiore, he would have said after some time: Yes, it will be difficult for us to get to know the other side of Natura, the great goddess who creates and weaves in everything that creates and weaves. The ancients knew both sides of her. And you know - he would have told you - the ancients didn't use the word “Natura”. They did not say of the being that we today suspect more than we know much about it: it is the goddess Natura. They used a different word. They used the word “Proserpina”. That is the truth.
This was still known in those days. Our abstract nature, which we carry in our ideas, is the transformation of what I have just described to you. And what lived in the souls of personalities such as Bernardus Silvestris, Alanus ab Insulis, John of Auville, and above all in such personalities as Brunetto Latini, what lived in them was the transformation of what the ancients saw in Proserpina, the daughter of Demeter. Demeter, the whole universe, Proserpina! It is quite philistine to pronounce the newer word [for] Proserpina: nature. Nature, which can only remain in the upper world for half of its time, that is, it turns its physical-sensual side towards man, the other half of life descends into those regions that man reaches with sleep, but which, because sleep has become devoid of essence, he no longer reaches in modern times.
Our knowledge of nature is an imitation of that which lived in the myth of Proserpina in ancient Greece, without one being able to see this in its abstractness today. The fact that this was felt by the personalities with the tragic countenance whose names I have given you, that this could still be felt in that time itself, already evokes a mental image of how the ways of knowledge have changed.
But the right coloring of such a thing, as I have said again today in the first part of my speech, the right coloring for it can only be obtained by looking back at the way knowledge once was. I give these descriptions not to evoke old knowledge, but to evoke a feeling of what knowledge once was.
Images from ancient times
If you want to hold in your soul the saying that Joachim de Fiore or John of Auville, for example, could say in the Middle Ages, patting you on the back: What we see today as nature, or what disappears because we cannot reach it on the other side of life, was once Proserpina - and when the myth of Proserpina - as a myth it is only preserved - arises in one's soul, then the images of even older circumstances crowd in on these impressions. These are images from a time in which it was not abstract nature, not the goddess Natura, who was felt in a tragic mood, who lived among people, in souls, but in which the radiant goddess lived on the one side and the tragic goddess on the other: Proserpina-Persephoneia.
And how did she live in certain times of knowledge, in those ancient times when she was still fully alive? Those were not the times, my dear guests, in which Plato wrote about philosophy, in which Socrates spoke about philosophy, no, those were not those times. They were much older times, ancient times, in which knowledge was something immensely more alive among people than it later became even in the enlightened times of Greekism.
Let us try to place it in a picture before our souls, to evoke in this picture what knowledge once was in the course of human development, in order to shed the right light on what we have already discussed from the present point of view and will continue to discuss in these lectures. Let us try to evoke a small, of course only imperfectly described picture of that kind of mysteries into which the Greek philosopher Heraclitus was still initiated, who is called “the Dark One”, “the Dark One”, because what he had received from those mysteries had already become dark in later times, dark in soul. Let us try to paint a picture in front of our souls of the time of the development of the Mysteries, from which the Greek world above all drew, drew with regard to its imagination, also drew with regard to the shaping of its myths. Let us try to imagine the Ephesian Mysteries, the Mysteries of Ephesus, in which Heraclitus, the Dark One, was also initiated.
There were indeed ancient insights still prevalent in Ephesus, but they were also preserved in Ephesus right up to the times in which Homer worked, yes, right up to the times, albeit weaker, in which Heraclitus was initiated. Such ancient mysteries were present in the strongest vitality. And there were already strong, powerful initiatory currents flowing in that temple, which was adorned on its eastern side with the image that has also become known to the world, the image of the goddess Diana, the goddess of fertility, who in her imagery expresses the fertility that abounds everywhere in nature. And great secrets of existence, deeply spiritual secrets, were already drawn into human words when the conversations were held, for example immediately after those taking part in the Mysteries had received their powerful impulses at the cults and in the details of the cults in the temple of Ephesus. And they were deep conversations that continued when the participants in the cult left the temple and then, just when the outer world was at its most fertile for such things, at dusk, took the path that led from the temple gate into a forest that had wonderful corridors, into that forest overgrown with blackish-green trees, where the paths were lost in beautiful perspective to the various sides of Ephesus. I would like to put conversations of this kind into an imperfect picture.
There it was that the one who was initiated from one side into the mysteries of that time, then probably came into conversation with a disciple. For it must be noted that in those ancient times the equality of the male and female sex, especially in those times after which it immediately declined, was much more alive than it is in our time. So that we can just as well speak of female disciples in Ephesus as of male disciples, in the same way. And the myth of Proserpina and Persephoneia in its spiritual form was very much alive in those conversations.
But how was such a conversation about the Proserpine myth conducted? First there was, let us say, the teacher, the initiated priest, who was able to speak from the impulses he had received about the events in the world of forms, to speak about the events that take place between entities, and from this initiation was able to say the following to his pupil: Look, we are walking through the twilight. The sleep that makes the divine world visible will soon begin. Look at yourself in all your human form. Down there are the plants; around us is the forest, shadowy in the twilight, wonderful in its green twilight darkness. The first twinkling stars are already beginning to appear above. Look at it all. Look at the majesty, the grandeur, but also the sprouting, sprouting life above and below. And then look at yourself. Consider how a whole universe lives and weaves within you, how in everything that circulates within you, in everything that has its existence in events within you, there is an abundance of facts, an abundance of transformations of being in every moment. Feel how you yourself are a whole world that is more mysterious, more magnificent, even if smaller in space than the universe that you survey from the earth to the stars. Feel that! Feel yourself as a human being as a world, as a world that has a greater fullness than the world that you see with your eyes, that you encompass with your thoughts. Feel the world inside you within your skin.
And then feel how you now look out of your world into the world that stretches from the earth to the stars. You will then be embraced by sleep. Then you will not be in your body, not in your world, then you will be in the world that you now overlook from the earth to the stars. Then you will have gone out of yourself with your soul-spiritual part. Then you will live in the star radiation, in the earth's vapor. Then you will go with the wind. Then you will think with the star ray. Then you will live in your outer world and will look back on that which you are as a world within you.
And in those ancient times it was still possible for the teacher to speak to the pupil in this way, because the outer contemplation during the waking hours was not yet so contoured, but as I have described it to you. And sleeping was not yet permeated by complete darkness. Sleep was still permeated by experiences upon experiences, and one pointed to experiences when one pointed to the sleep-embraced state: Around you now is Proserpina or Persephoneia, Kore. Kore lives in the stars. Kore lives in the sunbeams and moonbeams. Kore lives in the growing plants. Everywhere it is Persephoneia's effectiveness that lives there, for she has woven the garment from which all this is made. And behind it all is Demeter, her mother, for whom she has woven the garment that you now see as the outer world. Natura would not have been said. Persephoneia or Kore would have been said - has been said.
And see, if someone will stay awake longer than you - the teacher said to his pupil - then while you are asleep, he will see that which appears externally as the form of Proserpina in plants, in mountains, in clouds, in stars, just as you do. For that is the illusion of how you see it. It is not Proserpina that is the illusion, it is not what she creates in mountains and plants and clouds and stars that is the illusion, but the way you look, that is the illusion. And you will sleep. Through your eyes, through this wonderful puzzle of existence, the eye will enter you, Kore-Persephoneia.
And this was presented so vividly because it was experienced so vividly that the person falling asleep did not merely feel: now my sight goes out, now my hearing goes out - not merely felt: now I cease to perceive - but that the person falling asleep perceived how Persephoneia submerged through the pair of eyes into the body, into the physical body, into the etheric body, which were abandoned by the soul-spiritual in sleep.
The upper world, one is in it while awake; the lower world, one is in it while asleep. Persephoneia has entered the sleeping physical and etheric body through the eye. Persephoneia is with Pluto, the ruler of the sleeping state in the physical and etheric body. The activity of Pluto in union with Persephoneia, which is submerged in the physical and etheric body during sleep, the activity of Pluto with Persephoneia was experienced by the sleeping pupil, who through this direction, which he had received through the fact that the entry of the Kore had been made clear to him through the gates of the eyes, had translated this into the living and now experienced the deeds of Pluto and Persephoneia in sleep. The pupil experienced this, while his teacher experienced other corresponding things that were more related to the things of form.
Then, when they came together again, they had both experienced their secrets. Then they could talk about a plant, about a tree. Then the teacher probably described how the forms are formed, because that had just presented itself to him during sleep. Then he penetrated into the forms of the leaves, the trunk, into the figuration of the world, into those figurations that descend, so to speak, from top to bottom. And perhaps the pupil had experienced the other: perhaps he was able to attain what the teacher spoke of when he spoke of the secrets of chlorophyll, of the secrets of the plant juices that spread from the bottom to the top of the plant. In this way the conversations complemented each other wonderfully, as these secrets were revealed to the human soul in the living embrace of the goddess Proserpina, who showed the other side to people during their sleep in the underworld. And so in those ancient times the pupil learned from the teacher, the teacher from the pupil. For on the one hand the revelations were spiritual-spiritual, on the other soul-spiritual. And a conversation that took place in this way between people gave the highest insights in human community, in shared human experience.
And by experiencing these highest realizations, by seeing the dawn approaching again in the morning, by experiencing the day's star shining from the east, shining into the dark green forest - with its wonderful perspective - one was enlivened for an hour or two in the realm that we today call the realm of nature; all this flowed together in the conversation. And it was clear that all this was the contact with Persephoneia. It was clear that what was then incorporated into the Persephoneia myth was the secret of human knowledge of nature. And a magic, which I could only imperfectly hint at, was at work in the conversations that were held in reference to the mysteries of Ephesus; this magic was at work in the conversations. And in those conversations lived the Persephone insights, lived in them in all their vitality, which was then shaded into what we have today as the abstract term “nature”, and about which people like Joachim de Fiore bore tragic sorrow on their faces.
We can only understand the paths into human spirituality and into the spirituality of the cosmos if we not only characterize the individual consciousnesses that man can reach, but if we look at how the consciousnesses have gradually metamorphosed in the course of mankind's development, how different the insights were that lived in the conversations that those who went out of the temple of Ephesus had - the wonderful conversations; and how different the conversations were that people had with personalities like Joachim de Fiore, like Alanus ab Insulis; and how different the insights are today that we must seek again in order to return from the outer to the inner, from the upper to the lower, back from the inner to the outer, back from the lower to the upper in a mental, spiritual way.

Record of Rudolf Steiner's fourth lecture from August 14, 1924
Notepad archive no. NZ 4426
A gloomy-looking landscape - angular-looking building forms rise up here and there in a circle - the last rays of the sun are fading away
Arriving at a forest - entrance into a narrow passage - it gets darker and darker -
Totally dark -
Temple gate =
Hitting = -..-..-..
Open =
A spirit being: Who are you?
(shining only through themselves)
We are old related acquaintances You are unfaithful earth people; you have forgotten your guardians -
We have gathered fruit in being on earth for eternity -
Before your fruits my light fades
I hold your light as long as we need it
The light carries on
Gather what is before you = Ephesus mystery =
Extinction of the light
From above the moon -