Anthroposophy and Science
GA 324
19 March 1921, Stuttgart
Lecture IV
Yesterday I tried to show how, by developing the ability to form imaginative vision, it is possible to gain a different kind of insight into human sense perception than can be gained when we approach it with the logic of the mind. I emphasized especially that this imaginative picturing that lives in the soul—as I said, I will describe its development in due course—has to be built up the way mathematical imagery is built up, the way mathematical constructs are developed, analyzed, and so on.
From this, the rest of what I said will also be clear: how we apply the results of our inner mathematical activity to the outer mineral-physical realm; and how in a similar way we apply our imaginative activity to the human senses. In this way we may know what takes place in those "gulfs"—as I called them yesterday—which the physical sense world sends into the human organism. The fact is that with the development of such an imaginative faculty and of knowledge of the real nature of the senses—of what is mainly the head organization—we also gain something else. We become able, for example, to form mental pictures of the plant kingdom. I indicated this yesterday. When we use only spatial and algebraic mathematics to approach plant growth and plant formation, we do not find that this mathematical form of consciousness is able to penetrate into the plant kingdom as it can penetrate into the mineral kingdom.
When on the other hand we have developed imaginative cognition, at first just inwardly, then we become able to form mental images applicable to the plant kingdom just as we found it possible with the mineral kingdom.
At this point, however, something peculiar appears: we now approach the plant world in such a way that the individual plant appears to us as only part of a great whole. In this way, for the first time we have a clear picture of what the plant nature in the earthly world really is. The picture we receive allows us to see the entire plant kingdom of the earth forming a complete unity with the earth-world. This is given purely empirically to the imaginative view. Of course, with our physical make-up we cannot possibly hold more than part of the earth's plant life in our consciousness. We observe only the plant world of a particular territory. Even if we are botanists, our practical knowledge of the plant world will always remain incomplete in the face of the entire plant world of the earth. This we know by the most simple thought. We know we do not have a whole, we have only part of the whole, something that belongs together with the rest. The impression we have in looking at the partial plant world is very much like being confronted by someone who is completely hidden from view except for a single arm and hand. We know that what is before us is not a complete whole, but just part of a whole, and that this part can only exist by virtue of being connected with the whole. At the same time we arrive at a concept that is completely unlike that of the physicist, mineralogist, or geologist: we see that the forces in the plant world are just as integral a part of the earth as those in the geological realm. Not in the sense of a vague analogy but as a directly perceived truth, the earth becomes a kind of organic being for us—an organic being that has cast off the mineral kingdom in the course of its various stages of development, and has in turn differentiated the plant kingdom.
The thoughts I am developing here for you can, of course, be arrived at very easily by mere analogy, as we see happening in the case of Gustav Theodor Fechner. Such conclusions arrived at by analogy have no value for the spiritual science intended here—what we value is direct perception. For this reason it must always be emphasized that in order to speak of the earth as an organism, for example, one must first speak of imaginative mental pictures. For the earth as an integral being reveals itself only to the imaginative faculty, not to the logical intellect with its analogies.
There is something else that one acquires in this process, and I wish especially to mention it because it would be most useful to students as regards methodology. In present-day discussions on the subject of thinking and also on how we apprehend the world in general, there is a great lack of clarity. Let us take an example. A crystal is held up to view—a cubic salt crystal, for instance—with the idea of illustrating something or other: perhaps something about its relation to human knowledge, its position in nature as a whole, or something similar. Now it could happen that in the same way that the salt cube is used, a single rose is held up for illustration. The person who holds up the rose feels it is acceptable to ascribe objective life to the rose in the same way as to the salt cube. To someone who does not strive for just a kind of formal knowledge, but who aspires to an experience of reality, it is clear that there is a difference. It is clear that the salt cube has an existence within its own limits. The plucked rose, on the other hand, even on its stem is not living its life as a rose. For it cannot develop independently to the same degree (please note the word) as the salt does. It must develop on the rosebush. The whole bush belongs to the development of the rose; separated from the bush, the rose is not quite real. An isolated rose only appears to have life.
I say all this in an effort to be clear. In all observations that we make, we must take care not to theorize about the observations before we have grasped them in their totality. It is only to the entire rosebush that we can attribute an independent existence in the same sense as to the salt cube. When we rise to imaginative mental Images, we acquire the ability to experience reality in a certain completeness.Then what I have just said about the plant world can be accepted. We see it as a whole only if our consciousness is able to apprehend it as a whole, if we can regard everything confronting us separately—all the different families and species—as part of the entire plant organism which covers the earth, or better said, which grows out of the earth.
Thus through imaginative mental images one not only gains understanding of the sense world, one also has important inner experiences of knowledge. I would like to speak of these inner experiences of knowledge in purely empirical terms.
As human beings we are in a position to look back with our ordinary memory to what took place in our waking life, back to a certain year in our childhood; with our power of memory we can call up one or another event in pictorial form out of the stream of our experiences. Still, we are clearly aware that to do this we must exert a distinct effort to raise individual pictures out of the past stream of time. As this imaginative vision develops further, however, we arrive gradually at a point where time takes on the quality of space. This comes about very gradually. It should not be imagined that the results of something like imaginative vision come all at once. It is pointless to think that the acquisition of the imaginative method is easier than the methods employed in the clinic, the observatory, and so on. Both require years of work: one, mental work; the other, inner work in the soul. The result of this inner work is that the individual pictorial experiences join one another. At this point, time—which we usually experience as “running” when we look over the course of our experiences and draw up one or another memory experience—now time, at least to some extent, becomes spatial to us. All that we have lived through in life—almost from birth—comes together in a meaningful memory picture. Through this exertion of imaginative life, of “looking back,” of remembering back, individual moments appear before the soul. These moments are more than a mere remembering. We have a subjective experience of viewing our life lived here on earth. This, as I said, is a practical result of imaginative mental imaging.
What kind of inner experience arises parallel to this inner viewing, this panorama of our experiences? We are quite clear that the strength of our soul which brings these memory pictures to consciousness is related to our ordinary bright, clear power of understanding. It is not itself the power of understanding, but it is related to it.
One can say: What we have been striving to attain—that our consciousness will be illuminated by this imaginative cognition in all our activities as it is in mathematical activity—happens for us when we come to these memory pictures. We have images and we hold them as tightly as we hold the content of our intellect. Thereby we come to a definite kind of self-knowledge, a knowledge of how the power of understanding works. For we do not merely look back at our life: our life presents itself to us in mirror images. It shows itself in such a way that this comparison with a mirror really holds true. We can extend the comparison and speak of understanding reflected images in a mirror by applying optical laws. Similarly, when we come to inner imaginative perceptions, we can recognize the power of the soul that we usually think of as our mental capacity becoming enhanced, so that we experience our intellect creating not only abstract pictures but concrete pictures of our experiences.
At first a kind of subjective difficulty arises, but once we understand it we can proceed. We experience clarity as in mathematics when we experience these pictures. But the feeling of being free—not in a behavioral sense, but in one's intellectual activity—is not present in this kind of imagining. Please do not misunderstand me. The entire imaginative activity is just as voluntary as our ordinary intellectual activity. The difference is that in intellectual activity one always has a subjective experience (I say "experience" because it is more than a mere sensation), one is really in a realm of imagery, a realm that means nothing from the point of view of the outer world. We do not have this feeling in relation to the content of the imaginative world. We have the very definite experience that what we are producing in the form of imaginations is at the same time really there. We find ourselves living and weaving in a reality. To be sure, at first this is a reality which does not have an especially strong grip on us and yet we can really feel it.
What we can gather from this reality, what we become aware of as we think back from our life panorama to the inner activity that created it, acquaints us inwardly, "mathematically," with something that is similar to the formative force of the human being. Just as mathematical mental images match and explain outer physical-mineral reality, so this something coincides with what is contained in the human formative force or growth force. (It also coincides with the formative force of other living beings, but I will not speak of that now.) We begin to see a certain inner relation between something that lives purely in the soul—namely, imagination—and something that weaves through the human being as the force of growth, the force that makes a child grow into an adult, that makes limbs grow larger, that permeates the human being as an organizing power. In short, we experience what is really active in the growth principle of the human being. This insight appears first in one definite area: namely, the nerves. The life panorama and the experiences described in connection with it give us insight at first into the growth principle in the human nerve organism—that is, the creative principle which continues inward in the nerve-sense organism. We receive a mental picture of an imaginative kind that enables us to begin to understand what our sense organs actually represent. This also gives us the possibility of seeing the entire nervous system as a synthetic sense organ that is in the process of becoming, and as embracing the present sense organs. We learn to realize that at birth, though our sense organs are not fully mature, they are complete with regard to their inner forces; this may be evident from the way I spoke about the relation of imagination to the sense world. At the same time we can see that what lives in our nerve organism is permeated by the same force as are the sense organs, but that it is in the process of becoming. It is really one large sense organ in the process of becoming. This image comes to us as a real perception. The different senses as they open outward and continue inward in the nerve organism—during our whole life up to a certain age—are organized by the power we have come to know in imagination.
You see what we are striving to accomplish. We wish to make transparent the forces that work in the human being which would otherwise remain spiritually opaque. For what does the human being know of the way in which these forces are active within him? Something that cannot be mastered by ordinary knowledge, something that can be characterized as ordinarily opaque to the soul and spirit, now begins to be clear. One has the possibility, through a higher kind of qualitative mathematics—if I may use such a phrase—of penetrating the world of the senses and the world of our nerve organism. One might think that when we reach this point we would become arrogant or immodest, but just the contrary, we learn true modesty through knowledge of the human being. For what I have described to you in a very few words is really acquired over a long period of time. For one, the knowledge comes quickly; for another, much more slowly. And often someone who applies the methods of spiritual research with patient inner work is surprised by the extraordinary results. The results that such inner work brings to light, if they are properly described, can be grasped by a healthy human understanding. But to draw these results forth from the recesses of the soul requires persistent and energetic soul work. And what especially teaches us modesty is the recognition that after much hard work, the results of imaginative cognition acquaint us only with our nerve-sense organism. We can realize how shrouded in darkness is the rest of the human organism.
Then, however, to reach beyond mere self-knowledge regarding the nerve-sense system, we must attain a higher level of knowledge. (The word "higher" is of course just a term.) Above all I must emphasize (I will go into it in more detail later) that the attainment of imaginative knowledge is based on meditation—not a confused, but a clear methodically-exercised meditation (to repeat the phrase I used in my book Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and its Attainment), in which over and over again we set before our soul easily surveyable images. What is essential is that they shall be easy to view as a well-defined whole, not some vague memories, reminiscences or the like. Vague memories would lead us away from a clear mathematical type of experience. Easily pictured mental images are required, and preferably symbolic images, for these are most easily viewed as a whole. The important thing is what we experience in our soul through these images. We seek to bring them into clear consciousness in such a manner that they are like a clear memory image. Thus through voluntary activity mental images we have evoked are taken into our soul in the same way that we take memory images into the soul. In a way, we imitate what happens in our activity of remembering. In remembering, certain experiences are continually being made into pictures. Our aim is to get behind this activity of the human soul; how we do this, I will describe in due course. In our effort to get behind the way remembering takes place, we gain the ability to hold easily-surveyable images in our consciousness (just as we hold memory images) for a certain length of time. As we become used to this activity, we are able to extend the time from a few seconds to minutes. The particular images themselves are of no importance. What is important is that through the effort of holding these self-chosen images, we develop a certain inner power of soul. We can compare the development of the muscles of the arm through exertion to the way certain soul forces are strengthened when mental images (of the kind I have described) are repeatedly held in our consciousness by voluntary effort. The soul must really exert itself to bring this about, and it is this exertion of soul that is crucial. As we practice on the mental images we ourselves have made, something begins to appear in us that is the power of imagination. This power is developed similarly to the power of memory, but it is not to be confused with the power of memory. We will come to see that what we conceive of as imaginations (we have already partly described this) are in fact outer realities, and not just our own experiences as is the case with memory images. That is the basic difference between imaginations and memory images. Memory images reproduce our own experiences in pictorial form, while imaginations, although they arise in the same way as memory images, show through their content that they do not refer merely to our own experiences but can refer to phenomena in the world that are completely objective. So you see, through the further development of the memory capacity, we form the imaginative power of the soul.
And now, just as the power of remembering can be further developed, so it is also possible to develop another capacity. It will seem almost comical to you when I name it—but the further development of this capacity is more difficult than that of memory. In ordinary life there are certain powers by which we remember, but also by which we forget. It seems sometimes that we do not need to exert ourselves in order to forget. But the situation changes when we have developed the power of memory in meditation. For oddly enough, this power to hold onto certain imaginations brings it about that the imaginations want to remain in our consciousness. Once there, they are not so easily got rid of—they assert themselves. This fact is connected with what I said earlier, that in this situation we have to deal with actually dwelling in a reality. The reality makes itself felt; it asserts itself and wishes to remain. We succeeded in forming the power of imagination (in a manner modeled on mathematical thought); now through further exertion we must be able voluntarily to throw these imaginative pictures out of our consciousness. This capacity of the voluntarily developed "enhanced forgetting" must be especially cultivated.
In the forming of these inner cognitive powers—enhanced memory and enhanced forgetting—we must be careful to avoid causing actual harm to the soul. However, just to point out the dangers involved would be like forbidding certain experiments in a laboratory for the reason that something might explode someday. I myself once had a professor of chemistry at the university who had lost an eye while conducting an experiment. Happenings of this nature are of course not a valid reason for preventing the development of certain methods. I think I can correctly say that if all the precautionary measures are applied which I have described in my books regarding the inner development of soul forces, then dangers cannot arise for the soul life. To continue—if we do not develop the capacity to obliterate the imaginative pictures again, then there is a real danger that we could be tethered to what we have given rise to in our meditations. If this happened, we would not be able to go further. The development of enhanced forgetting is really necessary for the next stage.
There is a certain way in which we can help ourselves achieve this enhanced power of forgetting. Perhaps those who are involved in any of the present-day epistemological studies will find this discussion quite dilettante and I am fully aware of all the objections, but I am obliged to present the facts as they happen to be. So—to continue—one can gain help in enhancing the power of forgetting if we further develop, through self-discipline, a quality which appears in ordinary life as the ability to love. Naturally it can be said: love is not a cognitive power, it does not concern knowledge. Perhaps this is true today because of the way cognition is understood. But here it is not a matter of keeping the power of love just as it appears in ordinary life. Here the power to love is to be developed further through work an oneself. We can achieve this by keeping the following in mind.
Is it not so?—living our lives as human beings, we must admit that with each passing year we have actually become a slightly different person. When we compare ourselves at a certain age with what we were, say, ten years earlier—if we are honest—we are sure to find that certain things have changed in the course of time. The content of our soul life has changed—not just the particular form of our thoughts, feelings, or life of will, but the whole make-up of our soul life. We have become a different person “inside.” And if we search for the factors through which we have changed inwardly, we will find the following: We may notice first of all what has happened to our physical organism—for this is always changing. In the first half of life it changes progressively through growth; in the second half it is changing through regression. Then we must look at our outer experiences: what confronts us as our own mental world; all those things that leave pain, suffering, pleasure, and joy in the soul; the forces we have tried to develop in our will life. These are the things that make us a different person again and again in the course of life. If we want to be honest about what is really taking place, we have to say we are just swimming along in the current of life. But whoever wishes to become a spiritual scientist must take his development in hand through a certain self-discipline. He might, for instance, take a habit—little habits are sometimes of tremendous importance—and within a certain time transform it through conscious work. In this way we can transform ourselves in the course of our life. We are transformed through being in the current of life, as well as through the work we do on ourselves with full consciousness. Then when we observe our life panorama, we can see what has changed in our life as a result of this self-discipline. This works back in a remarkable way on our soul life. It does not have the effect of enhancing our egotism, rather it enhances our power to love. We become more and more able to embrace the outer world with love, to enter deeply into the outer world. Only someone who has made efforts in such self-discipline can judge what this means. If one has made such efforts, one can appreciate what it means to have the thoughts we form about some process or some thing accompanied by the results of such self-discipline. We enter with a much stronger personal involvement into whatever our thoughts penetrate. We even enter into the physical-mineral world with a certain power of love—that world which if approached only mathematically leaves us indifferent. We feel clearly the difference between penetrating the world with just our weak power of mental imaging, and penetrating it with a developed power of love.
You may take offense at what I am saying about the developed power of love: you may want to assert that the power of love has no place in a quest for knowledge of the outer world, that the only correct objective knowledge is that which is obtained by logical intellectual activity. Certainly there is need for a faculty that can penetrate the phenomena of the outer world by means of the bare sober intellect alone, excluding all other powers of the soul. But the outer world will not give us its all if we try to get it in this manner. The world will only give us its all if we approach it with a power of love that strengthens the mind's mental activity. After all, it is not a matter of commanding and expecting that nature will unveil herself to us through certain theories of knowledge. What is really important is to ask: How will nature reveal herself to us? How will she yield her secrets to us? Nature will reveal herself only if we permeate our mental powers with the forces of love.
Let me return to the enhancement of forgetting: with the power of love the exercises in forgetting can be practiced with greater force, and the results will be more sure, than without it. By practicing self-discipline, which gives us a greater capacity for love, we are able to experience an enhanced faculty of forgetting, just as surely a part of our volition as the enhanced faculty of remembering. We gain the ability to put something definite, something of positive soul content, in the place of what is normally the end of an experience. Normally when we forget something, this marks the end of some sequence of experiences. Thus in place of what would normally be nothing, we are able to put something positive. In the enhanced power of forgetting, we develop actively what otherwise runs its course passively.
When we have come this far, it is as if we had crossed an abyss within ourselves and reached a region of experience through which a new existence flows toward us. And it is really so. Up to this point we have had our imaginations. If in these imaginations we remain human beings equipped with a mathematical attitude of soul, and are not fools, we will see quite clearly that in this imaginative world we have pictures. The physiologists may argue whether or not what our senses give us are pictures or reality. (I have dealt with this question in my Riddles of Philosophy.) The fact is, we are well aware that these are pictures, pictures that point to a reality, but still they are just pictures. Indeed, to achieve a healthy experience in this region we must know that they are pictures—images—confronting us. However, at the moment when we experience something of the enhanced power of forgetting, these images fill with something coming from the other side of life, so to say. They fill with spiritual reality. And we go to meet this reality. We begin, as it were, to have perceptions of the other side of life. Just as through our senses we perceive one side of life, the physical-sensible side, so we learn to look toward the other side and become aware of a spiritual reality flowing into the images of imaginative life. This flowing of spiritual reality into the depth of our soul this is what in my book Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and its Attainment I have called “inspiration.” Please do not take exception to the name—just listen to how the word is being used. Do not try to remember instances where you have met the word before. We have to find words for what we want to say, and often we must use words that already have older meanings. So for the phenomenon just described, I have chosen the word inspiration.
Through developing inspiration we finally gain insight into the human rhythmic system, which is bound up in a certain way with the realm of feeling. This leads us to something I must emphasize: the method leading to inspiration which I have just described can actually be followed only by modern man. In earlier periods of human evolution, this faculty was developed more instinctively—for example, in the Indian yoga system. This, however, is not renewable in our age. It goes against the stream of history. And in the spiritual-scientific sense, one could be called a dilettante if one wanted to renew the yoga system in these modern times. Yoga set into motion certain human forces that were appropriate only for an earlier stage of human evolution. It had to do with the development of certain rhythmic processes, with conscious respiratory processes. By breathing in a certain manner, the yogi worked to develop in a physical way what modern man must develop in a soul-spiritual way—as I have described. Nevertheless, there is something similar in the instinctive inspiration we find running through the Vedanta philosophy and what we achieve through fully conscious inspiration. The way we choose to achieve this, leads us through what I have described.
As modern human beings, we approach this from above downwards, so to say. Purely through soul-spiritual exercises we work to develop the power within us that then finds its way in to the rhythmic system as inspiration. The Indian worked to find his way into the rhythmic system directly through yoga breathing. He took the physical organism as his starting-point; we take the soul-spiritual being as ours. Both ways aim to affect the human being in his middle system, the rhythmic system. We shall see how what we are given in imaginative cognition (which combines the sense system and nervous system) is in fact enhanced when we penetrate the rhythmic system through inspiration. We shall also see how the ancient, more childlike, instinctive forms of higher knowledge (for example, yoga) come to new life in the present day in the consciously free human being.
Next time I will speak further on the relation of the earlier yoga development of the rhythmic system and the modern approach which leads through inner soul-spiritual work to inspiration.
Vierter Vortrag
Ich habe mich gestern bemüht darzulegen, wie durch die Entwickelung des imaginativen Vorstellens es möglich werden kann, die Wesenheit der menschlichen Sinneswahrnehmung in einer anderen Weise zu durchschauen, als das der Fall sein kann, wenn man nur wiederum mit den Ergebnissen der gewöhnlichen Sinneswahrnehmung und mit dem kombinierenden Verstand an diese Aufgabe herantritt. Ich habe besonders betont, daß dieses imaginative Vorstellen, dessen Entwikkelung, wie ich schon gesagt habe, ich noch im weiteren schildern werde, im seelischen Erleben so verlaufen muß, daß es nachgebildet ist dem mathematischen Vorstellen, dem Entwickeln, Analysieren und so weiter von mathematischen Gebilden.
Nun wird Ihnen ja daraus das weitere klar sein, was ich dann dargestellt habe: daß man genau in derselben Weise, wie man sich mit den Ergebnissen innerlich entwickelten Mathematisierens an die äußere sinnliche Wirklichkeit macht im mineralisch-physischen Reiche, man sich mit demjenigen, was dem imaginativen Vorstellen gegeben ist, so, sagen wir zunächst, an das Reich der menschlichen Sinne macht, um dasjenige zu erkennen, was in diesen — ich habe gestern gesagt — Golfen, welche die physisch-sinnliche Außenwelt hineinsendet in den menschlichen Organismus, vorgeht. Nun handelt es sich aber darum, daß derjenige, der ein solches imaginatives Vorstellen ausgebildet hat, zu gleicher Zeit mit der Erkenntnis des Wesens der menschlichen Sinne, also der eigentlichen Hauptesorganisation des Menschen, auch zu anderem kommt. Er kommt zum Beispiel dazu, sich Vorstellungen bilden zu können über das Wesen des Vegetabilischen. Angedeutet habe ich das auch schon gestern. Nicht wahr, wenn wir mit den bloßen Ergebnissen räumlicher und algebraischer Mathematik an das Pflanzenwachstum, an die Pflanzengestaltung und so weiter treten, so können wir ja nicht die Empfindung erhalten, daß in irgendeiner Weise dasjenige, was wir im mathematischen Bewußtsein gegeben haben, untertauchen könne in das Pflanzenreich ebenso, wie es untertauchen kann in das mineralische Reich. Dagegen in dem Augenblick, wo wir das imaginative Vorstellen zunächst rein innerlich ausbilden, kommen wir dazu, das Pflanzliche uns so zu vergegenwärtigen, wie das sonst im Mineralischen auf die angezeigte Art der Fall ist.
Aber es tritt dann das Eigentümliche ein: Man tritt dann an die Pflanzenwelt so heran, daß einem die einzelne Pflanze eigentlich nur erscheint wie ein Teil eines großen Ganzen. Man bekommt auf diese Art eigentlich erst eine Vorstellung von dem Pflanzlichen innerhalb der Erdenwelt. Man bekommt nämlich die Vorstellung, daß das gesamte Pflanzenreich der Erdenwelt eigentlich mit dieser Erdenwelt zusammen eine große Einheit bildet. Das ergibt sich rein empirisch dem imaginativen Blick. Natürlich, wir können ja niemals mit unserem physischen Dasein mehr umfassen als irgendeinen Teil der Pflanzenwelt der Erde. Wir betrachten die Pflanzenwelt irgendeines Territoriums; selbst wenn wir Botaniker sind, bleibt unsere empirische Kenntnis der Pflanzenwelt gegenüber der totalen Pflanzenwelt der Erde immer etwas sehr Partielles. Aber das weiß man auch durch unmittelbare Anschauung. Man sagt sich: Da hast du kein Ganzes, da hast du etwas, das nur Teil einer Totalität ist, was mit anderem zusammengehört. — Es ist etwa einer solchen Teilpflanzenwelt gegenüber der Eindruck der, wie man ihn bekommen würde, wenn man einem Menschen gegenübertritt, der durch irgend etwas ganz verdeckt ist mit Ausnahme eines einzigen Armes und einer Hand. Man würde da wissen, man hat da keine abgeschlossene Ganzheit vor sich, sondern etwas, was Teil eines Ganzen ist und seine Daseinsmöglichkeit überhaupt nur als ein Teil eines solchen Ganzen hat. Man bekommt dann aber auch noch die Vorstellung, daß man das Irdische überhaupt nicht so denken kann, wie es der Physiker, der Mineraloge oder der Geologe denkt, sondern man bekommt die Vorstellung, daß zum Erdensein geradeso hinzugehört dasjenige, was sich als Kräfte in der Pflanzenwelt auslebt, wie dasjenige, was sich im Geologischen oder Mineralogischen und so weiter auslebt. Nicht im Sinne einer vagen Analogie, sondern im Sinne eines wirklichen Durchschauens wird einem die Erde eine Art organischen Wesens. Allerdings ein organisches Wesen, welches durch seine verschiedenen Entwickelungsstadien das mineralische Reich aus sich herausgesondert und auf der anderen Seite das pflanzliche Reich differenziert hat.
Dasjenige, was ich Ihnen hier entwickle, das kann ja sehr leicht, wie es zum Beispiel bei Gustav Theodor Fechner der Fall ist, durch bloße Analogieschlüsse gewonnen werden. Auf solche bloßen Analogieschlüsse gibt aber die Geisteswissenschaft, die hier gemeint ist, gar nichts, sondern eben nur auf das unmittelbare Anschauen. Daher muß immer betont werden, daß vorangehen müsse dem Sprechen über so etwas wie zum Beispiel die Erde als Organismus das Sprechen über das imaginative Vorstellen, denn nur dem imaginativen Vorstellen, nicht dem kombinierenden Verstande mit seinen Analogien kann gegeben sein die Erde als ein Gesamtwesen.
Man eignet sich dabei aber auch noch etwas anderes an, und das ist etwas, was ich hier ausdrücklich erwähnen will, weil es eine sehr große methodologische Bedeutung hat, und weil ich vor allen Dingen darauf Rücksicht nehme, daß meine Worte für Studierende gesprochen sind. Es herrscht in den Auseinandersetzungen, die in der Gegenwart über das Gedankliche und auch über das sonstige seelische Erfassen der Welt gegeben werden, im Grunde eine große Unklarheit. So spricht man zum Beispiel davon, daß man einen Kristall betrachtet, sagen wir einen Salzwürfel, und man will an diesem Salzwürfel irgend etwas sich klarmachen, sagen wir etwas über seine Beziehung zum menschlichen Erkenntnisvermögen oder über seine Stellung innerhalb des Naturganzen und so weiter. So wie man ungefähr über diesen Salzwürfel spricht, so spricht man oftmals auch — ja man könnte sogar sagen, heute fast ausschließlich — zum Beispiel über eine Rose, und man hat dabei das Gefühl, man dürfe das objektive Sein dem Salzwürfel in derselben Weise zuschreiben wie der Rose. Und dennoch, derjenige, der mit seiner Erkenntnis nicht irgend etwas Formales anstrebt, sondern der mit seiner Erkenntnis hineinstrebt in die Wirklichkeit, der die Wirklichkeit wirklich ergreifen will, der muß sich das Folgende ganz klar vor Augen stellen. Er muß sich sagen: Der Salzwürfel hat einen Bestand innerhalb seiner Grenzen. Die Rose hat keinen Sinn innerhalb derjenigen Grenzen, in denen ich sie hier als Rose mit einem Stengel sehe. Denn als solche Rose kann sie sich nicht in demselben Grade - ich bitte das Wort zu beachten - selbständig entwickeln wie der Salzwürfel. Sie muß am Rosenstock sich entwickeln, der Rosenstock gehört zu der Entwickelung dieser Rose dazu, und sie ist nicht ein wirkliches Ding außerhalb des Rosenstockes. Sie hat für mich im Grunde genommen, wenn ich sie als abgesonderte Rose ansehe, ein Scheindasein.
Das sage ich zur Verdeutlichung. Es soll nur soviel daraus hervorgehen, daß wir nötig haben, bei allen Beobachtungen, die wir machen, nicht irgendwie zu theoretisieren über die Beobachtungen, bevor wir das Beobachtete in seine entsprechende Totalität eingefaßt haben. Erst dem gesamten Rosenstock können wir ein Sein von selbständiger Art in demselben Sinne beilegen wie dem Salzwürfel. Wir dürfen also nicht etwa in erkenntnistheoretischer oder anderer Beziehung von der Rose ebenso sprechen wie von dem Salzwürfel. Die Wirklichkeit erleben zu wollen in einer gewissen Abgeschlossenheit, dafür erwirbt man sich einen starken Sinn, wenn man zum imaginativen Vorstellen aufrückt, und mit diesem Sinn ausgerüstet, muß man auch dann dasjenige hinnehmen, was ich eben jetzt gesagt habe mit Bezug auf die Pflanzenwelt. Die irdische Pflanzenwelt als ein Ganzes, sie ist in einem gewissen Sinne nur dann seinsgemäß vor uns gestellt, wenn wir sie mit dem Bewußtsein als ein Ganzes auffassen und wenn wir das Einzelne, was uns entgegentritt, die Gattungen und Arten der Pflanzenwelt gewissermaßen nur betrachten als Teil des ganzen Pflanzenorganismus, der die Erde bedeckt, besser gesagt, der aus der Erde herauswächst.
Also nicht nur ein Verständnis der Sinneswelt, sondern auch der äußeren Pflanzenwelt bekommt man durch das imaginative Vorstellen. Aber man bekommt auch bedeutsame innere Erkenntnisse. Ich möchte zunächst von diesen inneren Erkenntnissen so sprechen, daß ich Ihnen nur das Empirische davon mitteile. Wir sind in der Lage, als Menschen durch unsere gewöhnliche Erinnerung zurückzublicken auf dasjenige, was bis zu einem gewissen Jahre in unserer Kindheit sich abgespielt hat während unseres wachen Daseins, und wir können aus dem Strom unserer Erlebnisse durch die Erinnerungskraft das eine oder andere Ereignis in bildhafter Form heraufholen. Aber wir haben ein deutliches Bewußtsein davon, daß wir in diesem Heraufholen die Erinnerungskraft anstrengen müssen, daß wir die einzelnen Bilder heraufholen müssen aus dem zeitlich verlaufenden Strom. Wenn aber das imaginative Anschauen immer mehr und mehr ausgebildet wird, dann kommt man allmählich dazu, daß die Zeit gleichsam zum Raume wird. Die Sache stellt sich sehr allmählich ein, und man soll sich nicht vorstellen, daß die Ergebnisse von so etwas, wie das imaginative Anschauen es ist, auf einen Schlag kommen. Man braucht sich gar nicht vorzustellen, daß etwa die Aneignung der imaginativen Methode leichter ist als diejenige von Laboratoriumsmethoden oder diejenige der Klinik, der Sternwarte und so weiter. Das eine wie das andere braucht jahrelange Arbeit, das eine Gedankenarbeit, das andere seelische innere Arbeit. Aber als Erlebnis dieser seelischen inneren Arbeit ergibt sich dann, daß sich uns die einzelnen Ergebnisse zusammenschließen, daß wir gewissermaßen sehen, wie die Zeit, die wir als verlaufend überblicken, wenn wir aus dem Strom unserer Erlebnisse die eine oder die andere Erinnerung heraufholen, daß diese Zeit — annähernd wenigstens — wie zum Raume wird, daß sich zusammenschließt wie in einem bedeutsamen Erinnerungsbilde dasjenige, was wir in dem Leben nahezu von unserer Geburt an durchlebt haben. Es wird durch die Anstrengung des imaginativen Lebens diese Rückschau, die jetzt etwas anderes ist als eine bloße Rückerinnerung, in einzelnen Momenten vor unsere Seele hingestellt. Tatsächlich liegt zunächst dieses Subjektive vor, daß wir eine Rückschau auf unser bisheriges Erdenleben bekommen. Das ist, wie gesagt, ein empirisches Ergebnis des imaginativen Vorstellens.
Welches innere Erlebnis oder, ich möchte besser sagen, welche innere Erlebnisart stellt sich nun parallel diesem Anschauen, diesem Panorama unserer Erlebnisse ein? Es stellt sich dasjenige ein, daß wir zwar diese Erlebnisbilder als Bilder vor uns haben, daß wir uns aber doch ganz klar sind darüber: Die Kraft unserer Seele, welche uns diese Erinnerungsbilder eben vor das Bewußtsein stellt, die ist durchaus verwandt mit der gewöhnlichen hellen und klaren Verstandeskraft. Sie ist nicht selbst die Verstandeskraft, aber sie ist verwandt mit dieser hellen und klaren Verstandeskraft. Man kann durchaus sagen: Das, was man angestrebt hat, daß man in allen Verhältnissen bei diesem imaginativen Vorstellen das Bewußtsein so durchhellt, wie es sonst im Mathematisieren ist, das bleibt einem, wenn man zu diesen Erinnerungsbildern kommt. Man hat Bilder, aber man hält sie so fest, wie man sonst die Inhalte des Verstandes festhält. Dadurch aber bekommt man in einer ganz bestimmten Art eine Anschauung von dem Verstandeswirken selber, man bekommt eine Anschauung von der Bedeutung dieses Verstandeswirkens für den Menschen und seine Selbsterkenntnis. Man blickt nämlich nicht nur auf sein Leben zurück, sondern dieses Leben, das sich einem da wie durch ein Spiegelbild darstellt, zeigt sich einem so, daß man wirklich den Vergleich mit einem Spiegel gebrauchen kann. Wie man bei einem Spiegel davon spricht, daß die sich spiegelnden Gegenstände in ihren Spiegelbildern begriffen werden können dadurch, daß man optische Gesetze anwendet zu diesem Begreifen, so lernt man, indem man zu solchen inneren Anschauungen kommt, das Wirken jener Seelenkraft erkennen, die da so erlebt wird wie sonst der Verstand. Man erlebt gewissermaßen den gesteigerten Verstand, einen Verstand, der nicht nur in abstrakten Bildern schaffen kann, sondern der zustande bringt diese sehr konkret sich ausnehmenden Bilder unserer Erlebnisse.
Allerdings eines tritt ein, das zunächst eine Art subjektiver Schwierigkeit bildet, die aber nur verstanden zu werden braucht, damit man sich in der richtigen Weise hineinfindet. Indem man in diesen Bildern lebt, lebt man schon in ihnen wie in völliger mathematischer Klarheit, aber die Empfindung des freien Seins — nicht des freien Sich-Verhaltens, aber des freien Seins —, wie man sie hat in der Verstandestätigkeit, die hat man bei dieser Art des Imaginierens dann nicht mehr. Sie müssen mich nicht mißverstehen: Die ganze Tätigkeit des Imaginierens, sie verläuft schon durchaus in einer ebenso willkürlichen Weise wie die gewöhnliche Verstandestätigkeit, aber die Sache ist doch so, daß bei der Verstandestätigkeit man immer das subjektive Erlebnis hat — ich sage Erlebnis, weil es mehr ist als eine bloße Empfindung -: Du schwimmst eigentlich im Bilde, du schwimmst in irgend etwas, was der Außenwelt gegenüber eigentlich ein Nichts ist. Dieses Gefühl, dieses Erlebnis hat man nun nicht gegenüber dem Inhalte der imaginativen Welt, sondern man hat durchaus das Erlebnis, daß dasjenige, was man da produziert als Imaginationen, zu gleicher Zeit da ist, daß man in etwas Daseinendem drinnen lebt, daß man also lebt und webt in einer Realität, allerdings in einer Realität zunächst, die einen nicht außerordentlich, ich möchte sagen, stark festhält, aber deren Festhalten eben schon durchaus empfunden werden kann.
Und durch dasjenige, was man nun da, ich möchte sagen, aus der Realität herausschält, was man sich innerlich gegenwärtig macht, indem man zurückreflektiert von dem Lebenspanorama zu der inneren Tätigkeit, welche dieses Lebenspanorama schafft, lernt man wiederum innerlich mathematisch kennen dasjenige, was man jetzt wiederum zur Deckung bringen kann — wie man sonst die mathematischen Vorstellungen mit der äußeren mineralisch-physischen Wirklichkeit zur Dekkung bringen kann — mit demjenigen, was in der Bildekraft des Menschen - auch in der Bildekraft anderer Wesen, davon will ich jetzt nicht sprechen -, was in der Wachstumskraft des Menschen enthalten ist. Man bekommt eine Vorstellung von einer gewissen inneren Verwandtschaft desjenigen, was im Imaginieren rein seelisch lebt, denn es ist ein rein seelisches Erlebnis, und demjenigen, was den Menschen durchwebt als seine Wachstumskraft, was ihn heranwachsen läßt vom Kinde zum erwachsenen Menschen, was seine Glieder größer werden läßt, was ihn innerlich als Wachstumskraft durchorganisiert. Kurz, man bekommt dadurch eine unmittelbare Erkenntnis von dem, was als reales Wachstumsprinzip im Menschen wirkt. Und zwar bekommt man die Einsicht zunächst auf einem ganz bestimmten Gebiet, nämlich auf dem Gebiet des Nervenwesens. Dadurch, daß man das Lebenspanorama hat mit demjenigen, was man in der geschilderten Weise daran erlebt, dadurch sieht man dasjenige zunächst ein — von dem anderen werde ich später sprechen —, was als Wachstumsprinzip im Nervenorganismus des Menschen ist, der ja den Sinnesorganismus nach innen fortsetzt. Und man bekommt die Vorstellung: In deinen Sinnesorganen hast du etwas gegeben, was du zunächst durch die Imagination etwas durchschauen kannst. Das enthält aber jetzt auch die Möglichkeit, den ganzen Nervenorganismus so zu überblicken wie ein werdendes, ich möchte sagen, synthetisches Sinnesorgan, welches die übrigen Sinnesorgane eben synthetisch umfaßt. Man lernt erkennen, daß unsere Sinne mit unserem Geborenwerden nicht in ihrem vollen Wachstumsergebnis, wohl aber in ihren inneren Kräften etwas Abgeschlossenes sind — das geht ja hervor aus der Art, wie ich gesprochen habe über die Stellung der Imagination zur Sinneswelt —, daß aber dasjenige, was in unserem Nervenorganismus lebt, durch dieselbe Kraft wie die Sinnesorgane durchsetzt ist, aber ein Werdendes ist, ein werdendes großes Sinnesorgan. Man bekommt eben die Vorstellung als eine reale Anschauung, daß wir die einzelnen Sinne haben nach außen sich öffnend und nach innen sich fortsetzend in dem Nervenorganismus, so daß während unseres Lebens noch bis zu einem gewissen Lebensalter dieser Nervenorganismus von der Kraft organisiert wird, die wir in der Imagination auf die charakterisierte Weise kennengelernt haben.
Sie sehen, was da eigentlich angestrebt wird. Es wird angestrebt, daß dasjenige, was einem am Menschen selbst eigentlich wie geistig undurchsichtig entgegentritt — was weiß denn der Mensch eigentlich von sich, was weiß er, wie die Kräfte in seinem eigenen Inneren wirken? -, allmählich durchsichtig werde. Dasjenige, was man ein geistig-seelisch Undurchsichtiges nennen kann, ein von der gewöhnlichen Erkenntnis nicht zu Bewältigendes, das beginnt geistig-seelisch durchsichtig zu werden. Man bekommt eine Möglichkeit, mit einer höheren, qualitativen Mathematik, wenn ich mich des Ausdrucks bedienen darf, zunächst die Welt der Sinne und dann die Welt unseres Nervenorganismus zu durchdringen. Und man beginnt jetzt, wenn man zu diesen Dingen kommt, nicht etwa hochmütig und unbescheiden zu werden, sondern man fängt jetzt erst eigentlich an, gerade gegenüber dem Erkennen des Menschen so recht bescheiden zu werden. Denn dasjenige, was ich Ihnen hier in verhältnismäßig wenigen Worten geschildert habe, das eignet man sich eigentlich im Laufe einer sehr langen Zeit an, und obzwar es bei dem einen früher, bei dem anderen später auftritt, wenn er wirklich die Methode der Geistesforschung auf sich anwenden will, so darf man doch sagen: Gewiß, einem dann außerordentlich fundamental und wichtig erscheinende Ergebnisse, sie überraschen einen oftmals erst, nachdem man innerlich jahrelang an sich gearbeitet hat. Dasjenige, was durch solche innerliche Arbeit zutage tritt, wenn es einigermaßen zutreffend geschildert wird, es kann dem gesunden Menschenverstand durchaus immer begreiflich erscheinen. Aber das Daraufkommen, das Heraufholen solcher Ergebnisse aus den Untergründen des Seelendaseins, das ist etwas, was eben doch einer ausdauernden und energischen inneren Seelenarbeit bedarf. Und namentlich lernt man nun bescheiden werden, weil man kennenlernt, wie man sich erst Stück für Stück durcharbeiten muß zu einer relativen menschlichen Selbsterkenntnis. Denn durch das, was man so in der imaginativen Vorstellung sich erringt, sieht man ganz genau: Du lernst eigentlich dadurch nur kennen den Nerven-Sinnesorganismus des Menschen, und du kannst jetzt im Grunde genommen erst ermessen, in welchem Dunkel vor dir steht dasjenige, was sonst der menschlichen Organisation eingegliedert ist.
Dann aber handelt es sich darum, eine höhere Stufe — das Wort «höhere» ist ja nur ein Terminus - in übersinnlicher Erkenntnis zu erringen, um eben etwas weiterzukommen als bis zum bloßen Selbsterkennen bezüglich des Nerven-Sinnessystems. Da aber muß ich zunächst darauf hinweisen, daß — ich werde es noch genauer schildern — das Erringen der imaginativen Erkenntnis im wesentlichen darauf beruht, daß man immer wieder und wiederum in einer nicht konfusen, sondern methodisch-technisch geführten Meditation, wie ich in meinem Buche «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?» den Ausdruck gewählt habe, leicht überschaubare Vorstellungen sich vor die Seele hinstellt. Wesentlich ist, daß sie leicht überschaubar sind, nicht irgendwelche Erinnerungen, Reminiszenzen und so weiter — dadurch würde man verleitet sein, eben das mathematische Erleben zu stark in den Hintergrund zurückzudrängen -, also leicht überschaubare Vorstellungen, am besten, weil diese am leichtesten überschaubar sind, symbolische Vorstellungen. Es kommt darauf an, was wir mit diesen Vorstellungen seelisch erleben. Diese Vorstellungen suchen wir so in unser Bewußtsein hereinzustellen, daß das Anwesendsein im Bewußtsein nach Art einer sonstigen Erinnerungsvorstellung da ist. Also selbstgemachte Vorstellungen werden durch willkürliche Tätigkeit so in die menschliche Seele hereingenommen, wie sonst Erinnerungsvorstellungen drinnen stehen. Man ahmt in einer gewissen Weise durchaus dasjenige nach, was im Erinnern geschieht. Im Erinnern werden gewisse Erlebnisse in Bildern dauernd gemacht. Hinter diese Tätigkeit der menschlichen Seele sucht man zu kommen, wie, das werde ich noch darstellen. Indem man dahinter zu kommen sucht, wie das Erinnern sich vollzieht, wird man dann auch in den Stand kommen, willkürlich solche leicht überschaubaren Vorstellungen ganz nach dem Muster der erinnerten Vorstellungen durch eine gewisse Zeit hindurch — man gewöhnt sich immer mehr und mehr, diese Zeit sogar von wenigen Sekunden bis zu Minuten herauf auszudehnen -, durch eine verhältnismäßig also längere Zeit im Bewußtsein festzuhalten. Nicht auf diese Vorstellungen kommt es an, sondern darauf kommt es an, daß an diesem Vorstellen solcher selbstgewählten Vorstellungen eine gewisse innere Seelenkraft sich entwickelt. Geradeso wie wenn ich die Muskeln meines Armes anstrenge, sich diese Muskeln entwickeln durch die Anstrengung, so verstärken sich gewisse Seelenkräfte, wenn sie es zu tun haben mit solchen Vorstellungen, wie ich sie geschildert habe, die immer wieder und wiederum willkürlich in das Bewußtsein gerückt werden. Die Seele muß sich anstrengen, um diesen Prozeß herbeizuführen und festzuhalten, und auf diese Anstrengung im seelischen Erleben kommt es an. Und indem wir uns so üben an den selbstgemachten Vorstellungen, tritt eben etwas in uns auf, was die Kraft der Imagination ist, die also nach dem Muster der Erinnerungskraft entwickelt wird, die aber doch nicht zu verwechseln ist mit dieser Erinnerungskraft. Denn wir werden noch zu schildern haben, wie das, was wir in den Imaginationen auffassen — wir haben es zum Teil ja schon geschildert —, eben durchaus reale äußere Dinge sind, nicht etwa wie in den Erinnerungsvorstellungen unsere bloßen eigenen Erlebnisse. Das ist der Unterschied im Grunde zwischen den Imaginationen und den Erinnerungsvorstellungen, daß die Erinnerungsvorstellungen nur im Bilde wiedergeben unsere eigenen Erlebnisse, daß aber die Imaginationen, trotzdem sie zunächst wie Erinnerungsvorstellungen auftreten, durch ihren eigenen Inhalt klarmachen, daß sie sich nicht beziehen auf unsere eigenen Erlebnisse bloß, sondern daß sie sich beziehen können wenigstens auf uns gegenüber durchaus objektive Tatsachen der Welt.
Sie sehen also, durch ein Weiterbilden des Erinnerungsvermögens bilden wir die imaginative Kraft der Seele. Nun kann man geradeso, wie man weiterbildet die Kraft der Erinnerung, eine andere Kraft weiterbilden. Fast wird es Ihnen komisch erscheinen, wenn ich Ihnen diese Kraft nenne. Und dennoch, die Weiterbildung dieser Kraft, sie ist schwieriger als diejenige der Erinnerungskraft. Im gewöhnlichen Leben sorgen ja manche Mächte dafür, daß wir nicht nur erinnern — namentlich die verehrten Kommilitonen werden mir das zugeben -, sondern auch vergessen, und wir brauchen uns zuweilen gar nicht besonders anzustrengen, um vergessen zu können. Das ändert sich etwas, wenn wir die weitergebildete Erinnerungskraft in der Meditation ausbilden. Denn merkwürdigerweise führt diese Kraft des Festhaltens gewisser Imaginationen dazu, daß diese Imaginationen zunächst bleiben wollen. Sie sind, wenn sie auftreten im Bewußtsein, nicht ohne weiteres leicht wiederum fortzuschaffen, sie machen sich geltend. Das hängt damit zusammen, was ich vorhin charakterisiert habe, daß wir es mit einem Stehen in einer Realität eigentlich zu tun haben. Diese Realität macht sich darin geltend, daß sie auch bleibend sein will. Nun, hat man es dazu gebracht - aber in einer dem mathematischen Vorstellen nachgebildeten Weise —, die imaginative Kraft auszubilden, dann bringt man es durch eine weitere Anstrengung auch dazu, diese Vorstellungen ebenso willkürlich, wie man sie gebildet hat, wiederum aus dem Bewußtsein herauszuwerfen. Und diese Kraft des fortgebildeten Vergessens, sie muß ganz besonders gepflegt werden. Es handelt sich durchaus darum, daß, wenn diese inneren Erkenntniskräfte ausgebildet werden sollen, man wirklich auch alles Nötige anwendet, um nicht innerhalb der Seele gerade Unheil anzurichten. Aber derjenige, der dabei nur auf gewisse Gefahren hinweisen würde, der gliche demjenigen, der verbieten würde, im Laboratorium gewisse Versuche zu machen, weil dabei auch das oder jenes einmal explodieren könnte. Sehen Sie, ich selbst habe an der Hochschule einen Chemieprofessor gehabt, der einäugig war, weil er bei einem Experiment das eine Auge verloren hatte. Solche Dinge sind natürlich kein Einwand gegen die Notwendigkeit der Ausbildung gewisser Methoden, und ich darf wohl sagen, wenn alle die Vorsichtsmaßregeln, die ich in meinen Büchern geschildert habe mit Bezug auf dieses innere Ausbilden der Seelenkräfte, angewendet werden, daß dann durchaus Gefahren für das Seelenleben ganz gewiß nicht eintreten können. Es liegt eben, wenn man nicht auch die Methoden des Wiederloswerdens der Vorstellungen entwickelt, die Gefahr vor, daß man schon in einer gewissen Weise gegängelt wird von demjenigen, was man durch seine Meditationen herbeigeführt hat. Aber das darf ja erstens nicht geschehen, und zweitens würde es einen, wenn es geschähe, auf dem Wege der übersinnlichen Erkenntnis nicht weiterkommen lassen. Denn es ist zu gleicher Zeit eine weitere Etappe, daß diese Fortführung des Vergessens ausgebildet wird.
Nun gibt es eine gewisse Hilfe, welche man anwenden kann, um diese Fortführung der Vergessenskraft wirklich leisten zu können. Da komme ich auf etwas, was vielleicht gerade denjenigen, die in irgendeiner Richtung heutiger moderner Erkenntnistheorie drinnenstecken, als etwas ganz Dilettantisches erscheinen wird. Ich kenne alle die-Einwände, die gegen solche Dinge gemacht werden können, aber ich bin auch verpflichtet, die Tatsachen zu schildern, wie sie eben sind. Und so muß ich denn sagen, daß man sich in der Erkraftung des Vergessens zu Hilfe kommen kann, wenn man weiterbildet durch eine gewisse Selbstzucht, Zucht des eigenen Selbst, dasjenige, was im gewöhnlichen Leben auftritt als die Fähigkeit der Liebe. Ganz gewiß kann man sagen: Liebe ist ja keine Erkenntniskraft. - So wie man die Erkenntnis heute auffaßt, so ist sie es vielleicht auch nicht. Aber es handelt sich auch nicht darum, die Liebekraft so beizubehalten, wie sie im gewöhnlichen Leben für dieses gewöhnliche Leben auftritt, sondern darum, diese Liebekraft weiterzubilden, durch eine gewisse Selbstzucht. Und man kann das erreichen dadurch, daß man folgendes beachtet.
Nicht wahr, wenn man so als Mensch lebt sein Leben hindurch, so muß man sich ja gestehen, daß man eigentlich mit jedem Jahr doch ein bißchen ein anderer geworden ist, und vergleicht man dasjenige, was man ist in einem gewissen Lebensalter, mit demjenigen, was man war vielleicht vor zehn Jahren, so wird man schon finden, wenn man nur etwas ehrlich zu Werke geht mit dieser Selbstbeobachtung, daß man im Inhalte seines Seelenlebens, auch in demjenigen, der nicht bloß konturierter Gedanken- oder Empfindungs- oder auch Willensinhalt ist, sondern in demjenigen, was, ich möchte sagen, der Duktus, die ganze Verfassung des Seelenlebens ist, daß sich in dem manches im Laufe der Zeit geändert hat. Man ist innerlich ein anderer geworden, und man kann ja, wenn man auf die Faktoren hinsehen will, durch die man innerlich ein anderer geworden ist, sich sagen: Erstens ist es das, was mit unserem physischen Organismus geschehen ist, der wird ja immer ein anderer. Er wird in der ersten Lebenshälfte ein anderer durch das fortschreitende Wachstum, er wird in der zweiten Lebenshälfte immer ein anderer durch das rückschreitende Bilden und so weiter. Aber auch die äußeren Erlebnisse, dasjenige, was einem entgegentritt erstens als Vorstellungswelt, dann aber auch als dasjenige, was Schmerzen, Leiden, Lust und Freude auf unsere Seele ablagert, dasjenige, was wir versucht haben, als Willenskräfte zu entwickeln und auszuleben, das ist es ja, was uns im Lauf des Lebens immer wieder und wiederum zu einem anderen macht. Und wenn man ehrlich sich gestehen will, was da vorliegt, so muß man sich sagen: Nun ja, man schwimmt eigentlich so dahin im Strome des Lebens. — Derjenige, der Geistesforscher werden will, der muß nun in der Tat auch diese seine Selbstentwickelung durch eine gewisse Selbstzucht in die Hand nehmen. Er muß schon auch das in sich ausbilden, daß er sich vorsetzt, in einer gewissen Zeit diese oder jene Gewohnheit — kleine Gewohnheiten sind da manchmal von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung — durch eigene Arbeit umzugestalten, so daß man sich im Laufe des Lebens metamorphosiert. Nicht nur durch den Strom des Lebens selbst, sondern durch dasjenige, was man mit vollem Bewußtsein an sich selbst tut, kann man dann von irgendeinem Punkt des Lebens mit Hilfe der ja schon vorher entwickelten Rückschau des Lebenspanoramas zurückschauen auf dasjenige, was sich verändert hat im Leben durch diese eigene Selbstzucht. Dann wirkt das in merkwürdiger Weise auf das eigene Seelenleben zurück. Es wirkt dieses zurück nicht etwa im Sinne einer Erhöhung des Egoismus, sondern im Gegenteil, im Sinne der Erhöhung der Liebekraft des Menschen. Man wird immer fähiger und fähiger, mit einer gewissen Liebe die Außenwelt zu umfassen, in die Außenwelt sich zu vertiefen. Und darüber urteilen, was das heißt, kann eigentlich nur derjenige, der in solcher Selbstzucht Anstrengungen gemacht hat. Er kann nur wirklich bemessen, was es bedeutet, die Verstandesvorstellungen, die man sich bildet über irgendeinen Vorgang oder über irgendein Ding, begleitet sein zu lassen von den Ergebnissen solcher Selbstzucht. Man dringt ein mit einem viel stärkeren persönlichen Anteil in dasjenige, in das unsere Vorstellungen untertauchen, man dringt sogar in die einen mit den Ergebnissen der Mathematik sonst gleichgültig lassende physisch-mineralische Welt in einer gewissen Liebeentfaltung ein, und man merkt deutlich den Unterschied zwischen dem Eindringen mit dem bloßen blassen Vorstellen und dem Eindringen mit der entwikkelten Liebekraft.
Sie werden nur dann Anstoß nehmen an demjenigen, was ich hier über diese entwickelte Liebekraft sage, wenn Sie etwa von vornherein das Dogma aufstellen wollen: Diese Liebekraft darf nicht sein bei dem Eindringen in die Außenwelt. — Ja, solch ein Dogma kann man aufstellen. Man kann sagen, richtige objektive Erkenntnis sei nur diejenige, die im bloßen logischen Vorstellen errungen wird. Gewiß, man braucht auch durchaus diejenige Fähigkeit, die mit Ausschluß jeder anderen Kraft sich durch den bloßen nüchternen Verstand hineinversetzen kann in das Geschehen der äußeren Welt. Aber ihr Ganzes gibt uns diese äußere Welt nicht, wenn wir ihr in dieser Weise beikommen wollen, sondern ihr Ganzes gibt uns die Welt erst dann, wenn wir ihr mit einer die Vorstellungen verstärkenden Liebekraft beikommen. Und es kommt ja nicht darauf an, daß wir unsere Erkenntnis kommandieren, daß wir sagen, die Natur muß sich uns durch diese oder jene Kräfte erschließen, daß wir gewissermaßen erkenntnistheoretische Dogmen aufstellen, sondern darauf kommt es an, zu fragen: Wie erschließt sich uns die Natur? Wie ergibt sie sich uns? — Sie ergibt sich uns nur, wenn wir die Vorstellungskräfte von Liebekräften durchdrungen sein lassen.
Aber zunächst spreche ich nur davon, daß man versucht, die Übungen des Vergessens mit einer größeren Kraft und sicherer ausbilden zu können mit der Liebekraft als ohne sie. Indem man zu gleicher Zeit diese Selbstzucht, die einen liebefähiger macht, ausbildet, gelangt man dazu, tatsächlich mit einer ebenso starken Willkür das erweiterte, das verstärkte Vergessen in sich erleben zu können wie das weiterentwikkelte, das verstärkte Erinnern. Und indem man so etwas ganz Bestimmtes, Positives innerlich seelisch an die Stelle zu setzen vermag, welche sonst im Grunde genommen das Ende unseres Erlebens ist — denn wenn wir etwas vergessen haben, so ist in bezug auf eine gewisse Erlebnisreihe dieses Vergessen das Ende -, indem wir so an die Stelle einer Null gleichsam das Positive der ausgebildeten Vergessenskraft setzen, wo wir aktiv etwas ausbilden, was sonst passiv verläuft, wenn wir dazu gekommen sind, dann ist es, wie wenn wir innerlich in uns einen Abgrund übersetzt hätten, wie wenn wir tatsächlich eingedrungen wären in eine Region des Erlebens, durch die uns ein neues Dasein zufließt. Und so ist es auch. Wir haben bis dahin gehabt unsere Imaginationen. Wenn wir wirklich mit mathematischer Seelenverfassung ausgerüstete Menschen sind innerhalb dieser Imaginationen und nicht Narren, dann werden wir klar durchschauen: In der imaginativen Welt haben wir Bilder. Die Physiologie mag streiten darüber, ob dasjenige, was uns durch unsere Sinne vermittelt wird, als Bilder gegeben ist derart, wie man es meint — ich habe es in meinen «Rätseln der Philosophie» dargestellt -, ob das Bilder sind oder eine Realität. Daß das zunächst Bilder sind, die wohl auf eine Realität hinweisen, aber Bilder sind, das weiß man, und gerade darauf beruht das gesunde Erleben in einer solchen Region, daß man zunächst weiß, man hat es mit Bildern zu tun. In dem Augenblick aber, wo ein gewisses Ergebnis der verstärkten Vergessenskraft einrritt, da füllen sich diese Bilder gewissermaßen von der anderen Seite des Lebens aus mit demjenigen, was geistige Realität ist, und da wächst man zusammen mit der geistigen Realität. Man nimmt da sozusagen an dem anderen Ende des Lebens wahr. So wie man wahrnimmt durch die Sinne an dem einen Ende des Lebens, namentlich am physisch-sinnlichen, so lernt man nach der anderen Seite hinschauen und lernt erkennen, wie einfließt in die Bilder des imaginativen Lebens eine geistige Realität. Dieses Einfließen einer geistigen Realität, dieses, ich möchte sagen, am Abgrund des Seelendaseins Einfließen einer geistigen Realität in dasjenige, was wir gut vorbereitet haben innerhalb unserer Erkenntniskräfte, das habe ich in meinem Buche «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?» und in anderen Büchern Inspiration genannt. Man braucht sich nicht an dem Ausdruck zu stoßen, man muß sich nur an dasjenige halten, was zur Charakteristik solcher Worte gegeben ist. Man soll nicht Reminiszenzen aufklauben, wo sich dieses Wort auch findet. Wir müssen ja Worte haben für das, was wir vorbringen wollen, und wir müssen da oft ältere Worte wählen, und ich habe für dasjenige, was sich so darstellt, wie ich es eben geschildert habe, das Wort Inspiration gewählt.
Dasjenige, was ich so geschildert habe als das Erringen der Inspiration, das erst führt uns dahin, eine Erkenntnis zu gewinnen von demjenigen, was ich genannt habe das rhythmische System im menschlichen Organismus, das in einer gewissen Weise verbunden ist mit der Welt des Fühlens. Und da kommen wir dazu, ausdrücklich betonen zu müssen, daß diese Methode zur Inspiration, wie ich sie eben geschildert habe, eigentlich nur von dem modernen Menschen so ausgebildet werden kann. In älteren Phasen der Menschheitsentwickelung wurde sie mehr instinktiv ausgebildet, und wir finden eine solche Ausbildung im indischen Jogasystem, das nicht erneuert werden kann. Es ist unhistorisch und im geisteswissenschaftlichen Sinn so furchtbar dilettantisch, wenn man das alte Jogasystem wiederum erneuern will. Das geht zu Werke mit gewissen menschlichen Kräften, die eben nur einem früheren Entwickelungszustand des Menschen angemessen waren. Es geht zu Werke unmittelbar mit der Entwickelung gewisser rhythmischer Prozesse, mit der Entwickelung methodisch zugerichteter Atmungsprozesse. Indem der Jogi in bestimmter Weise atmet, will er ausbilden mehr durch das Physisch-Körperliche dasjenige, was der moderne Mensch durch das Seelisch-Geistige ausbilden muß, wie ich es geschildert habe. Dennoch können wir sagen, daß die instinktive Inspiration, die wir finden als durchziehend die Vedantaphilosophie oder dergleichen, für eine frühere Stufe der Menschheitsentwickelung etwas ähnliches war wie dasjenige, was wir wieder erreichen durch die vollbewußte Inspiration, die aber den Weg wählen muß durch dasjenige, was ich geschildert habe.
Wir gelangen gewissermaßen als moderne Menschen dazu, von oben herunter durch rein geistig-seelische Übungen in uns die Kraft auszubilden, die sich dann hineinlebt als Kraft der Inspiration in die rhythmische Organisation des Menschen, wie der Inder sich unmittelbar einleben wollte durch das Jogaatmen in diese rhythmische Organisation des Menschen. Er ging von Physischem aus, wir gehen von GeistigSeelischem aus. Beides bezweckt, den Menschen zu erfassen in seinem mittleren System, in dem rhythmischen System, und wir werden sehen, wie tatsächlich dasjenige, was uns entgegentritt im imaginativen Erkennen als ein Erfassen des Sinnessystems und des Nervensystems, wiederum ein Stück ergänzt werden kann, wenn wir durchdringen vom Gesichtspunkt der Inspiration aus das rhythmische System. Und wir werden sehen können zu gleicher Zeit, wie aufleben müssen alte instinktive, mehr kindliche Arten der höheren Erkenntnis, wie sie da waren im indischen Jogasystem, wie die aufleben müssen im vollen, freibewußten Menschen.
Über diese Beziehung des Ausbildens des rhythmischen Systems durch die vorzeitliche Jogaphilosophie zu dem, was sich namentlich heute ergibt durch innere seelisch-geistige Arbeit bis zur Inspiration hin, werde ich mir dann erlauben, das nächste Mal zu sprechen.
Fourth Lecture
Yesterday I endeavored to explain how, through the development of imaginative thinking, it becomes possible to understand the essence of human sensory perception in a different way than is possible when one approaches this task solely with the results of ordinary sensory perception and with the combining faculty of the intellect. I emphasized in particular that this imaginative thinking, the development of which, as I have already said, I will describe in more detail later, must proceed in the soul's experience in such a way that it is modeled on mathematical thinking, the development, analysis, and so on of mathematical structures.Now what I have then described will be clear to you: that in exactly the same way as one approaches the external sensory reality in the mineral-physical realm with the results of internally developed mathematization, one must approach what is given to imaginative thinking, let us say, in the realm of the human senses, in order to recognize what is happening in these — as I said yesterday — waves that the physical-sensory external world sends into the human organism. Now, however, it is important that those who have developed such imaginative thinking also arrive at something else at the same time as they gain insight into the nature of the human senses, that is, into the actual organization of the human head. For example, they become able to form mental images of the nature of the vegetable world. I already hinted at this yesterday. Isn't it true that when we approach plant growth, plant structure, and so on with the mere results of spatial and algebraic mathematics, we cannot get the feeling that what we have given in mathematical consciousness can in any way submerge itself into the plant kingdom in the same way that it can submerge itself into the mineral kingdom? On the other hand, the moment we develop imaginative thinking purely inwardly, we come to visualize the plant world in the same way as the mineral world, as indicated above.
But then something peculiar happens: one approaches the plant world in such a way that the individual plant actually appears only as part of a larger whole. In this way, we actually gain a mental image of the plant world within the earthly world. We gain the mental image that the entire plant kingdom of the earthly world actually forms a large unity with this earthly world. This is what the imaginative gaze reveals to us purely empirically. Of course, with our physical existence we can never encompass more than some part of the plant world of the earth. We observe the plant world of a particular territory; even if we are botanists, our empirical knowledge of the plant world remains very partial compared to the total plant world of the earth. But we also know this through direct observation. We say to ourselves: here you do not have a whole, here you have something that is only part of a totality, something that belongs together with something else. — It is similar to the impression one would get when facing a person who is completely covered by something except for a single arm and a hand. One would know that one does not have a complete whole in front of one, but something that is part of a whole and whose existence is only possible as part of such a whole. But then you also get the mental image that you cannot think of the earthly at all in the way that the physicist, the mineralogist, or the geologist thinks, but rather you get the idea that being earthly includes just as much that which lives out as forces in the plant world as that which lives out in the geological or mineralogical world and so on. Not in the sense of a vague analogy, but in the sense of truly seeing through it, the earth becomes a kind of organic being. However, it is an organic being which, through its various stages of development, has separated the mineral kingdom from itself and, on the other hand, has differentiated the plant kingdom.
What I am developing here can very easily be arrived at by mere analogy, as is the case with Gustav Theodor Fechner, for example. However, the spiritual science referred to here does not rely on such mere analogies, but only on direct observation. It must therefore always be emphasized that before we talk about something such as the earth as an organism, we must first talk about imaginative thinking, because only imaginative thinking, not the combining intellect with its analogies, can conceive of the earth as a whole being.
However, one also acquires something else in the process, and this is something I want to mention explicitly here because it is of great methodological importance and because I am particularly mindful that my words are intended for students. There is basically a great deal of confusion in the current debates about the intellectual and other spiritual understanding of the world. For example, one speaks of looking at a crystal, say a cube of salt, and one wants to understand something about this cube of salt, say something about its relationship to human cognitive ability or its position within the natural whole, and so on. In the same way that one talks about this cube of salt, one often talks — indeed, one could even say almost exclusively today — about a rose, for example, and one has the feeling that one can attribute objective being to the cube of salt in the same way as to the rose. And yet, those who do not strive for something formal with their knowledge, but who strive with their knowledge to penetrate reality, who really want to grasp reality, must keep the following very clearly in mind. They must say to themselves: The salt cube has an existence within its limits. The rose has no meaning within the limits in which I see it here as a rose with a stem. For as such a rose, it cannot develop independently to the same degree—please note the word—as the salt cube. It must develop on the rose bush; the rose bush is part of the development of this rose, and it is not a real thing outside the rose bush. For me, when I look at it as a separate rose, it has, in essence, a shadowy existence.
I say this for clarification. The point is simply that in all our observations, we must not theorize about them in any way before we have placed what we have observed in its proper context. Only when we consider the rose bush as a whole can we attribute to it an independent existence in the same sense as we do to the cube of salt. We must not, therefore, speak of the rose in the same way as we speak of the salt cube, either in an epistemological or any other sense. If we want to experience reality in a certain isolation, we acquire a strong sense of this when we advance to imaginative mental images, and equipped with this sense, we must then also accept what I have just said with reference to the plant world. The earthly plant world as a whole is, in a certain sense, only presented to us in accordance with its being when we perceive it with our consciousness as a whole and when we regard the individual things that come before us, the genera and species of the plant world, as only part of the whole plant organism that covers the earth, or rather, that grows out of the earth.
So it is not only an understanding of the sensory world, but also of the external plant world that is gained through imaginative thinking. But one also gains significant inner insights. I would like to begin by speaking about these inner insights in such a way that I share only the empirical aspects with you. As human beings, we are able to look back through our ordinary memory to what happened during our waking existence up to a certain year in our childhood, and we can bring up one event or another in pictorial form from the stream of our experiences through the power of memory. But we are clearly aware that in bringing these images to mind we have to strain our memory, that we have to retrieve the individual images from the stream of time. But when imaginative contemplation becomes more and more developed, we gradually come to the point where time becomes, as it were, space. This happens very gradually, and one should not imagine that the results of something like imaginative contemplation come all at once. One need not imagine that the acquisition of the imaginative method is easier than that of laboratory methods or those of the clinic, the observatory, and so on. Both require years of work, one mental work, the other inner spiritual work. But as a result of this inner spiritual work, we find that the individual results come together, that we see, as it were, how the time that we perceive as passing when we bring up one memory or another from the stream of our experiences, that this time — at least approximately — becomes like space, that what we have lived through in life almost from birth is brought together as in a meaningful memory image. Through the effort of imaginative life, this retrospective view, which is now something other than mere recollection, is placed before our soul in individual moments. In fact, what is initially present is this subjective fact that we are given a retrospective view of our earthly life so far. This is, as I have said, an empirical result of imaginative thinking.
What inner experience, or rather, what kind of inner experience, now arises parallel to this viewing, this panorama of our experiences? What arises is that we have these images of experience before us as images, but we are nevertheless quite clear that the power of our soul, which places these images of memory before our consciousness, is entirely related to the ordinary clear and bright power of the intellect. It is not itself the power of the intellect, but it is related to this clear and bright power of the intellect. One can certainly say that what one has strived for, namely, that in all circumstances, through this imaginative mental image, consciousness is illuminated in the same way as it is in mathematics, remains with one when one comes to these memory images. One has images, but one holds them as firmly as one otherwise holds the contents of the intellect. But in this way one gains a very specific insight into the workings of the intellect itself, one gains an insight into the significance of this intellectual activity for human beings and their self-knowledge. For one does not merely look back on one's life, but this life, which is presented to one as if in a mirror image, reveals itself in such a way that one can really use the comparison with a mirror. Just as with a mirror, one speaks of the objects reflected in it being comprehended in their mirror images by applying optical laws to this comprehension, so, by arriving at such inner perceptions, one learns to recognize the activity of that soul force which is experienced there as the mind is otherwise experienced. One experiences, as it were, an enhanced intellect, an intellect that can not only create abstract images, but also brings about these very concrete images of our experiences.
However, something occurs that initially presents a kind of subjective difficulty, but this only needs to be understood in order to find one's way into it in the right way. By living in these images, one already lives in them as if in complete mathematical clarity, but the feeling of being free — not of behaving freely, but of being free — as one has it in intellectual activity, is then no longer present in this kind of imagining. Don't misunderstand me: the whole activity of imagining is just as arbitrary as ordinary intellectual activity, but the thing is that in intellectual activity you always have the subjective experience—I say experience because it is more than a mere sensation—of you are actually swimming in the image, you are swimming in something that is actually nothing in relation to the outside world. You do not have this feeling, this experience, in relation to the content of the imaginative world, but you do have the experience that what you produce as imaginations is there at the same time, that you live inside something that exists, that you therefore live and weave in a reality, albeit in a reality that does not hold you back extraordinarily, I would say strongly, but whose hold can nevertheless be felt.
And through what one now, I would say, extracts from reality, what one makes present within oneself by reflecting back from the panorama of life to the inner activity that creates this panorama of life, one learns again, inwardly and mathematically, what one can now bring into correspondence — as one can otherwise bring mathematical ideas into correspondence with external mineral-physical reality — with that which is contained in the image-forming power of the human being — also in the image-forming power of other beings, but I do not want to speak about that now — with that which is contained in the growth power of the human being. One gains a mental image of a certain inner relationship between what lives purely in the soul in the imagination, for it is a purely soul experience, and what pervades the human being as his growth force, what causes him to grow from a child into an adult, what causes his limbs to grow larger, what organizes him internally as a growth force. In short, one gains an immediate insight into what works as a real principle of growth in human beings. And one gains this insight initially in a very specific area, namely in the area of the nervous system. By having this panorama of life with what one experiences in the manner described, one first sees — I will speak of the other later — what is the principle of growth in the human nervous organism, which continues the sensory organism inwardly. And you get the mental image: in your sense organs you have something that you can initially see through your imagination. But this now also contains the possibility of viewing the entire nervous organism as a developing, I would say, synthetic sense organ, which synthetically encompasses the other sense organs. One learns to recognize that our senses, when we are born, are not complete in their full growth, but rather in their inner forces — this is clear from the way I have spoken about the position of imagination in relation to the sensory world — but that what lives in our nervous system is permeated by the same force as the sensory organs, but is something becoming, a great sense organ in the process of becoming. One gains the mental image as a real perception that we have the individual senses opening outward and continuing inward in the nervous organism, so that during our life, up to a certain age, this nervous organism is organized by the force that we have come to know in the imagination in the manner described above.
You see what is actually being strived for. The aim is that what actually appears to us as spiritually opaque in human beings — what does a human being actually know about themselves, what do they know about how the forces work within them? — should gradually become transparent. What we might call spiritual and soul-life opacity, something that cannot be grasped by ordinary cognition, begins to become spiritually and soul-life transparent. One gains the possibility, with a higher, qualitative mathematics, if I may use the expression, of penetrating first the world of the senses and then the world of our nervous organism. And when one comes to these things, one does not begin to become arrogant and immodest, but one actually begins to become quite modest, especially with regard to the knowledge of the human being. For what I have described to you here in relatively few words is actually acquired over a very long period of time, and although it occurs earlier in some people and later in others, if one really wants to apply the method of spiritual research to oneself, one can nevertheless say: Certainly, results that then seem extraordinarily fundamental and important often surprise you only after you have worked on yourself inwardly for years. What comes to light through such inner work, when it is described reasonably accurately, can always seem perfectly understandable to common sense. But bringing such results to the surface from the depths of the soul's existence is something that requires persistent and energetic inner soul work. And in particular, one learns to become modest because one learns how one must work one's way, piece by piece, to a relative human self-knowledge. For through what one gains in imaginative mental images, one sees quite clearly: one actually only learns about the nerve-sense organism of the human being, and one can now, in essence, only begin to appreciate the darkness that lies before one, that which is otherwise integrated into the human organization.
But then it is a matter of attaining a higher level — the word “higher” is only a term — in supersensible knowledge, in order to go a little further than mere self-knowledge with regard to the nerve-sense system. But here I must first point out that — I will describe this in more detail later — the attainment of imaginative knowledge essentially depends on repeatedly placing easily comprehensible mental images before the soul in a meditation that is not confused but methodical and technical, as I have described in my book How to Know Higher Worlds. It is essential that they are easily comprehensible, not just any memories, reminiscences, and so on — this would lead one to push the mathematical experience too far into the background — but easily comprehensible mental images, preferably symbolic images, because these are the easiest to comprehend. What matters is what we experience spiritually with these ideas. We seek to place these ideas into our consciousness in such a way that their presence in consciousness is like that of any other memory. Thus, self-made ideas are taken into the human soul through arbitrary activity, just as memories are otherwise present there. In a certain sense, we imitate what happens in memory. In memory, certain experiences are constantly turned into images. I will explain how we can get behind this activity of the human soul. By trying to understand how memory works, we will then also be able to arbitrarily hold such easily comprehensible mental images in our consciousness for a certain period of time — we become more and more accustomed to extending this period from a few seconds to minutes — in a relatively longer period of time, following the pattern of the remembered images. It is not these mental images that are important, but rather that a certain inner soul force develops through the act of imagining these self-chosen images. Just as when I strain the muscles of my arm, these muscles develop through the effort, so certain soul forces are strengthened when they have to do with such ideas as I have described, which are brought into consciousness again and again at will. The soul must exert itself to bring about and maintain this process, and it is this effort in the soul's experience that is important. And as we practice in this way with the ideas we have created ourselves, something arises within us that is the power of imagination, which is developed according to the pattern of the power of memory, but which is not to be confused with this power of memory. For we shall yet have to describe how what we perceive in our imaginations — we have already described this in part — are indeed real external things, not merely our own experiences as in the images of memory. This is the fundamental difference between imaginations and memories: memories merely reproduce our own experiences in images, but imaginations, even though they initially appear as memories, make it clear through their own content that they do not refer merely to our own experiences, but that they can refer at least to facts of the world that are entirely objective in relation to us.
You see, then, that by further developing our memory, we develop the imaginative power of the soul. Now, just as we develop the power of memory, we can develop another power. It will almost seem strange to you when I tell you what this power is. And yet, developing this power is more difficult than developing the power of memory. In everyday life, certain forces ensure that we not only remember—my esteemed fellow students will admit this—but also forget, and sometimes we do not even have to make a particular effort to forget. This changes somewhat when we train our memory in meditation. For strangely enough, this power of holding on to certain imaginations leads to these imaginations initially wanting to remain. When they arise in consciousness, they are not easily dispelled; they assert themselves. This is related to what I characterized earlier, namely that we are actually dealing with standing in a reality. This reality asserts itself in that it also wants to be permanent. Now, once one has succeeded in developing the imaginative power — but in a way that is modeled on mathematical thinking — then, with further effort, one can also bring about the expulsion of these mental images from consciousness just as arbitrarily as they were formed. And this power of further developed forgetting must be cultivated very carefully. It is absolutely essential that, if these inner powers of cognition are to be developed, everything necessary is done to avoid causing harm within the soul. But anyone who would point out only certain dangers would be like someone who forbids certain experiments in the laboratory because this or that might explode. You see, I myself had a chemistry professor at university who was one-eyed because he had lost one eye in an experiment. Such things are, of course, no objection to the necessity of training certain methods, and I may well say that if all the precautions I have described in my books with regard to this inner training of the soul forces are applied, then dangers to the soul life will certainly not arise. If one does not also develop methods for getting rid of mental images, there is a danger that one will already be led in a certain way by what one has brought about through one's meditations. But this must not happen in the first place, and secondly, if it did happen, it would prevent one from progressing on the path of supersensible knowledge. For it is at the same time a further stage that this continuation of forgetting is developed.
Now there is a certain aid that can be used to really achieve this continuation of the power of forgetting. This brings me to something that may seem quite amateurish to those who are involved in any branch of modern epistemology. I am familiar with all the objections that can be raised against such things, but I am also obliged to describe the facts as they are. And so I must say that one can help oneself in strengthening the power of forgetting by continuing to educate oneself through a certain self-discipline, discipline of one's own self, that which appears in ordinary life as the capacity for love. Certainly, one can say that love is not a power of knowledge. As we understand knowledge today, perhaps it is not. But it is not a matter of maintaining the power of love as it appears in ordinary life for the sake of ordinary life, but of developing this power of love through a certain self-discipline. And one can achieve this by observing the following.
Isn't it true that when you live your life as a human being, you have to admit that you have actually become a little different with each passing year, and if you compare what you are at a certain age with what you were perhaps ten years ago, if you are honest with yourself in this self-observation, you will find that in the content of your soul life, not only in your thoughts, feelings, or will, but also in what I would call the style, the whole constitution of your soul life, many things have changed over time. One has become a different person inwardly, and if one wants to look at the factors that have caused this inner change, one can say: First, it is what has happened to our physical organism, which is always changing. In the first half of life, it becomes different through progressive growth; in the second half, it becomes different through regressive formation, and so on. But also the external experiences, what we encounter first as a world of ideas, but then also as what pain, suffering, pleasure, and joy deposit on our soul, what we have tried to develop and live out as willpower—that is what makes us different again and again in the course of life. And if we are honest with ourselves about what is happening, we have to admit that we are actually just floating along in the stream of life. Anyone who wants to become a spiritual researcher must take control of their own development through a certain amount of self-discipline. They must also develop within themselves the determination to transform this or that habit — small habits are sometimes of decisive importance here — through their own efforts within a certain period of time, so that they undergo a metamorphosis in the course of their lives. Not only through the flow of life itself, but also through what one does to oneself with full consciousness, one can then look back from any point in life, with the help of the previously developed retrospective view of one's life panorama, on what has changed in life through this self-discipline. This then has a remarkable effect on one's own soul life. This does not have the effect of increasing egoism, but on the contrary, of increasing the power of love in human beings. One becomes increasingly capable of embracing the outside world with a certain love, of immersing oneself in the outside world. And only those who have made such efforts in self-discipline can really judge what this means. Only they can truly appreciate what it means to allow the ideas formed by the intellect about any process or thing to be accompanied by the results of such self-discipline. One penetrates with a much stronger personal involvement into that in which our mental images are submerged; one even penetrates into the physical-mineral world, which otherwise leaves one indifferent with the results of mathematics, in a certain unfolding of love, and one clearly notices the difference between penetrating with mere pale imagination and penetrating with the developed power of love.
You will only take offense at what I say here about this developed power of love if you want to establish the dogma from the outset that this power of love must not exist when penetrating into the external world. Yes, such a dogma can be established. One can say that true objective knowledge is only that which is attained through mere logical imagination. Certainly, one also needs the ability to put oneself into the events of the outer world with the exclusion of every other force, through mere sober reason. But this outer world does not give us its whole when we want to approach it in this way; it only gives us its whole when we approach it with a love force that strengthens our mental images. And it does not matter whether we command our knowledge, whether we say that nature must reveal itself to us through this or that force, whether we establish epistemological dogmas, so to speak. What matters is to ask: How does nature reveal itself to us? How does it surrender itself to us? It surrenders itself to us only when we allow our powers of imagination to be permeated by forces of love.
But first I am only talking about trying to develop the exercises of forgetting with greater power and more certainty with the power of love than without it. By developing this self-discipline, which makes one more capable of love, one actually arrives at being able to experience within oneself the expanded, intensified forgetting with just as strong a will as the further developed, intensified remembering. And by being able to replace something very specific and positive within oneself with something that is otherwise, in essence, the end of our experience — for when we have forgotten something, this forgetting is, in relation to a certain series of experiences, the end — by replacing zero, as it were, with the positive power of developed forgetfulness, by actively developing something that would otherwise proceed passively, when we have come to this point, it is as if we had bridged an abyss within ourselves, as if we had actually entered a region of experience through which a new existence flows to us. And so it is. Until then, we had our imaginations. If we are truly people equipped with a mathematical disposition within these imaginations and not fools, then we will clearly see that in the imaginative world we have images. Physiology may argue about whether what is conveyed to us through our senses is given as images in the way we think it is — I have described this in my “Riddles of Philosophy” — whether they are images or reality. That these are initially images that point to a reality, but are images, is something we know, and it is precisely on this that healthy experience in such a realm is based, that we know from the outset that we are dealing with images. But at the moment when a certain result of the increased power of forgetting sets in, these images are filled, as it were, from the other side of life with what is spiritual reality, and one grows together with spiritual reality. One perceives, so to speak, at the other end of life. Just as one perceives through the senses at one end of life, namely the physical-sensory, so one learns to look to the other side and learns to recognize how a spiritual reality flows into the images of the imaginative life. This flowing in of a spiritual reality, this, I would say, flowing in of a spiritual reality at the abyss of soul existence into that which we have well prepared within our powers of cognition, I have called inspiration in my book How to Know Higher Worlds and in other books. One need not be offended by the expression; one must simply adhere to the characteristics of such words. One should not pick up reminiscences wherever this word is found. We must have words for what we want to express, and we often have to choose older words, and I have chosen the word inspiration for what I have just described.
What I have described as the attainment of inspiration is what leads us to gain insight into what I have called the rhythmic system in the human organism, which is connected in a certain way with the world of feeling. And here we must emphasize that this method of inspiration, as I have just described it, can really only be developed by modern human beings. In earlier phases of human development, it was developed more instinctively, and we find such a development in the Indian yoga system, which cannot be renewed. It is unhistorical and, in the spiritual-scientific sense, terribly amateurish to want to renew the old yoga system. This works with certain human forces that were only appropriate to an earlier stage of human development. It works directly with the development of certain rhythmic processes, with the development of methodically arranged breathing processes. By breathing in a certain way, the yogi wants to develop through the physical body what modern human beings must develop through the soul and spirit, as I have described. Nevertheless, we can say that the instinctive inspiration that we find pervading Vedanta philosophy and the like was, for an earlier stage of human development, something similar to what we achieve again through fully conscious inspiration, which, however, must choose the path through what I have described.
As modern human beings, we arrive, as it were, from above, through purely spiritual-soul exercises, at developing within ourselves the power that then lives itself into the rhythmic organization of the human being as the power of inspiration, just as the Indian wanted to live himself immediately into this rhythmic organization of the human being through jogaat breathing. He started from the physical, we start from the spiritual-soul. Both aim to grasp the human being in his middle system, in the rhythmic system, and we will see how what we encounter in imaginative cognition as a grasping of the sensory system and the nervous system can in turn be supplemented when we penetrate the rhythmic system from the point of view of inspiration. And we will be able to see at the same time how old instinctive, more childlike forms of higher knowledge, as they existed in the Indian yoga system, must be revived in the fully conscious human being.
I will take the liberty of speaking next time about this relationship between the development of the rhythmic system through the ancient philosophy of yoga and what is emerging today through inner soul and spirit work leading to inspiration.