Meditatively Acquired Knowledge of Man
GA 191
4 October 1919, Dornach
V. Social Understanding Through Spiritual Scientific Knowledge
In the middle one of these three lectures there are a number of anthroposophical truths in particular that I would like to develop for you. We shall then see what a great impact on a person's everyday life these particular truths have, and that is what we will talk about tomorrow. Today I just want to draw you attention to some deeper aspects of the being of man.
People very often do not ask the question as to which of man's forces are used to acquire knowledge of supersensible worlds. They try to answer this question merely by saying that there is a possibility of acquiring supersensible knowledge by means of certain forces in man. But what the actual connections are between these forces and man's being, they do not usually ask. That is why so little importance is attached to making knowledge of supersensible worlds really fruitful in ordinary life. It can be said that supersensible knowledge is becoming more and more essential to man, just in our time. In that case it is vital to understand what its connection is with ordinary everyday life.
As you know, the first of the capacities that leads man into supersensible realms is the force of Imagination, the second capacity is the force of Inspiration and the third capacity the force of Intuition. The question now is whether these capacities need concern us at all except in their connection with knowledge of supersensible worlds or whether these capacities have any part to play in the rest of man's life?—You will see that the latter is the case. As my little book Education of the Child in the Light of Anthroposophy tells you, we can see human life running its course in three stages: from birth to the change of teeth, from the change of teeth to puberty, and from puberty till about the twenty-first year. If you do not regard man purely superficially you will be struck by the fact that the nature of man's development is entirely different in the three different seven-year stages. The pushing through of our permanent teeth, as I have often mentioned, is connected with the development of forces that are not merely confined, let us say, to our jaws or their neighbouring organs, but fill our whole physical body. There is work in progress within our physical body between birth and the seventh year, and this work comes to an end with the pushing through of our permanent teeth.
It is obvious that the forces doing this work of developing the physical body are supersensible, isn't it? The perceptible body is only the material in which they work. These supersensible forces, active in the whole of man's organisation during the first seven years of his life, become, as it were, suspended when their purpose has been achieved and the permanent teeth have appeared. At the age of seven these forces go to sleep. They are hidden within the being of man; they go to sleep within him. And they can be drawn forth from your being when you do the sort of exercises I describe in Knowledge of the Higher Worlds as leading to Intuition. For the forces that are applied in the acquisition of intuitive knowledge are the same forces that you grow with at the time of life when this growth culminates in the change of teeth. These sleeping forces that are active within the human body until the seventh year are the forces you use in supersensible knowledge to reach Intuition.
Now the forces that are active from the seventh year to the fourteenth year and go to sleep at puberty in the depths of the body, are drawn forth and form the power of Inspiration. And the forces that in bygone times used to be the source of youthful ideals between the fourteenth and the twenty-first year—it would be too much of an assertion to say that this still happens today—the forces that create organs in the physical body for these ideals of youth, are the same forces you can draw forth from their state of slumber and use for the acquisition of Imagination.
From this you will see that the forces of Imagination, Inspiration and Intuition are not just any old forces got from we do not know where, but are the same forces as those we grow with from our birth to the age of twenty-one. So the forces that live in Imagination, Inspiration and Intuition are very healthy forces. They are the forces a human being uses for his healthy growth and that go to sleep within his body when the corresponding phases of growth are completed.
I have just shown you the connections between the forces of supersensible knowledge and man's everyday existence. Something similar, though, can be said about the forces of man's normal nature, man's nature as it appears in ordinary life. Only there it is not so obvious. A very important force in ordinary life—and we have discussed it many times—is the force of memory. The power of memory is active within us when, as we say, we remember something we have experienced. But, as you all know, there is something peculiar about the power of memory. We have got it and yet we haven't got it. Many a person struggles at some moment of his life to try and remember something that he cannot remember. This wanting to remember but not being able to remember entirely, arises through the fact that the force we use in our souls to remember with is the same force that transforms the food we eat into the kind of substances our body can make use of. If you eat a piece of bread and this bread is transformed inside your body into the sort of substance that serves life, this is apparently a physical process. This physical process, however, is governed by supersensible forces. These supersensible forces are the same forces you use when you remember. So the same kind of forces are being used on the one hand for memory and on the other hand for the assimilation of foodstuffs in the human body. And you actually always have to oscillate a bit between your soul and your body if you want to dwell in memory. If your body is carrying out the process of digesting too well, you may find you will not be able to draw enough forces away from it to remember certain things. There is an inner struggle going on the whole time in the unconscious between a soul process and a bodily process every time you want to remember something. Looking at memory is the best way to understand how absurd it is basically, from a higher point of view, for some people to be idealists and other people materialists. The assimilation of foodstuffs in the human body is doubtless a material process. The forces controlling it are the same as the forces at work in a process of ideas, namely the force of memory. You only see the world aright if you see it as being neither materialistic nor idealistic, but are capable of following up the ideal aspect of what is presented in a material way and following up the material aspect of what is presented as idea. The spiritual quality of a world conception is hot being able to say 'Over there is base materialism, which is for the 'dregs' of humanity, and over here is idealism, which is for the elect—and the speaker usually includes himself among these—but the essential quality of a really spiritual world conception lies in its capacity to take what it has grasped in the spirit and bring it down into material existence so that material existence can be understood and not despised. That is the fallacy of many religious denominations, that they despise material existence instead of understanding it and looking for the spirit within it.
The crux of the matter is really to go into these things, and not, as is still largely the case, to deal in empty phrases where mysticism is concerned. After having as it were shown you how these things can really be gone into, I would now like to bring something of very great importance. When people speak of material existence and supersensible existence they usually speak of them as though material existence were spread out in the world and as though supersensible, non-perceptible existence were somewhere behind or above this. If you imagine you simply have physical-perceptible existence on the one hand and supersensible existence on the other, you will never understand man. There is no way of really grasping man if you look at things from the point of view of the perceptible world versus the supersensible world. In reality it is like this: The world of the senses and the world in which we work and live socially are spread out around us. Let us represent diagrammatically by means of this line this world that is spread out around us (see horizontal line of drawing). You will only have a complete picture of what is actually there in the world if you imagine that there are forces above this line, supersensible forces (red side). We neither perceive these supersensible forces by means of our ordinary senses nor by means of our intellect bound to our ordinary senses. We perceive only what is in the realm of this line.

But there are forces under this line as well. If we actually want to include the whole of the imperceptible or spiritual realm we must speak of subsensible as well as supersensible forces. So we must imagine that there are also subsensible forces here (orange side).
Thus we have the sense world, supersensible forces and subsensible forces. Where does man himself, as an ordinary person, belong? The part of him you see standing in front of you belongs entirely to this line. But supersensible forces from one side and subsensible forces from the other side work into the part of man that belongs to the line. Man is the result of supersensible and subsensible forces. Now which of man's forces are supersensible and which are subsensible? All the forces connected with understanding are supersensible, that is, everything we make use of for understanding. And these are the same forces that also form our head. So we can say that the supersensible forces are the forces of understanding.
Now subsensible forces also work into man. What kind of forces are these? These are will forces. All the will forces, everything in man that is of the nature of will, is subsensible.
An obvious question is where do these subsensible forces, these will forces, come from? They are the same forces as the forces of the planets, that is, from our point of view, the forces of the earth. Yes indeed, the forces of the earth are perpetually working into man. And it is our forces of will that are connected with these forces of the planets, these forces of the earth. The forces of understanding come to us from the world's periphery, and pour into us as it were from outside, from the outside of the planet. The forces of will enter into us from the planet itself. This is how the forces of our own planet earth live within us. The moment we enter birth the forces of planet earth are active within us.
The question now arises as to how this activity is distributed. There is a considerable difference in this respect in the first, second and third stage of life, that is, up till the seventh year, the fourteenth year and the twenty-first year. The will working in us up till the seventh year works entirely from out of the planet's interior. It is very interesting to see spiritual-scientifically that in everything working in the child up till the age of seven it is the forces of the earth's depths that are active. If you want to see an actual manifestation of the forces of the earth's interior, then make a study of everything going on in the child up till the age of seven, for these are the forces from within the earth. To delve down into the earth to find the forces of the earth's interior would be absolutely wrong. You would only find earth substances. The forces that are active in the earth come to manifestation in the work they do in the human being up till his seventh year. And from the seventh to the fourteenth year it is the forces of the encircling air that work in man, forces that still belong to the earth, to the earth's atmosphere. These are predominantly at work in everything developing in the human being between seven and fourteen. Then comes the most important stage of all, from fourteen to twenty-one. At this stage the subsensible passes over into the supersensible. Here a kind of balance is created between the subsensible and supersensible. Now the forces of the earth's whole solar system work at organising the human being.
So we have the earth's interior in the first period of life; encircling air in the second period of life, that is, what the earth itself is embedded in. The forces streaming down from cosmic spaces in so far as these cosmic spaces are filled with our own actual planetary system, up till the twenty-first year. Not until the age of twenty-one does man tear himself away, as it were, from the influences brought about in him from outside by the planets and the planetary system belonging to these.
Please notice that in everything I have referred to as having an influence on man, bodily influences are of course included. They are bodily processes that the forces from the planet's interior bring about up till the seventh year. They are bodily processes that are formed by the circulating air in connection with the breathing and so on between the seventh and the fourteenth year. There is no doubt that they are bodily processes, in fact actual transformations of bodily organs are brought about; everything being connected with man's growing and becoming larger. Thus man grows beyond all this work being done on him by the earth; all this ceases at twenty-one.
What happens then, however? What happens after twenty-one? Up till twenty-one we draw on what comes from the earth and its planetary system in the way we have described. We build up our constitution with the earth's help. Then, after we have reached the age of twenty-one, we have to draw on ourselves. We gradually have to release what we have put into our organism from out of the forces of the planet and the planetary system.
Activities going on in the blood forces always used to ensure that this happened in the past. As you will probably know, man has not learnt to release the planetary forces, himself, after the age of twenty-one. And yet he has been doing so. He did it as an unconscious process. The capacity was in his blood. It was built into him to do it. The important change in our present time—and the present extends over a long period of several centuries, of course—is that man's blood is losing the capacity to release what we have put into the organism in this way, before twenty-one
The important changes taking place in humanity at the present time are based on the waning of the forces in the blood. These things cannot be testified by external anatomy and physiology; to do that they would need to investigate bodies from the tenth or ninth centuries in order to discover that blood was different then. And they would not even have had the chemical tests to do it. But through spiritual science we can know with certainty that man's blood has grown weaker. And the great turning-point when human blood began to grow weak lay in the middle of the fifteenth century.
What are the consequences? The consequences of this are that what we cannot carry out unconsciously any more by means of our blood, we have to carry out consciously. We have to educate ourselves to do consciously what was simply done unconsciously by man's blood in the past. For the strength in our blood is in the process of fading away. What would happen if a time were to come when human beings completely lost hold of their youth, and were unable to draw on their youthful forces, if there were no means of resorting to doing consciously what was once done unconsciously by the blood?
You must not take these things in a purely theoretical way, of course. As theories, they may be interesting, but to take them as theories is not enough. Nowadays they have to be put into practice, for they are connected with the practical matter of the evolution of mankind. They must be put into practice to the point of making us conscious that man's whole educational system has to change. We have to help man to develop a strong, conscious capacity to re-experience later in life, as though with the force of elemental memory, what he has received in his youth.
Everywhere, people are still working contrary to this requirement. For instance they are proud of the visual aids used in primary school education, and they attach great importance to getting down to the mental level of the child as far as possible, and not teaching him anything that extends beyond his mental capacity. They actually rig up calculating machines so that they can teach the children to do all kinds of sums by counting balls. Nothing must go beyond the child's mental capacity. These visual aid lessons get frightfully trivial and trite. It is bound to lead to nothing but commonplace concepts if they avoid giving the child anything beyond its own mental capacity. People who do this, thoroughly overlook an important yet subtle observation of human life.
Supposing a child is taught in such a way that he takes a particular thing in, not because it is absolutely on his own mental level, but because his teacher's warmth of enthusiasm gets passed on to him, and the child takes the thing in because the teacher in his enthusiasm tells him about it. The child takes it in just because it lives in the warmth emanating from the teacher. If the child absorbs something that reaches beyond his understanding, purely because of the infectious quality of his teacher's enthusiasm, he will not yet understand what he has taken in, as people say in superficial life. Yet what he has taken in lives in his soul. At the age of thirty the grown-up will remember what the child took in, perhaps at the age of ten. He re-experiences it. He has become mature now, and he can understand what he is able to release from the depths of his soul; he can understand the thing he was taught purely through the force of enthusiasm, and which he is now able to release from his mature mind. You know, these are the most valuable moments in life, when your mental life does not have to be restricted to what comes to meet you from outside, but you re-experience what you took in in your younger days with inadequate understanding, and which you can now release and absorb with your more mature mind. The more care you take that the child does not just get the sort of lessons where it matter-of-factly takes in what it understands—for that will disappear with the passing years, and neither joy nor enthusiasm will come from it later—the more you will be doing for the person's later development; for lessons taken in purely through the teacher's warmth are life giving when they are re-experienced.
Nowadays this is of particular importance in teaching- In earlier times it was not so important, for in those days the releasing was carried out by the blood, whereas now it has to be brought to consciousness. It certainly makes a difference if you understand the kind of things that are being put to practical use by spiritual science. Because if you understand them in the right way you will find an opportunity somewhere in life of making practical use of them for the good of humanity. In this case, if you understand it properly, you will find an opportunity to make use of the fact that our blood is becoming weak, by attaching all the more importance to the teacher's capacity for enthusiasm.
But people are so little aware nowadays of what is at stake. For standardised education still plays a great part, that is, the kind of education that works with a whole set of standard rules. Education is learnt, how to teach a child is learnt, how to arrange the lesson is learnt. Comparing this with our present day consciousness it would be like learning that man consists of carbohydrates, protein and so on—these are our constituents and they undergo such and such changes inside our body, and we cannot eat before we have understood this; for we do not eat in a physiological sense until we understand it.—I told you once, and you may even have experienced this yourselves—, that you can already come across a thing like this:—You visit someone who has a scale standing beside his plate, and he carefully puts a piece of meat on the scales to find out how much it weighs, for he may only eat a piece of meat of a quite specific weight. Physiology already determines his appetite. But not everybody does it this way yet, thank goodness! It is important to understand that physiology is not part of the eating process but covers other aspects, and that a person can eat without having studied physiology, the physiology of the nutritional process. But we do not take it for granted that we also ought to teach, that is, teach in a living way, without having absorbed standardised education. This standardised education is exactly the same thing to a good teacher as the aesthetics of colour is to an artist. He can have studied aesthetics of colour very well, but he will not be able to paint because of that. The ability to paint comes from an entirely different quarter from the study of the aesthetics of colour. The ability to teach comes from an entirely different quarter from the study of education. The important thing, today, is not to give would-be teachers a seminar of some sort of standardised education that prescribes dogmas, but to give them the sort of thing that makes them become teachers and educators in the same way as people become artists or botanists. It is that the educator has to be born in a person and not that education has to be learnt.
What has to be understood just because of this very change in man's set-up is that education has to be a real art. In the time of transition people were at sixes and sevens as to what to do about education. That is why they invented so many abstract educational systems. The essential thing today, however, is to give people a real knowledge of man, especially if they are teachers. You see, if you possess this real knowledge of man and work out of it with children, a remarkable thing will happen: Let us suppose you are a teacher and have your pupils in front of you. If you are a student of standardised education, the kind that follows the rules, then you will know exactly how you have to teach, because you will have learnt the rules. You will teach according to these rules, today, just as you taught according to these rules yesterday and will teach according to them tomorrow and the day after tomorrow. But if you are the artist kind of teacher you are not nearly so well off. For now you cannot teach yesterday, today, tomorrow and the day after tomorrow according to the same rules, but have to learn from the child afresh each time, how he has to be taught; it must be man's own nature every time that determines what you do. And it is ideal if the teacher can teach the way the child tells him to teach, and can keep on forgetting actual education and has not got a clue about the rules. For the moment the child stands in front of him again he will again be electrified by the growing child and will know what he has to do with him.
You must pay attention to the way things have to be said, to the way things have to be spoken about today. You cannot speak about these things today in such a way that they can be put into so and so many satisfying principles, but you can only speak about them by pointing to something alive, something that cannot be reduced to abstract principles but which is alive and produces ever more life. That is the crux of the matter. That is why spiritual science is needed in actual life today, because spiritual science is not merely for the head but is for the whole of man and releases will impulses. Indeed it ought to enter into many realms of life, so that impulses of will are eventually brought into every sphere of human activity.
I have demonstrated this in one particular realm of life, namely education, and shown how the education of children under the age of twenty-one can be made to bear fruit for later life. People do not receive an education only up to the age of twenty-one, though, for education carries on throughout the whole of life. But this only happens in a healthy way if people learn from one another.
This too was done by the blood in earlier ages of history. When people met in social life they used to learn things from one another unconsciously, some people learning more and others less, according to the way their blood worked. But our blood has grown weak and has lost its power. This activity, too, has to be replaced by more consciousness. People must achieve the art of acquiring relatively more for themselves from other people compared with what they produce from out of themselves. In earlier times it was sufficient to rely on life. The blood did everything. Now it is essential for people really to develop a sense for the other person's being. This will come about as a matter of course if people steer their thoughts in the direction of spiritual science. Different kinds of thoughts are stimulated with spiritual science than without it.
You will not doubt this fact, for the way spiritual science is received by people who do not want to know anything about their thoughts shows that spiritual scientific thoughts are different from thoughts without spiritual science. It is necessary to develop a totally new way of thinking. The kind of thinking we develop when we accustom ourselves to working with supersensible thoughts is the kind of thinking that has an effect on our organism. And when I told you today that memory is the same force that transforms food into substances man needs for his organism you will no longer be astonished to find that other forces can be transformed in man, like for instance the force with which we understand supersensible things being the same one that helps us to know the human being better than we would know him if we had no healthy longing for supersensible knowledge.
You people study what is in my Occult Science, and to do that you have to develop certain concepts that most people would still call 'Utter madness'. A few days ago I got yet another letter from someone studying Occult Science, and he says that nearly every chapter is pure nonsense. You can understand people saying it is pure nonsense. Why, it is quite obvious that they often say it these days. Yet these people who do not put themselves out to accept the kind of concepts that lead to Saturn, Sun, Moon, Jupiter, Venus and Vulcan, and do not get down to developing ideas about a world that is not limited to the senses will also not acquire any knowledge of man. They do not see the human being in the other person but notice at the most that one person has a more pointed nose than the other, and one has blue eyes whereas the other has brown. But they notice nothing of man's inner being that manifests as his soul and organises his body. The same force which enables us to take an interest, and I am not saying now that it enables us to have supersensible occult powers, but the same force that enables us to take an interest in supersensible knowledge also gives us the kind of knowledge of man that we need today.
You can set up the most grandiose social programmes and develop the finest social ideas, but if people shy away from acquiring any knowledge of man and do not see any real humanity in one another, they will never be able to bring about social conditions. They cannot produce social conditions unless they establish the possibility that people can be social. But people cannot be social if they do not see the human quality in one another, but live entirely within themselves. Human beings can only become social if they really meet one another in life, and something passes between them. This is the root of the social problem. Most people say of the social question nowadays, that if certain things were arranged in such and such a way people would be able to lead a social existence.—But it is not like that. If things are arranged like that, social people will be good people in a social sense, and anti-social people will be anti-social with any sort of arrangement.
The essential thing is to make the sort of arrangements that allow for human beings to develop really social impulses. And one of these social impulses is knowledge. But as long as you go on educating people, for instance, with an eye to their becoming clerks or army officers or some other kind of civil servant, you will not educate them to recognise the human quality in others. For the sort of education that is good for becoming a clerk or an officer only helps you to see clerks and officers in other people. The kind of education that makes human beings of people also enables them to recognise people as human beings. But it is impossible to recognise people as human beings if you do not develop a sense for supersensible knowledge. And the realm in which supersensible knowledge is most indispensable is in the art of education. Therefore the natural scientific, materialistic way of thinking has done more damage in the field of education than anywhere else. And here you can experience the most amazing things.
In every department you find well-meaning people today, who want to reform everything, even revolutionise them. But if you talk to these people about these things, something very strange transpires. They will admit quite honestly to a particular conviction about reforming things. Yet one of them who happens to be a tailor will ask you how his existence as a tailor is going to be affected when things change. And another person, who is, let us say, a railway clerk, asks you how his life as a railway clerk is going to suffer when things are changed.—These are only given as examples to show you that people are perfectly in agreement that everything should be changed as long as nothing changes and everything remains exactly the same. The vast majority of people today are convinced that everything must stay exactly the same when it changes. Make no mistake about the fact that the sort of social improvement people long for today is of extremely abstract dimensions. People long for a great deal, but nothing must change where their comfort is concerned.
And this is particularly true where it is a of people taking an inner step into an entirely new situation. Nevertheless the essential thing is that people open themseIves to the possibility of making the transition to thinking in quite a new way about man changing himself in his innermost being.
All sorts of questions arise from these considerations, questions that are absolutely pertinent to life. What we must realise is that we have constructed a deeper foundation for these questions, by saying that although certain forces appear to be of a spiritual-soul nature, they also come to expression in our bodily nature. For the capacity is terribly lacking today, to bring down to a material level what we think of on a spiritual level. Not until we are capable of bringing down on to a material level what we think of as being spiritual shall we be able to grasp the actual nerve of the social question.
Thus it is virtually a matter of aiming towards a way of thinking that really develops a knowledge of man that is at one and the same time a social impulse. A way of thinking based on anything else is not adequate. A mentality based on the life of the state or the life of economics creates clerks and officers. But the sort of mentality we need creates human beings. This can only be the sort of thought life that breaks away from the sphere of economics and the life of the state. That is why our Threefold Social Organism had to happen. We had to show in a radical way that any kind of dependency of thought life on economics or on the life of the state had to stop, and thought life had to be set up on its own basis. Then thought life will be able to give economics and the life of the state what economics and the state cannot give to the life of thought.
That is the important thing, that is what is vital! Whole human beings will only arise again when we work out of an independent life of thought.
Zweiter Vortrag
In diesem mittleren der drei Vorträge möchte ich Ihnen einige anthroposophische Wahrheiten im besonderen entwickeln. Wir werden dann sehen, wie gerade diese anthroposophischen Wahrheiten in das alltägliche Leben des Menschen stark eingreifen; davon wollen wir dann morgen sprechen. Heute möchte ich Sie eben auf einiges Tiefere im Menschenwesen aufmerksam machen.
Es wird sehr häufig nicht gefragt, durch welche Kräfte der Menschennatur die Erkenntnis der übersinnlichen Welten erlangt wird. Man versucht sich die Frage bloß so zu beantworten, daß man eben davon spricht: Es gibt die Möglichkeit, Übersinnliches durch gewisse Kräfte der Menschennatur zu erkennen. Aber in welchen Beziehungen, in welchen besonderen Beziehungen diese Kräfte zur Menschennatur stehen, danach wird nicht immer gefragt. Daher wird auch so wenig Rücksicht darauf genommen, die Erkenntnisse der übersinnlichen Welten für das gewöhnliche Leben richtig fruchtbar zu machen. Man kann sagen: Gerade für unser Zeitalter werden die übersinnlichen Erkenntnisse den Menschen immer notwendiger und notwendiger werden. Dann aber müssen sie auch in ihrer Beziehung zum gewöhnlichen alltäglichen Leben erfaßt werden.
Sie wissen, die erste Fähigkeit, die den Menschen hinaufführt ins übersinnliche Wesen, ist die Kraft der Imagination, die zweite Fähigkeit ist die Kraft der Inspiration, die dritte Fähigkeit ist die Kraft der Intuition. Nun frägt es sich: Sind das Fähigkeiten, die man einfach nur ins Auge fassen muß, wenn von Erkenntnis übersinnlicher Welten die Rede ist, oder sind das Fähigkeiten, die auch irgendeine Rolle spielen im sonstigen Leben des Menschen? — Das letztere, sehen Sie, ist der Fall. Wir verfolgen ja das menschliche Leben, wie Sie das ersehen können aus der kleinen Schrift «Die Erziehung des Kindes vom Gesichtspunkte der Geisteswissenschaft», nach drei Epochen: nach der Epoche von der Geburt bis zum Zahnwechsel, vom Zahnwechsel bis zur Geschlechtsreife, von der Geschlechtsreife bis etwa zum einundzwanzigsten Jahre. Wer nicht oberflächlich die menschliche Natur betrachtet, der wird darauf kommen, daß die ganze Art der Entwickelung des Menschen eine andere ist in den ersten sieben Jahren, eine andere in den zweiten sieben Jahren, eine andere in den dritten sieben Jahren des kindlich-jugendlichen Lebens. Damit, daß die dann bleibenden Zähne hervorgetrieben werden - ich habe auch darüber schon öfter gesprochen -, hängt zusammen die Entfaltung nicht bloß von Kräften, die etwa, sagen wir, in den Kiefern oder in ihren Nachbarorganen sitzen, sondern die Kräfte, welche die Zähne heraustreiben, sitzen im ganzen physischen Menschen. Da geht etwas vor in diesem physischen Menschen zwischen der Geburt und dem siebenten Jahre, was seinen Abschluß findet, gewissermaßen seinen Schlußpunkt findet, indem die bleibenden Zähne hervorgetrieben werden aus der Menschennatur.
Diese Kräfte, die da arbeiten an der menschlichen physischen Wesenheit, die sind — man möchte sagen: selbstverständlich — übersinnlicher Natur. Das Sinnliche ist bloß das Material, in dem sie arbeiten. Diese übersinnlichen Kräfte, die in den ersten sieben Lebensjahren des Menschen in seiner ganzen Organisation tätig sind, werden gewissermaßen stillgelegt, wenn ihr Ziel erreicht ist, wenn die bleibenden Zähne erschienen sind. Diese Kräfte gehen nach dem siebenten Jahre, ich möchte sagen, schlafen. Sie sind verborgen in der Menschennatur; sie schlafen in der Menschennatur. Und sie können hervorgeholt werden aus dieser Menschennatur, wenn man solche Übungen macht, wie ich sie in «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?» beschrieben habe, die da führen bis zur Intuition. Denn die Kräfte, die in der Intuition, in der intuitiven Erkenntnis angewendet werden, sind dieselben Kräfte, mit denen man bis zum siebenten Jahre so wächst, daß dieses Wachsen seinen Ausdruck findet im Zahnwechsel. Diese schlafenden Kräfte, die bis zum siebenten Jahr tätig sind in der Menschennatur, die benützt man in der übersinnlichen Erkenntnis, um zur Intuition zu kommen.
Die Kräfte wiederum, die vom siebenten bis zum vierzehnten Jahre, bis zur Geschlechtsreife tätig sind und dann schlafen gehen, drunten in der Menschennatur ruhen, die werden heraufgeholt und bilden die Kraft der Inspiration. Und diejenigen Kräfte, welche in früheren Zeiten den Menschen vom vierzehnten bis zum einundzwanzigsten Jahre die jugendlichen Ideale eingegeben haben — es wäre zuviel behauptet, daß sie das jetzt noch tun — und Organe geschaffen haben im physischen Leib für diese jugendlichen Ideale, das sind dieselben Kräfte, die dann aus ihrem schlafenden Zustand hervorgeholt werden und die Imagination bewirken können.
Sie sehen daraus, daß die Kräfte der Imagination, die Kräfte der Inspiration und die Kräfte der Intuition nicht beliebige, von unbekannt woher geholte Kräfte sind, sondern daß es dieselben Kräfte sind, mit denen wir von unserer Geburt bis zum einundzwanzigsten Jahre wachsen. Es sind daher diejenigen Kräfte, die in Imagination, Inspiration und Intuition leben, sehr gesunde Kräfte. Es sind diejenigen Kräfte, die der Mensch braucht zu seinem gesunden Wachstum, und die dann, wenn die entsprechenden Phasen des Wachstums abgeschlossen sind, schlafen gehen in der Menschennatur.
Damit habe ich Sie hingewiesen auf dasjenige, was von übersinnlichen Erkenntniskräften Beziehungen hat zu der gewöhnlichen Menschennatur. Aber man kann auch ein gleiches sagen von den Kräften der normalen Menschennatur, derjenigen Menschennatur, die im gewöhnlichen Leben steht. Nur ist es da nicht so ausgesprochen. Eine sehr wichtige Kraft für das gewöhnliche Leben - wir haben es öfters besprochen - ist die Gedächtniskraft, die Erinnerungsfähigkeit. Diese Erinnerungsfähigkeit, wir beherrschen sie seelisch dann, wenn wir uns an irgend etwas, das wir erlebt haben, eben, wie wir sagen, erinnern. Aber Sie wissen alle: Mit dieser Erinnerungskraft ist es etwas Eigenartiges. Wir beherrschen sie und beherrschen sie doch nicht ganz. Gar mancher Mensch kämpft diesen oder jenen Augenblick seines Lebens damit, daß er sich an etwas erinnern möchte, aber er kann sich nicht erinnern. Dieses Sich-erinnern-Mögen und Sich-nicht-vollständig-erinnern-Können, das rührt davon her, daß dieselbe Kraft, die wir seelisch als Erinnerungskraft benützen, dazu dient, unsere aufgenommenen Nahrungsstoffe umzuwandeln in solche Substanzen, die von unserem Leib gebraucht werden können. Wenn Sie also ein Stück Brot essen und dieses Brot umgewandelt wird in Ihrem Leib in eine solche Substanz, daß diese Substanz Ihrem Leben dient, so ist das scheinbar ein physischer Vorgang. Aber dieser physische Vorgang wird beherrscht von übersinnlichen Kräften. Diese übersinnlichen Kräfte sind dieselben, die Sie anwenden, wenn Sie sich erinnern. So daß dieselbe Kräfteart verwendet wird auf der einen Seite zur Erinnerung, auf der anderen Seite zur Verarbeitung der Nahrungsstoffe im menschlichen Leben. Und Sie müssen eigentlich immer ein wenig hin und her pendeln zwischen Ihrer Seele und zwischen Ihrem Leibe, wenn Sie sich der Erinnerungskraft hingeben wollen. Verdaut Ihr Leib allzugut, dann, sehen Sie, können Sie vielleicht nicht so viel Kräfte abgewinnen diesem Leib, daß Sie sich gut erinnern können an gewisse Dinge. Sie müssen immer einen inneren Kampf, der im Unbewußten sich abspielt zwischen einem Seelischen und einem Leiblichen, ausführen, wenn Sie sich erinnern wollen an irgend etwas. Sie haben, wenn Sie so die Gedächtniskraft anschauen, die beste Art zu begreifen, wie unsinnig es im Grunde von einem höheren Gesichtspunkte aus ist, wenn die einen Menschen Idealisten sind und die anderen Menschen Materialisten. Das Verarbeiten der Nahrungsstoffe im menschlichen Leibe ist zweifellos ein materieller Vorgang. Die Kräfte, die ihn beherrschen, sind dieselben, die bei einem ideellen Vorgang wirksam sind: die Kräfte des Erinnerungsvermögens, die Gedächtniskräfte. Nur dann sieht man die Welt richtig, wenn man sie weder materialistisch noch idealistisch sieht, sondern wenn man imstande ist, dasjenige, was sich als materialistisch offenbart, ideell zu sehen, und dasjenige, was sich als Ideelles offenbart, ganz materiell verfolgen zu können. Nicht darauf beruht das Geistige einer Weltauffassung, daß man sagt: Da ist niederer Materialismus, der ist für den «Aussatz» der Menschheit; da ist der Idealismus, der ist für die Auserlesenen — zu denen sich der Betreffende, der das ausspricht, gewöhnlich dann selber rechnet -, sondern darin besteht das Wesentliche einer wirklich spirituellen Weltauffassung, daß diese spirituelle Weltauffassung imstande ist, mit dem, was sie erfaßt im Geistigen, unterzutauchen in das materielle Dasein, um gerade das materielle Dasein dann zu begreifen, daß es begriffen werde, nicht verachtet werde. Das ist der große Irrtum vieler Religionsbekenntnisse, daß sie das materielle Dasein verachten, statt es zu begreifen, statt den Geist in ihm zu suchen.
So handelt es sich darum, auf die Dinge einzugehen, nicht, wie es heute noch so vielfach üblich ist, auf mystischen Gebieten in Phrasen zu leben; auf die Dinge wirklich einzugehen, darum handelt es sich. Nachdem ich Ihnen nun gewissermaßen gezeigt habe, wie man auf diese Dinge eingehen könne, möchte ich etwas ganz besonders Wichtiges jetzt anführen. Man spricht gewöhnlich so, wenn man von dem materiellen Dasein und von dem übersinnlichen Dasein spricht, als ob sich ausbreitete in der Welt das materielle Dasein, und dann sei irgendwo dahinter oder darüber das übersinnliche Dasein, das man durch die Sinne nicht wahrnimmt. Wenn man so die Sache vorstellt, daß man einfach einerseits das sinnlich-physische Dasein hat, andrerseits das übersinnliche Dasein, wird man niemals den Menschen begreifen. Es gibt keine Möglichkeit, den Menschen wirklich zu erfassen, wenn man nur von dem Gegensatze ausgeht: Sinnliches und Übersinnliches. Es handelt sich vielmehr um das Folgende. Um uns herum breitet sich die Sinneswelt aus und die Welt, in der wir arbeiten, die Welt, in der auch unser soziales Leben liegt; die breiten sich um uns herum aus. Wollen wir einmal schematisch diese ausgebreitete Welt durch diese Linie darstellen (siehe Zeichnung waagrechte Linie). Ein vollständiges Bild von dem, was eigentlich in der Welt vorliegt, bekommen Sie nur, wenn Sie sich vorstellen: über dieser Linie Hegen Kräfte, übersinnliche Kräfte (rote Pfeile). Diese übersinnlichen Kräfte nimmt man nicht mit den gewöhnlichen Sinnen und auch nicht mit dem Verstande, der an die gewöhnlichen Sinne gebunden ist, wahr. Man nimmt nur dasjenige wahr, was im Bereiche dieser Linie liegt.

Aber es gibt auch unter dieser Linie Kräfte. Wir sprechen eigentlich nur dann vollständig von dem Nichtsinnlichen, von dem Geistigen, wenn wir von übersinnlichen und von untersinnlichen Kräften sprechen. Also wir müssen uns vorstellen, daß außerdem hier (orange Pfeile) die untersinnlichen Kräfte liegen.
Also, wir haben die Sinneswelt, die übersinnlichen Kräfte und die untersinnlichen Kräfte. Der Mensch selbst, wenn er leiblich vor Ihnen steht, wohin gehört er? Dasjenige, was leiblich vor Ihnen steht, das gehört ganz in diese Linie herein. Aber in das, was in die Linie hereingeht beim Menschen, wirken auf der einen Seite übersinnliche, auf der anderen Seite untersinnliche Kräfte. Der Mensch ist die Resultante zwischen übersinnlichen und untersinnlichen Kräften. Welche Kräfte der Menschennatur sind nun übersinnliche, welche Kräfte der Menschennatur sind untersinnliche? Übersinnlich sind alle mit dem Erkennen zusammenhängenden Kräfte; alles das, was wir aufbringen für das Erkennen, ist übersinnlich. Und es sind das dieselben Kräfte, die auch unseren Kopf formen, unser Haupt formen. So daß wir sagen können: Die übersinnlichen Kräfte sind die Erkenntniskräfte.
Nun wirken in den Menschen hinein auch die untersinnlichen Kräfte. Was sind denn das für Kräfte? Das sind die Willenskräfte. Alle Willenskräfte, alles Willensartige in der Menschennatur ist untersinnlich.
Nun werden Sie ja naheliegend haben die Frage: Ja, woher kommen denn diese untersinnlichen Kräfte, diese Willenskräfte? -— Das sind dieselben Kräfte wie die Kräfte des Planeten, also hier für uns die Kräfte der Erde. In der Tat, in unseren Menschen wirken fortwährend herein die Kräfte der Erde. Und das, was zusammenhängt mit diesen Kräften des Planeten, mit diesen Kräften der Erde, das sind die Kräfte, die willensartiger Natur sind. Die Kräfte, die erkenntnisartiger Natur sind, die kommen uns aus der Peripherie der Welt, die ergießen sich gleichsam von außen, von außerhalb des Planeten auf uns herab. Die Kräfte, die willensartiger Natur sind, dringen in uns ein von dem Planeten aus. So leben in uns die Kräfte unseres eigenen Erdenplaneten. In dem Augenblick, wo wir mit der Geburt ins Dasein treten, sind in uns wirksam die Kräfte des Erdenplaneten.
Die Frage entsteht: In welcher Verteilung sind sie in uns wirksam? Da ist wiederum ein beträchtlicher Unterschied zwischen dem ersten Lebensabschnitt, der ersten Lebensepoche, der zweiten und der dritten, bis zum siebenten Jahre, bis zum vierzehnten Jahre, bis zum einundzwanzigsten Jahre. Dasjenige, was in uns willensartig wirkt bis zum siebenten Lebensjahre, das wirkt ganz aus dem Inneren des Planeten heraus. Es ist sehr interessant, geisteswissenschaftlich zu verfolgen, wie in alledem, was in dem Kinde bis zum siebenten Jahre wirksam ist, kraften die Kräfte des Innersten der Erde. Wollen Sie die Kräfte des Erdeninneren in ihrer Offenbarung kennenlernen, dann studieren Sie alles dasjenige, was im Kinde vorgeht bis zum siebenten Jahre, denn das sind diese Kräfte des Erdeninneren. Es ist ganz und gar eine falsche Methode, hineinzugraben in die Erde, um die Kräfte des Erdeninneren zu finden. Da finden Sie nur die Erdensubstanzen. Die Kräfte, welche in der Erde wirksam sind, die offenbaren sich in dem, was sie vollbringen an dem Menschen bis zu seinem siebenten Lebensjahre hin. Und wiederum vom siebenten bis zum vierzehnten Lebensjahre wirken im Menschen die Kräfte des Luftkreises, also auch noch dasjenige, was zur Erde gehört, die Kräfte der Atmosphäre. Aber die sind vorzugsweise wirksam in alldem, was sich im Menschen ausbildet zwischen dem siebenten und dem vierzehnten Lebensjahr. Dann ist der wichtigste Abschnitt vom vierzehnten bis zum einundzwanzigsten Jahr. Da geht, ich möchte sagen, das Untersinnliche in das Übersinnliche über. Da bildet sich eine Art Ausgleich zwischen dem Unter- und dem Übersinnlichen. Da wirken die Kräfte des ganzen Sonnensystems, des zur Erde gehörigen Sonnensystems organisierend auf den Menschen.
Also Erdeninneres in der ersten Lebensepoche; Luftkreis in der zweiten Lebensepoche, dasjenige, worinnen die Erde selber eingehüllt ist. Was an Kräften herunterströmt aus dem Weltenraume, insoweit dieser Weltenraum erfüllt ist von unserem eigentlichen eigenen Planetensystem: bis zum einundzwanzigsten Jahre. Erst mit dem einundzwanzigsten Jahre reißt sich gewissermaßen der Mensch los von den Einflüssen desjenigen, was von außen durch den Planeten und durch das dazugehörige Planetensystem in ihm bewirkt wird.
Sehen Sie, in alldem, was ich Ihnen jetzt gesagt habe, daß es auf den Menschen wirkt, in alldem ist durchaus auch körperliche Wirksamkeit. Es sind körperliche Vorgänge, die durch Kräfte vom Inneren des Planeten bis zum siebenten Jahre bewirkt werden. Es sind körperliche Vorgänge, die von dem Luftkreislaufe im Zusammenhange mit der Atmung zwischen dem siebenten und vierzehnten Jahre gebildet werden und so weiter. Es sind durchaus körperliche Vorgänge, es sind Umgestaltungen der leiblichen Organe, die da bewirkt werden; mit dem Größerwerden, mit dem Wachstum des Menschen hängt alles zusammen. Der Mensch wächst also heraus aus dem, was die Erde an ihm gestaltet; das hört mit dem einundzwanzigsten Jahre auf.
Was ist aber dann? Was ist nach dem einundzwanzigsten Lebensjahre? Bis zum einundzwanzigsten Jahre haben wir in der geschilderten Weise gezehrt von der Erde und ihrem Planetensystem. Was da die Erde in uns hineinorganisiert hat, von dem haben wir gezehrt. Nunmehr, wenn wir einundzwanzig Jahre alt geworden sind, müssen wir von uns selber zehren. Da müssen wir nach und nach das wiederum heraufholen, was wir aus den Kräften des Planeten und des Planetensystems in unseren Organismus hinuntergeführt haben.
Daß dies früher immer so geschehen ist, dazu waren die Kräfte des menschlichen Blutes tätig. Der Mensch hat es, wie Sie ja wohl wissen, nicht gelernt, nach seinem einundzwanzigsten Jahre die Kräfte des Planeten aus sich herauszuholen. Aber er hat es doch getan. Er hat es als unbewußten Vorgang getrieben. Das lag in seinem Blute. Es wurde ihm einorganisiert, daß er das so gemacht hat. Unser bedeutsamer Umschwung in der Gegenwart, wobei die Gegenwart natürlich ein langer Zeitraum von Jahrhunderten ist, liegt darin, daß das Blut der Menschen die Kraft verliert, das herauszuholen, was man bis zum einundzwanzigsten Jahre in den Organismus auf diese Weise hineingefügt hat.
Darauf beruht das Wichtige, was vorgeht in der gegenwärtigen Zeit der Menschheit, daß das Blut in seinen Kräften nachläßt. Diese Dinge können nicht konstatiert werden von der äußeren Anatomie, von der äußeren Physiologie; die müßten ja Körper untersuchen aus dem 10., 9. Jahrhundert, dann würden sie darauf kommen, daß da das Blut anders war. Man würde noch nicht einmal die chemischen Reagenzien haben, um darauf zu kommen. Aber geisteswissenschaftlich kann man mit Sicherheit wissen: Das Blut der Menschen ist schwächer geworden. Und der große Umschwung zu dem Schwächerwerden des Blutes des Menschen lag in der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts.
Was ist die Folge? Die Folge ist, daß wir das, was wir nicht mehr imstande sind, unbewußt durch unser Blut zu bewirken, nunmehr durch unser Bewußtsein bewirken müssen. Wir müssen uns zu etwas erziehen, so daß wit es bewußt vollbringen können, was früher unbewußt einfach durch das Blut der Menschen bewirkt worden ist. Denn die Kraft des Blutes ist verlorengegangen und geht immer mehr verloren. Und was würde endlich, wenn wir kein Auskunftsmittel fänden, in einem Zeitalter eintreten, in welchem die Menschen völlig verlieren würden ihre Jugend, in welcher sie nicht fruchtbar machen könnten für sich die Kräfte ihrer Jugend, wenn nicht dasjenige, was früher das Blut getan hat unbewußt, vollbracht werden könnte bewußt?
Diese Dinge darf man natürlich nicht bloß theoretisch nehmen. Nimmt man sie theoretisch, so mögen sie interessante Wahrheiten sein. Aber sie bloß theoretisch zu nehmen, genügt nicht. Diese Dinge müssen heute praktisch genommen werden, denn sie hängen mit der Praxis der Entwickelung der Menschheit zusammen. Praktisch müssen sie so genommen werden, daß wir uns bewußt werden: Das ganze Erziehungssystem des Menschen muß ein anderes werden. Wir müssen den Menschen dahin bringen, daß er eine starke, bewußte Kraft entwickelt, dasjenige, was er in der Jugend in sich aufnimmt, im späteren Alter wie durch eine elementare Erinnerung wiederzuerleben.
Vorläufig handeln die Menschen noch überall gegen diese Anforderung. Die Menschen sind zum Beispiel stolz darauf, in den Volksschulen «Anschauungsunterricht», wie sie sagen, zu treiben, recht anschaulich alles den Kindern beizubringen, und sie legen einen großen Wert darauf, nur ja nicht dem Kinde solche Dinge im Unterrichte zu offenbaren, die, wie man sagt, über das Fassungsvermögen des Kindes hinausgehen, sondern es soll der Lehrer, der Erzieher möglichst weit heruntersteigen zu dem Fassungsvermögen des Kindes. Ja, man stellt Rechenmaschinen auf, an denen man durch gezählte Kugeln alle möglichen Rechnungsarten anschaulich lehrt. Nichts soll über das Fassungsvermögen des Kindes hinausgehen. Dieser Anschauungsunterricht wird zu einer schauderhaften Trivialität und Banalität. Er muß ja schließlich dahin führen, daß man dem Kinde nur banale Begriffe beibringt, wenn man durchaus heruntersteigen soll zu der Auffassungsgabe des Kindes selber. Derjenige, der das anstrebt, der beachtet ganz und gar nicht eine wichtige, obwohl, ich möchte sagen, intime Erfahrung des menschlichen Lebens.
Denken wir uns einmal, ein Kind wird so unterrichtet, daß es etwas aufnimmt, nicht weil das schon vollständig seinem Fassungsvermögen entspricht, sondern weil die begeisternde Wärme des Lehrers auf das Kind übergeht und das Kind das aufnimmt, weil der Lehrer durch seine Begeisterungsfähigkeit im Unterrichten dem Kind das übermittelt. Das Kind nimmt das auf, eben deshalb, weil es lebt in der Wärme, die vom Lehrer ausgeht. Es nimmt etwas auf, was über sein Verständnis hinausgeht, bloß aus der sich übertragenden Begeisterungsfähigkeit des Lehrers; dann versteht das Kind, was es aufgenommen hat, noch nicht, wie man im trivialen Leben sagt. Aber was es aufgenommen hat, sitzt im Gemüte des Kindes. An das, was das Kind vielleicht aufgenommen hat in seinem zehnten Jahre, erinnert sich der Erwachsene im dreißigsten Lebensjahre. Er erlebt das wieder. Jetzt ist er reif geworden, versteht das, was er herausholen kann aus den Tiefen seines Gemütes, was er dazumal nur aus der Begeisterung aufgenommen hat, was er aber jetzt aus dem reifen Geiste herausholen kann. Sehen Sie, das sind die fruchtbarsten Momente des Lebens, in denen man nicht bloß das auffaßt, was von außen an einen herandringt, sondern das, was man früher mit nicht hinreichendem, mit geringem Verständnis aufgenommen hat, was man wieder erlebt, indem man es heraufholt und mit vertieftem Verständnisse dann erst aufnehmen kann. Je mehr man sorgen kann im Unterrichte dafür, daß das Kind nicht bloß banal aufnimmt dasjenige, was es versteht — denn das verschwindet mit dem kindlichen Alter, daran kann ein späteres Lebensalter weder Freude noch Begeisterung entwickeln -, desto mehr tut man für die spätere Entwickelung des Menschen; denn dasjenige, was aufgenommen wird bloß aus der Wärme des Unterrichtenden heraus, das ist dasjenige, was, wiedererlebt, Lebenskräfte gibt.
Auf das sollte beim heutigen Unterrichten besonders gesehen werden. Früher brauchte man nicht besonders darauf sehen, denn früher lag das Heraufwirken im Blut; jetzt muß es zum Bewußtsein gebracht werden. Es ist nicht einerlei, ob man solche Dinge einsieht wie diejenigen, die heute durch Geisteswissenschaft eben fruchtbar werden. Wenn man sie in der richtigen Weise einsieht, so findet man an irgendeiner Stelle des praktischen Lebens die Möglichkeit, diese Dinge zum Heile der Menschheit zu verwerten. Man findet also die Möglichkeit, die Tatsache, daß unser Blut schwach geworden ist, wenn man sie richtig durchschaut, so zu verwerten, daß man um so mehr Wert legt auf die Begeisterungsfähigkeit des Lehrers.
Aber man hat wenig Bewußtsein in unserer Zeit, daß es sich um so etwas handelt. Denn in unserer Zeit spielt noch immer eine große Rolle die Norm-Pädagogik, die Pädagogik, die in zahlreichen Normen arbeitet. Man lernt Pädagogik, man lernt, wie man ein Kind unterrichtet, wie man verfährt beim Unterrichten. Gegenüber unserem heutigen Menschheitsbewußtsein sollte uns das eigentlich so vorkommen, wie wenn wir lernen würden: Der Mensch besteht aus Kohlehydraten, Eiweißstoffen und so weiter — aus dem bestehen wir, und so und so verwandeln sie sich im Leibe, und bevor wir das nicht durchschaut haben, können wir nicht essen; denn erst wenn wir das verstehen, essen wir im Sinne der Physiologie. — Ich habe Ihnen einmal erzählt - und Sie wissen es ja vielleicht aus Ihrer eigenen Erfahrung -, daß man jetzt schon das Erlebnis haben kann: Man besucht den oder jenen, und siehe da, er hat eine Waage stehen neben seinem Teller und legt auf die Waage sorgfältig ein Stück Fleisch und wiegt ab, wie schwer das Stück Fleisch ist, denn nur ein Stück Fleisch von einem ganz bestimmten Gewichte darf er sich zuführen. Da bestimmt schon die Physiologie den Appetit. Aber das pflegen Gott sei Dank noch nicht alle Menschen. Es ist wichtig, daß man einsehe, daß die Physiologie nicht zum Essen gehört, sondern daß sie etwas ist, was ein Ziel neben dem Essen hat, daß man auch essen kann, ohne Physiologie studiert zu haben, ohne die Physiologie des Ernährungsvorganges zu kennen. Aber man setzt nicht voraus, daß man auch unterrichten sollte, lebendig unterrichten sollte, ohne die Norm-Pädagogik in sich aufgenommen zu haben. Für den heute im günstigsten Sinne Unterrichtenden ist diese Norm-Pädagogik genau so, wie für den Maler die Ästhetik der Farben ist. Er kann gut Ästhetik der Farben studiert haben, malen kann er deshalb nicht. Malen kann man durch ganz andere Dinge als dadurch, daß man die Ästhetik der Farben studiert. Unterrichten kann man durch ganz andere Dinge, als dadurch, daß man Pädagogik studiert. Nicht darum handelt es sich heute, daß man irgendeine Norm-Pädagogik, welche dogmatisch feststellt diese oder jene Dinge, wie man unterrichtet, seminaristisch an diejenigen heranbringt, die unterrichten sollen, sondern daß man dasjenige heranbringt an diejenigen, die unterrichten, was ähnlich zum Erzieher und Unterrichter macht, wie man Maler oder Botaniker wird. Das heißt: Es muß der Pädagoge aus dem Menschen geboren werden, nicht, es muß die Pädagogik erlernt werden.
Daß die Pädagogik eine wirkliche Kunst sein müsse, das ist etwas, was eingesehen werden muß gerade aus dieser Umwandlung der Menschennatur heraus. Im Übergangszeitalter, da wußte man nicht recht, was man eigentlich tun soll mit dem Erziehen. Daher erfand man alle möglichen abstrakten Pädagogiken. Jetzt aber handelt es sich darum, daß man vorzugsweise demjenigen, der da lehrt, übermittle eine wirkliche Menschenerkenntnis. Denn sehen Sie, wenn man eine wirkliche Menschenerkenntnis hat und wendet sie beim Kinde an, dann besteht folgendes Eigentümliche: Nehmen Sie an, man ist ein Unterrichtender; man hat seine Kinder in der Schule. Wenn man ein Anhänger der Norm-Pädagogik ist, der Pädagogik, die nach Gesetzen arbeitet, dann weiß man, wie man unterrichten soll, denn man hat ja diese Norm gelernt. Man unterrichtet heute nach diesen Normen, hat gestern nach diesen Normen unterrichtet, und man wird morgen und übermorgen nach diesen Normen unterrichten. Wenn man als Pädagoge Künstler ist, dann hat man es gar nicht so gut; dann kann man nicht gestern und heute und morgen und übermorgen nach den gleichen Normen unterrichten, sondern dann muß man jedesmal neu lernen von dem Kinde selbst, wie man es zu unterrichten hat; dann muß jedesmal aus der Natur des Menschen heraus folgen, was man zu tun hat, und es ist am allerbesten für den Pädagogen, wenn er so unterrichten kann, weil das Kind ihm gebietet, so und so zu unterrichten, und wenn er dann immer wieder vergißt, was eigentlich Pädagogik ist, wenn er keine Ahnung hat von pädagogischen Regeln. Denn in dem Augenblick, wo das Kind wiederum vor ihm steht, ist er wiederum ganz elektrisiert von dem werdenden Menschen und weiß, was er mit ihm zu tun hat.
Sie müssen achten auf diese Art und Weise, wie so etwas heute gesagt werden muß, wie über diese Dinge heute gesprochen werden muß. Man kann heute über diese Dinge nicht so sprechen, daß die Menschen sich beruhigen können in allerlei Prinzipien, sondern man kann nur so sprechen, daß man auf etwas hinweist, das lebt, das sich nicht in abstrakte Prinzipien bringen läßt, sondern das lebt, das durch Leben Leben erregt. Das ist es, worauf es ankommt. Daher ist heute für das unmittelbare Leben Geisteswissenschaft vonnöten, weil Geisteswissenschaft etwas ist, was nicht bloß für den Kopf ist, sondern was da ist für den ganzen Menschen und Willensimpulse aus dem Menschen loslöst. Das muß aber in viele Lebensgebiete hinein, auf daß zuletzt alle menschliche Betätigung so werde, daß Willensimpulse in das Leben des Menschen hineinversetzt werden.
Ich habe Ihnen dies ausgeführt für ein gewisses Gebiet des Lebens, für das Erziehen, wie wir das Erziehen, das wir üben bei dem Menschen bis zum einundzwanzigsten Jahre, auch für das spätere Leben fruchtbar machen können. Nun erzieht man aber die Menschen nicht bloß bis zum einundzwanzigsten Jahr; das Erziehen geht durch das ganze Leben weiter. Aber es ist nur gesund, wenn die Menschen sich aneinander erziehen.
Auch das hat in früheren Zeiten, in früheren geschichtlichen Epochen das Blut gegeben. Die Menschen taten das unbewußt, daß sie, wenn sie im sozialen Leben miteinander in Beziehung traten, sich gegenseitig aneinander erzogen, der eine mehr durch den andern, der andere weniger durch den anderen; das vermittelte alles das Blut. Aber das Blut ist schwach geworden, das Blut hat seine Kräfte verloren. Auch das muß durch mehr Bewußtsein ersetzt werden. Die Menschen müssen dahin kommen, von den anderen für sich selbst noch verhältnismäßig mehr zu haben, als sie durch sich selbst haben. In früheren Zeiten hat es genügt, sich, ich möchte sagen, dem Leben zu überlassen. Das Blut hat alles gemacht. Nunmehr handelt es sich darum, daß die Menschen wirklich dazu übergehen, Sinn für das Wesen des anderen Menschen zu entwickeln. Das wird von selbst angeregt dadurch, daß man seine Gedanken in die Richtung bringt, die durch die Geisteswissenschaft angeregt wird. Durch die Geisteswissenschaft werden Gedanken angeregt, die anders sind als die Gedanken, die ohne die Geisteswissenschaft angeregt werden.
Sie werden das nicht bezweifeln, denn es zeigt ja schon die Art und Weise, wie Geisteswissenschaft aufgenommen wird von denjenigen, die von ihren Gedanken nichts wissen wollen, daß die Gedanken der Geisteswissenschaft andere sind als diejenigen, die ohne Geisteswissenschaft an einen herankommen. Man muß eine ganz andere Art des Denkens entwickeln. Diese Denkungsart, die man da entwickelt, indem man sich gewöhnt, auch mit Übersinnlichem sich zu beschäftigen, diese Denkungsart, die ist zugleich diejenige, welche zurückwirkt auf unseren Organismus. Und wenn ich Ihnen heute gesagt habe: das Gedächtnis, die Erinnerungskraft ist dasselbe wie die Umwandlungskraft der Nahrungsmittel zu Stoffen, die der Mensch in seinem Organismus braucht, so werden Sie es auch nicht mehr als etwas Frappierendes empfinden, wenn auch andere Kräfte umgewandelt werden können im Menschen, wenn also die Kraft, durch die wir das Übersinnliche einsehen, uns dazu führt, den Menschen genauer zu erkennen, als wir ihn erkennen ohne gesunde Hinneigung zu einer übersinnlichen Erkenntnis.
Sie studieren dasjenige, was in meiner «Geheimwissenschaft im Umriß» steht. Da müssen Sie gewisse Begriffe entwickeln, von denen die meisten Menschen heute noch sagen: Das ist die reine Narrheit. — Ich habe etst vor ein paar Tagen wiederum einen Brief übermittelt bekommen, worin jemand gerade die «Geheimwissenschaft» durchnimmt und fast von jedem Kapitel sagt, es sei der reine Wahnsinn. Man kann es verstehen, daß die Leute sagen, es sei der reine Wahnsinn. Warum? Das ist ganz natürlich, daß die Leute vielfach das heute sagen. Aber diejenigen Menschen, die sich nicht dazu bequemen, solche Begriffe aufzunehmen, die uns auf diese Weise zu Saturn, Sonne, Mond, Jupiter, Venus, Vulkan führen, die sich also nicht damit befassen, Ideen zu entwickeln in einer Welt, die nicht mit den Sinnen umfaßt werden kann, diese Menschen erwerben sich auch keine Menschenkenntnis; diese Menschen gehen an den anderen Menschen vorbei, merken höchstens, daß der eine eine ein wenig spitzere Nase, der andere eine ein wenig stumpfere Nase hat, daß der eine blaue Augen, der andere braune Augen hat; aber sie merken nichts von dem, was im Innern des Menschen, sich offenbarend als Seele, den Leib durchorganisiert. Dieselbe Kraft, die uns fähig macht, Interesse zu haben, ich sage nicht jetzt, übersinnliche okkulte Kräfte zu haben, sondern die uns fähig macht, Interesse zu haben für übersinnliche Erkenntnisse, die ist es, die uns Menschenerkenntnis, so wie wir sie heute brauchen, überliefert.
Sie können die grandiosesten sozialen Programme aufstellen, Sie können die schönsten sozialen Ideen entwickeln: Wenn die Menschen dabei stehenbleiben, keine Menschenerkenntnis zu entwickeln, so daß sie einander gegenüberstehen, ohne sich innerlich zu erkennen, können sie keine sozialen Zustände herbeirufen. Sie können nicht soziale Zustände herbeirufen, ohne zu begründen die Möglichkeit, daß es soziale Menschen gibt. Aber soziale Menschen gibt es nicht, wenn die Menschen aneinander vorbeigehen und ein jeder nur in sich lebt. Soziale Menschen gibt es nur dadurch, daß die Menschen sich im Leben begegnen, und daß etwas übergeht von dem einen Menschen zum anderen. Hier formuliert sich ja erst die Frage, die man heute die soziale nennt. Die meisten Menschen denken heute von der sozialen Frage so, daß sie sagen: Man muß gewisse Dinge so und so einrichten, dann werden die Menschen drinnen sozial leben können. - So ist es nicht. Sie können diese Einrichtungen machen, soziale Menschen werden mit diesen Einrichtungen gute Menschen im sozialen Sinne sein, und antisoziale Menschen werden mit jeder Art von Einrichtung antisozial sein.
Dasjenige, worum es sich handelt, ist, daß wir dahin gelangen, solche Einrichtungen zu treffen, innerhalb welcher die Menschen wirklich soziale Triebe entwickeln. Und einer dieser sozialen Triebe ist das Erkennen. Aber solange Sie zum Beispiel den Menschen so erziehen, daß Sie immer nur darauf sehen: Er soll ein Postbeamter oder ein Leutnant werden, oder irgend etwas anderes für den Staat werden, so lange werden Sie den Menschen nicht so erziehen, daß er den anderen Menschen erkennt. Denn diese Erziehung, die zum Postbeamten oder zum Leutnant gut ist, die läßt in dem anderen Menschen auch nur einen Postbeamten oder Leutnant erkennen. Diejenige Erziehung, die den Menschen zum Menschen macht, die läßt auch in dem anderen Menschen den Menschen erkennen. Aber es gibt keine Möglichkeit, in dem anderen Menschen den Menschen zu erkennen, wenn man nicht Sinn für übersinnliche Erkenntnis entwickelt. Und das Wichtigste, worin übersinnliche Erkenntnis wirken muß, das ist gerade die Erziehungskunst. Daher ist der größte Schaden, der angerichtet worden ist im Laufe der neuzeitlichen Entwickelung, der, daß die naturwissenschaftlich-materialistische Denkungsweise auch die Erziehungswissenschaft ergriffen hat. In dieser Beziehung erlebt man ja höchst, höchst merkwürdige Dinge.
Es gibt heute ja auf allen Gebieten, man möchte sagen, höchst gutmeinende Menschen, gutwillige Menschen auch, die möchten alles reformieren, sogar revolutionieren; aber wenn man mit den Menschen heute redet über diese Dinge, kommt ganz Sonderbares heraus. Die Leute bekennen sich ganz ehrlich zu einer gewissen Gesinnung, die die Dinge neu gestalten will. Allein, der eine fragt einen: Ja, sehen Sie, ich bin nun Schneider, wie wird, wenn die Verhältnisse umgestaltet werden, mein Dasein als Schneider sich gestalten? — Ein anderer, sagen wir er ist Eisenbahnbeamter, der sagt: Wie wird sich mein Dasein als Eisenbahnbeamter gestalten, wenn die Verhältnisse umgestaltet werden? — Das ist nur als Beispiel hingestellt, und alles das kommt zuletzt darauf hinaus, daß die Leute ganz einverstanden sind, daß alles anders werde, nur soll durch dieses Anderswerden sich nichts ändern, sondern es soll alles beim alten bleiben. Das ist nämlich die Gesinnung, die heute außerordentlich viele Menschen beseelt: Es soll alles beim alten bleiben, wenn es anders wird. Das sollte man durchaus nicht verkennen, daß die Sehnsucht der Menschen heute eine außerordentlich abstrakte Größe im gesellschaftlichen Leben ist: Sie möchten viel, die Menschen, aber es darf ja nichts für ihre Bequemlichkeit sich ändern.
Und so ist es namentlich da, wo es sich darum handelt, daß die Menschen sich auch innerlich in wirklich neue Verhältnisse hineinfinden sollen. Und dennoch, gerade dies ist es, worauf es ankommt: daß die Menschen die Möglichkeit finden, den Übergang zu bewirken zu dem, worüber ganz neu gedacht werden muß, in bezug auf das man sich innerlichst zu ändern hat.
Nun entstehen ja aus alledem, was wir betrachtet haben, die allerverschiedensten Fragen, Fragen aber, die durchaus auf die Unmittelbarkeit des Lebens hingehen. Diese Fragen, die mußten wir so betrachten, daß wir für sie eine gewisse tiefere Grundlage dadurch geschaffen haben, daß wir davon gesprochen haben, wie gewisse Kräfte, die zunächst geistig-seelisch ausschauen, sich auch im Leiblichen ausdrücken. Denn es fehlt uns heute gar zu sehr die Fähigkeit, dasjenige, was wir uns geistig vorstellen, in das materielle Leben einzuführen. Ehe wir aber nicht wiederum dazu kommen, die Dinge, die wir uns geistig vorstellen, in das materielle Leben einzuführen, können wir nicht daran denken, den eigentlichen Nerv der sozialen Frage ins Auge zu fassen.
Und so handelt es sich denn darum, ein Geistesleben anzustreben, welches wirklich eine Menschenerkenntnis, damit aber soziale "Triebe entwickelt. Ja, ein Geistesleben, das herausgeformt wird aus ganz anderen Lebensverhältnissen, das genügt dazu nicht. Eben das Geistesleben, das vom Staat oder Wirtschaftsleben her geformt wird, das formt sich Postbeamte oder Leutnants. Das Geistesleben aber, das wir brauchen, ist dasjenige, welches Menschen formt. Das kann aber kein anderes sein als ein solches, das sich loslöst vom Wirtschaftsleben und loslöst vom staatlichen Leben. Daher mußte einmal das geschehen, was durch unsere «Dreigliederung des sozialen Organismus» geschehen ist. Es mußte radikal darauf hingewiesen werden: Alle Art der Abhängigkeit des geistigen Lebens vom Wirtschaftsleben, vom staatlichen Leben müsse aufhören und das Geistesleben auf seine eigenen Grundlagen gestellt werden. Dann wird das geistige Leben dem Wirtschafts- und dem Staatsleben dasjenige geben können, was das Staatsleben und das Wirtschaftsleben dem geistigen Leben nicht geben können.
Das ist das Wesentliche, das ist das Wichtige! Ein Vollmensch wird entstehen erst wieder dadurch, daß wir aus einem selbständigen Geistesleben heraus arbeiten.
Second Lecture
In this middle lecture of the three, I would like to develop some anthroposophical truths in particular. We will then see how these anthroposophical truths have a powerful effect on people's everyday lives; we will talk about that tomorrow. Today I would like to draw your attention to something deeper in the human being.
People very often do not ask themselves by what forces of human nature the knowledge of the supersensible worlds is attained. They try to answer the question simply by saying that it is possible to know the supersensible through certain forces of human nature. But the question of how these forces relate to human nature, and in what particular ways, is not always asked. That is why so little consideration is given to making the knowledge of the supersensible worlds truly fruitful for ordinary life. It can be said that, especially in our age, supersensible knowledge is becoming more and more necessary for human beings. But then they must also be understood in their relationship to ordinary everyday life.
You know that the first ability that leads human beings up to the supersensible being is the power of imagination, the second ability is the power of inspiration, and the third ability is the power of intuition. Now the question arises: Are these abilities that one simply has to consider when talking about knowledge of supersensible worlds, or are they abilities that also play a role in the rest of human life? — The latter is the case, you see. As you can see from the little book “The Education of the Child from a Spiritual-Scientific Perspective,” we follow human life through three epochs: from birth to the change of teeth, from the change of teeth to puberty, and from puberty to about the age of twenty-one. Anyone who does not view human nature superficially will realize that the whole nature of human development is different in the first seven years, different in the second seven years, and different in the third seven years of childhood and youth. The emergence of the permanent teeth — I have spoken about this often — is connected not only with the unfolding of forces that are located, say, in the jaws or in the organs surrounding them, but also with forces that are located throughout the entire physical human being. Something happens in the physical human being between birth and the age of seven that finds its conclusion, its culmination, so to speak, in the eruption of the permanent teeth from human nature.
These forces that work on the human physical being are — one might say: naturally — of a supersensible nature. The sensory is merely the material in which they work. These supersensible forces, which are active in the entire organization of the human being during the first seven years of life, are, so to speak, shut down when their goal is reached, when the permanent teeth appear. After the seventh year, these forces go, I would say, to sleep. They are hidden in human nature; they sleep in human nature. And they can be brought out of this human nature if one does the exercises I have described in How to Know Higher Worlds, which lead to intuition. For the forces that are used in intuition, in intuitive knowledge, are the same forces with which one grows until the age of seven, and this growth finds its expression in the change of teeth. These dormant forces, which are active in human nature until the age of seven, are used in supersensible knowledge to attain intuition.
The forces that are active from the age of seven to fourteen, until puberty, and then go dormant, resting deep within human nature, are brought up and form the power of inspiration. And those forces which in earlier times instilled youthful ideals in human beings between the ages of fourteen and twenty-one — it would be too much to claim that they still do so now — and created organs in the physical body for these youthful ideals, are the same forces that are then brought out of their dormant state and can bring about imagination.
You can see from this that the powers of imagination, inspiration, and intuition are not arbitrary forces drawn from unknown sources, but are the same forces with which we grow from birth to the age of twenty-one. The forces that live in imagination, inspiration, and intuition are therefore very healthy forces. They are the forces that human beings need for healthy growth, and which then, when the corresponding phases of growth are complete, go to sleep in human nature.
I have thus pointed out to you what, in the supersensible powers of cognition, has a relationship to ordinary human nature. But the same can be said of the forces of normal human nature, the human nature that exists in ordinary life. Only there it is not so pronounced. A very important force for ordinary life—we have discussed this often—is the power of memory, the ability to remember. We master this ability to remember spiritually when we recall something we have experienced, as we say. But you all know that there is something peculiar about this power of memory. We master it, and yet we do not master it completely. Many a person struggles at this or that moment of their life because they want to remember something, but they cannot. This ability to remember and the inability to remember completely stems from the fact that the same power that we use mentally as the power of memory serves to transform the nutrients we take in into substances that can be used by our body. So when you eat a piece of bread and this bread is transformed in your body into a substance that serves your life, this is apparently a physical process. But this physical process is controlled by supersensible forces. These supersensible forces are the same ones you use when you remember. So the same type of force is used on the one hand for memory and on the other hand for processing nutrients in human life. And you actually always have to oscillate a little between your soul and your body if you want to give yourself over to the power of memory. If your body digests too well, then you may not be able to draw enough energy from your body to remember certain things well. You always have to wage an inner battle, which takes place in the unconscious between the soul and the body, if you want to remember something. When you look at the power of memory in this way, you have the best way of understanding how absurd it is, from a higher point of view, for some people to be idealists and others to be materialists. The processing of nutrients in the human body is undoubtedly a material process. The forces that govern it are the same as those that are effective in an ideal process: the forces of memory, the powers of memory. One can only see the world correctly if one sees it neither materialistically nor idealistically, but if one is able to see what appears to be materialistic in an idealistic way and to follow what appears to be idealistic in a completely material way. The spiritual aspect of a worldview is not based on saying: There is base materialism, which is for the “lepers” of humanity; there is idealism, which is for the elect — to whom the person expressing this opinion usually counts himself — but rather, the essence of a truly spiritual worldview consists in that this spiritual worldview is capable of diving into material existence with what it grasps in the spiritual realm, in order to understand material existence so that it may be understood and not despised. This is the great error of many religious creeds, that they despise material existence instead of understanding it, instead of seeking the spirit within it.
So it is a matter of entering into things, not, as is still so common today, of living in phrases in mystical realms; it is a matter of really entering into things. Now that I have shown you, in a sense, how to approach these things, I would like to mention something very important. When we speak of material existence and supersensible existence, we usually speak as if material existence were spread out in the world, and then somewhere behind or above it there is supersensible existence, which cannot be perceived by the senses. If you imagine things in this way, with sensual-physical existence on the one hand and supersensible existence on the other, you will never understand human beings. There is no way of truly grasping human beings if you start from the opposition between the sensual and the supersensible. It is rather a question of the following. The sensory world spreads out around us, and the world in which we work, the world in which our social life also lies, spreads out around us. Let us schematically represent this spread-out world with this line (see drawing, horizontal line). You can only get a complete picture of what actually exists in the world if you imagine that there are forces, supersensible forces (red arrows), above this line. These supersensible forces cannot be perceived with the ordinary senses or with the intellect, which is bound to the ordinary senses. We only perceive what lies within the realm of this line.

But there are also forces below this line. We can only speak completely of the non-sensory, of the spiritual, when we speak of supersensible and subsensible forces. So we must imagine that the subsensible forces also lie here (orange arrows).
So, we have the sensory world, the supersensible forces, and the sub-sensible forces. Where does the human being himself belong when he stands physically before you? That which stands physically before you belongs entirely within this line. But within that which enters into the line in the human being, supersensible forces act on one side and sub-sensible forces on the other. Human beings are the result of the interaction between supersensible and sub-sensible forces. Which forces of human nature are supersensible, and which are sub-sensible? All forces related to cognition are supersensible; everything we bring to bear for cognition is supersensible. And these are the same forces that shape our head, our head. So we can say: The supersensible forces are the forces of cognition.
Now the sub-sensible forces also work within human beings. What are these forces? They are the forces of the will. All forces of the will, everything will-like in human nature is sub-sensible.
Now you will naturally ask: Where do these sub-sensible forces, these forces of will, come from? — They are the same forces as the forces of the planets, in our case the forces of the Earth. Indeed, the forces of the earth are constantly working within us. And what is connected with these planetary forces, with these forces of the earth, are the forces that are of a volitional nature. The forces that are of a cognitive nature come to us from the periphery of the world, pouring down on us, as it were, from outside, from outside the planet. The forces that are of a volitional nature penetrate us from the planet. Thus, the forces of our own planet live within us. At the moment we come into existence at birth, the forces of the Earth are at work within us.
The question arises: in what distribution are they effective within us? Here again there is a considerable difference between the first stage of life, the first epoch of life, the second and third, up to the age of seven, up to the age of fourteen, up to the age of twenty-one. That which acts willfully within us up to the age of seven acts entirely from within the planet. It is very interesting to follow, from a spiritual scientific point of view, how the forces of the innermost part of the earth are at work in everything that is effective in the child up to the age of seven. If you want to know the forces of the earth's interior in their manifestation, then study everything that goes on in the child up to the age of seven, for these are the forces of the earth's interior. It is completely wrong to dig into the earth to find the forces of the earth's interior. There you will find only the substances of the earth. The forces that are active in the earth reveal themselves in what they accomplish in the human being up to the age of seven. And again, from the seventh to the fourteenth year of life, the forces of the air circle work in the human being, that is, also that which belongs to the earth, the forces of the atmosphere. But these are primarily effective in everything that develops in the human being between the seventh and fourteenth years of life. Then the most important period is from the fourteenth to the twenty-first year. There, I would say, the sub-sensible passes into the super-sensible. A kind of balance is formed between the sub-sensible and the super-sensible. The forces of the entire solar system, the solar system belonging to the earth, have an organizing effect on the human being.
So, the inner earth in the first stage of life; the air circle in the second stage of life, that in which the earth itself is enveloped. The forces that stream down from outer space, insofar as this outer space is filled with our own planetary system: up to the age of twenty-one. Only at the age of twenty-one does the human being, so to speak, break away from the influences of what is brought about in him from outside through the planet and the planetary system belonging to it.
You see, in everything I have just told you that affects human beings, there is also a physical effect. These are physical processes that are brought about by forces from within the planet until the age of seven. These are physical processes that are formed by the air cycle in connection with breathing between the ages of seven and fourteen, and so on. These are entirely physical processes, they are transformations of the physical organs that are brought about; everything is connected with the growth and development of the human being. Human beings therefore grow out of what the earth has formed in them; this ceases at the age of twenty-one.
But what happens then? What happens after the age of twenty-one? Until the age of twenty-one, we have lived in the manner described above, drawing sustenance from the earth and its planetary system. We have lived on what the earth has organized within us. Now, when we have reached the age of twenty-one, we must live on ourselves. We must gradually bring up again what we have brought down into our organism from the forces of the planet and the planetary system.
The forces of human blood were at work to ensure that this always happened in the past. As you well know, human beings did not learn to draw the forces of the planet out of themselves after the age of twenty-one. But they did so nonetheless. They did so as an unconscious process. It was in his blood. It was organized into him that he did this. Our significant change in the present, whereby the present is of course a long period of centuries, lies in the fact that human blood is losing the power to extract what was added to the organism in this way until the age of twenty-one.
The important thing that is happening in the present time of humanity is based on the fact that the blood is losing its power. These things cannot be ascertained by external anatomy or external physiology; they would have to examine bodies from the 10th or 9th century, and then they would come to the conclusion that the blood was different then. We would not even have the chemical reagents to discover this. But through spiritual science we can know with certainty that human blood has become weaker. And the great turning point in the weakening of human blood was in the middle of the 15th century.
What is the consequence? The consequence is that what we are no longer able to achieve unconsciously through our blood, we must now achieve through our consciousness. We must educate ourselves to be able to consciously accomplish what was previously achieved unconsciously simply through human blood. For the power of the blood has been lost and is being lost more and more. And what would finally happen if we found no means of obtaining information, in an age in which people would completely lose their youth, in which they could not make the powers of their youth fruitful for themselves, if what the blood used to do unconsciously could not be accomplished consciously?
Of course, these things must not be taken merely theoretically. Taken theoretically, they may be interesting truths. But to take them merely theoretically is not enough. These things must be taken practically today, for they are connected with the practical development of humanity. They must be taken practically in such a way that we become conscious that the whole system of human education must be changed. We must bring people to the point where they develop a strong, conscious power to relive in later life, as if through an elementary memory, what they absorbed in their youth.
For the time being, people everywhere are still acting contrary to this requirement. For example, people are proud of giving what they call “visual instruction” in elementary schools, teaching children everything in a very vivid way, and they attach great importance to not revealing to children in class anything that, as they say, is beyond their comprehension. Instead, the teacher, the educator should descend as far as possible to the child's level of comprehension. Yes, they set up calculating machines on which all kinds of calculations are taught vividly by counting balls. Nothing should exceed the child's comprehension. This visual teaching becomes a horrifying triviality and banality. After all, it must ultimately lead to children being taught only banal concepts if one is to descend to the level of the child's own comprehension. Those who strive for this completely disregard an important, although, I would say, intimate experience of human life.
Let us imagine that a child is taught in such a way that it absorbs something, not because it already fully corresponds to its capacity, but because the teacher's enthusiastic warmth is transferred to the child and the child absorbs it because the teacher conveys it to the child through his enthusiasm in teaching. The child absorbs it precisely because it lives in the warmth that emanates from the teacher. It absorbs something that is beyond its understanding, simply because of the teacher's infectious enthusiasm; then the child does not yet understand what it has absorbed, as we say in everyday life. But what it has absorbed remains in the child's mind. What the child may have absorbed at the age of ten is remembered by the adult at the age of thirty. He experiences it again. Now he has matured and understands what he can draw from the depths of his mind, what he absorbed at the time only out of enthusiasm, but which he can now draw from his mature mind. You see, these are the most fruitful moments of life, when one does not merely grasp what comes to one from outside, but what one has previously absorbed with insufficient or limited understanding, which one experiences again by bringing it up and only then being able to absorb it with a deeper understanding. The more care is taken in teaching to ensure that the child does not merely absorb what it understands in a banal way — for that disappears with childhood and cannot be a source of joy or enthusiasm in later life — the more one does for the later development of the human being; for what is absorbed merely from the warmth of the teacher is what, when relived, gives vitality.
This should be given special attention in teaching today. In the past, it was not necessary to pay particular attention to this, because the effect was inherent in the blood; now it must be brought to consciousness. It is not the same thing to understand such things as those that are becoming fruitful today through spiritual science. If you understand them in the right way, you will find opportunities in practical life to use these things for the good of humanity. So if you understand correctly that our blood has become weak, you will find opportunities to use this knowledge to place even greater value on the enthusiasm of the teacher.
But in our time, there is little awareness that this is what is at stake. For in our time, normative pedagogy, pedagogy that works with numerous norms, still plays a major role. One learns pedagogy, one learns how to teach a child, how to proceed in teaching. Compared to our current understanding of humanity, this should seem to us as if we were learning that humans consist of carbohydrates, proteins, and so on—that this is what we are made of, and this is how they are transformed in the body, and until we have understood this, we cannot eat; for only when we understand this do we eat in accordance with physiology. I once told you—and you may know this from your own experience—that you can already have this experience today: you visit someone, and lo and behold, they have a scale next to their plate and carefully place a piece of meat on the scale and weigh how heavy the piece of meat is, because they are only allowed to eat a piece of meat of a very specific weight. In this case, physiology determines appetite. But thank God, not all people do this yet. It is important to realize that physiology is not part of eating, but that it is something that has a goal alongside eating, that one can also eat without having studied physiology, without knowing the physiology of the nutritional process. But one does not assume that one should also teach, teach in a lively way, without having absorbed standard pedagogy. For today's teacher in the best sense of the word, standard pedagogy is exactly what the aesthetics of colors are for a painter. He may have studied the aesthetics of colors well, but that does not mean he can paint. Painting can be learned through things other than studying the aesthetics of colors. Teaching can be learned through things other than studying pedagogy. Today, it is not a question of imparting some kind of standard pedagogy, which dogmatically determines this or that way of teaching, to those who are to teach in a seminar-like setting, but rather of imparting to those who teach what makes them similar to educators and teachers, just as one becomes a painter or a botanist. This means that the educator must be born out of the human being; pedagogy must not be learned.
The fact that pedagogy must be a true art is something that must be understood precisely from this transformation of human nature. In the transitional age, people did not really know what to do with education. Therefore, all kinds of abstract pedagogies were invented. Now, however, it is a matter of imparting a real knowledge of human beings, preferably to those who teach. For you see, when one has a real knowledge of human beings and applies it to children, the following peculiarity arises: Suppose you are a teacher; you have your children in school. If you are a follower of standard pedagogy, pedagogy that works according to laws, then you know how to teach, because you have learned this standard. Today you teach according to these standards, yesterday you taught according to these standards, and tomorrow and the day after tomorrow you will teach according to these standards. If you are an artist as an educator, then you are not so well off; then you cannot teach according to the same norms yesterday, today, tomorrow, and the day after tomorrow, but instead you have to learn anew from the child itself how to teach it; then what you have to do must follow each time from human nature, and it is best for the educator if you can teach like this, because the child tells you to teach this way, and if you then forget again and again what pedagogy actually is, if you have no idea about pedagogical rules. Because the moment the child stands before you again, you are once more electrified by the developing human being and know what you have to do with him.
You must pay attention to the way in which such things must be said today, how these things must be spoken about today. Today, one cannot speak about these things in such a way that people can reassure themselves with all kinds of principles, but one can only speak in such a way that one points to something that is alive, that cannot be reduced to abstract principles, but that lives and inspires life through life. That is what matters. That is why spiritual science is necessary for immediate life today, because spiritual science is not something that is merely for the head, but something that is there for the whole human being and releases impulses of will from within the human being. But this must enter into many areas of life, so that ultimately all human activity becomes such that impulses of will are transferred into human life.
I have explained this to you for a certain area of life, for education, how we can make the education we practice with human beings up to the age of twenty-one fruitful for later life. But we do not educate people only until the age of twenty-one; education continues throughout life. However, it is only healthy if people educate each other.
In earlier times, in earlier historical epochs, this was also provided by blood. People did this unconsciously, in that when they entered into social relationships with one another, they educated one another, one more through the other, the other less through the one; the blood conveyed all this. But the blood has become weak, the blood has lost its power. This too must be replaced by greater consciousness. People must come to have relatively more from others for themselves than they have through themselves. In earlier times, it was enough to, I would say, surrender oneself to life. The blood did everything. Now it is a matter of people really developing a sense for the essence of other human beings. This is stimulated automatically by directing one's thoughts in the direction suggested by spiritual science. Spiritual science stimulates thoughts that are different from those stimulated without spiritual science.You will not doubt this, for it is already evident from the way spiritual science is received by those who want nothing to do with their thoughts, that the thoughts of spiritual science are different from those that come to us without spiritual science. We must develop a completely different way of thinking. This way of thinking, which is developed by becoming accustomed to dealing with the supersensible, is at the same time the way of thinking that has an effect on our organism. And if I have told you today that memory, the power of recollection, is the same as the power of transformation of food into substances that the human being needs in his organism, you will no longer find it surprising that other forces can also be transformed in human beings, that the force through which we perceive the supersensible leads us to understand human beings more accurately than we would without a healthy inclination toward supersensible knowledge.
You are studying what is written in my “Outline of Secret Science.” In doing so, you must develop certain concepts that most people today still consider pure nonsense. A few days ago, I received another letter from someone who is currently reading “Secret Science” and says that almost every chapter is pure madness. One can understand why people say it is pure madness. Why? It is quite natural that people often say that today. But those people who do not bother to take up such concepts, which lead us in this way to Saturn, the Sun, the Moon, Jupiter, Venus, Vulcan, who do not concern themselves with developing ideas in a world that cannot be grasped by the senses, these people do not acquire any knowledge of human nature; these people pass by other people, noticing at most that one has a slightly more pointed nose, another a slightly blunter nose, that one has blue eyes, another brown eyes; but they notice nothing of what is revealed within the human being as the soul, which organizes the body. The same power that enables us to have interest—I am not talking now about supernatural occult powers, but the power that enables us to have interest in supernatural knowledge—is what has handed down to us the knowledge of human nature that we need today.
You can draw up the most grandiose social programs, you can develop the most beautiful social ideas: if people remain stuck in their ways, unable to develop knowledge of human beings, so that they stand opposite one another without recognizing each other inwardly, they cannot bring about social conditions. They cannot bring about social conditions without establishing the possibility that social human beings exist. But social human beings do not exist if people pass each other by and each lives only within themselves. Social human beings exist only because people encounter each other in life and something passes from one person to another. This is where the question that we now call the social question first arises. Most people today think of the social question in such a way that they say: certain things must be arranged in a certain way, then people will be able to live socially within them. That is not the case. You can create these institutions, and social people will be good people in the social sense within these institutions, and antisocial people will be antisocial within any kind of institution.
What is important is that we arrive at institutions within which people can truly develop social instincts. And one of these social instincts is recognition. But as long as you educate people in such a way that you always focus on them becoming a post office clerk or a lieutenant or something else for the state, you will not educate them to recognize other people. For this kind of education, which is good for post office clerks or lieutenants, allows them to recognize only post office clerks or lieutenants in other people. The kind of education that makes people human also enables them to recognize the human being in others. But there is no way of recognizing the human being in others unless one develops a sense of supersensible knowledge. And the most important area in which supersensible knowledge must be effective is precisely the art of education. Therefore, the greatest damage that has been done in the course of modern development is that the scientific-materialistic way of thinking has also taken hold of educational science. In this respect, one experiences most, most remarkable things.
Today, in all fields, there are people who are extremely well-meaning, even good-willed, who want to reform everything, even revolutionize it; but when one talks to people today about these things, something very strange emerges. People profess quite honestly to hold a certain attitude that wants to reshape things. But one asks them: Yes, look, I am a tailor now, how will my life as a tailor be shaped when conditions are reorganized? Another, let's say he is a railroad official, says: How will my life as a railroad official be shaped when conditions are reorganized? These are just examples, but ultimately it all boils down to the fact that people are in complete agreement that everything should be different, but that this change should not alter anything; everything should remain the same. This is the attitude that animates an extraordinary number of people today: everything should remain the same when it changes. One should not fail to recognize that people's longing today is an extremely abstract quantity in social life: people want a lot, but nothing must change that affects their comfort.
And this is particularly true when it comes to people finding their way into truly new circumstances, also in their inner lives. And yet this is precisely what matters: that people find the opportunity to effect the transition to something that must be thought about in a completely new way, something that requires the most profound inner change.
Now, from all that we have considered, the most diverse questions arise, questions, however, that are entirely directed toward the immediacy of life. We had to consider these questions in such a way that we created a certain deeper foundation for them by speaking of how certain forces, which at first appear to be spiritual and soul-like, also express themselves in the physical realm. For today we lack all too much the ability to introduce into material life what we imagine spiritually. But until we are able to introduce into material life the things we imagine spiritually, we cannot think of grasping the real nerve of the social question.
And so it is a matter of striving for a spiritual life that truly develops an understanding of human beings and thus social “instincts.” Yes, a spiritual life that is shaped by completely different living conditions is not enough. The very spiritual life that is shaped by the state or economic life shapes postal clerks and lieutenants. But the spiritual life we need is one that shapes human beings. This can be no other than one that detaches itself from economic life and detaches itself from state life. Therefore, what happened through our “threefold social order” had to happen. It had to be pointed out radically: all kinds of dependence of spiritual life on economic life, on state life, must cease, and spiritual life must be placed on its own foundations. Then spiritual life will be able to give to economic and state life what state life and economic life cannot give to spiritual life.
That is the essential thing, that is the important thing! A complete human being will only come into being again when we work out of an independent spiritual life.