Donate books to help fund our work. Learn more→

The Rudolf Steiner Archive

a project of Steiner Online Library, a public charity

The Mission of the Archangel Michael
GA 174a

17 February 1918, Munich

VIII. Michael's Battle and Its Reflection On Earth—Part II

IT WILL be my task today to proceed in our spiritual observations from the foundations which we laid here the last time to such spiritual processes which lie immediately behind the events our age that speak so seriously to our souls.

If we live, in the sense of our spiritual science, with the forces that stream from the so-called dead into the realm in which we dwell during our incarnation, it is possible to observe with great vividness what it is spiritually that under-lies such a difficult time. To be sure, people of the present age have little longing to know the spiritual background of existence. Such lack of interest is closely connected with the fact that his great catastrophe has befallen mankind in the present age. I have drawn your attention to the fact that in the last third of the nineteenth century, in contrast to earlier periods of time, great changes took place in human evolution. I have repeatedly pointed to the end of the seventies of last century and have shown that the end of the seventies was an incisive moment in the evolution of mankind. Very few people of the present time are aware of the fundamental difference in the spiritual life since the end of the seventies as compared to the spiritual life that preceded it. Human beings lack the perspective to see this; for such a thing only becomes apparent if one is able to observe the differences from a certain distance. If mankind is not to expect still greater misery, this perspective must be gained as soon as possible. For, my dear friends, our present age is governed by a strange and very vivid contradiction. I shall describe this contradiction to you, and you will find it very grotesque: There is no time within historical human evolution that is so spiritual as the time in which we live, the time since the end of the 70's. From a historical point of view, we live in the most spiritual of times. Still, it is an undeniable fact that people who consider themselves spiritually developed believe that our time is completely materialistic! As far as life is concerned, our time is not materialistic; but as far as the belief of many people and its results are concerned, our time is certainly materialistic. What do we really mean if we say: “ours is a spiritual time”?

Well, my dear friends, consider the natural-scientific world conception of the present day; compared to it, the natural-scientific world conception of the past is materialistic. Today we have a natural-scientific world conception which rises to the most subtle, the most spiritualized concepts. We see this if we observe existence beyond the immediate physical present.

Most spiritual conceptions today, although well-meant, mean very little to the so-called dead. But the natural scientific conceptions of the present age, if reflected upon without prejudice, mean extraordinarily much to them. It is an interesting fact that so-called materialistic Darwinism is conceived of and employed in a completely spiritual fashion in the realm of the dead. In full life things appear quite different from the way they appear in the frequently erroneous belief produced by what people experience in the body. What do I really mean by pointing to the natural-scientific spiritual? Well, in order to be able to form these concepts, to rise to such thoughts as are developed today in regard to evolution, and so forth, a spirituality is needed which did not exist in previous ages. It is much easier to see ghosts and to take them for something spiritual than to form sharply defined concepts for that which seems to be only material. This has brought about the fact that human beings develop in their soul life the most spiritualized concepts, and then proceed to deny them. These spiritualized concepts are mistakenly believed to relate only to material things. The materialistic interpretation of the present natural-scientific world conception is nothing but a denial of its true character. It has sprung from a tendency to cowardice, pure cowardice! One cannot bring oneself to live with one's feelings in these spiritualized concepts and to grasp this spirituality in the rarefaction needed for the forming of clear-cut concepts about nature. One does not dare to acknowledge that one lives in the spirit when one develops these rarefied, spiritualized concepts. One deceives oneself by saying: these concepts relate merely to material things; for this is not true, it is mere self-deception.

The same holds good for other spheres of life. As I pointed out to you the day before yesterday, {Rudolf Steiner, Das Sinnlich-Uebersinnliche in seiner Verwirklichung durch die Kunst. Not yet translated. Anthroposophic Press, New York.} many artistic creations of the present time show values through this spiritualized, refined feeling which did not exist in the art development of earlier epochs. This change in the spiritual life has been brought about through a quite definite spiritual event which I should like to characterize today from a certain point of view.

At the beginning of the forties of the nineteenth century, when the middle of that century had not quite been reached, the Archangel Michael gradually rose from the rank of an Archangel to that of a Time Spirit. He began at that time to undergo an evolution which enabled him to work into human life not merely from the super-earthly standpoint, but directly from the standpoint of the earthly. He had to prepare himself to descend to the earth itself, to emulate, as it were, the great procedure of the Christ Jesus Himself, to take his starting point here upon the earth and to be active henceforth from the point of view of the earth. From the forties to the end of the seventies of the last century this spiritual being prepared himself for this task. Thus it may be observed that the period between the forties and the year 1879 presents a significant battle in that super-earthly sphere which borders immediately on the earthly sphere. {See Rudolf Steiner, Geistige Wesen und ihre Wirkungen, Vol. II: Der Sturz der Geister der Finsternis. (Not yet translated) Anthroposophic Press, New York.} This spiritual being whom we call the Archangel Michael had to fight a hard battle against certain opposing spirits. If we wish to understand what actually happened there, we must consider these opposing spirits.

These spiritual beings who had to be fought by the Archangel Michael becoming a time spirit have always affected the life and evolution of mankind; during the past millennia, prior to the middle of the nineteenth century, their task in the spiritual world was to create differentiation among human beings. Those spiritual beings who are the direct followers of the Archangels strive to lead human beings back to the group soul, to spread uniformity over the whole of mankind. If these beings alone had been active, mankind would have become one indistinguishable species, similar to the animal species, but on a somewhat higher level. These spiritual beings, however, against whom the Michaelic principle had to fight had the task of spreading differentiation among mankind, to split humanity into races and peoples; to bring about all those differences that are connected with the blood and with the nerved temperament. This had to happen. They may be called Ahrimanic beings, and we must realize that the Ahrimanic principle was a necessity in the course of mankind's evolution.

Now at time of great significance arrived in the evolution of mankind, beginning with the forties of the nineteenth century. The time arrived when the old differentiations had to vanish, when the divided human race had to be formed into a unity.

You see, the cosmopolitan views which, to be sure, sometimes turned into cosmopolitan slogans in the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century are simply a reflection of what occurred in the spiritual world. The tendency exists in mankind to wipe out the various differences which were fostered by the blood and the nerve temperament. It is not a tendency of the spiritual worlds to create further differences among mankind, but it is a tendency of the spiritual worlds to pour a cosmopolitan element over mankind. Although, under the impressions of our catastrophic times, people have little understanding for this, still it has to be stated as a true fact. If this fact, mirrored in the earthly events, is observed in its spiritual background, clairvoyant vision shows that it was the spirit who was to become the time spirit of the modern age that from the forties onward fought against the race spirits, the folk spirits that produced the difference between peoples. What has always been represented by a significant symbol took place here, although at a different stage. The symbol refers also to other stages of evolution, for matters repeat themselves at various stages, and what I am telling you now is only a repetition at a certain stage of a spiritual event that took place at other stages. It is the event that is represented by the symbol of the conquering of the dragon by the Archangel Michael. This conquering of the dragon by the Archangel Michael, which means that the counter-striving powers have been cast out of the realm in which the Archangel Michael rules, took place in a certain sphere, beginning with the forties of the last century. Certain spiritual beings whose task in the spiritual world it was to divide mankind into races and peoples were cast out of heaven down upon the earth. These spiritual beings who up to the forties produced these differentiations among mankind have no longer any power in the region bordering the earthly world. They have been cast down among men upon the earth with everything they could bring with them.

This is what spiritual science designates as the victory of the Archangel Michael over the counter-striving spirits, which took place at the end of the seventies; the pushing down upon the earth of certain spirits resisting him.

Thus, since the end of the seventies, since 1879, we have two things: we have on earth for those who may be said to be of good will—if we understand the expression in a qualified sense—the rulership of the Time Spirit Michael who enables us to acquire spiritualized concepts, a spiritualized intellectual life. We also have on earth the counter-striving spirits who deceive us into denying the spirituality of the present time. If we fight against the materialism of our time, we should be constantly aware of the fact that we must not fight against what is good in our age but against the lies of our age. For the spirits that have been pushed out of heaven down upon the earth are chiefly spirits of falsehood who, as spirits of hindrance, prevent us from looking for the spiritual in our grasp of natural existence.

If one learns to know those human beings who descended to earthly incarnation from the spiritual world after the year 1841 and who have died since, one can indeed see how these things are considered from the other side, as it were. One is then in a position to correct much of that which here in the physical world, is very difficult to see through.

You see, at the beginning of the twentieth century it gradually became apparent how necessary it is to point again to the most varied fields of spirit in life; and those who drew attention to this fact were the human beings who, after the year 1848—more precisely, after 1840—had participated in the hard battle which was carried on by the Archangel Michael in the spiritual world and which ended in 1879 with the casting down of the counter-striving spirits into the life of the earth, where they now are among human beings. One participates in the battle of the Archangel Michael if one rises against these spirits and tries to drive them from the field. {See: Rudolf Steiner, Goethestudien und goetheanistische Denkmethoden. (Not yet translated) Anthroposophic Press, New York.}

Now, there exists a certain law which states that from every point in world history evolution may be traced in two directions: backward as well as forward. If we focus our attention on any point in the historical development of mankind, we may say: At this point of time this or that happened. Now, as time goes on, the events may be observed; but time may also be observed retrospectively. We may go back from 1879 to 1878, 77, 60, 50, and so on, and may then observe the spiritual world in retrospect. The following then presents itself: In the deeper structure of events as they proceed we may discover a repetition of what preceded them. If one expresses something great in a simple way, it may easily sound trivial. But I shall speak simply. If we consider the year 1879, we can proceed to 1880, or we can go back to 1878. If we proceed to 1880, we shall observe in the deeper spiritual structure of that year that what has happened in 1878 is still active within it; behind the events of 1880, there stand, as active forces, the events of 1878, and behind the events of 1881 there stand, as active forces, the events of 1877. As we go back, it is as if the line of time reversed itself, and the events which lie back of a certain point of time placed themselves behind the events which lie ahead of that point of time. Much can be understood if we grasp these things.

Now I beg you to remember that I have for many years spoken about the year 1879, and not only since 1914, which would be cheap. This is important, my dear friends, and I ask you now to make a simple calculation with me. Count back from the year 1879, count back to the year which I have often designated as the other boundary. I have always stated that the battle of which I am now speaking started at the beginning of the forties, around 1840, 1941, count back: 1879, 1868, 1858, 1848, and 8 or 9 years more; this is 38 or 39 years. Now count forward: 1879, 1889, 1899, 1909, 1914, and right up into our days (1918), and you also have 38 or 39 years. If you observe the year 1917, you will find a surprising result. You will realized the deep significance of the occultist's statement that, in starting from an incisive historical event, you will find the preceding spiritual event repeated in the subsequent one. Behind the earthly events of our days there stand the spiritual events that began in the forties and which we designate as the Archangel Michael's battle against the counter-striving spirits. These events stand behind present-day events. We have a repetition today of what took place at the beginning of the forties. You can imagine how differently one looks at the events of our time if one pays attention to this law. One will develop a deeper understanding of events that now pass unnoticed, that do not penetrate into one's soul. One will realize that the battle of the Archangel Michael against the counter-striving powers has, to a certain degree, returned to its starting point.

It is, in general, very difficult to speak to human beings of the present day about these deeper relationships, because they violently reject that which would help them to understand the present time and enable them to act in the proper manner. It is necessary today to rid ourselves of old prejudices and consciously to understand the facts.
For things happen here on the physical plane which are of a much more spiritual nature than events in general. This is connected with the descent of the Archangel Michael into our earth region. Many people speak of this descent. But if they are seriously called upon to take this fact on its true background, then they do not follow, they do not want to follow. Yet it is extremely necessary that a spiritual understanding of the most important impulses of our age lay hold of ever more extended circles of our contemporaries. Therefore it was very important, during all these years of our group meetings, to draw attention to the necessity of not sleeping away the stream of events which in our time is so strongly influenced by the spirit. For to sleep away events is a characteristic trait of our time. People pass by the events as though asleep, and it can be said that the more incisive, the more significant an event is that enters the physical plane, the more human beings sleep through it.

The events of March, 1917—if I may indicate a concrete fact {Outbreak of the Russian Revolution. Abdication of the Czar. (Editor)}—were of tremendous significance and will produce results of such great importance of which mankind does not even dream today; and it is really unbelievable how little understanding exists among people for the necessity of a complete revision of their judgments, of a complete revision of all that people have believed prior to 1914.

On this occasion, I may perhaps be permitted to point to the fact that in 1910 I delivered a number of lectures in Kristiania (Oslo) about the European folk souls. In the first of these lectures you may read that human beings will soon be called upon to understand something about the relations of the European folk souls. {Rudolf Steiner, the Mission of Folk Souls in Connection with Germanic-Scandinavian Mythology. Anthroposophic Press, New York.} The following has been repeatedly emphasized in our lectures: turn your gaze toward the immediate East; what happens there is important for human evolution. How often has this been said! Every one of my listeners has heard it. And in the spring of 1914, in my Vienna lecture cycle about the life between death and a new birth, {Rudolf Steiner, The Inner Being of Man and Life Between Death and a New Birth. Anthroposophic Press, New York.} I dared to make the emphatic statement that the social life of our time may be compared with a special form of disease, namely, with a carcinoma; I stated that a creeping cancerous disease permeates social life. Naturally, my dear friends, under our present conditions these things cannot be stated in another form; but they must be understood.

We must not think of world events following one another in continuous progression, as historians imagine. They believe that the later event develops out of the preceding one, which has in turn developed out of the one preceding it, and so forth. The prejudice which maintains that the later must develop in the most tranquil fashion out of what preceded it we may leave to those who do not have the sense for reality which is expected of the anthroposophist. We may leave this prejudice to the politicians. Reality, however, is quite different. We must think of the course of events as of a pair of scales in full motion, the scale-beam descending first on the right side, and then on the left. Therefore, the time since the beginning of the forties may be characterized as follows: Great possibilities existed if only the attempt had been made during the period from 1840 to 1914—the year 1879 divides this period into two parts—to prepare in an adequate manner the spiritualization of mankind which is striven for by the Archangel Michael; if the attempt had been made on a larger scale to imbue mankind with spiritual concepts, spiritual ideas. Mankind, however, must depend in our age on its own free will; and if, out of its own free volition, mankind fails to grasp such possibilities, then the scale-beam sinks to the other side. What could have been reached on the spiritual path is now discharged through the blood. What we experience in our catastrophic times is an equalization of the scales. Mankind who has rejected spiritualization must be forced to accept it. This can happen through a physical catastrophe.

This idea may be verified if we place ourselves upon the following firm foundation: We live here in this physical world; but we are awake in this physical world only through our perceptions and our concepts, as I described the day before yesterday. We dream with our feelings and sleep with our will impulses. This is a matter of course for man. But if we familiarize ourselves, through imagination, inspiration and intuition with the spiritual world which is always around us like the air, and in which the so-called dead exist, together with us, in which their impulses are active, then we perceive how life, here in the physical world, is connected with the life of the so-called dead. The dead are able to receive from human hearts only spiritual thoughts.

Recall what I told you the day before yesterday. I said: If a human being dies in his youth, he has, in a spiritual sense, not actually left his family; he has, in reality, remained here. Something of great importance to the dead is connected with this and I beg you to take this very seriously. For the departed one it is not merely a question of being here. For him it is a question of being able to bear this existence. If the dead person is present in a materialistically inclined family which does not cultivate spiritual thoughts, he is constantly oppressed and distressed; the family constitutes a nightmare for him, comparable to the nightmare we experience when we inhale too great an amount of air. Only spiritual thoughts among those with whom he has remained can rid him of this nightmare and make life among them bearable for the departed one.

And again, I told you: If an older person is torn from his family, he takes their souls with him, in a certain respect. He draws them after him; but if they are not permeated by spiritual thoughts, they likewise constitute a nightmare for him.

Now let us consider the following: We can learn a great deal if we observe the sudden death of a human being caused by outer or abnormal inner conditions. Let us say, a human being is slain or shot. In such an instance, death is brought about in a way which is very different from gradual death through illness. Imagine the following case: A human being is shot in his thirty-fifth year; his life is destroyed through outer circumstances. If the bullet had not struck him (certainly, there are karmic connections, but what I am going to say nevertheless holds good) this human being's constitution might have enabled him to live another thirty-five years. He bears within him the constitution for another thirty-five years. This, now, produces a quite definite effect.

My dear friends, if a human being dies by violence with his life forces are still very active, he has tremendously significant experiences at the moment of death. Condensed into one moment, he experiences things which would have been spread over long periods of time. What he could have experienced during the next thirty-five years he now experiences in a single moment. For the important experience in the hour of death is the following: the human being sees in truth his body from outside; he sees the transition it passes through; he sees that it relinquishes the control of the forces it possessed when the soul dwelt in the body, and that it now becomes a nature-being, given over to the nature forces, to the external physical forces. The tremendously significant experience at the moment of death is that the human being then beholds the relinquishing of his organism to the physical nature forces. If a human being suffers a violent death, he is suddenly delivered not only to the normal nature forces, but his organism is treated by the bullet shot as if it were an inorganic, lifeless body; it is completely relegated to the inorganic world. There is a great difference between a slow death through illness and a sudden death through the interference of the external world with the human organism, be it in the form of a bullet or in any other form. In this moment there is a sudden flaring up, a sudden flashing forth of a tremendous amount of spirituality. The flaming up of a spiritual aura takes place, and the one who has passed through the portal of death looks back upon this flaming up. This flaming up greatly resembles the event that takes place only when the human beings devote themselves to spiritual concepts. These are values, my dear friends, which are interchangeable. It is extremely interesting to see the following similarity: the departed one perceives from the other side the sentient thought which arises in a person when he enjoys or creates an image, a painting, that is born out of spiritual life; the departed one then sees how similar this sentient thought, seen from the beyond, is to the sensation a person has (who is of course unconscious of this) when he suffers an external injury, let us say, to his arm and pain arises from it. There is a great relationship between the two events; one may take the place of the other.

Now you will grasp the karmic connection between the two events. Naturally, quite a number of people knew the “aspect of the stars” when the forties of last century approached. If occultists wish to designate such an event as the battle of the Archangel Michael with the dragon, they do so by using the technical expression: “this is the aspect of the stars.” There existed at that time quite a number of people who knew that such a significant event was taking place. There were some who wanted to take precaution, but one of the scales of the balance was too heavily weighted: the materialistic inclination was too strong. Thus the worse measures possible were restored to. People who understand the signs of the times were fully aware of the fact that spiritual life must enter mankind. If this spiritual life had entered mankind from the beginning of the forties onward, mankind would have been spared many catastrophes. For what took place would have taken place, but in another form. What is karmically necessary happens; but it may occur in various forms. This must always be kept in mind.

I shall express myself more explicitly. There are two ways of thinking about what ought to happen in the social sphere or any other field. We may present a program, may form programmatical concepts; we can think out how the world should develop in a certain field; this can be presented in beautiful words. We can swear by these words, take them as dogmas, but nothing will result from them, nothing at all! We might have the most beautiful ideas about what ought to happen, but nothing will come of them. Ideas, however beautiful, need not result in anything. Thought-out programs are the most worthless things in life. In contrast to this, we can do something else, and many a person does it without any special clairvoyance. We may, simply through a naive, intuitive knowledge of the condition of the times, ask ourselves: What is bound to happen in the next twenty or thirty years? What is it that in our time wishes to become reality? Then, if one has discovered what will inevitably happen, one can say to oneself: Now we can choose; people can either come to their senses and guide the course of events in the direction it must take in any case: then matters will turn out well. Or they can fail to do this by being asleep and simply allowing matters to run their course: in which case that which must take place will be brought about by catastrophes, revolutions, and cataclysms. No statistics, no programs, however well thought out, are of any value. Only the observation of what wills to appear out of the hidden depths of the times is of value. This must be taken up into our consciousness; by this the intentions of the present must be governed.

In the forties of the last century the many people who adhered to programs have won the victory over the few who understood what I have just stated. From this sprang all kinds of attempts to spiritualize mankind: spiritism (spiritualism,), for instance, is one of them; it is an attempt to spiritualize and reform mankind with inadequate means; to reveal the spiritual worlds materialistically. Even our thinking may be materialistic. It is a materialistic thought that says: This or that particular group of mankind is in the right. Why do the spiritual powers not intervene and help them vindicate their rights?—How often do we hear people say today: Why do the spiritual powers not intervene? The day before yesterday I gave an answer to this in a more abstract form: Mankind today must rely on its own freedom. Those who ask: why do the spiritual powers not intervene? proceed from the assumption that ghosts instead of men should make politics. That would certainly be easy progress if ghosts instead of human beings were to introduce the necessary reforms. This, of course, they do not do, because human beings must rely on their freedom. The expectation of help from ghosts is what most decidedly confounds human beings; it draws their attention away from what ought to happen. Thus the period in the life of mankind in which refined spiritual concepts were gradually developed was precisely the time when mankind was exposed to the strongest materialistic temptations. Human beings simply are unable to distinguish between refined spiritualized concepts and sensations on the one hand and that which, on the other hand, approaches them as temptation and counter-acts the grasping of the spiritualized element within them. Therefore, because people did not comprehend at the right time how evolution must proceed, our catastrophic age, our present difficult times have become a necessity. Without the present hard experiences mankind would have sunk still deeper into doubt of itself. To be sure, it would have developed spirituality, but it would have rejected it to a still greater degree.

This is part of the background of historical development. I should like very much, indeed, to throw light from this background upon much that lies in the foreground; but you will appreciate the reasons why this cannot be done in our present age. I must leave it to the individual to illuminate for himself what lives in our immediate present, seen from the background I have just described.

You see, my dear friends, the sleeping away of events which I have characterized causes an inward overlooking of the sharp angles and contours of life. But if we overlook the sharp angles and contours of life, compromises arise. Now, there may be times which are suitable for compromises. The time that preceded the forties of the nineteenth century was one; but this is not true of our time. Our time demands that we see things as they are, with all their angles and contours, in sharp relief; but it also arouses in the human soul the urge—just because of the presence of these sharp angles and contours—to close its eyes sleepily to them. What I have just stated may be observed even in regard to the greatest, the most significant events in human evolution.

In regard to the greatest event in world history, human evolution has brought about just these angles and contours! Indeed, even in regard to the greatest event of world history, namely, the Mystery of Golgotha. We know all the observations made in the course of the theological development of the nineteenth century concerning the Mystery of Golgotha. From the time Lessing began to speak about the Mystery of Golgotha right up to the time of the theologian Drews, all kinds of statements have been made regarding it. And it may well be said that the whole theological development of the nineteenth century offers complete proof of the fact that people have entirely forgotten how to understand the mystery of Golgotha. But there are some very interesting publications concerning the Christ Jesus. Very interesting publications, indeed! Take for instance, a Danish one {Emil Rasmussen Jesus, A Comparative Psychopathological Study.} This Danish publication is written entirely from the standpoint of the modern natural-scientific thinker. The author states: I am a psychologist, a physiologist, and a psychiatrist; I observe the Gospels from this standpoint. And at what conclusion does he arrive? Quite factually, in the sense of modern psychiatric judgment, he arrives at the following one: The picture which the Gospels sketch of the Christ Jesus is a pathological one. We can only conceive of the Christ Jesus as a person suffering from insanity, epilepsy, morbid visions, and similar conditions; he possesses all the symptoms of a serious mental illness.—If one reads the most important passage of this book to people, as I have recently done, {See: Rudolf Steiner, Geistige Wesen und ihre Wirkungen (Spiritual Beings and Their Effects), Vol. IV, first lecture (not yet translated) Anthroposophic Press, New York.} they are shocked. This is comprehensible; for, if what they consider sacred is described as a pathological case, people are horrified. But what are the real facts in the matter? My dear friends, the facts are as follows; Among the great number of dishonest compromisers one arose who takes his stand completely upon the natural-scientific viewpoint; he makes no compromises whatsoever but states: I am a scientist: therefore I must speak as I do; for these are the facts.—If people would place themselves honestly upon the standpoint of natural science, they would have to hold such views. There are these sharp angles and contours from which they cannot escape. They cannot escape unless they forsake the natural-scientific standpoint and go over to the spiritual-scientific standpoint: in this case they will remain honest,—or they may choose to remain honest upon the natural-scientific standpoint; then they are obliged to observe matters, without compromising, in the way of such a scientist who, although entirely honest in his field, is thoroughly limited in his views and does not try to conceal his limitations. He is thoroughly limited, but consistent. This has to be understood. If people would see today what must of necessity result if certain things are consistently carried through, they would see life without compromise.

Someone recently handed me an interesting slip of paper mentioning a book that is already known to me, but since I do not have it with me here, I can only read you what is written on this slip of paper. It was handed to me in order to show me what things are possible today.

“Anyone who has attended high school will remember the unforgettable hours when he had to ‘enjoy’ in his studies of Plato the conversations of Socrates with his friends. Unforgettable because of the fabulous boredom which was engendered by these conversations. He will perhaps remember that these conversations of Socrates struck him as extremely stupid; but, of course, he did not dare utter this opinion, for after all, the man in question was Socrates, ‘the greatest philosopher.’ Alexander Moszkowski's book, Socrates the Idiot, (published by Heysler & Co., Berlin) completely does away with the unjustified overestimation of the good Athenian. In this small, entertainingly written book, the historian Moszkowski undertakes to divest Socrates thoroughly of his philosophical honors. The title, Socrates the Idiot, is to be taken literally. We shall not go wrong in assuming that this book will call forth scientific discussions.”

Now, you will think it dreadful that such things are written. But I do not find it dreadful at all. I think it is self-evident and quite honest of Moszkowski; for, according to his concepts and sentiments, he cannot do otherwise, if he wishes to remain consistent, than to call Socrates an idiot. In doing so he is more honest than many others who, in keeping with their views, should call Socrates an idiot, too, but who prefer to make compromises instead.

I do not need to say, my dear friends, that you should not go out now and spread the news that I am in agreement with Moszikowski when he declares Socrates to have been an idiot. I hope that you understand what I really mean.

But I must acknowledge the fact that people arrive at certain judgments in our time because they make dishonest compromises. It is impossible to think about soul-pathology as modern psychiatrist do and not write a book such as that by the Danish author concerning the Christ Jesus. It cannot be done. One is dishonest if one does not either reject these concepts and replace them by spiritual concepts, or take the standpoint that the Christ Jesus was a mental case.—If one is acquainted with the views of such people, if one knows Moszkowski's opinion concerning the whole structure of the universe, his peculiar views about the theory of radiation and the theory of the quantum, one can appreciate why he, if he wishes to remain honest and consistent, must consider Socrates and also Plato idiots.

What is especially necessary for mankind is the rejection of compromises. Human beings should not make compromises, at least not within their souls. It is very important to consider this as a demand of our age, for it belongs among the most significant impulses of the Time Spirit, Michael, to pour clarity, absolute clarity into human souls. If one wishes to follow the Archangel Michael, it is necessary to pour clarity into human souls, to overcome sleepiness. This sleepiness arises in other spheres also, but above all it is an absolute necessity today to gain insight into the consequences of things. In previous ages this was different. During the centuries prior to the Michael age, in which European mankind was governed by the Archangel Gabriel, the compromises which human beings made in their thinking were lessened by the influence of the spiritual world. Michael is the spirit who works, in the most eminent sense, with the freedom of man. Michael will always do what is necessary. You must not believe that Michael fails to do the right thing. In the unconscious regions of the soul of every human being there is today, sharply outlined, every contour and angle of the spiritual life. It is there. Anyone who is at all capable of bringing to the surface what exists in the depths of the soul life as latent visions knows what it is that lives today in the souls as discrepancies and unrelated facts. He knows that in the souls there live side by side the modern materialistic psychiatry which does not shrink from seeing an epileptic in the Christ Jesus, and even the acknowledgment of the Christ Jesus. Anyone who is at all capable of raising these things into consciousness becomes aware of these facts. It would be interesting if a good painter, with a real understanding of our present time, would paint “Christ, seen from the point of view of a modern psychiatrist,” depicting it expressionistically. The result would be very interesting if the painter had a real understanding of what takes place at the present time in the depths of human soul life.

You see, in our time we have to plumb the depths if we wish to grasp what takes place at the surface of existence. But one can understand, on the other hand, that people are seized by a certain cowardice and discouragement if they are to approach the indicated matter.

This is the other quality necessary today: courage, even a certain audacity, in perceiving, in thinking; an audacity that does not dull our concepts but makes them highly acute. Everything that has to be said today may be found in outer events; the spiritual researcher simply describes it more precisely because he sees it against its proper background. And if the spiritual researcher then describes this background, the outer events will corroborate all the more what has, for example, been indicated today.

Many people ask: “What shall I do?” It is so obvious what one should do! One should open one's eyes! One's spiritual eyes, to be sure. If one opens one's eyes, the Will will follow. The Will depends upon our life situation. It is not always possible in one's particular circumstances, according to one's karma, to do the right thing; but one must try to open one's eyes spiritually. Today, however, the following often happens: If one tries to impart to people in words what is necessary for the present age, they quickly close their eyes, they swiftly turn their minds away form it. This is the descending of the scales on the other side.—What I am saying here might be considered a criticism of our age, but this is not my intention. My purpose is to draw attention to the impulses that must enter human souls, human minds out of the spiritual world, if we wish to get beyond the catastrophic times in which we live. As I have stated, it is not possible to enter into concrete details. Each of you can do that for himself.

Zehnter Vortrag

Es wird heute meine Aufgabe sein, von den Grundlagen geistiger Betrachtungsweise, die wir neulich hier gepflogen haben, überzugehen zu solchen geistigen Vorgängen, welche in einer gewissen Beziehung unmittelbar hinter unserem, uns so schwer in die Seele hereinsprechenden Zeitleben liegen.

Es ist ja, wie Sie sich denken können, in demjenigen, was wir im Sinne unserer Geisteswissenschaft das Zusammenleben mit den Kräften nennen, die von den sogenannten Toten hereinströmen in das Reich, in dem wir selber sind während unserer Inkarnation, es ist in diesem Zusammenleben zu gleicher Zeit mit aller Lebendigkeit zu beobachten, was gerade geistig einer so schweren Zeit zugrunde liegen kann. Nun suchen allerdings die Menschen der Gegenwart wenig nach den geistigen Hintergründen des Daseins. Dieses Nichtsuchen nach den geistigen Hintergründen des Daseins hängt viel enger, als man eigentlich denkt, damit zusammen, daß diese schwere Katastrophe über die Menschheit in der Gegenwart hereingebrochen ist. Ich habe darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß in der Zeit, die als das letzte Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts bezeichnet werden kann, gegenüber früheren Zeitläufen für das Ganze der menschlichen Entwickelung große, umfassende Veränderungen sich vollzogen haben. Ich habe wiederholt hingewiesen auf das Ende der siebziger Jahre, habe darauf hingewiesen, daß das Ende der siebziger Jahre einen bedeutsamen Einschnitt in der Entwickelung der Menschheit bedeutet. Man muß zugeben, daß die wenigsten Menschen in der Gegenwart sehen, wie grundverschieden das geistige Leben seit dem Ende der siebziger Jahre von dem ist, was vorangegangen ist. Ich möchte sagen: Die Menschen haben, um dies zu sehen, viel zu wenig Distanz gewonnen. — Man kann ja so etwas nur dann sehen, wenn man es in seinen Unterschieden, in seiner Differenzierung beobachten kann, wenn man nicht unmittelbar in der Sache drinnensteht, sondern einen gewissen Abstand davon gewonnen hat. Dieser Abstand muß allerdings, wenn die Menschheit nicht einem noch größeren Elend entgegensehen soll, von dieser Menschheit möglichst bald gewonnen werden. Denn es herrscht in unserer Gegenwart, geistig betrachtet, ein ganz merkwürdiger, wirklich lebendiger Widerspruch. Und indem ich diesen Widerspruch so bezeichne, werden Sie eigentlich ihn außerordentlich grotesk finden: Es war keine Zeit in der Menschheitsentwickelung, die geschichtlich verfolgt werden kann, so spirituell wie die Zeit, in der wir leben, die Zeit seit dem Ende der siebziger Jahre. Wir leben, geschichtlich betrachtet, in der allerspirituellsten Zeit. Und wir leben doch — was unleugbar ist - so, daß sehr viele Menschen, die gerade vermeinen, recht spirituell zu sein, glauben können, die Zeit wäre ganz materialistisch. Sehen Sie, materialistisch dem Leben nach ist unsere Zeit nicht; dem Glauben vieler Menschen nach, und dem nach, was aus diesem Glauben vieler Menschen fließt, ist unsere Zeit ja gewiß materialistisch. Was meint man eigentlich damit, wenn man sagt, unsere Zeit sei spirituell?

Ja, wir haben zunächst eine naturwissenschaftliche Weltbetrachtung: gegenüber dieser naturwissenschaftlichen Weltbetrachtung ist alles frühere an naturwissenschaftlicher Weltbetrachtung matertalistisch! Wir haben nämlich eine solche naturwissenschaftliche Weltbetrachtung, welche zu den feinsten, durchgeistigtsten Begriffen sich aufschwingt. Das merkt am besten derjenige, welcher das Dasein über die unmittelbare physische Gegenwart hinaus sieht.

Von den meisten Vorstellungen, die heute im spirituellen Sinne gut gemeint sind, haben die sogenannten Toten außerordentlich wenig, die sogenannten Toten. Von den naturwissenschaftlichen Vorstellungen in der Gegenwart, wenn sie unbefangen nachgedacht werden, haben sie außerordentlich viel. Und interessant ist es, daß der sogenannte materialistische Darwinismus gerade im Reiche der Toten ganz spirituell aufgefaßt und auch angewandt wird. Die Dinge nehmen sich im Leben eben ganz anders aus, als sie sich oftmals ausnehmen in dem Glauben, in dem oft sehr irrtümlichen Glauben, der herbeigeführt wird durch das, was die Menschen hier im Leibe erleben. Was meine ich eigentlich, wenn ich zunächst auf das naturwissenschaftlich Spirituelle hinweise? Ja, sehen Sie, um diese Begriffe auszubilden, um sich aufzuschwingen zu solchen Gedanken, wie man sie heute über die Entwickelung und so weiter hat, dazu gehört eine Geistigkeit, die nicht vorhanden war in früheren Zeiten. Es ist viel leichter, Gespenster zu sehen und sie für Geistiges zu halten, als fein ausziselierte Begriffe über dasjenige auszubilden, was scheinbar materiell nur ist. Dies hat bewirkt, daß die Menschen in ihrem Seelenleben die durchgeistigtsten Begriffe ausbilden und diese durchgeistigten Begriffe verleugnen. Sie dichten diesen durchgeistigten Begriffen an, daß sie nur über Materielles etwas aussagen dürften. Die materialistische Interpretation unserer naturwissenschaftlichen Weltanschauung ist nichts anderes als eine Verleumdung des eigentlichen Charakters der naturwissenschaftlichen Weltanschauung. Sie ist hervorgegangen aus einem Hang, der im Grunde genommen Feigheit ist! Man bringt es nicht dazu, mit seinem lebendigen Empfinden bei den fein durchgeistigten Begriffen zu leben, die Geistigkeit in solcher — wenn ich mich so ausdrücken darf - Verdünnung zu erfassen, wie sie erfaßt werden muß, wenn man reinliche Begriffe über die Natur sich ausbildet. Man getraut sich nicht zu gestehen, daß man im Geistigen lebt, im Geiste lebt, wenn man solche verdünnten, vergeistigten Begriffe hat, und deshalb lügt man sich an, indem man sagt: Diese Begriffe bedeuten nur Materielles —, was nicht wahr ist, was nur ein Selbstbelügen ist. Und so ist es auch auf anderen Gebieten des Lebens. Man kann darauf hinweisen — ich habe es auch vorgestern getan —, daß zum Beispiel für manches künstlerische‘ Schaffen in der Gegenwart nur durch das spiritualisierte, verfeinerte Empfinden Werte zutage getreten sind, die frühere Kunstentwickelungs-Epochen gar nicht gehabt haben. Es ist ganz zweifellos, daß heute manches zutage tritt auf dem Gebiete des künstlerischen Schaffens, das man vergebens bei Raffael oder Michelangelo suchen würde. Dieser Umschwung im geistigen Leben ist herbeigeführt worden durch ein ganz bestimmtes geistiges Ereignis. Und dieses geistige Ereignis möchte ich heute von gewissen Gesichtspunkten aus wiederum vor - Ihnen charakterisieren.

Als die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts noch nicht ganz herangekommen war, so im Beginn der vierziger Jahre des 19. Jahrhunderts, da schickte sich eine gewisse geistige Wesenheit an — die Namen tun nichts zur Sache, um aber einen Namen zu haben, kann man den der christlichen Theologie entlehnten Namen des Erzengels Michael wählen -, es schickte sich also der Erzengel Michael an, nach und nach aus einem bloßen Erzengel ein Zeitgeist zu werden, eine solche Entwickelung zu erlangen, daß er eingreifen könne in das Leben der Menschen nicht nur vom Standpunkte des Überirdischen, sondern unmittelbar vom Standpunkte des Irdischen aus. Vorzubereiten hatte sich der Erzengel Michael, auf die Erde selbst herabzusteigen, gewissermaßen nachzuleben den großen Vorgang des Christus Jesus selber, nachzuleben diesen großen Vorgang: hier auf der Erde seinen Ausgangspunkt zu nehmen und weiter zu wirken vom Gesichtspunkte der Erde aus. Dazu war notwendig, daß von den vierziger Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zum Ende der siebziger Jahre eine Vorbereitung gepflogen wurde von seiten dieses geistigen Wesens aus. Und so kann man denn beobachten, daß die Jahre, von den vierzigern bis zum Jahre 1879 etwa, einen bedeutungsvollen Kampf im Überirdischen darstellen, aber in demjenigen überirdischen Gebiet, das unmittelbar an das irdische Gebiet angrenzt. Einen schweren, harten Kampf hatte also diese geistige Wesenheit, die man als Erzengel Michael bezeichnen kann, auszufechten gegen gewisse widerstrebende Geister. Man muß sich diese widerstrebenden Geister ein wenig ansehen, wenn man verstehen will, was da eigentlich geschehen ist.

Diese geistigen Wesenheiten, die von diesem, zum Zeitgeist werdenden Erzengel Michael bekämpft werden mußten, sie haben immer eingegriffen in das Leben, in die Evolution der Menschheit. Sie haben nämlich in den letzten Jahrtausenden vor der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts die Aufgabe gehabt, die Menschen von der geistigen Welt aus zu differenzieren. Diejenigen geistigen Wesenheiten, welche unmittelbar Anhänger der Erzengel sind, haben das Bestreben, die Menschen in einem gewissen Sinne zur Gruppenseele der Menschheit zurückzuführen, Einheit auszugießen über die ganze Menschheit. Dies würde nicht gegangen sein, wenn sie allein gewirkt hätten auf die Menschheit. Die Menschheit würde gewissermaßen in einem Ununterscheidbaren verschwommen sein, würde nur eine Art vorstellen, wie im Grunde die tierische Art nur eine ist, nur auf einer etwas höheren Stufe. Diese geistigen Wesenheiten, die das michaelische Prinzip zu bekämpfen hatte, sind die, welche die Aufgabe hatten, Differenzierung in die Menschheit hineinzubringen, das einheitliche Menschengeschlecht zu spalten in Rassen, in Völker, in alle diejenigen Unterschiede, welche mit dem Blute, mit den Nerven, dem Temperament zusammenhängen. Das mußte geschehen. Man mag diese geistigen Wesenheiten, die solche Differenzierung in die Menschheit hineinzubringen hatten, ahrimanische Wesenheiten nennen; man mag sie so nennen, aber man muß sich darüber klar sein, daß im gesamten Gang der Menschheitsentwickelung dieses ahrimanische Prinzip notwendig war.

Nun kam die Zeit heran, die eine wichtige Zeit in der Menschheits- entwickelung war mit Bezug auf das, was ich jetzt erörtert habe. Es kam die Zeit heran, von den vierziger Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts angefangen, in welcher die alten Differenzierungen verschwinden sollten, die Zeit, in welcher zusammengefaßt werden sollte das differenzierte Menschengeschlecht in eine Menschheitseinheit.

Die kosmopolitischen Anschauungen, die manchmal ja auch gewiß zur kosmopolitischen Phrase ausgeartet sind im 18. Jahrhundert und in der ersten Hälfte des 19., die sind nur eine Widerspiegelung desjenigen, was in der geistigen Welt sich zugetragen hat. Es tendiert schon die Menschheit dahin, auszulöschen die verschiedenen Unterschiede, welche das Blut, das Nerventemperament beförderte. Es ist tatsächlich nicht eine Tendenz der geistigen Welten, die Menschheit weiter zu differenzieren, sondern es ist eine Tendenz in den geistigen Welten, Kosmopolitisches über die Menschheit auszugießen. So wenig Verständnis auch heute dafür da ist unter dem Eindruck unserer katastrophalen Zeit, so ist es eben doch so, daß man der Wahrheit gemäß dies gestehen muß. Und diese in den irdischen Ereignissen sich spiegelnde Tatsache, die führt dazu, wenn man sie in ihren geistigen Hintergründen beobachtet, zu schauen, wie die Rassengeister, jene die Menschheit differenzierenden Volksgeister, von den vierziger Jahren ab bekämpft worden sind gerade von dem Geiste, der Zeitgeist werden sollte in der neueren Zeit. Es hat sich da vollzogen, wenn auch auf einer anderen Stufe, dasjenige, was immer durch ein bedeutungsvolles Symbolum dargestellt wird. Das Symbolum bezieht sich ja auch auf andere Stufen der Entwickelung, denn die Dinge wiederholen sich auf den verschiedenen Stufen immer wieder, und was ich jetzt erzähle, ist nur eine Wiederholung auf einer bestimmten Stufe von einem geistigen Ereignisse, das auf anderen Stufen stattgefunden hat. Es ist das, was dargestellt wird durch das Symbolum der Besiegung des Drachen durch den Erzengel Michael. Diese Besiegung des Drachen durch den Erzengel Michael, die da bedeutet, daß aus dem Reiche, in dem der Erzengel Michael gebietet, die entgegenstrebenden Mächte ausgestoßen worden sind, die hat sich in einem gewissen Gebiete vom Anfang der vierziger Jahre ab vollzogen. Gewisse geistige Wesenheiten, die bis dahin ihre Aufgabe gehabt hatten in der geistigen Welt zur Differenzierung der Menschheit in Rassen und Völker, die sind — wenn ich es mit diesem Ausdruck bezeichnen darf - vom Himmel auf die Erde gestoßen worden. Diese selben geistigen Wesenheiten, die bis in die vierziger Jahre hinein in einer solchen Art die Menschheit differenziert haben, sie haben in dem an die irdische Welt angrenzenden Gebiete heute keine Macht mehr. Sie sind unter die Menschen gestoßen, sind mit alledem, was sie haben mitbringen können, unter die Menschen auf die Erde gestoßen. Das ist dasjenige, was man in der Geisteswissenschaft bezeichnet als den Sieg des Erzengels Michael über die widerstrebenden Geister, der Ende der siebziger Jahre eintrat: das Hinunterstoßen gewisser ihm widerstrebender Geister auf die Erde.

Und so haben wir seit dem Ende der siebziger Jahre ein Zwiefaches. Wir haben auf der einen Seite für diejenigen, von denen man sagen könnte, daß sie guten Willens sind — wenn man den Ausdruck im bedingten Sinne versteht -, wir haben seit dem Jahre 1879 auf der Erde die Herrschaft des Zeitgeistes Michael, der einen befähigt, spiritualisierte Begriffe, ein spiritualisiertes Geistesleben zu bekommen. Und wir haben auf der Erde die widerstrebenden Geister, die einen dazu verführen, die Geistigkeit der Gegenwart abzuleugnen. Wenn man gegen den Materialismus der Gegenwart kämpft, so sollte man sich immer bewußt sein, daß man nicht kämpfen soll gegen das Gute unseres Zeitalters, sondern daß man kämpft gegen die Lüge unseres Zeitalters. Denn es sind im wesentlichen Lügengeister, welche vom Himmel auf die Erde gestoßen worden sind, jene Geister, welche vorläufig auch als Geister der Hindernisse verhindern, daß gerade in dem Erfassen des naturgemäßen Daseins das Spirituelle gesucht werde. Wenn man die Menschen kenneniernt, welche in der Zeit nach dem Jahre 1841 von der geistigen Welt zur irdischen Inkarnation heruntergestiegen und seither wiederum verstorben sind, so sieht man in der Tat, wie, ich möchte sagen, von der anderen Seite der Welt diese Dinge aufgefaßt werden. Und man kann dann vieles korrigieren von dem, was ja hier in der physischen Welt sehr schwer zu durchschauen ist.

Als im Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts sich allmählich gezeigt hat, wie es notwendig ist, wiederum auf die verschiedensten Gebiete des Geistes im Leben hinzuweisen, da waren diejenigen, die so hingewiesen haben, wesentlich solche Menschen, die nach dem Jahre 1848, nach 1840 eigentlich schon, mitgemacht hatten den harten Kampf, der vom Erzengel Michael geführt worden ist in der geistigen Welt, und der 1879 geendet hat mit dem Herunterstoßen der widerstrebenden Geister in das Leben auf der Erde, wo sie mit den Menschen zusammen sind. Und im wesentlichen ist es ein Mitkämpfen mit dem Erzengel Michael, wenn man sich gegen diese Geister auflehnt, wenn man sucht, sie aus dem Felde zu schlagen.

Nun gibt es ein gewisses Gesetz, meine lieben Freunde. Dieses Gesetz besagt, daß man von jedem Punkte aus die Entwickelung ebenso wie vorwärts auch zurück verfolgen kann. Man kann, wenn man irgendeinen Zeitpunkt des geschichtlichen Werdens der Menschheit ins Auge faßt, sagen: Da steht dieser Zeitpunkt, da geschieht in diesem Zeitpunkte das eine oder das andere. - Nun verfließt die Zeit weiter, und man kann die Ereignisse beobachten; man kann auch die Zeit rückläufig beobachten. Man kann von 1879 zu 1878, 1877, zu 1860, 1850 und so weiter zurückgehen, und man kann dann betrachten, wie sich das ausnimmt, was in der geistigen Welt rückwärts zu verfolgen ist. Dann wird man folgendes sehen. Man wird sehen, daß in der tieferen Struktur der Ereignisse auch im Fortlaufenden sich dasjenige wiederholt, was man in der Anschauung als zurückliegend findet. Wenn man irgend etwas Großes einfach sagt, klingt es leicht trivial. Doch will ich einfach sprechen. Wenn man den Zeitpunkt 1879 ins Auge faßt, kann man bis 1880 weiter vor- oder bis 1878 zurückgehen. Geht man bis 1880 weiter vor, so wird man in der tieferen geistigen Struktur bemerken, daß das, was 1878 sich vollzogen hat, in einer gewissen Weise mitwirkt, so mitwirkt, daß hinter dem Ereignisse von 1880 das Ereignis von 1878 wie eine Kraft steht, die mitwirkt. Und hinter dem Ereignisse vom Jahre 1881 wirkt wiederum das Ereignis von 1877 wie eine dahinterstehende Kraft mit. Es ist so, wie wenn sich, je weiter man zurückgeht, die Zeitlinie umkehrt, und die Ereignisse, die weiter zurückliegen, sich gegenüber denen, die von einem gewissen Zeitpunkte an weiter vorwärts gehen, dahinterstellen würden. Man versteht viel, wenn man diese Dinge versteht.

Nun bitte ich Sie, sich zu erinnern, daß ich von dem Jahre 1879 schon seit vielen Jahren spreche, nicht etwa erst seit 1914, wo es billig geworden ist. Das ist wichtig, meine lieben Freunde. Und ich bitte Sie, einmal eine einfache Rechnung mit mir auszuführen. Rechnen Sie von 1879 zurück bis zu diesem Jahr, das ich oftmals als die andere Grenze bezeichnet habe. Ich habe immer gesagt: Der Kampf, von dem ich jetzt rede, hat begonnen anfangs der vierziger Jahre, etwa 1841, 1840. — Rechnen Sie zurück: 1879, 1869, 1859, 1849 und etwa acht oder neun Jahre dazu, gibt also achtunddreißig oder neununddreißig Jahre. Rechnen Sie vorwärts: 1879, 1889, 1899, 1909, 1914, bis in unsere Tage hinein, gibt genau ebensoviel: gibt achtunddreißig oder neununddreißig Jahre. Würden Sie gar das Jahr 1917 ins Auge fassen, so würden Sie ein überraschendes Resultat erzielen. Sie würden begreifen, welche tiefe Bedeutung es hat, wenn der Okkultist sagt: Geht man von einem einschneidenden historischen Ereignis weiter, so wiederholt sich das vorhergehende geistige Ereignis in dem folgenden.

Hinter den Ereignissen unserer Tage hier auf dem physischen Plan stehen die geistigen Ereignisse, die begonnen haben in den vierziger Jahren, und die zu bezeichnen sind als Bekämpfung widerstrebender Geister von seiten des Erzengels Michael. Sie stehen dahinter. Wir haben eine Wiederholung desjenigen, was im Anfang der vierziger Jahre stattfand. Und Sie können sich denken, wie anders man die Ereignisse in der Gegenwart anschaut, wenn man auf diese Gesetzmäßigkeit zurückgeht. Man wird vielleicht dann etwas tiefer verstehen, was heute sonst nur eigentlich tonlos an der Menschen Ohr vorbeigeht, was nicht in die Seelen geht. Man wird sich sagen, daß ja der Kampf des Erzengels Michael gegen die widerstrebenden Mächte bis zu einem gewissen Grade an seinen Ausgangspunkt zurückgekehrt ist.

Es ist im allgemeinen immer schwierig, zu den Menschen der Gegenwart von diesen tieferen Zusammenhängen zu sprechen, weil diese so energisch abweisen dasjenige, was gerade helfen würde, diese Gegenwart in der richtigen Weise zu verstehen und in der richtigen Weise handelnd in sie einzugreifen. Unsere Zeit macht wirklich notwendig, sich von alten Vorurteilen loszusagen, macht notwendig, dasjenige, was ist, auch zum Verständnis zu bringen, auch ins Bewußtsein heraufzurufen. Und es geschehen einmal Dinge unmittelbar hier auf dem physischen Plan, die in ihrer Art viel geistiger sind als sonst Geschehnisse. Das aber hängt zusammen mit dem Herabsteigen des Erzengels Michael in unsere Erdenregion. Es sprechen ja viele von diesem Herabsteigen des Erzengels Michael in unsere Erdenregion. Aber wenn es im Ernste darauf ankommen sollte, diese Sache mit ihrem wahrhaftigen Hintergrunde zu nehmen, dann gehen die Leute nicht mit, dann wollen sie nicht mitgehen! Das aber ist gerade notwendig, daß in immer breiteren und breiteren Kreisen unserer Zeit spirituelles Verständnis der wichtigsten Impulse unseres Zeitenlebens Platz greife. Deshalb war es schon durchaus notwendig, was ja die ganzen Jahre her in unseren Zweigversammlungen geschehen ist, darauf aufmerksam zu machen, daß der Strom der Ereignisse, der vom Geiste her so stark beeinflußt wird in unserer Zeit, nicht verschlafen werde. Und das Verschlafen der Ereignisse, das ist geradezu ein Grundzug unserer Zeit. DieMenschen gehen wie schlafend an den Ereignissen vorbei, und man konnte die Beobachtung machen, daß ein Ereignis, je einschneidender, je tiefbedeutsamer es hereintritt auf den physischen Plan, desto mehr von den Menschen verschlafen wird.

Der März 1917 — wenn ich auf Konkretes nur andeutungsweise hinweisen darf — war etwas so Gewaltiges in seiner Anlage, wird so bedeutende Dinge nach sich ziehen, von denen sich heute die Menschheit noch nichts träumen läßt, daß es geradezu grotesk ist, wie wenig die Menschen verstehen, daß es heute notwendig ist, fast alle Urteile zu revidieren, fast alles dasjenige, was je vor 1914 von den Menschen geglaubt worden ist, einer Revision zu unterziehen.

Es darf vielleicht bei dieser Gelegenheit hingewiesen werden darauf, daß ich 1910 in Kristiania eine Anzahl von Vorträgen gehalten habe über die europäischen Volksseelen. Im ersten dieser Vorträge können Sie den Satz lesen, daß sehr bald die Menschheit aufgerufen werden wird, etwas zu verstehen von den Verhältnissen der europäischen Volksseelen. Immer wieder und wiederum ist betont worden in unseren Vorträgen: Der Blick soll nach dem unmittelbaren Osten hin gerichtet werden; das ist wichtig, was von da aus für die Menschheitsentwickelung geschieht. — Wie oft ist das gesagt worden. Jeder, der zugehört hat, weiß das. Und noch im Frühling 1914 im Vortragszyklus zu Wien über das Leben zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt habe ich einen eindringlichen Satz gewagt, den Satz, daß das soziale Leben unserer Zeit in einem wahrhaftigen Sinne verglichen werden kann mit einer besonderen Krankheitsform, mit einem Karzinom, daß eine schleichende Krebskrankheit durch das soziale Leben geht. — Natürlich, diese Dinge können unter unseren gegenwärtigen Verhältnissen nicht anders als so gesagt werden, aber sie müssen verstanden werden.

Die Weltereignisse spielen sich keineswegs so ab, daß dieser schöne Fortgang herrscht, der eine Fabel der Historiker ist: daß immer das Spätere so aus dem Vorhergehenden sich entwickelt, dies wieder aus dem Vorhergehenden und so weiter. Das Vorurteil, daß sich das Spätere immer so möglichst ruhig aus dem Vorhergehenden entwickelt oder entwickeln müsse, dieses Vorurteil kann man ja Menschen überlassen, welche weniger Wirklichkeitssinn haben, als der anthroposophisch Denkende entwickeln soll. Man kann dieses Vorurteil — wenn ich konkret auf etwas hinweisen soll — den Politikern der alten Schule, auch der heutigen Gegenwart, noch vielfach überlassen, solange die Menschheit will. In Wirklichkeit handelt es sich aber um etwas ganz anderes. Es handelt sich darum, daß der Gang der Ereignisse wie eine in voller Tätigkeit, in voller Bewegung begriffene Waage ist, wo bald der eine Waagebalken, bald der andere Waagebalken heruntersinkt. Und deshalb kann man die Zeit seit dem Beginn der vierziger Jahre etwa so charakterisieren: Es wäre eine Möglichkeit gewesen, wenn von dem Jahre 1840 ab bis 1914 — welche Zeit durch 1879 in zwei geteilt wird — versucht worden wäre, in einer sachgemäßen Weise vorzubereiten jene Spiritualisierung der Menschheit, welche durch den Erzengel Michael angestrebt wird; wenn versucht worden wäre in größerem Maße, spirituelle Begriffe, spirituelle Vorstellungen in die Menschheit hineinzubringen. Wenn so etwas — da die Menschheit in der neueren Zeit auf Freiheit gestellt werden muß — aus dem freien Menschenwillen heraus unterlassen wird, so sinkt die Waagschale auf die andere Seite hinunter. Dann entlädt sich das, was auf spirituellem Wege hätte erreicht werden können, durch das Blut. Dann entlädt sich das auf eine, ich möchte sagen, überphysische Weise. Es ist nur das Gleichstellen der Waage, was wir in unserer katastrophalen Zeit erleben. Die Menschheit, die zurückgewiesen hat die Spiritualisierung, muß in die Spiritualisierung hineingezwungen werden. Das kann durch eine physische Katastrophe geschehen.

Man kann wiederum sich diese Vorstellung bestätigen, wenn man fest auf dem folgenden Boden steht: Hier leben wir in dieser physischen Welt, aber eigentlich wachen tun wir in dieser physischen Welt nur durch unsere Wahrnehmungen und unsere Vorstellungen, wie ich es neulich ausgeführt habe. Mit unseren Gefühlen träumen wir hier, mit den Willensimpulsen schlafen wir. Das ist selbstverständlich für den Menschen. Wenn man sich aber einlebt durch Imagination, Inspiration, Intuition in jene Welt, die als die spirituelle Welt wie die Luft immer um uns ist, und in der die sogenannten Toten mit uns gemeinsam sind, mit ihren Impulsen wirken, dann nimmt man wahr, wie das Leben hier in der physischen Welt zusammenhängt mit dem Leben der sogenannten Toten. Aufnehmen aus den Herzen der Menschen heraus können die Toten nur die spirituellen Vorstellungen.

Erinnern Sie sich an dasjenige, was ich vor drei Tagen gesagt habe: Wenn ein Mensch in jüngeren Jahren dahinstirbt, dann ist er eigentlich, geistig genommen, nicht von seinen Angehörigen weggegangen; er ist dageblieben, er ist in Wirklichkeit da. Aber für den Toten handelt es sich noch um etwas ganz anderes, als da zu sein — ich bitte Sie, das recht ernst zu nehmen -, darum handelt es sich für den Toten, dieses Dasein zu ertragen, es erfassen zu können. Wenn der Tote da ist in einer Familie, die materialistisch gesinnt ist und die nicht sich hingibt spirituellen Vorstellungen, so ist der Tote zwar da in dieser Familie, aber er ist in dieser Familie so da, daß sie ihn fortwährend bedrängt und beklemmt. Die Familie ist für ihn etwas wie ein Alp, wie die Luft, die wir in zu starkem Maße einatmen, unter der wir den Alpdruck empfinden. Nur die spirituellen Vorstellungen schaffen dieses Alpdrücken weg und machen das Zusammenleben mit denen, unter denen man geblieben ist, erträglich, möglich.

Wiederum habe ich Ihnen gesagt: Wenn ein älterer Mensch seinen Angehörigen entrissen ist, nimmt er ihre Seelen in einer gewissen Beziehung mit. Er nimmt sie mit, er zieht sie nach sich. Aber wiederum, wenn sie nicht mit spirituellen Vorstellungen sich durchsetzen, sind sie für ihn wie ein Alp.

Nun bedenken wir etwas anderes. Man kann ungeheuer viel lernen, wenn man, unter irgendwelchen Voraussetzungen, das durch äußere oder auch durch abnorme innere Verhältnisse herbeigeführte plötzliche Ableben eines Menschen beobachtet. Nehmen wir an, ein Mensch wird erschlagen oder erschossen. Da wird der Tod in einer anderen Weise herbeigeführt, als wenn er allmählich durch Krankheit, auf naturgemäße Weise herbeigeführt wird. Nun denken Sie sich, ein Mensch wird im fünfunddreißigsten Jahr seines Lebens erschossen; also von außen her wird sein Leben vernichtet. Wenn der Schuß nicht gekommen wäre — gewiß hängt die Sache mit dem Karma zusammen, aber trotzdem gilt das Folgende, das ich jetzt auseinandersetzen werde -, wenn der Mensch nicht erschossen worden wäre, so würde er durch seine Konstitution vielleicht noch weitere fünfunddreißig Jahre haben leben können. Nicht wahr, er trägt in sich die Konstitution zu noch weiteren fünfunddreißig Jahren. Das bewirkt etwas ganz Bestimmtes.

Wenn ein Mensch in der Zeit, in der die Lebenskräfte noch besonders rege sind, auf gewaltsame Weise den Tod findet, dann erlebt er in diesem Augenblick ungeheuer viel. Zusammengedrängt in einen Augenblick erlebt er gewisse Dinge, die sich sonst über einen langen Zeitraum ausdehnen. Was er noch hätte erleben können in den fünfunddreißig Jahren, die auf die anderen fünfunddreißig Jahre gefolgt wären, was verteilt gewesen wäre über viele Jahre, das wird zusammengedrängt in einen einzigen Augenblick. Denn das Wichtigste, was man in der Stunde des Todes erlebt, das ist, daß man in dieser Stunde des Todes dazu kommt, in Wahrheit seine Leiblichkeit von außen zu sehen, wie sie den Übergang durchmacht von der Beherrschung der Kräfte, die sie früher gehabt hat, als die Seele drinnen war im Leibe, zu dem, daß sie jetzt ein Naturwesen wird, an die Naturkräfte abgegeben wird, an die äußeren physischen Kräfte. Das ist das ungeheuer Bedeutungsvolle im Todesmoment, daß der Mensch zurückschaut, wie sein Organismus den physischen Naturkräften ausgeliefert wird. Wenn ein Mensch gewaltsam den Tod erleidet, wird er plötzlich nicht nur denjenigen Naturkräften ausgeliefert, welche die normalen sind, sondern er wird als Organismus durch den Kugeldurchschuß so behandelt wie ein unorganischer, unlebendiger Körper, er wird ganz ins Unorganische versetzt. Es ist ein großer Unterschied, ob man dahinsiecht, oder ob man plötzlich den Tod erleidet dadurch, daß von außen das Universum, sei es in Form einer Kugel oder in anderer Form, in den menschlichen Organismus eingreift. Da geschieht ein plötzliches Aufleuchten, ein Auffeuern von unendlich viel Geistigkeit. Es ist ein Überflammen einer geistigen Aura, welches sich da vollzieht. Und derjenige, der durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen ist, schaut auf dieses Aufflam men zurück. Dieses Aufflammen, das ist sehr ähnlich dem, was nur _ dann zustande kommt, wenn die Menschen sich spirituellen Begriffen hingeben. Es sind geradezu Werte, die austauschbar sind. Es ist unglaublich interessant zu sehen, wie ähnlich, von der anderen Seite, von der Seite der Toten geschaut, der Gedanke, der empfindende Gedanke ist, den einer hat, wenn er ein Bildwerk, eine Malerei, welche aus spirituellem Leben herausgeboren ist, genießt oder schafft, jener Empfindung, die einer dadurch hat — ohne daß es durch das Bewußtsein des Menschen geht —, daß von außen, sagen wir, ein Arm verletzt, verwundet wird, und Schmerz beim Menschen entsteht. Es ist eine ungeheure Verwandtschaft zwischen den beiden Ereignissen, so daß das eine für das andere eintreten kann.

Jetzt werden Sie den karmischen Zusammenhang begreifen, der da besteht zwischen zwei Ereignissen. Natürlich haben eine ganze Anzahl . von Menschen, als die vierziger Jahre herangenaht sind, gewußt, wie, ich möchte sagen, der «Stand der Sterne» ist. Dies ist nur ein technischer Ausdruck bei den Okkultisten, daß sie, wenn sie ein solches Ereignis wie den Kampf des Erzengels Michael mit dem Drachen bezeichnen wollen, sagen: Das ist der Stand der Sterne. — Es gab natürlich eine ganze Anzahl von Menschen, welche damals gewußt haben, daß ein so wichtiges Ereignis vorging. Es gab auch Menschen, die Vorsorge haben treffen wollen; nur war, ich möchte sagen, die andere Waagschale zu stark beladen: der materialistische Sinn der Menschen war zu stark. So hat man zu dem falschesten gegriffen, zu dem man greifen konnte dazumal. Man sah ein: Spirituelles Leben muß in die Menschheit hineinkommen. Das zeigte sich ganz klar. Denn in den vierziger Jahren waren viele, welche die Zeichen der Zeit verstanden, davon überzeugt, spirituelles Leben müsse in die Menschheit hineinkommen. Wäre dieses spirituelle Leben vom Anfang der vierziger Jahre an in die Menschheit hineingekommen, viele Katastrophen wären dieser Menschheit erspart geblieben. Denn das, was sich vollzogen hat, hätte sich trotzdem vollzogen, aber in anderer Form. Was karmisch notwendig ist, das geschieht, aber es kann sich in verschiedenen Formen abspielen. Das muß man immer festhalten.

Ich will mich deutlicher aussprechen: Wenn der Mensch heute nachdenkt über dasjenige, was geschehen soll auf sozialem Felde oder auf anderen Feldern, ja, dann kann er das in zweifacher Weise machen. Er kann ein Programm aufstellen, kann Begriffe sich bilden, die programmatisch sind, kann sich ausdenken, wie die Welt werden soll auf einem gewissen Gebiete. Das kann in schön klingende Worte gebracht werden. Man kann auf diese Worte so schwören wie auf Dogmen, aber herauskommen tut dabei nichts, gar nichts! Man kann die schönsten Ideen haben über das, was werden soll: Herauskommen kann dabei gar nichts. Von Ideen, die noch so schön sind, braucht gar nichts herauszukommen. Programme, die ausgedacht sind, sind überhaupt das Allerallerwertloseste im Leben. Dagegen kann man etwas anderes tun: Man kann — und manche Menschen erreichen das ohne besonderes Hellsehen — einfach durch ein naives, intuitives Erkennen der Zeitverhältnisse sich fragen: Was geschieht auf jeden Fall in den nächsten zwanzig bis dreißig Jahren? Was liegt in der Zeit, das sich verwirklichen will? - Dann kann man sagen, wenn man das herausbekommen hat, was auf jeden Fall geschieht: Man hat jetzt die Wahl, entweder nimmt man Vernunft an und lenkt die Entwickelung in der Richtung, die sich unter allen Umständen vollzieht; dann geht die Sache gut. Oder aber man unterläßt dieses, man läßt die Dinge auf sich beruhen, man schläft, man wacht nicht; dann vollzieht sich die Sache durch Katastrophen, dann kommen Revolutionen, Kataklysmen und so weiter. — Keine Statistik, kein Programm, das noch so schön ausgedacht ist, hat einen Wert. Einen Wert hat allein die Beobachtung desjenigen, was im Schoße der Zeit liegt. Das muß aufgenommen, das muß durchdrungen werden, von dem müssen die Intentionen der Gegenwart beherrscht werden.

In den vierziger Jahren haben die mannigfaltigsten Leute, die Programm-Menschen waren, über die geringe Anzahl derjenigen, die das einsahen, was ich eben gesagt habe, gesiegt. Dadurch ist alles mögliche gekommen zur Spiritualisierung der Menschheit: Spiritismus zum Beispiel, der nur ein Versuch ist, die Menschheit mit untauglichen Mitteln zu spiritualisieren, der in materialistischer Weise reformieren, die geistige Welt darleben, offenbaren will. Man kann auch im Gedanken recht materialistisch sein. Man ist zum Beispiel dann materialistisch, wenn man sagt: Ja, aber dieser oder jener Teil der Menschheit hat doch recht, warum greifen die geistigen Mächte nicht ein und verhelfen dem zum Recht? — Wie oft hört man das sagen in der Gegenwart: Warum greifen die geistigen Mächte nicht ein? — Ich antwortete in mehr abstrakter Form neulich: Die Menschheit ist gegenwärtig auf Freiheit gestellt. - Diejenigen, die fragen: Warum greifen die geistigen Mächte nicht ein? — die gehen ja von dem Glauben aus, daß Gespenster Politik machen sollten statt der Menschen. Das wäre freilich ein leichtes Vorwärtskommen, wenn Gespenster statt der Menschen die Reformen einführen würden, auf die es ankommt. Das tun sie natürlich nicht, weil die Menschen auf Freiheit gestellt sind. Das Warten auf Gespenster, das ist dasjenige, was die Menschen am konfusesten macht, das lenkt sie von dem ab, was eigentlich geschehen soll. Und so ist denn gerade die Zeit, in der die Menschheit, ihrem Leben nach, in verfeinerte spirituelle Begriffe sich hineinarbeitete, die bei manchen deutlich leben, so ist diese Zeit auf der anderen Seite den stärksten materialistischen Versuchungen ausgesetzt gewesen. Die Menschen können nur nicht unterscheiden zwischen den verfeinerten spiritualisierten Begriffen und Empfindungen und zwischen dem, was versuchend an sie herantritt, und was entgegenarbeitet der Auffassung von dem, was man spiritualisiert in sich hat, und was wirklich auch etwas Spirituelles ist. Deshalb weil zur rechten Zeit nicht begriffen worden ist, wie die Entwickelung geschehen muß - ist das katastrophale Zeitalter, ist unsere schwere Gegenwart notwendig geworden. Ohne diese schwere Gegenwart wäre die Menschheit noch tiefer hineingesunken in den Unglauben an sich selbst. Noch mehr wäre sie dazu gekommen, zwar Spirituelles zu entwickeln, aber dieses Spirituelle abzulehnen.

Das sind solche Hintergründe des geschichtlichen Werdens. Ich würde ja so gerne von diesen Hintergründen aus manches, was im Vordergrunde liegt, beleuchten wollen, allein aus leicht begreiflichen Gründen geht das, insbesondere in der Gegenwart, nicht. Es muß jedem einzelnen überlassen sein, mit solchen Hintergründen sich nun dasjenige, was in seiner unmittelbaren Gegenwart lebt, wirklich zu beleuchten.

Das Verschlafen, welches ich vorhin charakterisiert habe, das bedingt, daß man auch innerlich so gerne über die Ecken und Kanten des Lebens hinwegsieht. Wenn man aber über die Ecken und Kanten des Lebens hinwegsieht, dann entstehen Kompromisse. Nun kann es Zeiten geben, die für Kompromisse sehr geeignet sind. Dasjenige, was vorangegangen ist den vierziger Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts, das war eine Zeit, die für Kompromisse recht geeignet war; aber unsere Zeit ist es nicht. Sie stellt an uns die Aufgabe, die Dinge zu sehen, wie sie sind, mit allen ihren Kanten und Ecken. Aber sie stellt auch in die Menschengemüter den Drang hinein, gerade weil diese Kanten und Ecken da sind, die Augen schläfrig zu verschließen vor diesen Kanten und Ecken. Selbst den allergrößten und bedeutsamsten Ereignissen der Menschheitsentwickelung gegenüber kann man das wahrnehmen, was ich jetzt eben gesagt habe.

Gegenüber dem größten Ereignis der Weltgeschichte hat es die Menschheitsentwickelung zu diesen Ecken und Kanten gebracht, selbst dem größten Ereignis der Weltgeschichte gegenüber: dem Mysterium von Golgatha. Wir wissen, was alles an Betrachtungen über das Mysterium von Golgatha im Laufe der theologischen Entwickelung des 19. Jahrhunderts geleistet wurde. Von der Zeit, da Lessing gesprochen hat über das Mysterium von Golgatha bis zu dem Philosophen Drews, ist ja alles mögliche geredet worden. Und man kann sagen: Diese ganze theologische Entwickelung des 19. Jahrhunderts liefert den vollsten Beweis dafür, daß man völlig verlernt hat, überhaupt noch etwas zu verstehen von dem Mysterium von Golgatha. Aber es gibt einige sehr interessante Publikationen über den Christus Jesus. Zum Beispiel eine dänische, die stellt sich ganz auf den Standpunkt des heutigen naturwissenschaftlich Denkenden. Der Mann sagt von seinem Standpunkte aus: Ich bin Psychologe, Physiologe, Psychiater, ich beobachte von meinem Standpunkte aus die Evangelien. - Zu welchem Schluß ist er gekommen? Sachgemäß im Sinne der heutigen Psychiatrie, so wie sie urteilen kann, ist der Mann zu dem Schluß gekommen: Das Bild, das die Evangelien von dem Christus Jesus entwerfen, ist ein Krankheitsbild. Man kann eigentlich den Christus Jesus nur auffassen als ein Wesen, welches zusammengesetzt ist aus Wahnsinn, Epilepsie, krankhaften Visionen und dergleichen. Alle die Symptome einer schweren Geisteskrankheit sind eigentlich da. - Wenn man, wie ich es kürzlich einmal gemacht habe, die wichtigsten Stellen dieses Buches vorliest, entsetzen sich die Menschen. Man kann das begreifen. Wenn das, was sie für heilig halten, ihnen als Krankheitssymptome entgegentritt, entsetzen sich die Menschen. Aber was liegt da eigentlich vor? Ja, es liegt vor, daß da einmal unter einer großen Anzahl von unehrlichen Kompromißlern einer aufgetreten ist, der sich nun vollständig auf den naturwissenschaftlichen Standpunkt stellt, der nicht mehr mit irgend etwas Kompromisse schließt, sondern sagt: Ich bin ganz Naturwissenschafter; und wenn ich das bin, dann muß ich es so sagen, wie ich es sage, denn das ist eine Tatsache.

Würden die Menschen ehrlich sich auf den Standpunkt stellen, auf den die Naturwissenschaft sich gestellt hat, dann würden sie solche Ansichten gewinnen müssen. Da gibt es diese Ecken und Kanten, da kann man nicht anders. Und man kann nicht anders, als entweder den naturwissenschaftlichen Standpunkt verlassen und zum geisteswissenschaftlichen Standpunkte übergehen — dann bleibt man auch ehrlich -, oder man kann ehrlich bleiben auf dem naturwissenschaftlichen Standpunkte, dann muß man die Dinge, ohne Kompromisse zu machen, so betrachten, wie sie solch ein ganz bornierter Naturforscher, aber auf seinem Gebiete ehrlicher Mann betrachtet, der nur ganz borniert ist und nicht seine Borniertheit irgendwie übertüncht, borniert, aber konsequent. Man muß sich auf diesen Standpunkt stellen. Würden die Menschen sehen, was heute manche Nuance notwendig macht, wenn es beleuchtend auftritt, dann würden sie erst kompromißlos das Leben sehen.

Es wurde in diesen Tagen ein interessantes Zettelchen in meine Hand gedrückt. Ich wußte schon von dem Buche, das da erwähnt wurde, aber ich habe es nicht hier, deshalb kann ich Ihnen nur das Zettelchen vorlesen. Es wurde mir also in die Hand gedrückt, um zu bezeugen, was heute alles möglich ist.

«Wer jemals die Bank eines Gymnasiums gedrückt hat, dem werden die Stunden unvergeßlich sein, da er im Plato das Gespräch zwischen Sokrates und seinen Freunden «genoß». Unvergeßlich wegen der fabelhaften Langeweile, die diesen Gesprächen entströmte. Und man erinnert sich vielleicht, daß man die Gespräche des Sokrates eigentlich herzhaft dumm fand; aber man wagte natürlich nicht, diese Ansicht zu äußern, denn schließlich war der Mann, um den es sich handelte, ja Sokrates, «der größte Philosoph». — Mit dieser ganz ungerechtfertigten Überschätzung des braven Atheners räumt das Buch «Sokrates der Idiot» von Alexander Moszkowski gehörig auf. Der Polyhistoriker Moszkowski unternimmt in dem kleinen, unterhaltend geschriebenen Werke nichts Geringeres, als Sokrates seiner Philosophenwürde so ziemlich vollständig zu entkleiden. Der Titel «Sokrates der Idiot» ist wortwörtlich gemeint. Man wird nicht fehlgehen in der Annahme, daß sich an das Buch noch wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzungen knüpfen werden.»

Nun kann man es schrecklich finden, daß so etwas geschrieben wird, nicht wahr? Aber ich finde es gar nicht schrecklich. Ich finde es selbstverständlich und ehrlich von Moszkowski. Denn nach den Begriffen und Empfindungen, die Moszkowski hat, kann er, wenn er konsequent bleibt, den Sokrates nur einen Idioten nennen; das ist selbstverständlich. Und wenn er es tut, so ist er ehrlicher als so und so viele andere, die eigentlich nach den Ansichten, die sie haben, Sokrates auch einen Idioten nennen müßten, aber aus Kompromißlerei es nicht tun. Ich brauche Ihnen nicht zu sagen, daß nicht irgend jemand durch die durchlässigen Wände des Münchener Zweiges jetzt hier verbreiten soll, daß ich mich einverstanden erklärt habe, wenn Moszkowski Sokrates als Idioten erklärt. Ich hoffe, daß man versteht, was ich eigentlich meine.

Aber ebenso muß ich anerkennen, daß in unserer Zeit gewisse Urteile nur dadurch in den Gemütern der Menschen zusammenkommen, weil man unehrliche Kompromisse schließt. Man kann nicht gleichzeitig so denken über Seelenkrankheiten, wie die heutige Psychiatrie denkt, und nicht ein solches Buch schreiben, wie der Däne geschrieben hat über den Christus Jesus. Man kann das nicht. Man ist nicht ehrlich, wenn man nicht entweder diese Begriffe ablehnt und durch geistige Begriffe ersetzt, oder eben auf den Standpunkt sich stellt, daß der Christus Jesus ein Geisteskranker war. Und man kann nicht, wenn man jene eigentümliche Ansicht von Alexander Moszkowski kennt, über die Strahlungstheorie, über die Quantentheorie - man muß solche Leute nur kennen, muß nur kennen die Ansichten über die Grenzbegriffe, über das ganze Gefüge des Weltenbaues, die Moszkowski hat —, man kann dann nicht anders, als Sokrates und auch Plato für Idioten halten, wenn man ehrlich und konsequent ist.

Zu denjenigen Impulsen, die der Menschheit besonders notwendig sind, gehört vor allen Dingen dieser: Kompromisse abzulehnen, Kompromisse nicht zu schließen, wenigstens im Gemüte zunächst. Das ist wichtig, außerordentlich wichtig, daß man dies als eine Forderung unserer Zeit ansieht. Denn gerade das gehört zu den wichtigsten Impulsen des Zeitgeistes Michael, Klarheit hineinzugießen, unbedingte Klarheit hineinzugießen in die menschlichen Seelen. Will man dem Erzengel Michael folgen, dann ist es notwendig, Klarheit hineinzugießen in die menschliche Seele, die Schläfrigkeit zu überwinden. Sie tritt auf anderen Gebieten auch auf, aber es ist ein unbedingtes Erfordernis vor allen Dingen, sich überall heute die Konsequenzen einer Sache klarzumachen. In früheren Zeiten war das anders. In früheren Zeiten, durch die Jahrhunderte, in denen vor dem Erzengel Michael im wesentlichen die europäische Menschheit durch Gabriel regiert worden ist, war es so, daß dasjenige, was der Mensch hier als Kompromiß gedacht hat, von der geistigen Welt her abgeschwächt worden ist. Michael ist der Geist, der mit der Freiheit der Menschen im eminentesten Sinne arbeitet. Daher macht Michael schon das Richtige. Sie dürfen nicht glauben, daß Michael nicht das Richtige macht, er macht schon das Richtige. In den unbewußten Regionen der Seele ist heute bei jedem Menschen scharf hingestellt jede Kante und Ecke des geistigen Lebens. Es ist schon da. Wer nur die geringste Anlage - sei es eine noch so geringe — dafür hat, das heraufzubringen, was im Untergrunde des Seelenlebens ist an latenten Visionen, der weiß, was heute alles auf dem Grunde der Seele an Diskrepanz, an Unzusammengehörigem lebt. Er weiß, wie in den Seelen nebeneinander wohnen die heutige materialistische Psychiatrie, die sich nicht scheut, in ihm einen Epileptiker zu sehen, und sogar die Anerkennung des Christus Jesus. Er weiß das. Wenn sich die Dinge nur ein wenig ins Bewußtsein heraufheben, wenn jemand nur ein wenig die Anlage dazu hat, die Dinge ins Bewußtsein hinaufzuheben, ja, dann wird er schon gewahr, wie die Dinge sind. Es wäre interessant, wenn mit einem wirklichen Sinne für die Gegenwart einmal ein guter Maler malen würde «Christus, gesehen von einem Psychiater der Gegenwart», und würde das, was sich abspielt, expressionistisch zum Ausdruck bringen, Es wäre sehr interessant, was da herauskommen würde, wenn der Maler wirklich Verständnis hätte für dasjenige, was sich in der Gegenwart in den Untergründen des seelischen Lebens abspielt.

Sie sehen, man muß schon gerade für unsere Zeit tief schürfen, wenn man verstehen will, was sich an der Oberfläche des Daseins abspielt. Aber man begreift auf der anderen Seite auch, daß die Menschen von einer gewissen Feigheit und Mutlosigkeit befallen werden, wenn sie an die angedeutete Sache herankommen sollen. Und das ist das andere, was eben in der Gegenwart notwendig ist: Mut, sogar eine gewisse Kühnheit der Anschauungsweise, der Denkweise, eine solche Kühnheit, welche die Begriffe nicht abstumpft, sondern sie vielleicht möglichst spitzig werden läßt. Ich habe diese Dinge alle gesagt, damit sie, soweit sie jedem geistig zugänglich sind, von jedem selbst beobachtet werden. Man kann sie selbst beobachten, wenn man das geistige Leben in der Gegenwart wirklich beobachten will. Man kann schon alles das, was heute gerade gesagt werden muß, aus den äußeren Ereignissen heraus finden; der Geistesforscher wird es nur präziser beschreiben, weil er den Hintergrund dazu sieht. Und wenn man dann vom Geistesforscher diesen Hintergrund geschildert bekommt, dann wird man um so mehr in den Ereignissen bewahrheitet finden, worauf zum Beispiel heute hingedeutet worden ist.

Es frägt heute mancher, was er eigentlich tun solle. — Es liegt so nahe, was man tun soll. Man möchte sagen: Die Augen aufmachen soll man, allerdings die geistigen Augen! — Der Wille kommt dann schon, wenn man die Augen aufmacht. Der Wille hängt ja vielfach ab von dem Platze, wo man hingestellt ist. Man kann nicht immer gerade an seinem Platze seinem Karma gemäß das Richtige machen, aber man muß versuchen, die Augen geistig aufzumachen. Heute ist es ja allerdings vielfach so, daß wenn man versucht, in Worten vor die Menschen irgend etwas hinzustellen, was notwendig ist für die Gegenwart, sie dann schnell die Augen zumachen; dann wenden sie schnell den Sinn davon ab. Das ist nur das andere Ausschlagen der Waagschale.

Wenn man so spricht, könnte das sehr leicht aufgefaßt werden, als wenn man eigentlich eine Kritik der Zeit geben wollte. Das meine ich nie. Was ich meine, ist: aufmerksam zu machen auf das, was als Impulse aus der spirituellen Welt in die menschlichen Seelen, in die menschlichen Gemüter hinein muß, wenn wir aus der katastrophalen Zeit, in die wir hereingekommen sind, hinaus wollen. Wie gesagt, auf konkrete Einzelheiten einzugehen, ist leider nicht möglich. Das kann jeder für sich selbst tun.

Tenth Lecture

Today, it will be my task to move from the foundations of spiritual observation that we recently cultivated here to those spiritual processes that, in a certain sense, lie directly behind our contemporary life, which speaks so heavily to our souls.

As you can imagine, in what we call, in the sense of our spiritual science, living together with the forces that flow in from the so-called dead into the realm in which we ourselves are during our incarnation, it is possible to observe with all vividness what can lie spiritually at the root of such a difficult time. Now, however, people today are not very interested in searching for the spiritual background of existence. This lack of interest in searching for the spiritual background of existence is much more closely connected than one might think with the fact that this grave catastrophe has befallen humanity today. I have pointed out that in the period that can be described as the last third of the 19th century, great and comprehensive changes took place in relation to earlier periods of human development as a whole. I have repeatedly referred to the end of the 1970s and pointed out that the end of the 1970s marked a significant turning point in the development of humanity. It must be admitted that very few people today see how fundamentally different spiritual life since the end of the 1970s is from what went before. I would say that people have gained far too little distance to see this. One can only see something like this when one can observe it in its differences, in its differentiation, when one is not directly involved in the matter but has gained a certain distance from it. However, if humanity is not to face even greater misery, this distance must be gained by humanity as soon as possible. For, spiritually speaking, there is a very strange, truly living contradiction prevailing in our present time. And when I describe this contradiction in this way, you will actually find it extremely grotesque: there has been no period in human development that can be traced historically that is as spiritual as the time in which we live, the time since the end of the 1970s. From a historical perspective, we are living in the most spiritual time ever. And yet we live—which is undeniable—in such a way that many people who consider themselves to be quite spiritual believe that the time is entirely materialistic. You see, our time is not materialistic in terms of life; according to the beliefs of many people, and according to what flows from these beliefs, our time is certainly materialistic. What does one actually mean when one says that our time is spiritual?

Yes, we initially have a scientific view of the world: compared to this scientific view of the world, everything that came before in terms of scientific worldview is materialistic! For we have a scientific view of the world that rises to the finest, most spiritual concepts. This is best noticed by those who see existence beyond the immediate physical presence.

The so-called dead have very little of the ideas that are well-intentioned in a spiritual sense today. They have a great deal of the scientific ideas of the present, when these are considered impartially. And it is interesting that so-called materialistic Darwinism is understood and applied in a very spiritual way precisely in the realm of the dead. Things appear quite different in life than they often appear in the belief, the often very erroneous belief, that is brought about by what people experience here in the body. What do I actually mean when I refer first to the scientific spiritual? Yes, you see, in order to develop these concepts, to rise to such thoughts as we have today about evolution and so on, a spirituality is required that did not exist in earlier times. It is much easier to see ghosts and consider them spiritual than to develop finely chiseled concepts about what is apparently only material. This has caused people to develop the most spiritual concepts in their soul life and then to deny these spiritual concepts. They attribute to these spiritual concepts the idea that they can only say something about material things. The materialistic interpretation of our scientific worldview is nothing more than a slander of the actual character of the scientific worldview. It has arisen from a tendency that is basically cowardice! People cannot bring themselves to live with their living feelings in finely spiritualized concepts, to grasp spirituality in such a—if I may express it this way—diluted form as it must be grasped when one forms pure concepts about nature. One does not dare to admit that one lives in the spiritual, in the spirit, when one has such diluted, spiritualized concepts, and therefore one lies to oneself by saying: These concepts mean only material things — which is not true, which is only self-deception. And so it is in other areas of life. One can point out — as I did the day before yesterday — that, for example, in much of today's artistic creation, values have come to light through spiritualized, refined sensibility that were completely absent in earlier epochs of artistic development. There is no doubt that today, many things are emerging in the field of artistic creation that one would search for in vain in Raphael or Michelangelo. This upheaval in spiritual life has been brought about by a very specific spiritual event. And today I would like to characterize this spiritual event for you again from certain points of view.

When the middle of the 19th century had not yet fully arrived, at the beginning of the 1840s, a certain spiritual being set out — the names are irrelevant, but for the sake of having a name, we can borrow the name of the archangel Michael from Christian theology — the archangel Michael set out to gradually transform himself from a mere archangel into a spirit of the times, to achieve such a development that he could intervene in human life not only from the standpoint of the supernatural, but directly from the standpoint of the earthly. The archangel Michael had to prepare himself to descend to earth, to relive, as it were, the great event of Christ Jesus himself, to relive this great event: to take his starting point here on earth and to continue working from the earthly point of view. To this end, it was necessary that preparations be made by this spiritual being from the 1840s until the end of the 1870s. And so we can observe that the years from the 1840s to about 1879 represent a significant struggle in the super-earthly realm, but in that super-earthly realm which is directly adjacent to the earthly realm. This spiritual being, who can be described as the archangel Michael, had to fight a difficult and hard battle against certain opposing spirits. We need to take a closer look at these opposing spirits if we want to understand what actually happened.

These spiritual beings, which had to be fought by this archangel Michael, who was becoming the spirit of the age, had always intervened in the life and evolution of humanity. In the last millennia before the middle of the 19th century, they had the task of differentiating human beings from the spiritual world. Those spiritual beings who are direct followers of the archangels strive to lead people back to the group soul of humanity in a certain sense, to pour unity over all of humanity. This would not have been possible if they had acted alone upon humanity. Humanity would, in a sense, have been blurred into an indistinguishable mass, representing only one species, just as the animal species is essentially one, only on a slightly higher level. These spiritual beings, which the Michaelic principle had to fight against, are those who had the task of bringing differentiation into humanity, of dividing the unified human race into races, into peoples, into all those differences that are connected with blood, nerves, and temperament. This had to happen. One may call these spiritual beings who had to bring such differentiation into humanity Ahrimanic beings; one may call them that, but one must be clear that in the entire course of human evolution, this Ahrimanic principle was necessary.

Now the time came that was an important time in human development in relation to what I have just discussed. The time came, beginning in the 1840s, when the old differentiations were to disappear, the time when the differentiated human race was to be brought together into a human unity.

The cosmopolitan views that sometimes degenerated into cosmopolitan rhetoric in the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century are only a reflection of what was happening in the spiritual world. Humanity already has a tendency to eliminate the various differences that were promoted by blood and nervous temperament. It is not actually a tendency of the spiritual worlds to differentiate humanity further, but rather a tendency in the spiritual worlds to pour cosmopolitanism over humanity. However little understanding there is for this today under the impression of our catastrophic times, it is nevertheless true that one must admit this in accordance with the truth. And this fact, reflected in earthly events, leads us, when we observe it in its spiritual background, to see how the racial spirits, those folk spirits that differentiate humanity, have been fought against since the 1940s by the very spirit that was to become the spirit of the times in the modern era. What is always represented by a meaningful symbol has been accomplished there, albeit on a different level. The symbol also refers to other stages of development, for things always repeat themselves at different stages, and what I am now recounting is only a repetition at a certain stage of a spiritual event that took place at other stages. This is what is represented by the symbol of the Archangel Michael's defeat of the dragon. This defeat of the dragon by the Archangel Michael, which means that the opposing forces have been expelled from the realm where the Archangel Michael rules, took place in a certain area from the beginning of the 1940s. Certain spiritual beings, whose task until then had been to differentiate humanity into races and peoples in the spiritual world, were—if I may use this expression—cast down from heaven to earth. These same spiritual beings, who had differentiated humanity in this way until the 1940s, no longer have any power in the areas bordering the earthly world. They have been cast down among human beings, with everything they could bring with them, among human beings on Earth. This is what spiritual science refers to as the victory of the archangel Michael over the rebellious spirits, which took place at the end of the 1970s: the casting down of certain spirits who were rebelling against him onto Earth.

And so, since the end of the 1970s, we have had a twofold situation. On the one hand, we have those who could be said to be of good will — if one understands the expression in a conditional sense —; since 1879, we have had the rule of the Michael spirit on earth, which enables us to acquire spiritualized concepts and a spiritualized spiritual life. And we have on earth the opposing spirits who tempt us to deny the spirituality of the present. When fighting against the materialism of the present, one should always be aware that one is not fighting against the good of our age, but against the lies of our age. For it is essentially spirits of lies that have been cast down from heaven onto earth, those spirits which, for the time being, also act as spirits of obstacles, preventing people from seeking the spiritual precisely in their understanding of natural existence. When one gets to know the people who descended from the spiritual world to earthly incarnation in the period after 1841 and have since passed away, one sees how, I would say, these things are understood from the other side of the world. And one can then correct much of what is very difficult to understand here in the physical world.

When, at the beginning of the 20th century, it gradually became apparent how necessary it was to draw attention once again to the most diverse areas of the spirit in life, those who did so were essentially people who, after 1848, and actually already after 1840, had taken part in the hard struggle which was led by the archangel Michael in the spiritual world and ended in 1879 with the casting down of the rebellious spirits into life on earth, where they are together with human beings. And essentially, it is a struggle alongside the archangel Michael when one rebels against these spirits, when one seeks to drive them out of the field.

Now there is a certain law, my dear friends. This law says that from every point one can trace development both forward and backward. If one considers any point in the historical development of humanity, one can say: There is this point in time, and at this point in time this or that happens. Now time flows on, and one can observe the events; one can also observe time flowing backwards. One can go back from 1879 to 1878, 1877, to 1860, 1850, and so on, and one can then observe how what is to be traced backwards in the spiritual world appears. Then one will see the following. You will see that in the deeper structure of events, even in the ongoing sequence, what you perceive as past repeats itself. When you simply say something great, it sounds trivial. But I want to speak plainly. If you consider the year 1879, you can go forward to 1880 or backward to 1878. If you go forward to 1880, you will notice in the deeper spiritual structure that what took place in 1878 is at work in a certain way, so that behind the events of 1880, the events of 1878 stand as a force that is at work. And behind the events of 1881, the events of 1877 again work as a force behind them. It is as if, the further back one goes, the timeline reverses, and the events that lie further back would place themselves behind those that move forward from a certain point in time. One understands a great deal when one understands these things.

Now I ask you to remember that I have been talking about the year 1879 for many years, not just since 1914, when it became fashionable to do so. This is important, my dear friends. And I ask you to do a simple calculation with me. Count back from 1879 to this year, which I have often referred to as the other boundary. I have always said: The struggle of which I am now speaking began at the beginning of the forties, around 1841, 1840. Count back: 1879, 1869, 1859, 1849, and add about eight or nine years, which makes thirty-eight or thirty-nine years. Count forward: 1879, 1889, 1899, 1909, 1914, up to the present day, and you get exactly the same number: thirty-eight or thirty-nine years. If you were to consider the year 1917, you would arrive at a surprising result. You would understand the profound meaning of the occultist's statement: “If one proceeds from a decisive historical event, the preceding spiritual event repeats itself in the following one.”

Behind the events of our days here on the physical plane are the spiritual events that began in the 1840s and can be described as the battle of the archangel Michael against opposing spirits. They are behind it. We are seeing a repetition of what took place at the beginning of the 1940s. And you can imagine how differently one views the events of the present when one goes back to this law. Perhaps then we will understand a little more deeply what otherwise passes by the human ear without making any impression, what does not enter the soul. We will say to ourselves that the battle of the archangel Michael against the opposing forces has, to a certain extent, returned to its starting point.

It is generally always difficult to speak to people of the present about these deeper connections, because they so energetically reject anything that would help them to understand the present in the right way and to intervene in it in the right way. Our time really makes it necessary to renounce old prejudices, makes it necessary to bring what is into understanding, to bring it into consciousness. And things happen here on the physical plane that are much more spiritual in nature than usual events. But this is connected with the descent of the archangel Michael into our earthly region. Many speak of this descent of the archangel Michael into our earthly region. But when it comes down to taking this matter seriously, with its true background, people do not go along with it, they do not want to go along with it! But it is precisely necessary that spiritual understanding of the most important impulses of our time take hold in ever wider circles of our time. That is why it was absolutely necessary to draw attention to what has been happening in our branch meetings over the years, so that the stream of events, which is so strongly influenced by the spirit in our time, is not overslept. And sleeping through events is a fundamental characteristic of our time. People pass by events as if asleep, and one could observe that the more incisive and profound an event is on the physical plane, the more people sleep through it.

March 1917 — if I may hint at something concrete — was something so powerful in its conception, will bring about such significant things that humanity cannot even dream of today, that it is downright grotesque how little people understand that it is necessary today to revise almost all judgments, to subject almost everything that people believed before 1914 to revision.

Perhaps I may take this opportunity to point out that in 1910 I gave a number of lectures in Kristiania on the European national character. In the first of these lectures, you can read the sentence that very soon humanity will be called upon to understand something about the conditions of the European national souls. Again and again it has been emphasized in our lectures: The gaze must be directed toward the immediate East; what happens there is important for the development of humanity. How often has this been said. Everyone who has listened knows this. And even in the spring of 1914, in the lecture cycle in Vienna on life between death and rebirth, I ventured to say something very emphatic, namely that the social life of our time can truly be compared to a special form of disease, to a carcinoma, that a creeping cancer is spreading through social life. Of course, under our present conditions, these things cannot be said in any other way, but they must be understood.

World events do not unfold in such a way that there is a beautiful progression, which is a fable of historians: that what comes later always develops from what came before, and this again from what came before, and so on. The prejudice that what comes later always develops as calmly as possible from what came before, or must do so, can be left to people who have less sense of reality than those who think anthroposophically should develop. If I am to point to something concrete, this prejudice can be left to politicians of the old school, including those of the present day, as long as humanity so desires. In reality, however, it is something completely different. It is a matter of the course of events being like a scale in full activity, in full motion, where one side of the scale sinks down and then the other. And that is why the period since the beginning of the 1840s can be characterized something like this: It would have been possible, if from 1840 to 1914 — a period divided in two by 1879 — attempts had been made to prepare in an appropriate manner for the spiritualization of humanity sought by the archangel Michael; if greater efforts had been made to introduce spiritual concepts and spiritual ideas into humanity. If, since humanity in the newer times must be set on freedom, something like this is neglected out of free human will, then the scales tip down on the other side. Then what could have been achieved through spiritual means will be discharged through blood. Then it will be discharged in a, I would say, superphysical way. What we are experiencing in our catastrophic times is merely the balancing of the scales. Humanity, which has rejected spiritualization, must be forced into spiritualization. This can happen through a physical catastrophe.

One can confirm this idea by standing firmly on the following ground: We live here in this physical world, but in reality we are only awake in this physical world through our perceptions and our ideas, as I explained recently. With our feelings we dream here, with our impulses of will we sleep. This is natural for human beings. But when you settle into that world through imagination, inspiration, and intuition, which is always around us like the air as the spiritual world, and in which the so-called dead are with us, working with their impulses, then you perceive how life here in the physical world is connected with the life of the so-called dead. The dead can only take in spiritual ideas from the hearts of human beings.

Remember what I said three days ago: when a person dies in their younger years, spiritually speaking, they have not actually left their loved ones; they have remained, they are actually still there. But for the dead, it is something completely different than being there — I ask you to take this very seriously — for the dead, it is a matter of enduring this existence, of being able to comprehend it. If the dead person is present in a family that is materialistic and does not devote itself to spiritual ideas, then the dead person is indeed present in this family, but he is present in such a way that he constantly oppresses and distresses them. The family is something like a nightmare for him, like air that we breathe in too much and feel suffocating. Only spiritual ideas can remove this oppressive feeling and make living together with those who remain bearable and possible.

Again, I have told you: when an elderly person is torn away from their loved ones, they take their souls with them in a certain sense. They take them with them, they draw them after them. But again, if they do not assert themselves through spiritual ideas, they are like an incubus to them.

Now let us consider something else. One can learn an enormous amount by observing, under certain circumstances, the sudden death of a person caused by external or abnormal internal conditions. Let us assume that a person is beaten to death or shot. Death is brought about in a different way than when it occurs gradually through illness, in a natural way. Now imagine that a person is shot in the thirty-fifth year of his life; his life is destroyed from outside. If the shot had not been fired — certainly the matter is connected with karma, but nevertheless the following applies, which I will now explain — if the person had not been shot, he might have been able to live another thirty-five years due to his constitution. Isn't that so? He carries within himself the constitution for another thirty-five years. That has a very definite effect.

When a person dies violently at a time when the life forces are still particularly active, he experiences an enormous amount at that moment. Compressed into a single moment, they experience certain things that would otherwise be spread out over a long period of time. What they could have experienced in the thirty-five years that would have followed the other thirty-five years, what would have been spread out over many years, is compressed into a single moment. For the most important thing one experiences in the hour of death is that in this hour of death one comes to see one's physical body from outside, as it undergoes the transition from being controlled by the forces it had when the soul was inside the body to becoming a natural being, surrendered to the forces of nature, to the external physical forces. This is the tremendously significant thing about the moment of death: that the human being looks back and sees how his organism is surrendered to the physical forces of nature. When a person suffers a violent death, they are suddenly exposed not only to the normal forces of nature, but as an organism, they are treated by the bullet as an inorganic, lifeless body; they are completely transformed into something inorganic. There is a great difference between wasting away and suddenly suffering death as a result of the universe intervening in the human organism from outside, whether in the form of a bullet or in some other form. There is a sudden flash, a burst of infinite spirituality. What takes place is an overflowing of a spiritual aura. And the person who has passed through the gate of death looks back on this blazing. This blazing is very similar to what happens only when people devote themselves to spiritual concepts. These are values that are interchangeable. It is incredibly interesting to see how similar, when viewed from the other side, from the side of the dead, the thought the feeling one has when one enjoys or creates a work of art, a painting that has been born out of spiritual life, that feeling one has — without it passing through the human consciousness — that from outside, let us say, an arm is injured, wounded, and pain arises in the human being. There is an enormous relationship between the two events, so that one can stand in for the other.

Now you will understand the karmic connection that exists between two events. Of course, as the 1940s approached, quite a number of people knew, as I might say, the “state of the stars.” This is just a technical expression used by occultists when they want to describe an event such as the battle of the archangel Michael with the dragon: they say, “That is the position of the stars.” Of course, there were quite a number of people who knew at that time that such an important event was taking place. There were also people who wanted to take precautions; but I would say that the other side of the scale was too heavily weighted: people's materialistic sense was too strong. So they resorted to the most wrong thing they could have done at that time. They realized that spiritual life had to enter into humanity. This was quite clear. For in the 1940s, many who understood the signs of the times were convinced that spiritual life had to enter into humanity. If this spiritual life had entered into humanity at the beginning of the 1940s, many catastrophes would have been spared humanity. For what has taken place would have taken place anyway, but in a different form. What is karmically necessary happens, but it can take different forms. We must always bear this in mind.

Let me express myself more clearly: When people today think about what should happen in the social sphere or in other spheres, they can do so in two ways. They can draw up a program, form programmatic concepts, and imagine how the world should be in a certain area. This can be expressed in beautiful words. One can swear by these words as if they were dogma, but nothing, absolutely nothing, will come of it! One can have the most beautiful ideas about what should be, but nothing can come of it. Nothing needs to come of ideas, no matter how beautiful they are. Programs that are thought up are the most worthless thing in life. On the other hand, you can do something else: you can—and some people achieve this without any special clairvoyance—simply ask yourself, through a naive, intuitive recognition of the circumstances of the time: What will definitely happen in the next twenty to thirty years? What lies ahead that wants to come to fruition? Once you have figured out what will definitely happen, you can say: You now have a choice: either you accept reason and steer development in the direction that will take place under all circumstances, and then things will go well. Or you can refrain from doing so, leave things as they are, sleep, not wake up; then things will happen through catastrophes, then revolutions, cataclysms, and so on. — No statistics, no program, no matter how beautifully conceived, has any value. The only thing that has value is the observation of what lies in the womb of time. This must be taken in, this must be penetrated, and the intentions of the present must be dominated by it.

In the 1940s, the most diverse people, who were programmatic, prevailed over the small number of those who understood what I have just said. This has led to all kinds of attempts to spiritualize humanity: spiritualism, for example, which is only an attempt to spiritualize humanity by unsuitable means, to reform it in a materialistic way, to reveal the spiritual world. One can also be quite materialistic in one's thinking. For example, one is materialistic when one says: Yes, but this or that part of humanity is right, why don't the spiritual powers intervene and help them to justice? How often do we hear this said today: Why don't the spiritual powers intervene? I answered this recently in a more abstract form: Humanity is currently set on freedom. Those who ask, “Why don't spiritual forces intervene?” are proceeding from the belief that ghosts should make policy instead of human beings. Of course, it would be easy to make progress if ghosts instead of human beings were to introduce the reforms that are needed. They do not do this, of course, because human beings are set on freedom. Waiting for ghosts is what confuses people the most; it distracts them from what actually needs to happen. And so, precisely at a time when humanity, in accordance with its nature, has worked its way into refined spiritual concepts, which are clearly alive in some people, this time has, on the other hand, been exposed to the strongest materialistic temptations. People are simply unable to distinguish between refined, spiritualized concepts and feelings and between what approaches them tentatively and what works against the conception of what one has spiritualized within oneself and what is truly spiritual. Because the right understanding of how development must take place was not gained at the right time, the catastrophic age, our difficult present, has become necessary. Without this difficult present, humanity would have sunk even deeper into disbelief in itself. It would have developed spiritual things even more, but would have rejected them.

Such are the background circumstances of historical development. I would very much like to shed light on many things that are in the foreground from this background, but for easily understandable reasons this is not possible, especially in the present. It must be left to each individual to use such background knowledge to truly illuminate what is happening in their immediate present.

The sleepiness I characterized earlier causes people to overlook the rough edges of life. But when you overlook the rough edges of life, compromises arise. Now there may be times when compromises are very appropriate. The period preceding the 1840s was a time that was quite suitable for compromises, but our time is not. It sets us the task of seeing things as they are, with all their rough edges. But it also instills in the human mind the urge, precisely because these rough edges and corners exist, to close our eyes sleepily to them. Even in the face of the greatest and most significant events in human development, one can perceive what I have just said.

Human development has brought us to these rough edges and corners in relation to the greatest event in world history, even in relation to the greatest event in world history: the mystery of Golgotha. We know all the reflections on the mystery of Golgotha that were made in the course of theological development in the 19th century. From the time when Lessing spoke about the mystery of Golgotha to the philosopher Drews, all kinds of things have been said. And one can say that the entire theological development of the 19th century provides the most complete proof that we have completely forgotten how to understand anything at all about the mystery of Golgotha. But there are some very interesting publications about Christ Jesus. For example, a Danish one that takes the point of view of today's scientific thinking. The man says from his point of view: I am a psychologist, physiologist, psychiatrist, I observe the Gospels from my point of view. What conclusion has he come to? In accordance with modern psychiatry, as far as it can judge, the man has come to the conclusion that the image of Christ Jesus presented in the Gospels is a clinical picture. Christ Jesus can really only be understood as a being composed of madness, epilepsy, pathological visions, and the like. All the symptoms of severe mental illness are actually there. When one reads aloud the most important passages of this book, as I did recently, people are horrified. One can understand that. When what they consider sacred is presented to them as symptoms of illness, people are horrified. But what is actually going on here? Well, what is going on is that among a large number of dishonest compromisers, one has emerged who now stands completely on the side of science, who no longer compromises with anything, but says: I am a scientist through and through; and if I am, then I must say it as I say it, because it is a fact.

If people were to honestly take the position that natural science has taken, then they would have to arrive at such views. There are these rough edges, there is no way around them. And one has no choice but to either abandon the scientific point of view and adopt the spiritual scientific point of view — in which case one remains honest — or you can remain honest from the standpoint of natural science, in which case you have to view things without compromise, as a completely narrow-minded natural scientist would view them, but one who is honest in his field, who is only narrow-minded and does not try to cover up his narrow-mindedness in any way, narrow-minded but consistent. You have to take this standpoint. If people could see what nuances are necessary today when they come to light, then they would see life without compromise.

An interesting little note was pressed into my hand the other day. I already knew about the book mentioned there, but I don't have it here, so I can only read the note to you. It was pressed into my hand to testify to what is possible today.

“Anyone who has ever sat on a school bench will remember the hours spent 'enjoying' Plato's conversations between Socrates and his friends. Unforgettable because of the fabulous boredom that emanated from these conversations. And one may remember that one actually found Socrates' conversations heartily stupid; but of course one did not dare to express this opinion, because after all, the man in question was Socrates, “the greatest philosopher.” Alexander Moszkowski's book “Socrates the Idiot” does away with this completely unjustified overestimation of the good Athenian. In this small, entertaining work, the polymath Moszkowski undertakes nothing less than to strip Socrates of his philosophical dignity almost completely. The title “Socrates the Idiot” is meant literally. One would not be wrong in assuming that the book will be followed by scholarly debate.

Now, one might find it terrible that something like this has been written, right? But I don't find it terrible at all. I find it natural and honest of Moszkowski. For according to Moszkowski's concepts and feelings, if he remains consistent, he can only call Socrates an idiot; that is self-evident. And if he does so, he is more honest than so many others who, according to their own views, should also call Socrates an idiot, but do not do so out of a spirit of compromise. I do not need to tell you that no one should now spread the word here through the porous walls of the Munich branch that I have agreed with Moszkowski's description of Socrates as an idiot. I hope you understand what I actually mean.

But I must also acknowledge that in our time certain judgments only come together in people's minds because dishonest compromises are made. One cannot simultaneously think about mental illness as modern psychiatry does and write a book like the one the Dane wrote about Jesus Christ. One cannot. One is not honest if one does not either reject these concepts and replace them with spiritual concepts, or take the position that Jesus Christ was mentally ill. And if you are familiar with Alexander Moszkowski's peculiar views on radiation theory and quantum theory — you only need to know such people, you only need to know Moszkowski's views on borderline concepts and on the entire structure of the universe — then you cannot help but consider Socrates and Plato to be idiots, if you are honest and consistent.

Among the impulses that are particularly necessary for humanity is this one above all: to reject compromises, not to make compromises, at least in one's mind at first. It is important, extraordinarily important, that this be seen as a demand of our time. For this is precisely one of the most important impulses of the Michaelic spirit: to pour clarity, unconditional clarity, into human souls. If we want to follow the archangel Michael, then it is necessary to pour clarity into the human soul, to overcome sleepiness. It also occurs in other areas, but it is an absolute necessity above all else today to make clear to ourselves the consequences of a thing. In earlier times, it was different. In earlier times, throughout the centuries when the European people were essentially ruled by Gabriel before the Archangel Michael, what people here thought of as compromise was weakened by the spiritual world. Michael is the spirit who works with human freedom in the most eminent sense. Therefore, Michael is already doing the right thing. You must not believe that Michael is not doing the right thing; he is already doing the right thing. In the unconscious regions of the soul, every edge and corner of spiritual life is sharply defined in every human being today. It is already there. Anyone who has even the slightest inclination — however slight — to bring forth what lies latent in the soul life in the form of visions knows what discrepancy and disunity live at the bottom of the soul today. They know how today's materialistic psychiatry, which does not hesitate to see them as epileptics, coexists in their souls with the recognition of Jesus Christ. He knows this. If things rise just a little into consciousness, if someone has just a little inclination to raise things into consciousness, then he will already become aware of how things are. It would be interesting if a good painter with a real sense of the present were to paint “Christ as seen by a contemporary psychiatrist” and express what is happening in an expressionistic way. It would be very interesting to see what would come out if the painter really understood what is happening in the present in the depths of the soul.

You see, one has to dig deep, especially in our time, if one wants to understand what is happening on the surface of existence. But on the other hand, one also understands that people are overcome by a certain cowardice and despondency when they are confronted with the things I have mentioned. And that is the other thing that is necessary in the present: courage, even a certain boldness of perception, of thinking, a boldness that does not blunt concepts but perhaps makes them as sharp as possible. I have said all these things so that, insofar as they are accessible to everyone spiritually, they can be observed by everyone themselves. One can observe them oneself if one really wants to observe spiritual life in the present. Everything that needs to be said today can already be found in external events; the spiritual researcher will only describe it more precisely because he sees the background to it. And when the spiritual researcher then describes this background to you, you will find all the more confirmation in events of what has been pointed out today, for example.

Many people today ask what they should actually do. — It is so obvious what one should do. One would like to say: One should open one's eyes, but the spiritual eyes! — The will comes when one opens one's eyes. The will depends in many ways on the place where one is. One cannot always do the right thing in accordance with one's karma in one's own place, but one must try to open one's spiritual eyes. Today, however, it is often the case that when one tries to put into words something that is necessary for the present, people quickly close their eyes; they quickly turn their minds away from it. That is just the other side of the coin.

When one speaks in this way, it could very easily be interpreted as a criticism of the times. That is not what I mean. What I mean is: to draw attention to what must enter the human soul, the human mind, as impulses from the spiritual world if we want to emerge from the catastrophic times we have entered. As I said, it is unfortunately not possible to go into concrete details. Everyone can do that for themselves.