Donate books to help fund our work. Learn more→

The Rudolf Steiner Archive

a project of Steiner Online Library, a public charity

The Problems of Our Time
GA 193

13 September 1919, Berlin

Lecture II

In the last lecture the endeavour was made to show how necessary it is for men of the present day to turn the eye of the soul towards spiritual science, to those spheres of existence, of reality, in which the rule of the spirit within human evolution is clearly perceptible to anyone who has the faculty of sight in such regions.

As I said, the middle of the fifteenth century brought with it a complete change in the relation of civilized man's soul to the three Hierarchies next above man, the Angeloi, Archangeloi and Archai. Hitherto it has been out of their own interests and impulses that they worked in human evolution. In our times, this connection has come to an end. They have for the moment no interest in continuing to work as before on the evolution of man. They will only enter into a new relationship to us when human beings begin to develop an interest in the spiritual worlds, out of free will and of their own accord. If we would not lose all connection with the spiritual worlds, we must occupy ourselves with them in the near future, for the spiritual beings who have been connected with us so far have of themselves no reason to be further interested in us. We can only arouse their interest anew if out of our own souls we again concern ourselves with the spiritual world, fostering thoughts, sentiments, and impulses of will, into which spiritual forces can flow. The question may and must be asked, how can human beings manage so to concern themselves with the spiritual worlds as to maintain their connection with the higher Hierarchies as the Earth evolution proceeds. The answer may deal with things which apparently have little to do with the question; but we shall see that they do provide the foundation on which we can rebuild onwards into the future our, connection with the spiritual world.

The first thing which we must examine is the effect of the various confessions, the creeds, existing among civilized people. Hitherto they were necessary, to guide the heart and, mind to spiritual realms, but in future they will help to detach man from the spiritual world, unless they admit something entirely new into their efforts. Fundamentally speaking, the creeds of the present day are based on the egoism of man, as we shall realize if we put before our souls one question of such great importance that it forms, and always must form, a touchstone for their views, the question of the immortality of the human soul. We can see, from the way in which this question is generally handled by the creeds, that they appeal largely to man's egoistic instincts. Of course there are deeper foundations for their speech, but these we are not discussing today: as a rule the creeds speak of the “continued existence of the soul after death"—that is, the continuation of the life of the human soul.

To deal with the subject of immortality from this point of view is comparatively easy, for human egotism asserts itself there emphatically. Man simply cannot bear—apart from all truth about the question—the thought of utter extinction at death, so that a certain response is always to be found in man’s soul when "life after death" is mentioned. The treatment generally given today to the idea springs from an egoistic interest in people. They would prefer not to die as souls at physical death. Naturally, the soul's continued existence after death will be assumed in all our future discussions on immortality, but the way in which anthroposophical spiritual science speaks of the continued existence of the soul after death is very far from being accepted by the creeds.

But this also is important: that people of our day must hear a very different language about immortality from that to which they are accustomed. One who discusses the question of immortality should not only speak of life after death, but also of that life which is lived here in the physical world between birth and death. For as you know, this life is also a "continuation"; it is a continuation of the life passed between our last death and that birth through which we are now in the physical world. That is the view which men must learn to hold—that the life here is a continuation of the spiritual life before birth. In the growth of a child from day to day, from week to week, from year to year, we must notice forces from the spiritual world arising from its inner being, forces which have come with birth and work so as gradually to form the being of man as time goes by. In a sense we lift the veil of the God in man when we enter into the life of the child to develop it. Social relations must take on something of a religious impulse permeating the whole of life between man and man. For this the important, the essential thing is an attitude which never forgets that physical life is a continuation of a pre-natal life, of spirit and soul.

Many things will follow on this. For one thing we shall recognize that our real humanity lies in the depths of our being, gradually emerging. I have referred to ancient times of human evolution, known from an anthroposophical standpoint as the first and second post-Atlantean epochs. People in those days were as capable of development right into their old age as only the young are nowadays. A child goes through a physical evolution about its seventh year with the change of teeth; through another metamorphosis when puberty occurs; but after that what goes on in his evolution is outwardly less noticeable. In olden times this was not so; what man went through in soul and spirit expressed itself into much later stages of life. Nowadays old age sets in at seventeen or eighteen, and we are amazed at its evidences. Here is an example: a short time ago, in Stuttgart, at a meeting of the Cultural Committee where present-day education was discussed from the most varied points of view, a young man got up (let us call him "a young man" though he might equally well be called an "old boy"!) who told us we needed instructing about the true ideals of education! He began by uttering some very high-sounding words, then read out the programme of a modern Educational Society. After much stumbling he finally broke down, and, having no more to say, gathered up the threads with "I must therefore claim to have proved that old age no longer understands its own youth," and went out. I replied that I quite saw we had not understood him, for the simple reason that his speech and behaviour had been those of an old man; he had in fact enunciated as principles, like an ancient grey-beard, the last word in abstractions. Old age, nowadays, means the limit up to which a man can develop. Up to a particular age a person can absorb all sorts of things, and is not ashamed to develop himself. But at about twenty years of age he feels shame at the idea of developing farther. Seldom nowadays do we find people with grey hair and wrinkles welcoming with joy the dawn of each year because each year brings new possibilities of development to the organism and new knowledge, unattainable before, is within reach. At the inconsiderable age of thirty men are ashamed to make themselves capable of development, or to learn anything more. The point is that we should actually retain the possibility, all through life, of rejoicing in the coming year, because each year charms forth the divine-spiritual content of our own inner being in ever new forms.

I want to emphasize this point. We should really and truly learn to experience our life as capable of development not only in youth, but through its whole span between birth and death. For this a new education will be necessary. We elders find that to look back at our own schooldays evokes few pleasant thoughts. We must manage to shape schooldays for the children of today so that to remember them will provide an ever new and invigorating source of life. Now this will bring, as you can see, the possibility of opening for mankind real perception of the soul-spiritual within themselves, of experiencing something extending beyond the everyday life which is stirred and stimulated from without.

Other knowledge will be recognized as necessary. There is a secret, intimately connected with the present stage of human evolution, which is not known today. In earlier times, before the middle of the fifteenth century, it was not necessary to take much notice of it, but today it must be reckoned with. This mystery of life is that man, constituted as he is today in body, soul and spirit, every night looks, to a certain extent, at the events of the coming day, but without always carrying that vision over into full day-consciousness. It is his "Angel" who has that clear consciousness. But what is experienced at night in community with that being whom we call the Angel is a pre-vision of the coming day. This is no subject for human curiosity, but a matter for practical life. Only when the feeling of this fact fills our inner being can we make right decisions and bring right thoughts into the course of daily life. Let us assume that a man has something definite to do, say at noon. This that he has to do has already been arranged by his Angel and himself during the preceding night, though the fact is not necessarily kept in consciousness and human curiosity has no part in it. People should be filled with the conviction that during the day they should realize in a fruitful way what they have arranged at night in co-operation with this Angel being.

Much that has happened of late might draw men's attention with almost shattering force to what I have just said. The last four or five years of agony should have taught men that the consciousness of their association with higher beings through the experiences of the night did not, alas! exist. If the feeling had permeated men that their doings in the day were in harmony with the decisions made with their Angels in the preceding night, how different events would have been! These things must be spoken of now, to point out how man must learn to regard this life between birth and death as a continuation of the life of spirit and soul which was his before birth. It must be made known that man in future should be able to experience throughout his whole life the revelation of the Divine in his own being, and that through all his life in the day this vivid consciousness should persist as: "What I do from morning till evening I have discussed with my Angel, while I slept." Men must turn to feelings which are more concrete with regard to the spiritual world than the modern abstractions of various creeds, which at the same time claim that they appeal to unselfish, not to egoistic human instincts. From such feelings will arise that which will provide the necessary relation to the beings belonging to the Hierarchy of the Angels, who will once more be able to interest themselves on our behalf. Men's attitude to the spiritual world must move in this appointed direction.

Yet again we must observe something. The creeds speak much about "God" and "The Divine." What do they really mean? Surely something of which a vague consciousness, at least, exists in the soul of man. After all, it is not, what name is given to a thing that matters, but what it means to a man's soul. Men talk of “God" and of "Christ," but all the time they only mean the "Angel"—the Angel to which they turn because they meet a response in their souls. Whatever the creeds may speak of today, whether of God or Christ or other divine being, the substance of the thought only relates to the Angel Beings who are connected with man, the Angeloi. Higher it cannot rise, since people are disinclined to seek any wider relation to the spiritual world than an egoistic one. The relation to the Archangeloi, the Hierarchy of the Archangels, must indeed be sought in another way. Men's interests today must be considerably widened. I will show you how that extension must take place, so that from making response only to the Angeloi, they may rise in their feelings to the Archangeloi.

They must realize that they have passed through terrible experiences all over the civilized world during the last few years. Many have asked about the "causes" of, these events, with mutual imputations of "guilt " and " innocence ": yet we need only look below the mere surface of things and we shall have little interest in all this talk about “causes " and "war-guilt" or " innocence," simply because we can see that what has come up to the surface in these last four or five years is, like waves of the sea, always there, but brought up from the depths to the surface by the forces below. An upheaval of human forces had been going on; one people after another shared in the enormous folly of those years; one could but say: "Some turmoil of elemental forces is surging upwards into view. The sea of human life has become unquiet—What is it?"

We shall never get things clear if we do not connect this fact of humanity's unrest with the whole period we call "history." We must convince ourselves that the armed struggle of the last few years is only the beginning of events which will take place in quite other spheres, but which have never before existed among us in this particular form. We are not at the end of a stage of evolution—only superficial observation could lead to that conclusion—we stand at the beginning of the greatest conflicts, the greatest spiritual conflicts of the civilized world, and we must put forth our best efforts to be equal to them. Increasing opposition is threatened in the soul-attitude of East and West in the near future, for East and West have developed in two quite different directions. If we would see into these things, we must set before ourselves certain phenomena in their deepest, most fundamental form as riddles to be solved.

For decades we have heard repeated in socialist circles holding the Marxian theory, that everything man experiences as art, religion, custom, law or science is just "Ideology " (I have discussed this at greater length in the first chapter of The Threefold Commonwealth). This means that a view which had been developing amongst the middle classes for the last three or four hundred years, but which they were too timid to admit, has been frankly acknowledged by the socialists of the last half-century. They assert that the genuine reality of social life consists in actual happenings; therefore the real lies only in the economic forces. All conceptions of art, religion, custom, science, law, morality, merely form a kind of vapour rising from true reality, and are mere ideology, with nothing but a semblance of reality. The socialists conclude that it is only necessary to change economic life and all other changes will ensue, since everything else—morality, law, religion and so forth—is only an unreal vapour arising from the events in the economic sphere, which is the "only reality."

If, however, the world be considered in no restricted sense but as a great whole, we shall defend this word "ideology " which, but for their timid dislike of facts, the middle classes might have been using for three or four hundred years. They did feel that the economic life was the "only reality" and what displayed itself as science, art or religion was like a vapour; all life was based on this, and it was reserved for their pupils to carry their reasoning to its logical conclusion. Socialists are, after all, only extreme pupils of the middle-class world. This is the view which, forming in the West, reached its climax in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Other impulses have formed the Eastern view of the world, and an Oriental would say: "I look at what is going on in the external world: I see what my senses convey to me, what I use as an instrument for transforming the world around, what shines down on me from the stars, and what I myself am as to my bodily nature—what is it all? It is Maya! What then is reality, and not illusion? Only what is experienced in the human soul—that is reality!" One who does not translate in terms of a dictionary, but according to the inner meaning, knows that the words "Maya" in the East and "Ideology " in the West mean one and the same thing. For thousands of years the Oriental has regarded the outer world which affects the senses—including economics—as Maya. The Westerner, on the other hand, sees his reality in what for the Oriental is "Maya," and what arises in his soul is for him "Ideology." Both views of the world have developed to a certain point. Talk with the leading men in the socialist parties especially in those places where the first Revolution (known here as the "November " Revolution) has not yet taken place, and it is evident that this revolution altered their ideas somewhat, but not their feelings. You hear the same views as obtained right up to the war, that it is not necessary to contribute anything from the will towards transforming, revolutionizing the world, but that all that will happen of itself. Something fatalistic has appeared in the West. People are convinced that they need only wait until the means of production are sufficiently developed, and then by a natural metamorphosis all that is concentrated in private capital will pass over into other forms. Thinking of this sort is as sensible as saying: "This room is full of bad air. I cannot breathe. The window could be opened, but I am not going to open it; I am waiting until the air improves of itself."

Fatalism of the West, Fatalism of the East—we know them well. In the East, though not at the very beginning, men fell into complete fatalism, as the philosophy of Maya developed. Every world-philosophy has, in its inner law, the impulse towards fatalism at some time, but we stand today at a point where we must get rid of fatalism. We must pass from mere observation and contemplation to the exertion of will and intention. We must rouse our wills by developing impulses from the truths I have described regarding birth as a continuation of pre-natal life, remaining young notwithstanding white hair and wrinkles, the playing in of the nightly work of the Angel into daily life. Man needs to acquire impulses for his life of will by widening his sphere of interest, by seeing not only what touches his own personal life but what affects the civilized world in manifold forms. Looking at the West, to which we ourselves belong, we see the inner world as ideology, the outer world as reality: in the East, ideology, Maya, in the outer world, reality in the inner world alone. In the interaction of human beings at the present time, we have the task of finding the way of escape from that aspect of these philosophies which has already turned to fatalism. We must look for this way, and we shall only find it if we are in earnest about something which annoys people terribly today.

There was a remarkable example of this once, when my hearers were greatly vexed by something I said in a lecture in a South German town, though it was a truth necessary for the present time. The context of my lecture necessitated the remark that the leading classes of the present day have a decadent physical brain. Such statements are unpleasant both to utter and to listen to, but it is necessary that people should realize this fact. The very people to whom the present configuration of our times is due have, in achieving it, acquired a decadent physical brain. It is so, and we are in one sense in the same case as were the people of Europe during the, great migrations and the spreading of Christianity. The Christian impulse came over from the East, by way of Greece and Rome. Naturally the Greek and Roman world was far more highly developed than the. German. The Germans were barbarians. But the brains of the Greeks and Romans were decadent, therefore the surge of Christianity was not absorbed by them in the same way as it was when it reached the Germans. That is a migration of peoples which went horizontally. today it is "vertical." today a wave of spiritual life is coming from the spiritual world. Just as Christianity was at first reflected from the Greeks and Romans, so the spiritual world is reflected from the bourgeoisie today, and that is decadent. The proletariat are not so yet; they are still able to understand what is meant by the spiritual world. But the others will need preparation through anthroposophy, through that part of the brain which is not yet physical that is the etheric brain. We are at present confronted with the fact that the leading classes are not only menaced with a decadent brain, but with entire decadence, if they do not realize that they must grasp the spiritual view of the world by supersensible means.

The tragedy of the bourgeois system is that it would grasp everything "physically," whereas our task today is to grasp things with the etheric brain, to take spiritual truths into our being. Modern humanity must steer in this direction, and the West must take the lead. Here we must take into account something very important.

Observe the development of language, passing from East to West. Take the German language, today dreadfully misused. If we look back at the language of Goethe, of Lessing, we can see that not so long ago in the very words, through their peculiar quality, it was possible to express what of spiritual life lay within them. today we have dreadfully neglected our language, degraded it into phrases only; but that it can no longer express spirituality is not due to the language alone. The farther West we go as regards language, the more we find in speech, with its tunes and sounds, even with its grammar, a complete rejection of what is really spiritual. From this rejection of the quality of soul and spirit from the Anglo-American idiom follows the mission of the Anglo-American peoples. Their world mission consists in this: in learning, maybe instinctively, yet still learning (as they listen to other men, in course of acquiring world dominion), not only to comprehend the sound, but to interpret the gesture of the language, to hear more than the mere physical sound, to hear something which passes from man to man in speech, going beyond the spoken word. That works from etheric body to etheric body. Here lies the secret of the Western languages, that in them the physical tone loses its significance, while the spiritual gains it. It is part of their task to let the spirit filter into speech, not merely to hear physically, but to hear intuitively more than passes over into the sound. In the West, the spiritual must be sought behind language itself.

If we look at the East, we shall notice an ever-increasing urge among the peoples who, as we have seen, sink themselves into their own inner being, not to be bound by the old forms of conception as to "Karma," " Reincarnation," and so forth, but to look out into the world, and in that outer world to perceive something spiritual, even to establish a sort of Philosophy of Nature.

These are only trivial instances through which we can widen our interests from our own personality and our nationality to take in the whole of humanity, saying to ourselves "Here in the West is Ideology, though quite another Ideology from the Eastern one," and seeing how elemental forces are stirred up within earthly humanity as a result, of these antitheses. We learn to take our stand within the whole civilized world, and when we develop such knowledge of our position within it at the same time we build in our souls the means of acquiring feelings which lead higher than the sphere of the Angeloi. Our interests will be so much extended that we shall incline to ideas which ascend to the sphere of the Archangeloi, for all that I have been saying about the opposition of Ideology-Maya, etc., works in its primal force in the sphere beyond that of the Angeloi. We can see from this what is really needful for modern humanity. What will the so-called clever people call anyone who speaks of these things—Maya, Ideology and so forth—as having primal forces which function in the sphere of the Archangeloi? Just a fool, quite naturally, since men are so hide-bound by their acquired spiritual outfit that they feel no concern in the wider interests of mankind. That can only be achieved from a spiritual standpoint, by penetrating into everything which works for the great interests of humanity.

I have given you an idea of how to work up into the sphere of the Archangeloi. It is possible to rise stilt higher, and present-day humanity must learn that also. Our educated classes have, always been taught to look back to Ancient Greece. Young men (and in recent times young women also) have had to go through a certain schooling to absorb Greek culture, and have thus acquired an impulse which was enough to lead them to feel more and more deeply into the Greek world. This has a great significance for our civilization, that in our most important years of development we have learnt what Greece accomplished for the world. The Greeks did otherwise; it never entered their heads to teach their children the Egyptian tongue: they occupied themselves with immediate reality, for which they possessed a clear, sense. We occupy our young people, not with instruction concerning their environment and the impulses of reality, but with those of an olden time. We have no idea what we are really doing. It is not only that we teach our young children (I suppose I should say our "young ladies " and "young gentlemen ") the Greek language: for in a language, in the configuration of its sounds and its grammar, lies also the character of a whole people. In absorbing the Greek language, as is done today, man acquires the same soul-attitude in the world as was held in Greece. There all cultural life was such that only a small top-stratum shared in the culture; the rest were slaves. In Greece no occupation was worthy of a free man but science, politics and—even then in a supervisory capacity agriculture: everything else was a matter for slaves. This is hidden in the language, and when we take Greek culture and language into our own spiritual education, we unite aristocracy with it at the same time. For the Greek it was quite natural to construct his whole social organism in accordance with his intellectual tendency, for in his case that was connected with his blood. There were the ordinary masses: then those people of a higher type, who possessed the higher life of the mind through their blood. This finds expression even in Greek sculpture. Compare the position of nose and ears in the Hermes-type with that of the Zeus- or Athene-type. The Greeks knew perfectly well what they wanted to express when they set the Hermes-type over against the Aryan Zeus-type.

We are permeated with all this more than we think. When we form our views of the world, we really construct ideas still suited to what in the Greeks came through the blood. Our intellectual, our cultural life is saturated with what we absorb from the Greeks. Hellenism intrudes into our times luciferically. Hellenism, in the period which immediately followed it, was metamorphosed into Romanism. Compared with the Greeks the Romans were dull, prosaic people, but they did develop other aspects of life. They lived out in an abstract fashion what came to the Greeks from the blood. Unlike the Greeks they made even man into an abstraction, a "citizen of the State." A man, in the Roman sense, is not really "man"; he is a citizen of the State: an incomprehensible thing to the Greeks. To be born a human being did not make him a man, but being registered in some kind of State archives. This sometimes appears today in grotesque fashion. I once had an old friend, sixty-four years of age; one day he said to me that he had saved such and such a sum—he had always been very poor—and that he wanted to marry the love of his youth. He had become engaged at eighteen, but had no money to marry, and the couple had vowed to wait until they could. He returned to his birthplace, now that the way was open, but found that the marriage could not, take place because his community doubted his existence. Years before, the parsonage, with all the parish registers, had been burned down and there was no one alive who could give evidence as to his identity. My friend assumed that his existence was proved by his presence, but he had no "legal evidence." It is true the marriage did eventually take place, but the difficulties had shown him the much greater importance of a "birth-certificate " than of his own personality.

Men then are "citizens." They are what they are in an abstract connection. This view is essentially Roman, as is everything of this sort which we come across in ordinary life. Our education has been taken in hand by the State, which is already abstract, but will become more so under socialist influence. People are not educated today to take their place in the world as free human beings, but to have a professional calling and take their place in that. The State takes young people in hand, not at once, for then they are too “shapeless," so it leaves them for a time to their parents, then, stretching out its talons, it trains them to be useful to it, taking good care that they are so. It gives them an economic life, gives them everything prescribed, and then pensions them off. It means a great deal when a man can assure himself of a pension as well as an income—something substantial, which binds him to the abstract State and affects the rest of his mental attitude. The Roman attitude has passed into men of other times. Say to a man today: "to partake of immortality needs an activity of soul, that thou thyself mayst carry thy soul wide awake through the gates of death"; he will not understand. He has been made wholly unaccustomed to direct his understanding to such a question. Instead of this he is told: "You need only believe in Christ and in what the State does." First he will be looked after by the State, with a pension when he has worked long enough then the Church goes one bit farther; it offers a pension for his soul after death, so that neither in his lifetime need he do anything for his own soul nor when he carries it through the gate of death: A man is "registered " nowadays, and the political essence of Rome, already taken into our own being, will increase.

All sorts of dreadful experiences are possible because of this. Helping with the institution of the Waldorf School at Stuttgart, I have had to look at the various School Regulations. Looking back, I must admit that in the 'seventies and 'eighties of last century, the regulations were very small: they included what had to be studied in each class, the aim and the subject matter being given, but in everything else the teacher was left quite free. Nowadays we get an enormous syllabus with "Official," "Ordinance," written on the first page, and specific instructions as to the manner of teaching. So that what should only work on one living personality from out of another, is set down in rules and orders; it has become "official," it is "decreed "! That is the death of mind and spirit, directly traceable from Central Europe to Ancient Rome. This is the second thing we have absorbed—with Romanism, the politico-legal element.

In addition to this, however, there is something which could not be transplanted from the old life into the new—the economic life, which can only be modern. It is possible to chew the cud of Greek knowledge, to allow the Roman political ideas to influence us, but we cannot "eat" what the Greeks and Romans have eaten. Economic life must be modern. We have gradually woven into our economic life the Greek life of intellect and the Roman life of rights, and our task is to disentangle them again. To understand that these three strata brought out of different epochs have, as it were, been joined together and must be separated means to extend one's interest in time (as, in the East and West in space) down to the present; that means to make ourselves capable of feelings which can raise us to the Archai! How few develop an interest for these things, an impartial interest in how the Zeitgeist (Time-Spirit) acts by thrusting one period into another. I spoke at Stuttgart on the artificial nature of our classical education. It may have been mere coincidence that a few days after there appeared in the papers great announcements signed by all kinds of Zöpfen—professors—(I beg their pardon!) to the effect that a classical education should not be undervalued, seeing that it had contributed to the greatness of the German people, so gloriously displayed in the latter days. This, literally, was to be read as the alleged opinion of educationists in April, 1919—after what happened in October, 1918! And to think that this and other things should be possible in our times!

Unless we reach a stage at which we can see things so as to absorb the impulses which work into our physical world out of the spiritual—unless we realize that man, just as he is connected through his bodily organization with the animal, plant, and mineral kingdoms, is also connected in his spiritual organization with the Angeloi, Archangeloi and Archai (Angeloi as the guardians of personal development, Nation Spirits as guardians of development of peoples in space, Spirits of Time as guardians of development throughout the ages)—unless we can understand these things from their spiritual foundations, we can advance no farther. Everything depends on man having courage and force today to look into the spiritual world. We are at the beginning of a hard struggle, in which will be stirred up all the instincts springing from the one half-truth that economic reality is the only reality, that everything belonging to soul and spirit is Ideology; and from the other half-truth that the only reality is the psychic spiritual, all outside it is Ideology, Maya. These contradictions will let loose in human nature such instincts that the spiritual conflict will blaze for long periods in forms of which people at present have no idea. We must grasp this; and, further, learn how we are to raise ourselves, in harmony with our time, to a view of the spiritual world as we conceive it. It is this which the times themselves ordain and demand; to this we must turn our attention.

Siebenter Vortrag

Aus den Betrachtungen des gestrigen Abends sollte Ihnen hervorgehen, wie notwendig es für den Menschen der Gegenwart ist, sein Seelenauge hinzuwenden zu geisteswissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen, zu denjenigen Sphären des Daseins, der Wirklichkeit, in denen das Walten des Geistes innerhalb der Menschheitsentwicklung deutlich wahrnehmbar ist für den, der in diese Regionen der Wirklichkeit hineinzuschauen vermag.

Seit der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts - das habe ich Ihnen sagen müssen — lebt die zivilisierte Menschheit in einer Periode, in welcher die alte Beziehung der Menschenseele zu den übergeordneten Wesenheiten der drei nächsthöheren Hierarchien, der Angeloi, der Archangeloi, der Archai, eine völlig andere wird als sie vorher war. Vorher war diese Beziehung so, daß die Wesenheiten dieser drei Hierarchien wegen ihres eigenen Interesses, also aus ihren eigenen Impulsen heraus, an der Menschheitsentwicklung arbeiteten. Jetzt leben wir in einer Zeitepoche, in der diese Arbeit jener Wesen der höheren Hierarchien abgeschlossen ist. Diese Wesen haben zunächst kein Interesse daran, diese Arbeit an der Entwicklung der Menschheit, die sie bisher ausgeübt haben, fortzusetzen. Sie werden eine neue Beziehung zur Menschheit nur dadurch eingehen, daß die Menschen von sich aus, aus freiem Willen, aus freiem Antriebe beginnen, sich mit den geistigen Welten zu befassen. Würden wir uns in der nächsten Zeit als Menschen nicht aus freiem Willen heraus zur geistigen Welt hinwenden, so würden wir unseren Zusammenhang mit den geistigen Welten verlieren müssen, weil die zu uns gehörigen Wesen der geistigen Welten von sich aus kein Interesse haben, sich mit uns zu befassen. Wir erregen erst wieder ihr Interesse, wenn wir aus unserer Seele heraus uns wieder mit der geistigen Welt befassen, das heißt, Gedanken, Empfindungen, Willensimpulse hegen, in welche geistige Kräfte einfließen können.

Nun können Sie aber die Frage aufwerfen, und die muß im Anschluß an unsere gestrige Betrachtung aufgeworfen werden: Wie kommt der Mensch zunächst dazu, sich mit den geistigen Welten so zu befassen, daß er auch in der Zukunft der Erdenentwicklung seine Beziehungen zu den höheren Hierarchien aufrechterhalten kann? Da werde ich Ihnen Dinge zu sagen haben, die zunächst scheinbar mit dieser Frage nicht viel zu tun haben. Aber wir werden sehen, daß gerade diese Dinge uns die Grundlagen dafür schaffen, von der Gegenwart ab in die Zukunft hinein, unsere Beziehung zur geistigen Welt wieder neu herzustellen. Das erste, auf das wir da unseren Blick lenken müssen, ist die Wirksamkeit der verschiedenen Konfessionen, der verschiedenen konfessionellen Bekenntnisse, die es in der zivilisierten Menschheit gibt. Bis jetzt lag eine gewisse Notwendigkeit vor, daß die Konfessionen Herz und Sinn der Menschenseele so zur geistigen Welt hinlenkten, wie sie das getan haben. In Zukunft werden die Konfessionen entweder dazu beitragen, den Menschen von der geistigen Welt abzuschnüren, oder sie werden in ihre Bestrebungen etwas ganz Neues eintreten lassen müssen. Die Konfessionen der Gegenwart sind im Grunde genommen auf dem Egoismus der Menschen aufgebaut, und wir brauchen nur eine der allerwichtigsten Fragen vor unsere Seele hinzustellen, die das Leitmotiv für die konfessionellen Betrachtungen bildet und bilden muß: die Frage nach der Unsterblichkeit der Menschenseele - und wir können an der Art, wie diese Frage zumeist von den Konfessionen behandelt wird, ersehen, daß in dieser Behandlung stark auf den egoistischen Trieb der Menschen gerechnet wird. Reden doch die Konfessionen zumeist-allerdings aus tieferen Untergründen heraus, die wir heute nicht besprechen wollen -, indem sie über die Unsterblichkeit reden, von dem Fortleben der Seele nach dem Tode, das heißt, sie reden von der Fortsetzung des menschlichen Seelenlebens nach dem Tode. Man kann verhältnismäßig leicht zu den Menschen sprechen, wenn man von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus über die Unsterblichkeit spricht, denn der menschliche Egoismus macht sich in dieser Frage gerade im eminentesten Sinne geltend. Er kann es einfach nicht ertragen - jetzt ganz abgesehen von allen Wahrheiten auf diesem Gebiete -, nicht fortzuleben nach dem Tode, so daß wir immer eine gewisse verständnisvolle Seite in der menschlichen Seele finden, wenn wir vom Leben nach dem Tode sprechen. Und Sie können ganz sicher sein: diejenigen Menschen, welche der Unsterblichkeitsfrage, so wie sie heute zumeist behandelt wird, Interesse entgegenbringen, sie bringen ihr von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus ein egoistisches Interesse entgegen. Sie möchten nicht seelisch auch sterben. Selbstverständlich wird auch jede Zukunftsanschauung, die über die Unsterblichkeit der Seele sprechen wird, von dem Fortleben der Seele nach dem Tode zu sprechen haben, denn man hat es dabei, wie Sie alle aus der anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft wissen, mit einer Tatsache der Wirklichkeit zu tun. Aber die Art, wie in der anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft über das Fortleben der seele nach dem physischen Tode des Menschen gesprochen wird, ist von den Konfessionen noch längst nicht angenommen.

Aber auch ein anderes ist wichtig: daß die Menschen der Gegenwart noch eine ganz andere Sprache über die Unsterblichkeit hören müssen, als sie bisher zu hören gewohnt gewesen sind. Nicht allein wird der, welcher die Unsterblichkeitsfrage besprechen wird, anführen dürfen das Leben nach dem Tode, sondern auch jenes Leben, welches hier in der physischen Welt gelebt wird von der Geburt bis zum Tode. Denn Sie wissen, dieses Leben ist ja auch eine Fortsetzung. Es ist die Fortsetzung desjenigen Lebens, welches wir zwischen unserem letzten Tode und jener Geburt zugebracht haben, durch die wirin dieses physische Dasein hereingetreten sind. Und die Menschheit wird dieses physische Leben zwischen Geburt und Tod anschauen lernen müssen als die Fortsetzung des geistigen Lebens vor der Geburt beziehungsweise vor der Empfängnis. Denn in jedem aufwachsenden Kinde werden wir von Tag zu Tag, von Woche zu Woche, von Jahr zu Jahr aus dem Inneren aufsteigen sehen müssen, was als Kräfte herauskommt aus den geistigen Welten, was durch die Geburt tritt und arbeitet an der allmählichen Ausgestaltung des Menschenwesens von der Geburt in die späteren Jahre hinein. Enträtseln werden wir gewissermaßen müssen den Gott im Menschen, indem wir in das Leben des Kindes entwickelnd eingreifen. Soziale Beziehungen zwischen den Menschen werden in gewisser Weise etwas aufnehmen müssen von einem religiösen Impuls, der unser ganzes soziales Leben auch im Verkehr von Mensch zu Mensch durchzieht. Aber das Wichtigste, das Wesentliche wird sein, daß wir in die Lage kommen, dieses physische Leben als Fortsetzung eines geistigen, vorgeburtlichen Lebens fühlend anzuschauen, daß wir nicht in jedem Augenblick vergessen, wie der Mensch in diesem physischen Leben eine Fortsetzung hat seines vorgeburtlichen geistig-seelischen Lebens.

Damit wird vieles andere verbunden sein. Damit wird verbunden sein, daß wir wieder erkennen, wie in den Tiefen unseres Wesens unsere eigentliche Menschlichkeit ruht und nach und nach herauskommt. Ich habe Sie einmal auf alte Zeiten der Menschheitsentwicklung hingewiesen, auf jene Zeiten, die wir vom anthroposophischen Standpunkte aus in der ersten, in der zweiten nachatlantischen Entwicklungsepoche der Menschheit und so weiter erkennen. Ich habe Sie darauf hingewiesen, wie damals die Menschen so entwicklungsfähig bis in ein höheres Alter hinein gewesen sind wie heute nur der ganz junge Mensch. Der ganz junge Mensch macht eine physische Entwicklung durch um das siebente Jahr, im Zahnwechsel. Er macht wieder eine in dem physischen Leben sich ausdrückende Metamorphose durch mit der Geschlechtsreife. Dann werden die Dinge, die in der Entwicklung vor sich gehen, im äußeren Leben weniger bemerkbar. So war es in alten Zeiten nicht. Da drückte sich das, was der Mensch geistig-seelisch durchmachte, bis in viel höhere Altersstufen hinauf aus. Jetzt ist das unbemerkbar. Jetzt werden wir einfach mit siebzehn, achtzehn Jahren schon alte Leute, und man erlebt es heute zu seinem Entsetzen, daß ganz junge Leute als alte Leute auftreten. Ein Beispiel: Wir haben in Stuttgart vor einiger Zeit eine Sitzung des Kulturrates gehabt, wo die Rede war über das Erziehungswesen der Gegenwart. Es wurde von den verschiedensten Gesichtspunkten aus gesprochen. Dann trat auch ein junger Mann auf, sagen wir, ein junger Mann, ich könnte auch sagen: ein älterer Knabe. Der sagte, er müsse die Gesellschaft belehren über die eigentlichen Erziehungsideale. Nun sprach er zunächst einige sehr phrasenhafte Worte, dann las er ein Programm einer gegenwärtigen Erziehungsgesellschaft vor, das nun allerdings so war, daß er fortwährend unterbrochen wurde. Er konnte nicht weiterreden, so daß er seine Rede abschloß, was er dann mit den Worten tat: Ich muß also konstatieren, daß jetzt das Alter seine eigene Jugend nicht mehr versteht. - Dann trat er ab. - Nun hatte ich darauf erwidert, daß ich ja allerdings begreife, daß man ihn nicht verstanden habe, aber aus dem einfachen Grunde, weil er viel zu senil geredet hat, weil er viel zu greisenhaft aufgetreten ist. Er ist nämlich aufgetreten mit Grundsätzen, die nun wirklich das Äußerste an Abstraktionen waren - greisenhaft! Denn was ist das Wesen des heutigen Greisenhaften? Das ist es, daß der Mensch gewöhnlich nur bis zu einem gewissen Lebensalter entwicklungsfähig ist; dann nimmt er allerlei auf, da schämt er sich auch noch nicht, sich zu entwickeln. Dann sind die Jahre da, wo es gegen die zwanzig Jahre hingeht, da schämt er sich, sich weiter zu entwickeln. Wir erleben es heute sehr selten, daß Menschen, die bereits graue Haare haben und Runzeln im Gesicht, sich freuen auf jedes kommende Jahr, aus dem Grunde, weil jedes kommende Jahr dem Organismus neue Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten bietet, so daß man in jedem neuen Jahr etwas Neues lernen könnte, was man früher einfach deshalb nicht lernen konnte, weil man den Organismus dazu nicht hatte. Aber die Menschen lassen heute nicht den Organismus sich entwickeln. Sie schämen sich, noch etwas zu lernen, sich entwicklungsfähig zu machen, wenn sie das jugendliche Alter von dreißig Jahren erreicht haben. Worauf es ankommt, das ist, daß der Mensch in der Tat die Möglichkeit behält, das ganze Leben hindurch sich auf jedes neue Jahr zu freuen, weil jedes Jahr die göttlich-geistigen Inhalte seines Inneren in neuen Gestalten hervorzaubert. Das ist etwas, was ich damit bezeichnen möchte, daß wir in Wahrheit und Wirklichkeit lernen müssen, nicht bloß unsere Jugend als entwicklungsfähig zu erleben, sondern das ganze Dasein zwischen Geburt und Tod. Dazu wird natürlich eine neue Erziehung notwendig sein. Indem unsere alten Leute an ihre Schuljahre zurückdenken, denken sie gewöhnlich an nichts Angenehmes zurück. Wir müssen in die Lage kommen, die Schuljahre so zu gestalten, daß sie, wenn wir uns an sie zurückerinnern, immer ein neuer Quell des Auflebens für uns sind. Sie sehen daraus, daß der Mensch sich auch in dieser Beziehung die Möglichkeit eröffnen kann, das Göttlich-Geistige in seinem Inneren wirklich wahrzunehmen, etwas in sich zu erleben, was über das von außen angeregte und erregte Leben hinausgeht.

Noch andere Dinge werden in der Gegenwart notwendig erkannt werden müssen. Die Menschen wissen heute noch nicht ein Geheimnis des Lebens, das mit dem gegenwärtigen Entwicklungszeitpunkt der Menschheit innig zusammenhängt. In älteren Zeiten, vor der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts, brauchte man auf dieses Geheimnis keine große Rücksicht zu nehmen. Heute ist es notwendig, darauf hinzuschauen. Dieses Geheimnis des Lebens besteht darin, daß der Mensch, wie er jetzt konstituiert ist - leiblich, seelisch, geistig -, in der Nacht in einer gewissen Weise jedesmal auf die Ereignisse des kommenden Tages blickt, aber so, daß er diese Ereignisse des kommenden Tages nicht immer braucht im vollen Tagesbewußtsein zu haben. Der es hat, das ist sein Angelos. Also, was in einer Nacht erlebt wird in der Gemeinschaft mit dem Wesen, das wir als Engel bezeichnen, ist eine Vorschau auf den kommenden Tag. Nun müssen Sie das nicht vom Standpunkte der menschlichen Neugier aus betrachten, das wäre ein ganz falscher Gesichtspunkt, sondern vom Standpunkt des praktischen Lebens aus. Nur dann, wenn der Mensch ganz innerlich durchdrungen ist von dieser Gesinnung, wird er in der richtigen Weise Entschlüsse fassen, wird er Gedanken herübernehmen in seinen Tageslauf hinein. Nehmen wir an, ganz konkret, der Mensch solle zu irgendeiner Tageszeit, zum Beispiel um zwölf Uhr, etwas tun. Über das, was er da tun soll, war schon Verhandlung zwischen ihm und seinem Angelos in der vorhergehenden Nacht. Das ist so mit dem Menschen seit der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts. Er braucht es nicht im Bewußtsein zu haben, es ist nicht auf seine Neugier abgesehen. Aber der Mensch sollte von dieser Gesinnung durchdrungen sein, daß er das, was er mit seinem Engelwesen in der vorhergehenden Nacht verhandelt hat, fruchtbar machen soll im Laufe des Tages.

Es gibt mancherlei in der Gegenwart, das in erschütternder Weise die Menschen auf dasjenige hinweisen kann, was ich jetzt zu Ihnen gesagt habe. Gerade die Schmerzensjahre, die letzten vier bis fünf Jahre, können diese große Lehre auch in die Menschheit hereinträufeln, daß dieses Bewußtsein von dem Verbundensein mit den höheren Wesenheiten an jedem Tag durch die Erlebnisse der vorhergehenden Nacht leider nicht vorhanden war. Was alles wäre anders geworden in den letzten vier bis fünf Jahren, wenn diese Gesinnung die Menschen durchdrungen hätte: Was du tust, das tust du im Einklange mit den Verhandlungen mit deinem Engelwesen im Laufe der letzten Nacht. - Das sind Dinge, von denen heute gesprochen werden muß. Es muß davon gesprochen werden, daß der Mensch wird lernen müssen, dieses Leben zwischen Geburt und Tod als eine Fortsetzung des geistig-seelischen Lebens anzusehen, das er vor der Geburt zugebracht hat. Davon muß gesprochen werden, daß der Mensch die Offenbarungen des Gottes in seinem Wesen durch sein ganzes Leben hindurch soll erfahren können. Und davon muß gesprochen werden, daß der Mensch ein starkes Bewußtsein durch das ganze Tagesleben tragen soll: Was du tust vom Morgen bis zum Abend, das hast du vorher in der Zeit vom Einschlafen bis zum Aufwachen mit deinem Engelwesen verhandelt.

Zu solchen Empfindungen, die viel konkretere Empfindungen gegenüber der geistigen Welt sind als die heutigen abstrakteren der Konfessionen, und die zu gleicher Zeit voraussetzen, daß nicht an die egoistischen, sondern an die unegoistischen Triebe der menschlichen Wesenheit appelliert werde, zu solchen Empfindungen müssen sich die Menschen wenden. Und aus solchen Empfindungen heraus wird das entstehen, was die notwendige Beziehung abgeben wird zu jenen Wesenheiten, die der Hierarchie der Angeloi angehören. Dann werden sich diese Wesenheiten wieder für den Menschen interessieren können. Die Gesinnung der Menschen gegenüber der geistigen Welt muß in dieser angegebenen Richtung sich bewegen.

Noch etwas muß durchschaut werden. Sie wissen, die gegenwärtigen Konfessionen reden viel von Gott und dem Göttlichen. Von was reden sie eigentlich? Sie reden natürlich nur von dem, wovon ein wenigstens ahnendes Bewußtsein in der Menschenseele vorhanden ist. Es kommt ja nicht darauf an, wie man eine Sache nennt, sondern was in der Menschenseele vorhanden ist. Die Menschen reden von Gott, sie reden von dem Christus, aber sie meinen immer nur den Engel. Denn das ist noch dasjenige, zu dem sich die Menschen wenden können, weil das noch einen verwandten Ton in ihren Seelen anschlägt. Gleichgültig, wovon heute die Konfessionen reden, ob von Gott oder Christus oder irgend etwas anderem, das Gedankenmaterial, aus dem heraus gesprochen wird, umfaßt nur die zu den Menschen gehörigen Engelwesen, die Angeloi. Höher kommt es heute nicht als bis in diese Hierarchie, weil die Menschen heute abgeneigt sind, in einer noch umfassenderen Weise als aus dem Egoismus heraus ihr Verhältnis zur geistigen Welt zu suchen. Das Verhältnis zu den Archangeloi, zu der Hierarchie der Erzengel, muß eben in anderer Weise gesucht werden. Die Interessen, welche die Menschen heute haben, müssen wesentlich erweitert werden. Ich will Ihnen eine Probe geben, wie die Interessen der Menschen erweitert werden müssen, so daß sie in ihren Empfindungen aufsteigen können von der Hinneigung zu den Angeloi bis hinauf zu den Archangeloi.

Da müssen die Menschen ungefähr folgendes in ihren Seelen durchmachen und sich sagen: Wir haben in den letzten vier bis fünf Jahren furchtbare Ereignisse über die ganze zivilisierte Welt hin erlebt. Viele Menschen haben nach den Gründen dieser Ereignisse gefragt, viele haben sich gegenseitig angeklagt. Von Schuld und Unschuld hat man viel gesprochen. Und dennoch, man braucht nur die alleräußerste Oberflächlichkeit abzulegen, so wird man nicht viel Interesse haben können für solches Gerede von Ursachen, von Schuld und Unschuld, aus dem einfachen Grunde, weil man doch sehen kann, daß das, was in den letzten vier bis fünf Jahren an die Oberfläche getragen worden ist, sich ausnimmt wie die Wogen des Meeres, welche durch die Kräfte des Meeres aus den Untergründen an die Oberfläche heraufgetragen werden. Es war ja so, daß von Jahr zu Jahr die Kräfte der Menschheit mehr aufgewühlt wurden. Ein Volk nach dem anderen nahm teil an der großen Menschentorheit der letzten Jahre, und man konnte nur sagen: Da wühlt etwas an elementaren Kräften, wird an die Oberfläche geworfen. Das Meer des Menschenlebens ist unruhig geworden. Was ist das?

Man wird nicht darüber zur Klarheit kommen, wenn man diese Tatsache, daß die Menschheit in eine solche Unruhe gekommen ist, nicht ausdehnt auf den Zeitraum, den man als Geschichte bezeichnet. Man wird sich sagen müssen: Was in den letzten vier bis fünf Jahren als Waffenkampf geschehen ist, das ist nur der Anfang von Ereignissen, die sich auf einem ganz anderen Gebiete abspielen werden, die aber in ihrer Art auch noch nicht in der Menschheit dagewesen sind. Wir stehen nicht am Ende - das sagt sich nur eine oberflächliche Betrachtung der Menschheitsentwicklung -, wir stehen am Ausgangspunkte der größten Kämpfe, der geistigen Kämpfe der zivilisierten Welt. Und alle Sorge müssen wir darauf wenden, diesen Kämpfen gewachsen zu sein. Orient und Okzident drohen immer mehr und mehr, in den nächsten Zeiten seelenhaft einander gegenüberzustehen. Denn Orient und Okzident haben sich nach zwei ganz verschiedenen Richtungen hin entwickelt. Will man in diese Dinge hineinschauen, dann muß man sich gewisse Erscheinungen der Gegenwart tief-gründlich als Rätsel vorlegen.

Seit Jahrzehnten schon konnte man in sozialistischen Kreisen aus der Marxistischen Weltanschauung heraus hören, daß alles, was die Menschen als Kunst, Religion, als Sitte, Recht, Wissenschaft erleben, Ideologie ist. Ich habe das ausführlicher dargestellt in dem ersten Kapitel der «Kernpunkte der sozialen Frage». Das heißt, was in den bürgerlich führenden Kreisen seit drei bis vier Jahrhunderten als eine Lebensauffassung sich entwickelt hat, was aber aus einer gewissen Feigheit die bürgerlichen Kreise sich nicht gestanden haben, das haben sich aus einer Wahrheit heraus die sozialistischen Kreise des letzten halben Jahrhunderts gestanden. Sie haben gesagt: Die wahre Wirklichkeit des sozialen Lebens besteht nur in dem, was wirklich vor sich geht, inden ökonomischen Kräften der Wirtschaftliegtallein das Reale. Was sich in der Menschheit ausbildete als Kunst, Religion, Sitte, als Wissenschaft, als Recht, als Moral, das ist nur etwas wie ein aufsteigender Rauch aus der wahren Wirklichkeit. Das ist bloß Ideologie, das hat keine Wirklichkeit, das hat nur eine Scheinwirklichkeit. - Damit hängt ja für das soziale Streben der sozialistischen Parteien in der neueren Zeit das zusammen, daß diese Parteien sagen: Wir brauchen nur das Wirtschaftsleben umzuändern, dann ändert sich mit dem Wirtschaftsleben auch alles andere. Denn das andere, Moral, Sitte, Recht, Religion und so weiter ist ja nur etwas, was als Rauch aufsteigt, als ein Unwirkliches, als Ideologie, aus dem einzig Wirklichen, aus dem wirtschaftlichen Geschehen.

Wer aber die Welt nicht im Kleinen, sondern im Großen betrachtet, der nimmt Stellung zu diesem Wort «Ideologie», das die bürgerlichen Kreise hätten sagen können seit drei bis vier Jahrhunderten. Sie waren nur zu feige dazu, sie haben gefühlt, daß das ökonomische Leben das einzig wirkliche ist und daß das, was als Wissenschaft, Kunst, Religion und so weiter herausgeholt ist, nur wie ein Rauch ist. Das ganze Leben war so, und nur die letzte Konsequenz ist von den Schülern dieser bürgerlichen Welt gezogen worden. Denn die Sozialisten sind nur die Schüler dieser bürgerlichen Welt, haben sie nur ins Extrem geführt. Was ich aber jetzt gesagt habe, ist die Anschauung, die sich im Okzident herausbildete, und die dort gerade in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. und im 20. Jahrhundert zu ihrem Gipfel gekommen ist.

Aus anderen Impulsen heraus stellt sich etwas hin im Orient, der eine Weltanschauung ausgebildet hat, die da sagt: Ich blicke hin auf das, was äußerlich in der Welt vorgeht. Ich sehe auf das, was meine Sinne mir als Eindrücke übermitteln, ich sehe auf das, was ich als Werkzeug benutze, um die Welt umzuändern, ich sehe auf das, was aus den Sternen herunterscheint zu mir, ich sehe auf das, was ich selbst leiblich bin. Was ist das alles? - Maja ist es. Was ist dagegen die wahre Wirklichkeit, was ist nicht Täuschung? Was im Inneren der menschlichen Seele erlebt wird, das ist die Wirklichkeit. - Wer nicht lexikographisch, wobei nichts herauskommt, sondern innerlich übersetzt, der weiß, dasselbe Wort, das im Orient Maja heißt, heißt im Okzident Ideologie. Der Orientale hat seit Jahrtausenden die Welt draußen, die auf unsere Sinne wirkt, auch die Wirtschaft, als Maja angesehen. Der Okzidentale dagegen sieht in dem, was äußerlich ist, was für den Orientalen Maja ist, die Wirklichkeit, und was in der Seele aufsteigt, das ist ihm Ideologie. Beide Weltanschauungen haben es bis zu einer gewissen Stufe gebracht. Fragen Sie heute noch die führenden Persönlichkeiten der sozialistischen Parteien, namentlich in denjenigen Gegenden, wo die erste Revolution noch nicht eingetreten ist- die man hier als die Novemberrevolution aufzufassen hat. Diese Revolution hat allerdings auch die Begriffe bei den sozialistischen Führern etwas umgeändert. Nicht die Empfindungen, aber die Begriffe -; bei ihnen hören Sie auch heute noch das, was man bis zur Kriegskatastrophe gehört hat, die Anschauung, daß man nicht aus dem Willen heraus etwas beizutragen brauche zur Umwandlung, zur Revolutionierung der Welt, sondern daß das von selbst eintreten werde. Etwas Fatalistisches war im Okzident eingetreten. Die Leute haben gesagt: Wir brauchen nur abzuwarten, bis sich die Produktionsmittel so entwickelt haben werden, daß das, was sich im Privatkapital konzentriert hat, von selbst in andere Formen übergehen wird. Das Denken war so geartet, daß man etwa sagte: Hier in diesem Zimmer ist schlechte Luft, ich kann nicht mehr atmen. Man könnte das Fenster aufmachen, aber ich mache es nicht auf. Ich warte ab, bis die Luft von selbst besser wird.

Fatalismus des Okzidents, Fatalismus des Orients, wir kennen ihn gut. Die Menschen verfielen im Osten - nicht gleich im Anfange -, als sich die Weltanschauung der Maja herausgestaltete, in einen vollständigen Fatalismus. Jede Weltanschauung hat aus ihrer inneren Gesetzmäßigkeit heraus den Trieb, einmal fatalistisch zu werden. Aber heute stehen wir an dem Punkt, wo wir uns sagen müssen: Aus dem Fatalismus muß herausgekommen werden. Von der bloßen Betrachtung, der Kontemplation, muß der Übergang gefunden werden zum Willen, zum Wollen. Wir müssen unser Wollen dadurch impulsieren, daß wir solche Impulse entwickeln, wie ich sie gerade angegeben habe: gegenüber dem Geborenwerden als Fortsetzung des vorgeburtlichen Lebens, gegenüber dem Jungbleiben, bis man weiße Haare und Runzeln bekommt, gegenüber dem Hereinspielen der nächtlichen Arbeit des Angelos in das Tagesleben. Das ist notwendig. Es ist notwendig, daß der Mensch dadurch Impulse aufnimmt für sein Willensleben, indem er dann seinen Interessenkreis erweitert, in dem er nicht nur das sieht, was in sein eigenes persönliches individuelles Leben hereinspielt, sondern sieht, was in der zivilisierten Welt differenziert sich abspielt. Blicken wir nach Westen, wozu wir selbst gehören: wir sehen Ideologie - die innere Welt. Wirklichkeit - die äußere Welt. Blicken wir nach Osten: Ideologie, Maja - die äußere Welt. Wirklichkeit - die innere Welt. Und wir haben in dem Aufeinanderprallen der Menschen der Gegenwart die Aufgabe, willentlich herauszufinden den Weg aus dem, was schon Fatalismus geworden ist in dieser Weltanschauung. Wir müssen diesen Weg suchen; wir werden ihn nur finden, wenn wir Ernst machen können mit etwas, was die Menschen heute noch furchtbar ärgert.

Es kam ein merkwürdiges Echo einmal, als ich in einer süddeutschen Stadt in einem Vortrage etwas sagte, was die Leute recht ärgerte, aber es war eine der gegenwärtig notwendigen Wahrheiten. Man kann nicht die Dinge, die man ausspricht, so sagen, daß es die Leute erfreut, sondern man muß es so sagen, daß es Wahrheit ist. Ich mußte im Zusammenhange sagen: Gerade die führende Klasse der Gegenwart habe ein dekadentes physisches Gehirn. Es ist unangenehm, wenn man das aussprechen muß, es ist nicht bloß unangenehm, dies zu hören. Aber es ist notwendig, daß der Mensch es erfährt. Gerade die Menschen, welche die heutige Zeitkonfiguration herbeigeführt haben, sind dabei angekommen, ein dekadentes physisches Gehirn zu haben. Das ist so! Und wir sind in gewisser Beziehung heute in einem ähnlichen Falle, wie die Menschen Europas waren bei der Völkerwanderung und der Ausbreitung des Christentums. Vom Orient herüber kam der christliche Impuls, er ging zuerst durch Griechenland und Rom. Die griechische, die römische Welt war natürlich weit höher entwickelt als die germanische. Die Germanen waren Barbaren. Aber die Gehirne der Griechen und Römer waren dekadent. Daher wurde die christliche Welle in der griechischen und der römischen Welt nicht so aufgenommen, wie sie es wurde, als sie an die Germanen herankam. Das ist die Völkerwanderung, die horizontal gegangen ist. Heute ist sie vertikal. Heute kommt eine Welle geistigen Lebens aus der geistigen Welt. Wie das Christentum zuerst aufprallte auf die Griechen und Römer, so prallt die geistige Welt auf die gegenwärtige, auf die bürgerliche Welt auf, und die ist dekadent. Die Proletarier sind noch nicht dekadent; sie werden noch begreifen, was gemeint ist mit der spirituellen Welt. Aber die anderen werden die Vorbereitung durch Anthroposophie gebrauchen, das heißt, denjenigen Teil des Gehirns ausbilden müssen, der noch nicht physisch ist, das ätherische Gehirn. Wir stehen heute einmal vor der Notwendigkeit, daß die führenden Klassen nicht nur ein dekadentes Gehirn haben werden, sondern ganz in die Dekadenz kommen werden, wenn sie nicht begreifen, daß sie übersinnlich die spirituelle Weltanschauung erfassen müssen.

Das ist die Tragik der bürgerlichen Weltordnung, daß sie alles physisch begreifen möchte, während man darauf angewiesen ist, heute mit dem Äthergehirn die Dinge zu erfassen, das heißt spirituelle Wahrheiten in sich aufzunehmen. Da hinein muß die Menschheit der Gegenwart steuern, und da muß der Westen die Führung in die Hand nehmen. Und hier müssen wir uns mit etwas sehr Wichtigem bekanntmachen.

Sehen Sie sich die Sprachentwicklung an, von Osten nach Westen gehend. Nehmen wir noch unsere deutsche Sprache. Sie wird ja heute furchtbar mißbraucht, aber wir wissen, daß sie die Eigentümlichkeit hat, wenn wir noch in die Goethesche, in die Lessingsche Sprache zurückblicken, daß vor noch nicht langer Zeit mit den Worten der deutschen Sprache das Kongruente bezeichnet werden konnte, was geistiges Leben ist. Heute haben wir die Sprache furchtbar negligiert, zur Phrase heruntergewürdigt. Aber da liegt es noch nicht in der Sprache allein, daß sie nicht spirituell sein kann. Je weiter wir aber zu den westlichen Sprachen gehen, desto mehr finden wir, daß diese Sprachen aus der Sprache selbst, aus den Lauten der Sprache, aus dem Ton der Sprache, auch aus der Grammatik der Sprache das eigentliche Geistige herausgeworfen haben. Und aus diesem Herausgeworfenhaben des Geistig-Seelischen aus dem anglo-amerikanischen Idiom, folgt die Weltmission der anglo-amerikanischen Völker. Diese Weltmission der anglo-amerikanischen Völker besteht darin, daß sie lernen - sie lernen es ganz instinktiv, aber sie werden es lernen, und im Ergreifen der Weltherrschaft lernen sie es -, indem sie den anderen Menschen zuhören, nicht nur den Laut zu vernehmen, sondern die Geste der Sprache zu deuten, mehr zu vernehmen als den bloß physischen Laut, etwas zu vernehmen, wenn gesprochen wird, was von Mensch zu Mensch zwar, aber doch über das Gesprochene hinaus, übergeht. Das wirkt von Ätherleib zu Ätherleib. Das ist das Geheimnis der westlichen Sprachen, daß der physische Ton seine Bedeutung verliert. Und das Geistige gewinnt an Bedeutung. Da liegt es schon in der Volksaufgabe, in die Sprache hinein den Geist träufeln zu lassen, nicht bloß physisch zu hören, sondern zu intuitieren, mehr zu empfinden als dasjenige, was in den Laut hineingeht. Das ist im Westen, da wird durch die Sprache selbst das Geistige gesucht werden müssen.

Blicken wir nun nach dem Osten, so werden wir einen immer weiter und weitergehenden Drang bei den Völkern des Ostens verspüren, mit der Vertiefung in das Innere hinein nicht bei dem stehenzubleiben, was früher ausgestaltet worden ist an Karma, an Reinkarnation und so weiter, sondern hinauszuschauen in die Welt und in der Welt draußen Geistiges zu vernehmen, auch eine Art Naturanschauung zu begründen.

Das sind nur kleine Proben, wie man seine Interessen erweitern kann von seiner Persönlichkeit und auch von seinem Volkstum aus auf die ganze Menschheit, wie man sich sagen kann: Wir blicken nach Westen und sehen dort Ideologie, aber andere Ideologie als im Osten. Wir sehen aber, wie aus diesen Gegensätzen heraus die elementaren Kräfte aufgewühlt werden innerhalb der Erdenmenschheit. Wir lernen erkennen, drinnen zu stehen in der ganzen zivilisierten Welt. Und wenn wir solche Erkenntnis des Drinnenstehens in der ganzen zivilisierten Welt in uns entwickeln, dann entwickeln wir in uns auch das Zeug, zu Empfindungen zu kommen, durch die wir über die Sphäre der Angeloi hinaufkommen. Es wird einfach unser Interessenkreis so erweitert, daß wir Begriffen geneigt gemacht werden, die in die Sphäre der Archangeloi hinaufgehen. Denn alles, was ich jetzt erzählt habe von dem Gegensatz von Ideologie und Maja und so weiter, das ist etwas, was sich in bezug auf seine Urkräfte abspielt in der Sphäre der Archangeloi, der Erzengel. Da kommen wir über die Sphäre der Angeloi hinaus. Sie sehen daraus, was dem Menschen der Gegenwart wirklich vonnöten ist. Wenn heute jemand redet von Maja, von Ideologie und so weiter, wie ich es auseinandergesetzt habe, und wenn er gar davon spricht: die Urkräfte dessen liegen in der Sphäre der Archangeloi, was ist er dann bei den gescheiten Leuten? Ein Narr, selbstverständlich, weil die Menschen durch die Geistigkeit, die sie gewonnen haben, so eingeengt sind, daß sie sich nicht interessieren für die großen Interessen der Menschheit. Das kann man nur von einem geistigen Gesichtspunkte aus, nur wenn man in das eindringt, was an den großen Interessen der Menschheit arbeitet.

Nun habe ich Ihnen einen Begriff gegeben, wie man hinaufarbeiten kann in die Sphäre der Archangeloi. Man kann noch höher hinaufarbeiten. Auch das muß die Menschheit der Gegenwart lernen. Unsere gebildeten Klassen mußten ja zurückblicken auf die griechische Zeit. Sie mußten ja, namentlich insofern sie Männer waren-und in der neueren Zeit übt man ja diese Prozedur auch an der Frauenjugend aus -, das Gymnasium durchmachen, griechische Bildung in sich aufnehmen, und dadurch hatten sie genügenden Impuls bekommen, immer mehr und mehr sich zurückzufühlen in die griechische Welt. Das hat eine große Bedeutung für unsere Zivilisation, denn wir machen es so, daß wir gerade in unseren wichtigsten Entwicklungsjahren dasjenige lernen, was die Griechen der Welt geleistet haben. Die Griechen haben es anders gemacht. Ihnen ist es natürlich nicht eingefallen, ihren Jungen etwa ägyptische Sprache beizubringen. Sie haben sich dem gewidmet, was ihre unmittelbare Wirklichkeit war. Sie waren von einem unmittelbaren Wirklichkeitssinn. Wir beschäftigen unsere Jugend damit, daß sie nicht etwas kennenlernt von der Umgebung und Wirklichkeitstriebe aufnimmt. Wir versetzen sie in eine alte Zeit. Wir ahnen gar nicht, was wir damit eigentlich tun. Denn wir bringen den Kindern - jungen Herren und jungen Damen muß man wohl sagen - nicht etwa bloß griechische Sprache bei. Sondern in der Sprache, in der Lautkonfiguration, in der Grammatik einer Sprache liegt auch der ganze Charakter eines ganzen Volkes. Indem der Mensch die griechische Sprache aufnimmt, wie es heute geschieht, nimmt auch das Drinnenstehen seiner Seele in der Welt eine ähnliche Konfiguration an, wie es in Griechenland der Fall war. Dort war alles Kulturleben so gestellt, daß nur eine kleine Schicht oben eigentlich teilnahm an der Kultur, die anderen waren Sklaven. Es war ja in Griechenland eines freien Mannes nur würdig, sich mit Wissenschaft, Politik und höchstens noch — aber nur mit der Aufsicht - in der Landwirtschaft zu beschäftigen. Alles andere war Sklavensache. Das liegt in der Sprache. Und indem wir die griechische Kultur mit der Sprache in uns vereinigen, vereinigen wir den Aristokratismus mit unserer Geistesbildung. Für den Griechen war es natürlich, den ganzen sozialen Organismus aufzubauen gemäß seiner Geistesrichtung, denn für ihn hing diese zusammen mit dem Blute. Da waren die Menschen, welche die breiten Massen waren. Dann gab es jene Menschen, die der höhere Typus waren, und die hatten schon durch ihr Blut das höhere Geistesleben in sich. Das kommt sogar in der griechischen Plastik zum Ausdruck. Vergleichen Sie den Merkurtypus, wie die Nase, wie die Ohren gestellt sind, mit dem Zeus- oder Athenetypus: andere Nasenstellung, andere Ohrenstellung. Der Grieche wußte genau, was er ausdrücken wollte, indem er den Merkurtypus auf der einen Seite, den arischen Zeustypus auf der anderen Seite aufbaute.

Mehr als wir denken, sind wir von dem allem durchdrungen. Indem wir heute Weltanschauungsideen ausbilden, bilden wir im Grunde genommen solche Ideen aus, die noch dem angepaßt sind, was bei den Griechen aus dem Blute kam. Unser geistiges, unser kulturelles Leben ist durchdrungen von dem, was wir aus dem Griechentum aufnehmen. Das Griechentum ragt in unsere Zeit luziferisch herein. Das Griechentum metamorphosierte sich ins Römertum hinüber. Wir haben eine nächstfolgende Zeit im Römertum. Die Römer waren gegenüber den Griechen ein nüchternes, prosaisches Volk, und sie haben andere Seiten des Lebens ausgebildet. Was bei den Griechen aus dem Blute kam, haben sie abstrakt ausgelebt. Gegenüber den Griechen haben sie den Menschen selbst zu einem Abstraktum gemacht, zum Staatsbürger. Der Mensch ist eigentlich nicht Mensch im römischen Sinne, er ist Staatsbürger. Das ist eine dem Griechen unverständliche Sache. Man ist nicht das, was man ist als Mensch, indem man in die Menschheit eintritt, sondern man ist das, was man ist, indem man einregistriert ist in irgendeine Urkunde des Staates. Das tritt manchmal grotesk zutage. Ich hatte einen alten Freund, der war vierundsechzig Jahre alt. Eines Tages sagte er: Jetzt habe ich mir so viel erspart - er war immer ein armer Kerl gewesen -, daß ich jetzt die Geliebte meiner Jugend heiraten will. — Er hatte sich nämlich mit achtzehn Jahren verlobt, hatte aber damals kein Geld, um seine Verlobte zu heiraten. Und die beiden gelobten sich gegenseitig, so lange zu warten, bis sie sich heiraten könnten. Das war nun jetzt möglich geworden. Inzwischen war er vierundsechzig und sie zweiundsechzig Jahre geworden. Er zog also in seinen Heimatort und schrieb, nun wäre alles in Ordnung, das Geld hätte er. Aber sie konnten nun doch nicht heiraten, weil seine Gemeinde an seiner Existenz zweifelte. Es war nämlich vor Jahren das Pfarrhaus abgebrannt, damit auch alle Taufurkunden und so weiter, und es war niemand mehr da, der über seine Persönlichkeit hätte Angaben machen können. Er meinte zwar, daß es doch ein Beweis wäre, daß er selbst da wäre, aber er hatte keinen gesetzlichen Beweis! Die Heirat ist zwar schließlich doch zustande gekommen, aber es wurde ihm durch diese Schwierigkeiten klargemacht die viel größere Wichtigkeit des Taufscheines als die der eigenen Persönlichkeit. Man ist also Bürger.

Man ist das, was man ist, in einem abstrakten Zusammenhange. Diese Anschauung ist im wesentlichen römisch, und alles, was im gewöhnlichen Leben in dieser Art vorhanden ist, ist im wesentlichen römisch. Unsere Erziehung wird ja im wesentlichen in Anspruch genommen durch den Staat, der so abstrakt geworden ist und der unter der sozialistischen Einwirkung noch viel abstrakter werden wird. Die Menschen werden heute nicht erzogen, um als Menschen in die Welt hineingestellt zu werden, sondern um einen Staatsberuf zu haben und in diesen hineingestellt zu werden. Der Staat nimmt die jungen Menschen in die Hand - nicht gleich, denn da sind sie ihm noch zu unreinlich, da überläßt er sie einstweilen den Eltern. Dann aber breitet er seine Fangarme nach dem Menschen aus und dressiert ihn so, daß er für ihn geeignet ist. Und er weiß sehr gut, daß die Menschen dann für ihn geeignet sind. Denn, was gibt er ihnen alles? Er gibt ihnen ein wirtschaftliches Leben, gibt ihnen alles, was für sie vorgeschrieben ist, und dann pensioniert er sie. Und man soll nur einmal hören, was es für den Menschen bedeutet, wenn er sich sagen kann: er bekomme zu seiner Anstellung, für die er nicht nur bezahlt wird, nachher auch noch eine Pension! Das ist etwas ganz Großes und kettet die Menschen an den abstrakten Staat, und das ergreift dann auch die übrige Gesinnung. Auch da ist die romanische Gesinnung in den übrigen Menschen eingetreten. Sagt man heute dem Menschen: Du mußt, um an deiner Unsterblichkeit teilzunehmen, das, was in deiner Seele wirkt, aktiv machen, damit du selbst deine Seele aktiv durch die Todespforte trägst -, so versteht er das nicht. Man hat ihm gründlich abgewöhnt, auf so etwas sein Verständnis zu lenken. Man sagt ihm dafür, du brauchst nur an Christus zu glauben und an das, was der Staat tut. Und er weiß dann: erst wird er durch den Staat versorgt, und wenn er genug gearbeitet hat, wird er vom Staate pensioniert. Und die Kirche tut dann noch ein weiteres. Sie pensioniert nach dem Tode des Menschen seine seele, so daß er im Leben nicht mitarbeiten muß an seiner Scele und selbst etwas tun, wenn er seine Seele durch die Todespforte trägt. Registriert ist der Mensch heute, und die Politik des römischen Wesens, sie haben wir als zweites in unsere Wesenheit aufgenommen und nehmen sie immer mehr und mehr auf.

Man kann auf diesem Gebiete furchtbare Erfahrungen machen. Ich habe jetzt in Stuttgart mitgewirkt bei der Einrichtung der Waldorfschule und mußte mir dabei auch die verschiedenen Lehrpläne vorlegen. Wenn ich an die siebziger, achtziger Jahre des vorigen Jahrhunderts zurückdenke, so muß ich sagen, damals waren die Lehrpläne noch etwas klein; da enthielten sie das, was in jeder Klasse durchzunehmen war. Die Lehrziele und der Stoff waren angegeben; in bezug auf alles übrige war der Lehrer noch frei. Jetzt bekommt man Lehrpläne von großem Umfange vorgelegt, und auf der ersten Seite steht: Amtsblatt, Verordnung, und nun ist dann angegeben, so und so soll man beim Unterricht verfahren. Also, was aus der lebendigen Persönlichkeit allein auf die lebendige Persönlichkeit wirken soll, das steht in Gesetzen und Verordnungen, das ist amtlich geworden, das wird verfügt. Das ist der Tod des geistigen Lebens. Dieser Tod des geistigen Lebens führt direkt von Mitteleuropa nach Rom! Das ist das zweite, was wir in uns aufgenommen haben, das Politisch-Rechtliche mit dem Römertum.

Dazu kam das, was sich nicht von alten Zeiten in neue verpflanzen läßt, das Wirtschaftsleben. Das mußte modern sein. Denn man kann wiederkäuen, was die Griechen erkannt haben, man kann auf sich wirken lassen, was die Römer als Rechtsleben hatten, man kann aber nicht essen, was die Griechen und die Römer gegessen haben. Das Wirtschaftsleben muß modern sein. So haben wir es nach und nach dahin gebracht, daß wir unser Wirtschaftsleben durchkreuzt haben mit dem griechischen Geistesleben, mit dem römischen Rechtsleben, und wir haben jetzt die Aufgabe, diese Dinge wieder auseinanderzubringen, sich dafür Verständnis zu erwerben, daß diese drei Schichten, die wie aus verschiedenen Zeitaltern sich zusammenballen, auseinandergebracht werden müssen. Das heißt, sein Interesse ausdehnen - wie früher über Orient und Okzident im Raume - bis zur Gegenwart, das heißt, sich erheben, sich fähig machen zu Empfindungen, die uns erheben können zu den Archai. Aber wie viele Menschen wollen sich heute ein Interesse für diese Dinge entwikkeln, ein unbefangenes Interesse, wie der Zeitgeist spielt, indem er die Zeiten ineinanderschiebt, wie ich es geschildert habe. Ich habe in Stuttgart gesprochen von der Unnatur unserer Gymnasialbildung. Ich weiß nicht, ob es ein bloß zeitlicher Zusammenhang war, aber der zeitliche Zusammenhang war da. Ein paar Tage, nachdem ich darüber gesprochen hatte, erschienen in Stuttgarter Zeitungen große Annoncen, unterschrieben von allen möglichen Zöpfen, pardon Professoren und dergleichen; daß die Gymnasialbildung nicht unterschätzt werden dürfe, denn sie hätte ja für die Größe des deutschen Volkes, die so herrlich in der letzten Zeit hervorgetreten sei, das ihrige beigetragen. Buchstäblich war das zu lesen als die angebliche Meinung der Jugendbildner im April des Jahres 1919, nach dem Oktober 1918! Diese Dinge sind möglich in unserer Zeit. Es sind ja noch andere Dinge möglich.

Ehe wir nicht dazu kommen, diese Dinge so zu sehen, daß wir die Impulse aufnehmen, die aus der geistigen Welt in unsere physische Welt hereinwirken, ehe wir nicht einsehen werden, daß der Mensch ebenso, wie er durch seine Leibesorganisation mit dem Tierreich, Pflanzenreich und Mineralreich zusammenhängt, so auch mit seiner Geistesorganisation zusammenhängt mit den Hierarchien der Angeloi, Archangeloi und Archai - Persönlichkeitsgeister als die Schützer der persönlichen Entwicklung, Volksgeister als Schützer der Volksentwicklung im Raume hin, Zeitgeister, die Beschützer der Entwicklung über die Zeiten hin -, ehe wir nicht die Möglichkeit haben, diese Dinge aus den geistigen Fundamenten heraus zu verstehen, können wir nicht weiterkommen. Alles muß darauf hinauslaufen, daß der Mensch heute den Mut und die Kraft finde, in die geistige Welt hineinzuschauen. Am Anfang einer harten Kampfeswelle stehen wir, wo alle Instinkte werden aufgewühlt werden, die hervorgehen aus der einen Halbwahrheit: die ökonomische Wirklichkeit ist die einzige, alles Geistig-Seelische ist Ideologie —, und aus der anderen: die einzige Wirklichkeit ist das Geistig-Seelische, und alles Äußere ist Ideologie, ist Maja. - Diese Gegensätze werden solche Instinkte in der Menschennatur loslösen, daß lange, lange der geistige Kampf entbrennen wird in Formen, von denen die Menschheit heute keine Ahnung hat. Das werden wir wissen müssen, und wir werden weiter wissen müssen, wie wir uns im Sinne der Zeitbildung zu erheben haben zur Anschauung der geistigen Welt, so wie wir es auffassen.

Das ist es, was uns die Zeit selbst befiehlt, was aus ihr selbst gefordert wird. Ihm müssen wir uns zuwenden. Davon morgen weiter.

Seventh Lecture

From yesterday evening's reflections, you should have realized how necessary it is for people today to turn their spiritual eyes toward spiritual scientific knowledge, toward those spheres of existence and reality in which the working of the spirit within human evolution is clearly perceptible to those who are able to look into these regions of reality.

Since the middle of the 15th century — as I have had to tell you — civilized humanity has been living in a period in which the old relationship of the human soul to the higher beings of the three higher hierarchies, the angeloi, the archangeloi, and the archai, has become completely different from what it was before. Previously, this relationship was such that the beings of these three hierarchies worked on human development out of their own interest, that is, out of their own impulses. Now we are living in an epoch in which the work of these beings of the higher hierarchies is complete. These beings have no immediate interest in continuing the work they have done so far in the development of humanity. They will only enter into a new relationship with humanity if human beings themselves, of their own free will and of their own accord, begin to concern themselves with the spiritual worlds. If we as human beings do not turn to the spiritual world of our own free will in the near future, we will lose our connection with the spiritual worlds, because the beings of the spiritual worlds who belong to us have no interest in dealing with us on their own initiative. We only arouse their interest again when we turn our attention back to the spiritual world from our soul, that is, when we entertain thoughts, feelings, and impulses of the will into which spiritual forces can flow.

Now, however, you may ask the question, and it must be asked in connection with yesterday's consideration: How does man first come to concern himself with the spiritual worlds in such a way that he can maintain his relationship with the higher hierarchies in the future of Earth's development? I will have to tell you things that at first glance seem to have little to do with this question. But we will see that it is precisely these things that provide us with the foundation for reestablishing our relationship with the spiritual world from the present into the future. The first thing we must turn our attention to is the effectiveness of the various denominations, the various confessional creeds that exist in civilized humanity. Until now, there has been a certain necessity for the denominations to direct the heart and mind of the human soul toward the spiritual world in the way they have done. In the future, the denominations will either contribute to cutting people off from the spiritual world, or they will have to allow something completely new to enter into their endeavors. The denominations of the present are basically built on human egoism, and we need only pose one of the most important questions before our souls, which forms and must form the leitmotif for denominational considerations: the question of the immortality of the human soul—and we can see from the way this question is usually dealt with by the denominations that this treatment relies heavily on the egoistic instincts of human beings. When they speak of immortality, they are mostly—albeit from deeper motives that we do not wish to discuss here—speaking of the soul's survival after death, that is, they are speaking of the continuation of human soul life after death. It is relatively easy to speak to people when one talks about immortality from this point of view, because human egoism asserts itself in this question in the most eminent sense. They simply cannot bear — quite apart from all the truths in this field — not to live on after death, so that we always find a certain understanding side in the human soul when we speak of life after death. And you can be quite sure that those people who are interested in the question of immortality as it is mostly dealt with today are interested in it from this point of view, out of selfishness. They do not want to die spiritually either. Of course, any view of the future that speaks of the immortality of the soul will also have to speak of the soul's life after death, because, as you all know from anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, this is a fact of reality. But the way in which anthroposophically oriented spiritual science speaks about the soul's survival after the physical death of the human being is still far from being accepted by the religious denominations.

But there is something else that is important: that people today need to hear a completely different language about immortality than they have been accustomed to hearing. Those who discuss the question of immortality must not only talk about life after death, but also about the life that is lived here in the physical world from birth to death. For you know that this life is also a continuation. It is the continuation of the life we spent between our last death and the birth through which we entered this physical existence. And humanity will have to learn to view this physical life between birth and death as the continuation of the spiritual life before birth or before conception. For in every growing child we will have to see rising up from within, day by day, week by week, year by year, what emerges as forces from the spiritual worlds, what passes through birth and works on the gradual development of the human being from birth into later years. We will have to unravel, as it were, the God in man by intervening in the developing life of the child. Social relationships between people will have to take on something of a religious impulse that pervades our entire social life, including our interactions with one another. But the most important thing, the essential thing, will be that we come to see this physical life as a continuation of a spiritual, pre-birth life, that we do not forget at any moment how human beings have a continuation of their pre-birth spiritual and soul life in this physical life.

This will be connected with many other things. It will be connected with our recognition that our true humanity lies in the depths of our being and gradually emerges. I once pointed out to you the ancient times of human development, those times which we recognize from the anthroposophical point of view as the first and second post-Atlantean epochs of human development, and so on. I have pointed out to you how, in those days, human beings were capable of developing into old age in the same way as only very young people do today. Very young people undergo physical development around the age of seven, when their teeth change. They undergo another metamorphosis, expressed in their physical life, when they reach sexual maturity. Then the things that are going on in their development become less noticeable in their outer life. This was not the case in ancient times. Then, what people went through spiritually and emotionally was expressed up into much higher ages. Now this is imperceptible. Now we simply become old people at seventeen or eighteen, and today we are horrified to see very young people behaving like old people. An example: Some time ago, we had a meeting of the Cultural Council in Stuttgart, where the topic of discussion was the education system of today. The issue was discussed from a wide variety of perspectives. Then a young man appeared, let's say a young man, I could also say an older boy. He said he had to teach society about the true ideals of education. He began by saying a few very vague words, then he read out a program of a contemporary educational society, which was such that he was constantly interrupted. He was unable to continue, so he concluded his speech with the words: “I must therefore conclude that old age no longer understands its own youth.” Then he stepped down. I replied that I understood why he had not been understood, but for the simple reason that he had spoken in a very senile manner and appeared very decrepit. For he presented principles that were truly the height of abstraction—senile! For what is the essence of senility today? It is that human beings are usually only capable of development up to a certain age; then they take on all sorts of things, and they are not yet ashamed to develop. Then the years come, around the age of twenty, when they are ashamed to develop further. We very rarely experience today that people who already have gray hair and wrinkles on their faces look forward to each coming year, because each coming year offers the organism new possibilities for development, so that in each new year one could learn something new that one simply could not learn before because one did not have the organism for it. But people today do not allow the organism to develop. They are ashamed to learn anything new, to make themselves capable of development, once they have reached the youthful age of thirty. What matters is that people actually retain the possibility of looking forward to each new year throughout their entire lives, because each year conjures up the divine-spiritual contents of their inner being in new forms. This is something I would like to describe as the fact that we must learn, in truth and reality, not only to experience our youth as capable of development, but our entire existence between birth and death. This will, of course, require a new kind of education. When our elderly people think back on their school years, they usually do not recall anything pleasant. We must be able to shape our school years in such a way that when we look back on them, they are always a new source of revival for us. You can see from this that in this respect, too, human beings can open up the possibility of truly perceiving the divine-spiritual within themselves, of experiencing something within themselves that goes beyond the life stimulated and excited from outside.

Other things will also have to be recognized as necessary in the present. People today do not yet know a secret of life that is intimately connected with the present stage of human development. In earlier times, before the middle of the 15th century, there was no need to pay much attention to this secret. Today it is necessary to look at it. This secret of life consists in the fact that human beings, as they are now constituted—physically, soulfully, and spiritually—in a certain way always look at the events of the coming day during the night, but in such a way that they do not always need to have these events of the coming day in their full daytime consciousness. He who has this is his angel. So what is experienced during the night in communion with the being we call an angel is a preview of the coming day. Now you must not view this from the standpoint of human curiosity, that would be a completely wrong point of view, but from the standpoint of practical life. Only when a person is completely imbued with this attitude will they make the right decisions and carry their thoughts over into their daily life. Let us assume, for example, that a person has to do something at a certain time of day, say at twelve o'clock. What they have to do has already been discussed between them and their angel the night before. This has been the case with human beings since the middle of the 15th century. They do not need to be conscious of it; it is not intended to arouse their curiosity. But human beings should be imbued with the conviction that they should make fruitful use of what they have discussed with their angelic being during the previous night in the course of the day.

There are many things in the present that can point people in a shocking way to what I have just told you. The years of suffering, the last four to five years, can also instill this great lesson in humanity, that this awareness of being connected to higher beings every day through the experiences of the previous night was unfortunately not present. How different everything would have been in the last four to five years if this attitude had permeated people's minds: What you do, you do in harmony with the negotiations with your angelic being during the last night. These are things that must be spoken of today. It must be said that human beings will have to learn to regard this life between birth and death as a continuation of the spiritual life they spent before birth. It must be spoken of that human beings should be able to experience the revelations of God in their being throughout their entire lives. And it must be spoken of that human beings should carry a strong awareness throughout their entire daily lives: What you do from morning to evening, you have previously negotiated with your angelic being during the time between falling asleep and waking up.

People must turn to such feelings, which are much more concrete feelings toward the spiritual world than the more abstract feelings of today's religious denominations, and which at the same time presuppose that appeal is made not to the selfish but to the unselfish impulses of human nature. And out of such feelings will arise what will provide the necessary connection to those beings who belong to the hierarchy of the angeloi. Then these beings will once again be able to take an interest in human beings. The attitude of human beings toward the spiritual world must move in this direction.

Something else must be understood. You know that the present-day denominations talk a great deal about God and the divine. What are they actually talking about? Of course, they are only talking about what at least a vague consciousness in the human soul is aware of. It does not matter what you call something, but what is present in the human soul. People talk about God, they talk about Christ, but they always mean only the angel. For that is still what people can turn to, because it still strikes a familiar chord in their souls. No matter what the denominations talk about today, whether it be God or Christ or anything else, the thought material from which they speak encompasses only the angelic beings that belong to human beings, the angeloi. Today, it does not go higher than this hierarchy, because people today are averse to seeking their relationship to the spiritual world in a way that is more comprehensive than from their egoism. The relationship to the Archangeloi, to the hierarchy of the archangels, must be sought in a different way. The interests that people have today must be significantly expanded. I will give you an example of how human interests must be broadened so that they can rise in their feelings from their inclination toward the angeloi up to the archangeloi.

People must go through something like the following in their souls and say to themselves: We have experienced terrible events throughout the civilized world in the last four to five years. Many people have asked about the reasons for these events, many have accused each other. There has been much talk of guilt and innocence. And yet, one need only cast aside the most superficial superficiality and one will not be able to take much interest in such talk of causes, of guilt and innocence, for the simple reason that one can see that what has been brought to the surface in the last four to five years looks like the waves of the sea, which are carried up from the depths to the surface by the forces of the sea. It was indeed the case that, year after year, the forces of humanity became more and more agitated. One people after another took part in the great human folly of recent years, and one could only say: Something is stirring at the level of elemental forces and being thrown to the surface. The sea of human life has become restless. What is this?

One will not come to a clear understanding of this if one does not extend the fact that humanity has fallen into such turmoil to the period of time that we call history. One will have to say to oneself: What has happened in the last four to five years in the form of armed conflict is only the beginning of events that will take place in a completely different sphere, but which are also unprecedented in human history. We are not at the end – that is only a superficial view of human development – we are at the starting point of the greatest struggles, the spiritual struggles of the civilized world. And we must devote all our attention to being prepared for these battles. The East and the West are increasingly threatening to come into spiritual conflict with each other in the near future. For the East and the West have developed in two completely different directions. If one wants to look into these things, one must consider certain phenomena of the present as profound mysteries.

For decades now, socialist circles have been saying, based on the Marxist worldview, that everything people experience as art, religion, customs, law, and science is ideology. I have described this in more detail in the first chapter of “The Crucial Point of the Social Question.” That is to say, what has developed in bourgeois circles over the last three or four centuries as a view of life, but which bourgeois circles have not admitted to themselves out of a certain cowardice, has been admitted by socialist circles over the last half-century out of a sense of truth. They have said: The true reality of social life consists only in what is really going on; the economic forces of the economy alone are real. What has developed in humanity as art, religion, custom, science, law, and morality is only something like smoke rising from the true reality. It is merely ideology, it has no reality, it has only an apparent reality. This is connected with the social aspirations of the socialist parties in recent times, which say: We only need to change economic life, then everything else will change with economic life. For the rest—morals, customs, law, religion, and so on—is only something that rises like smoke, as something unreal, as ideology, from the only real thing, from economic activity.

But those who view the world not in the small, but in the large, take a stand on this word “ideology,” which bourgeois circles could have said for three or four centuries. They were just too cowardly to do so; they felt that economic life was the only real thing and that what was brought out as science, art, religion, and so on was just smoke. That was how life was, and only the students of this bourgeois world drew the ultimate conclusion. For the socialists are only the students of this bourgeois world; they have merely taken it to extremes. But what I have just said is the view that developed in the West and reached its peak there in the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Out of other impulses, something is emerging in the Orient, which has developed a worldview that says: I look at what is happening externally in the world. I look at what my senses convey to me as impressions, I look at what I use as tools to change the world, I look at what shines down on me from the stars, I look at what I myself am physically. What is all this? It is Maya. What, on the other hand, is true reality, what is not deception? What is experienced within the human soul is reality. Those who translate inwardly, rather than lexicographically, which yields nothing, know that the same word that means Maya in the East means ideology in the West. For thousands of years, Easterners have regarded the external world that affects our senses, including the economy, as Maya. The Westerner, on the other hand, sees in what is external, what is Maya for the Oriental, reality, and what rises in the soul is ideology for him. Both worldviews have reached a certain stage. Ask the leading figures of the socialist parties today, especially in those areas where the first revolution has not yet taken place—which here is to be understood as the November Revolution. This revolution, however, has also changed the concepts of the socialist leaders somewhat. Not their feelings, but their concepts—even today you still hear them expressing what was heard until the catastrophe of the war, the view that one does not need to contribute anything out of one's own will to transform or revolutionize the world, but that this will happen of its own accord. Something fatalistic had taken hold in the West. People said: We only need to wait until the means of production have developed to such an extent that what has been concentrated in private capital will automatically pass into other forms. The way of thinking was such that people said, for example, 'The air in this room is bad, I can't breathe. You could open the window, but I'm not going to. I'll wait until the air improves by itself.

Fatalism in the West, fatalism in the East – we know it well. When the Mayan worldview took shape, people in the East—not right from the start—fell into complete fatalism. Every worldview has an inner law that drives it to become fatalistic at some point. But today we are at a point where we must say to ourselves: We must get out of fatalism. We must find a way to move from mere observation and contemplation to will and desire. We must stimulate our will by developing impulses such as those I have just described: toward being born as a continuation of pre-birth life, toward remaining young until we get white hair and wrinkles, toward allowing the nightly work of the angels to play into our daily lives. This is necessary. It is necessary that human beings take up impulses for their will by expanding their circle of interests, so that they see not only what plays into their own personal, individual lives, but also what is happening in a differentiated way in the civilized world. Let us look to the West, to which we ourselves belong: we see ideology—the inner world. Reality—the outer world. Let us look to the East: ideology, Maya – the outer world. Reality – the inner world. And in the clash between the people of the present, we have the task of deliberately finding a way out of what has already become fatalism in this worldview. We must seek this path; we will only find it if we can take seriously something that still greatly annoys people today.

There was a strange echo once when I said something in a lecture in a southern German city that really annoyed people, but it was one of the truths that are necessary at present. You cannot say things in a way that pleases people, but you must say them in a way that is true. I had to say in context that it is precisely the ruling class of the present day that has a decadent physical brain. It is unpleasant to have to say this, and it is not only unpleasant to hear it. But it is necessary for people to know this. It is precisely the people who have brought about the present state of affairs who have ended up with a decadent physical brain. That is how it is! And in a certain sense, we are in a similar situation today as the people of Europe were during the migration of peoples and the spread of Christianity. The Christian impulse came from the Orient and first passed through Greece and Rome. The Greek and Roman worlds were, of course, far more highly developed than the Germanic world. The Germanic peoples were barbarians. But the brains of the Greeks and Romans were decadent. Therefore, the Christian wave was not received in the Greek and Roman worlds as it was when it reached the Germanic peoples. That is the migration of peoples, which took place horizontally. Today it is vertical. Today a wave of spiritual life is coming from the spiritual world. Just as Christianity first collided with the Greeks and Romans, so the spiritual world is colliding with the present, bourgeois world, which is decadent. The proletarians are not yet decadent; they will still understand what is meant by the spiritual world. But the others will need the preparation provided by anthroposophy, that is, they will have to develop that part of the brain that is not yet physical, the etheric brain. Today we are faced with the necessity that the leading classes will not only have a decadent brain, but will fall completely into decadence if they do not understand that they must grasp the spiritual worldview supersensually.

That is the tragedy of the bourgeois world order, that it wants to understand everything physically, whereas today we are dependent on the etheric brain to grasp things, that is, to take spiritual truths into ourselves. That is where the humanity of the present must steer, and that is where the West must take the lead. And here we must familiarize ourselves with something very important.

Look at the development of language, moving from east to west. Take our German language, for example. It is terribly abused today, but we know that it has the peculiarity, if we look back to the language of Goethe and Lessing, that not so long ago, the words of the German language could be used to describe what spiritual life is. Today we have terribly neglected language, reduced it to mere phrases. But it is not language alone that prevents it from being spiritual. The further we go into Western languages, however, the more we find that these languages have thrown out the actual spiritual element from the language itself, from the sounds of the language, from the tone of the language, and also from the grammar of the language. And from this throwing out of the spiritual-soul element from the Anglo-American idiom follows the world mission of the Anglo-American peoples. This world mission of the Anglo-American peoples consists in their learning — they learn it quite instinctively, but they will learn it, and in seizing world domination they will learn it — by listening to other people, not only to hear the sound, but to interpret the gesture of language, to hear more than the mere physical sound, to hear something when someone speaks, something that passes from person to person, but goes beyond what is spoken. This works from etheric body to etheric body. That is the secret of Western languages, that the physical sound loses its meaning. And the spiritual gains in meaning. It is therefore the task of the people to allow the spirit to permeate language, not just to hear physically, but to intuit, to feel more than what goes into the sound. In the West, the spiritual will have to be sought through language itself.

If we now look to the East, we will sense an ever-increasing urge among the peoples of the East not to remain with what has been developed in the past in terms of karma, reincarnation, and so on, but to look out into the world and perceive the spiritual in the world outside, and also to establish a kind of view of nature.

These are just small examples of how one can expand one's interests from one's personality and also from one's ethnicity to the whole of humanity, how one can say: We look to the West and see ideology there, but a different ideology than in the East. But we see how these contrasts stir up the elemental forces within humanity on Earth. We learn to recognize that we are standing within the whole civilized world. And when we develop this awareness of standing within the whole civilized world, we also develop within ourselves the ability to arrive at feelings that enable us to rise above the sphere of the angeloi. Our sphere of interest is simply expanded in such a way that we become receptive to concepts that ascend into the sphere of the archangeloi. For everything I have now said about the contrast between ideology and Maya and so on is something that takes place in relation to its primordial forces in the sphere of the Archangeloi, the archangels. There we go beyond the sphere of the Angeloi. You can see from this what is really necessary for the human being of the present. If someone today talks about Maya, ideology, and so on, as I have explained, and if he even says that their primal forces lie in the sphere of the Archangeloi, what will intelligent people think of him? A fool, of course, because people are so narrow-minded through the spirituality they have acquired that they are not interested in the great interests of humanity. This can only be understood from a spiritual point of view, only if one penetrates into what is at work in the great interests of humanity.

Now I have given you an idea of how one can work one's way up into the sphere of the archangels. One can work one's way up even higher. This, too, must be learned by the humanity of the present. Our educated classes had to look back to the Greek era. They had to, especially if they were men—and in more recent times this procedure has also been applied to young women—go through high school, absorb a Greek education, and through this they received sufficient impetus to feel themselves drawn more and more back to the Greek world. This is of great significance for our civilization, because we do it in such a way that, precisely in our most important years of development, we learn what the Greeks have achieved for the world. The Greeks did it differently. It did not occur to them, of course, to teach their boys the Egyptian language. They devoted themselves to what was their immediate reality. They had a direct sense of reality. We occupy our youth with preventing them from learning about their surroundings and absorbing reality. We transport them to an ancient time. We have no idea what we are actually doing. For we do not merely teach children—young gentlemen and young ladies, one must say—the Greek language. Rather, the language, the sound configuration, and the grammar of a language also contain the entire character of an entire people. When people learn the Greek language as it is taught today, the inner world of their souls takes on a similar configuration to that which existed in Greece. There, all cultural life was structured in such a way that only a small upper class actually participated in culture; the rest were slaves. In Greece, it was only fitting for a free man to engage in science, politics, and at most — but only in a supervisory capacity — agriculture. Everything else was the work of slaves. This is inherent in the language. And by uniting Greek culture with language within ourselves, we unite aristocracy with our intellectual development. For the Greeks, it was natural to build the entire social organism in accordance with their intellectual orientation, because for them this was connected with their blood. There were the people who made up the broad masses. Then there were those who were of a higher type, and they already had the higher intellectual life within them through their blood. This is even expressed in Greek sculpture. Compare the Mercury type, the position of the nose and ears, with the Zeus or Athena type: different nose position, different ear position. The Greeks knew exactly what they wanted to express by creating the Mercury type on the one hand and the Aryan Zeus type on the other.

We are more imbued with all this than we think. By forming worldviews today, we are basically forming ideas that are still adapted to what came naturally to the Greeks. Our spiritual and cultural life is imbued with what we absorb from Greek culture. Greek culture looms large in our time in a Luciferian way. Greek culture metamorphosed into Roman culture. We have a subsequent period in Roman culture. Compared to the Greeks, the Romans were a sober, prosaic people, and they developed other aspects of life. They lived out in abstract form what came from the blood of the Greeks. Compared to the Greeks, they made human beings themselves into an abstraction, into citizens. Man is not really a human being in the Roman sense; he is a citizen. This is something incomprehensible to the Greeks. One is not what one is as a human being by entering into humanity, but one is what one is by being registered in some document of the state. This sometimes comes to light in a grotesque way. I had an old friend who was sixty-four years old. One day he said: Now I have saved so much—he had always been a poor man—that I want to marry the love of my youth. He had become engaged at the age of eighteen, but at that time he had no money to marry his fiancée. And the two vowed to wait until they could marry. That had now become possible. In the meantime, he had turned sixty-four and she sixty-two. So he moved back to his hometown and wrote that everything was now in order and he had the money. But they still couldn't get married because his community doubted his existence. Years ago, the rectory had burned down, along with all the baptismal certificates and so on, and there was no one left who could vouch for him. He thought that his presence was proof enough, but he had no legal proof! The marriage did eventually take place, but these difficulties made it clear to him that a baptismal certificate was much more important than one's own personality. So one is a citizen.

You are what you are in an abstract context. This view is essentially Roman, and everything that exists in this way in ordinary life is essentially Roman. Our education is essentially taken over by the state, which has become so abstract and will become even more abstract under socialist influence. People today are not educated to be placed in the world as human beings, but to have a state profession and to be placed in it. The state takes young people in hand—not immediately, because they are still too impure for it, so it leaves them to their parents for the time being. But then it spreads its tentacles over them and trains them so that they are suitable for it. And it knows very well that people are then suitable for it. For what does it give them? It gives them an economic life, gives them everything that is prescribed for them, and then it retires them. And one should only hear what it means for a person to be able to say: he gets, in addition to his job, for which he is not only paid, a pension afterwards! That is something very great and binds people to the abstract state, and that then also affects the rest of their attitude. Here, too, the romantic mindset has entered the minds of the rest of the people. If you tell people today: In order to participate in your immortality, you must actively engage what is at work in your soul, so that you yourself can actively carry your soul through the gates of death—they do not understand this. They have been thoroughly disaccustomed to directing their understanding toward such things. Instead, they tell him that he only needs to believe in Christ and in what the state does. And he then knows that first he will be provided for by the state, and when he has worked enough, he will be retired by the state. And the church does something else. After a person dies, it retires his soul so that he does not have to work on his soul during his life and do something himself when he carries his soul through the gates of death. People today are registered, and we have taken the politics of the Roman entity into our being as a second nature and are taking it in more and more.

One can have terrible experiences in this area. I have now been involved in setting up the Waldorf School in Stuttgart and had to look at the various curricula. When I think back to the 1970s and 1980s, I have to say that the curricula were still somewhat limited; they contained what had to be covered in each class. The teaching objectives and the material were specified; the teacher was free to decide on everything else. Now you are presented with extensive curricula, and on the first page it says: Official Gazette, Regulation, and then it specifies how you are to proceed in class. So what is supposed to have an effect on the living personality from the living personality alone is laid down in laws and regulations, has become official, is decreed. That is the death of intellectual life. This death of intellectual life leads directly from Central Europe to Rome! That is the second thing we have absorbed, the political and legal aspects of Roman culture.

Added to this was something that could not be transplanted from ancient times to modern times: economic life. That had to be modern. For one can ruminate on what the Greeks recognized, one can let the legal life of the Romans have an effect on oneself, but one cannot eat what the Greeks and Romans ate. Economic life must be modern. So we have gradually brought about a situation in which we have intertwined our economic life with the Greek intellectual life and the Roman legal life, and we now have the task of separating these things again, of gaining an understanding that these three layers, which seem to have accumulated from different eras, must be separated. This means expanding one's interest—as in the past, across the Orient and Occident—to the present, that is, rising up, making oneself capable of feelings that can lift us up to the archetypes. But how many people today want to develop an interest in these things, an unbiased interest, given the spirit of the times, which pushes the ages into one another, as I have described. In Stuttgart, I spoke of the unnaturalness of our secondary school education. I don't know if it was merely a coincidence, but the coincidence was there. A few days after I had spoken about this, large advertisements appeared in Stuttgart newspapers, signed by all sorts of old fogies, pardon me, professors and the like, saying that secondary school education should not be underestimated, because it had contributed to the greatness of the German people, which had emerged so magnificently in recent times. This was literally presented as the alleged opinion of youth educators in April 1919, after October 1918! Such things are possible in our time. Other things are possible too.

Until we come to see these things in such a way that we take up the impulses that come from the spiritual world into our physical world, until we realize that just as man is connected to the animal, plant, and mineral kingdoms through his physical organization, so too, through his spiritual organization, with the hierarchies of the angeloi, archangeloi, and archai—personal spirits as protectors of personal development, folk spirits as protectors of folk development in space, and time spirits as protectors of development through the ages—before we have the opportunity to understand these things from their spiritual foundations, we cannot move forward. Everything must lead to human beings today finding the courage and strength to look into the spiritual world. We are at the beginning of a hard wave of struggle, where all instincts will be stirred up, arising from one half-truth: economic reality is the only reality, everything spiritual and soul-like is ideology — and from the other: the only reality is the spiritual and soul-like, and everything external is ideology, is Maya. These opposites will unleash such instincts in human nature that for a long, long time the spiritual struggle will rage in forms that humanity today has no idea of. We will have to know this, and we will have to continue to know how, in accordance with the spirit of the times, we must rise to the contemplation of the spiritual world as we understand it.

This is what time itself commands us to do, what is demanded of us. We must turn to it. More on this tomorrow.