The Reappearance of Christ in the Etheric
GA 182
29 November, 1917, Bern
13. The Three Realms of the Dead: Life Between Death and a New Birth
Today I would like to return to the subject of an earlier lecture given here in Bern and to pursue it further along the lines of what I am convinced must now be discussed among us. It is clear to me that definite things demanded by the signs of our difficult times must be said in public anthroposophical lectures, so that they will penetrate human ears. I am also convinced that definite spiritual scientific truths must now be spoken of among us.
In the previous lecture to which I refer, I described the participation in earthly life of souls who have gone through the portal of death. We undertook to study the type and manner of the impulses of the so-called dead, who continue to participate in what is done by human beings here on earth, and how connections are made between the forces of the so-called dead and those of the living. Today I wish to say more about this.
It must first be made clear that above all it is necessary for life between death and a new birth to be presented in a certain sense with images that have been taken from physical, sensible life on this earth and from mental pictures we acquire within this physical life on earth. Life in the sphere of the dead is such, however, that it can be understood only with great difficulty through earthly concepts and mental pictures. One must try, therefore, to approach this life from various sides.
I would like to say that one such attempt was made just before the outbreak of this world catastrophe in the Vienna lecture cycle, (see Note 10) in which I spoke about life between death and a new birth in relation to the inner forces of the soul. Today I would like to draw your attention above all to a domain that in a certain respect is and must be the primary concern for the human being in his earthly life. It must be a primary concern that this very domain is closed to the experience of souls who have gone through the portal of death. Think how much we have, as earthly human beings, through mental pictures that come to us from the mineral and plant realms. To these mental pictures must be added all the impressions and mental pictures that come to us from heavenly space: the starry sky above us, the sun, the moon. Since they enable us during our earthly life to have physical images as perceptions, they belong precisely to what I am now calling mineral nature. This mineral nature, and essentially—I say, essentially—the plant nature as nature, are excluded from what souls will perceive between death and a new birth.
In this connection there is something especially characteristic regarding the experiences of the so-called dead. When we human beings here on earth confront the mineral or plant natures, we have a quite definite consciousness. I have said on another occasion, it is true, that it is an illusion to speak of the absence of pain or the absence of pleasure in the mineral and plant realms. Through what we human beings perform with our actions, however, we make impressions on the mineral realm and also on the plant realm; we can say with a certain justification that these realms remain without such impressions, without such activities as are spread by pain or pleasure, sorrow or joy. You know that if we as human beings smash a rock, certain elemental beings will indeed experience pleasure or sorrow, but this does not enter our ordinary, everyday consciousness. It can therefore be said that within the experience of an ordinary human being on earth, he must have the feeling that, if he breaks rocks, if he undertakes any action within what is the mineral or essentially plant nature, he thereby causes neither pleasure nor pain in his environment.
This is not at all the case in the realm man enters when he has gone through the portal of death. One must be clear above all that there the slightest deed that man does, even if he only barely touches something (we must bring into service words from earthly language), is bound in this spiritual realm to arouse either pleasure or sorrow; it arouses some sort of sympathy or antipathy. You must therefore picture this realm of the dead in such a way that one cannot barely touch something, cannot make even the slightest contact, without causing whatever has been touched to experience pleasure or sorrow, that is, without calling forth sympathy or antipathy.
This has already been pointed out in my book, Theosophy, (see Note 11) in which the realm of the soul is described and in which the most important forces in that realm are sought precisely in the forces of sympathy and antipathy. Such facts must become living ideas, however. As one becomes conscious of the working together, in a certain sense, of the realm of the dead and the realm of the so-called living, one must also picture how the dead operate, so to speak, in their own realm. They operate in such a way that they must always be conscious that everything they do will call forth sympathy or antipathy, joy or sorrow; everything they do induces, if I may so express it, a resonance of living sensation. What one could call insensitivity in the sense of our plant and animal realms is not there at all on the other side of the portal of death.
In a sense, this characterizes the lowest realm that man enters when he has gone through the portal of death. Here, when he comes through the portal of birth into the physical realm, he enters the lowest domain, the mineral realm. When he enters the spiritual world, he finds himself in a realm with a universal faculty for sensations, in a realm where sympathy and antipathy hold sway. Within this realm he unfolds his forces; he works within this realm. When we picture him as being active there, we must also picture the sensation-bearing forces constantly proceeding from his actions, forces carrying sympathy and antipathy.
What is the significance of these forces in the entire web of relationships of the universe? You see, we have arrived at an issue that can be unraveled for our physical, earthly life only through spiritual science. You will realize its importance if you consider all the implications. So much has occurred in the present time that the person who will only find an explanation of the world within the physical renounces any explanation that he does not conceive of as an explanation.
Something that in modern times is regarded as such an explanation is the principle of evolution for the animal beings inhabiting the earth with us. I need only draw your attention to all that has appeared recently to support what is called the theory of evolution. One speaks today of the evolution of the animal world with a certain justification, in that it is believed that the animal world has evolved upward from imperfect beings to more perfect ones. A better way to express it would be to say that the animal world has evolved from undifferentiated beings to more and more differentiation, finally to human nature, in so far as man is a physical being. This theory of evolution has already entered popular consciousness to a great extent. It has even become in a certain sense a component of the secular religion of humanity. The various religious faiths make an effort to reckon with this theory of evolution. They no longer—at least in their more important representatives—have the courage that was still theirs only a short time ago to testify against this theory of evolution. To a certain extent they have accepted it themselves and have come to terms with it.
One could now ask, however, what is actually at work in this evolution of the animal beings, if they evolve from imperfect to more perfect beings. What is at work in all that one can observe in the animal world, not only in its evolution but in the overall existence of the animal world? Strange as it may sound to a modern person, one discovers upon entering the realm inhabited by the dead, through clairvoyant consciousness, that the forces prevailing over a large part of the animal world are coming from the dead. Man is called upon to be a co-ruler of the impulses in the cosmos. In the mineral realm he has only to do with what he constructs as machines and the like through his technology, in obedience to the laws of the mineral realm. In the plant realm, it is a matter of what he sows and cultivates as a gardener or farmer. In these two realms he can at most take only second place during his life between birth and death. With the realm that is mirrored here on earth in animal existence, however, he is much involved, in that after death certain forces immediately awaken in him, in that he immediately enters and works within a domain of forces that rule this animal realm. It is in a certain sense the basis, the foundation for his activity there, precisely as here the mineral world is our foundation; it is the very ground, the soil, on which he stands.
In our existence in the physical world we have the plant realm rising from a ground provided by the mineral realm. Similarly for the dead, the realm in which rule sympathies and antipathies—which then extend into the life of the animal realm on earth—provides the foundation for a second realm. In this second realm the same things are not so much at work in the dead, the mere experiences of pleasure or sorrow, the transmission of merely sensation-bearing impulses that then continue, that then are active in the world. This second realm works essentially with what can be called the strengthening and weakening of the will forces belonging to a human being after death. If you wish to know more about these will forces, refer to the Vienna lectures, (see Note 10) in which I pointed out that the will that is characteristic of the human soul between death and a new birth is not exactly like what we call will here in physical life. We can speak of it as will, however, although it is entirely different there; it is permeated there by elements of feeling and by yet another element that does not exist here on earth. This will in the life of the human soul after death is in a constant ebb and flow. When one is in communication with a dead human being, his soul life is experienced such that at one moment he feels strengthened in his will impulses, stronger in himself; at another moment his will is somewhat lamed; it sleeps. His will fluctuates between becoming stronger and becoming weaker. This is an essential aspect in the life of the dead.
This strengthening and weakening of the will are impulses, however, that flow not only into the basis for the realm of the dead but also into the human realm here on earth, not, to be sure, into our thoughts in ordinary consciousness but indeed into all that we experience here as will impulses and also as feeling impulses.
It is, of course, a strange fact that man, in his ordinary consciousness as a physical, earthly person, experiences clearly only his sense perceptions and his thoughts. Waking consciousness only exists in this perception and thinking. Feelings are actually only dreamt, and the will is generally slept through. No person knows what happens when he just raises a hand, that is, when the will plays into his bodily organism, in the same way that he knows his thoughts. There is also the rule of the feelings; although this is somewhat clearer in consciousness than the rule of the will, it is still dark; it is no brighter than the pictures we have in our dreams. Passions, emotions, feelings are in truth only dreamt; they are not experienced in the light of consciousness that lives in the sense perceptions and mental pictures, and our will is not experienced consciously at all.
In all that plays into waking life as dream or sleep, the dead are living. They live with souls who are incarnated in physical bodies on the earth. They live in them just as we live within the plant world, except that we are not inwardly bound to the plant world as the dead are to our feelings, emotions, and will impulses. They live continually in all of that. This is their second realm. While here we unfold our feelings and sensations in human life, the dead live in this life continually, and indeed in such a way that the fluctuating, which I have just been describing as the strengthening and weakening of the will, as the increasing or declining of the will of the dead, has a certain relation to what here on earth the so-called living are dreaming and sleeping through as feelings and will impulses.
You can see, therefore, how little the realm of the dead is separated from our earthly realm and what an inner bond there is between these two realms. As I have said, under normal conditions (with certain exceptions that I will mention later), the dead have nothing to do with the mineral and plant realms, but they have very much to do with what goes on in the animal realm. That is in a sense the ground on which they stand. They also have much to do with what goes on in the realm of human feeling and human will. In these realms we are not separated from the dead at all, but it is like this: when one goes through the portal of death and experiences the strengthening and weakening of the will, one can live with the so-called living in their physical bodies, though not with everyone. There a definite law holds sway: one can live only with those to whom one is to some degree karmically related. Someone living here who is karmically a total stranger is not even perceptible to a dead person; he simply does not exist. The world that the dead person experiences has boundaries that were made by his own karma that had harnessed him here in life. This world is not limited only to souls who are still on earth; it extends also to souls who themselves have gone through the portal of death.
This second realm thus embraces all the relationships a person has made karmically with those who are still on earth and other souls who like himself have already gone through the portal of death. This realm rises out of another realm that is common to the dead, a realm of animal existence, by which we must not picture earthly animals! I explicitly said earlier that our animals on earth reflect what exists in the spiritual world, that is, the group-souls of the animals. In relation to the dead, we must think of the spiritual being of the animals. From this common soil, then, there arises for each and every dead person, in an entirely different sense from what is the case in our earthly realm, an individual karmic realm. One person has made this relationship, another has made that one. Only that by which karmic relationships are balanced is there from the human realm.
Yet another law rules there; it shows us how this second realm is actually constituted. At first, whatever works on a dead person in this realm in such a way that it strengthens or weakens his will forces is limited to the circle of human beings in which he moved during his last earthly life, perhaps at first even during just a part of it. The individuals who were especially close to him, to whom he was especially related who have passed through the portal of death, are now still the ones with whom he lives particularly intensely. The circle widens only gradually to include persons with whom he had had only distant karmic relationships.
For some this lasts but a short time, for others longer. One can scarcely tell from the way an earthly life has taken its course how it will be after death. Many personalities, many souls whom one would not have expected, appear in the sphere of the dead person, because from the physical life one can easily make a wrong assessment. There is a fundamental law, however, that the karmic circle gradually widens, and the whole process of becoming acquainted in this circle takes place exactly as I described it in the Vienna lecture cycle, (see Note 10) where I dealt with life between death and a new birth. What I described there as an important element in the life of the dead is precisely this expanding life of will impulses. The will impulses are now for the dead what mental pictures are for the living, through which the dead person knows, through which he has his consciousness. It is extraordinarily difficult to explain to earthly human beings that a dead person knows essentially through the will, while the earthly human being knows through forming mental pictures. Obviously, this also makes it difficult to come to an understanding with the dead.
One can thus say that this realm entered by the dead as their second realm gradually widens. Later (this is always relative: for one it happens sooner, for another later) more distant karmic relationships are added to immediate ones. I mean this in the following way. When a dead person has spent a certain time in his life between death and a new birth, the circle of his experiences has widened and stretched beyond those souls—be they on earth or over yonder—with whom he had had particularly close karmic relationships. These souls now have karmic relationships apart from those of the dead person. It is like this: person A has a certain relationship with person B but not with person C. One sees how the dead person A lives with B as I have described and expands his experiences beyond B. Later it comes about that B becomes a go-between to person C. Previously A had had no relationship to C, but now he acquires that relationship directly through B's having a karmic relationship to C. Through this, the second realm slowly, gradually expands over an extremely large area. One becomes ever richer, as it were, in such inner experiences, experiences of strengthening or weakening the will, experiences that gradually accustom us to the realm of the dead—or living souls—after we ourselves have gone through the portal of death.
An essential aspect of life between death and a new birth is precisely that as souls we—if I may express myself trivially—increasingly widen our circle of acquaintances. Just as here in earthly existence we widen our experiences between birth and death, just as here we acquaint ourselves with more and more of the world around us, so there we undergo more and more experiences that relate us to the fact that one senses the existence of other souls, that one knows that through some of the souls one experiences a strengthening of the will, through others a weakening. This is an essential part of our experience there.
You can realize the actual significance of this for all existence, for all cosmic existence. It means that actually, in a certain relation between death and a new birth, a spiritual circle of acquaintances is being formed among a great portion of humanity around the earth, not just that faded ribbon the pantheists and mystics dream and thrill about. Really, if we look at what we experience between death and a new birth, we do not live all so far from human beings on earth. This is not an abstract bond but a really concrete one.
just as here on earth the animal realm stands as a third realm above the mineral and plant realms, so across the threshold we perceive as a third realm the realm of certain hierarchies, a realm with beings who never experience earthly incarnations but with whom we come into relation between death and a new birth. This realm of the hierarchies is across the threshold the same thing as what gives us between death and a new birth the fully intense experiences of our I. Through the first two realms we experience “the other”; through the hierarchies we experience ourselves. One can even say that as a spiritual being within the hierarchies man experiences himself as a son, as a child of the hierarchies. He knows himself as be is related to the other human souls as I have described it; he knows himself at the same time as a child of the hierarchies. As he feels himself here, when he perceives himself in the cosmos, as a fusion of the outer, natural forces and the surrounding cosmos, so across the threshold he feels himself organized, as it were, as a spiritual being through participation of the different hierarchies.
Here, if we observe ourselves as human beings—this should certainly not engender any pride in us—we see the so-called lower realm of nature and ourselves placed at the peak of these realms of nature. We go through the portal of death and find over there that we are on the lowest level of the realms of the hierarchies but as the fusion of impulses from the hierarchies. There, however, the fusion comes from above, while here it ascends from below. Whereas here our I is sunk into the physical organism so that it is an extract of the rest of nature, there our spirituality is sunk into the hierarchies and is an extract of them. One can also say that there it is our spirituality with which we clothe ourselves, while here it is our bodily nature in which we are clothed when we come through the portal of birth.
An imaginative perception can already picture the general course of life between death and a new birth. Indeed, it would be extremely sad for a person if he were not able to create such mental pictures. Just think! We are not separated from the dead at all in our life of feeling or of will. What is removed from our gaze is only hidden from our sense perceptions and our mental pictures. It will be a giant step forward in the evolution of the human race on earth, in that part of human evolution that we still must live through, if some day people become conscious of the fact that in their impulses of feeling and will they are one with the dead. Death can indeed rob us of our physical view of the dead and of our thoughts of them. There is nothing that we feel, however, without the dead being there with us in the sphere in which we feel; likewise, there is nothing that we will without the dead being there with us in the sphere in which we will.
I spoke earlier of exceptions regarding the mineral and animal realms. Such exceptions are especially valid for our present epoch. They did not carry much weight formerly, but we do not need to speak of this now. In our time, in which a certain materialistic conviction is of necessity spreading over the earth, human beings can easily miss the chance to acquire spiritual mental pictures during their earthly lives. In yesterday's public lecture I even went so far as to draw attention to how a person, if he fails to acquire spiritual mental pictures during his earthly life, chains himself to this earthly life; in a sense, he cannot escape from it, and he becomes therefore a source of disturbance. Many of the destructive forces working in the earthly sphere come from these dead individuals imprisoned in it. One must have compassion for such human souls rather than judge them critically, because it is not particularly easy to have to remain after death within a realm that is actually not suited to the dead. The realms in this case are the mineral and plant realms, actually that mineral realm that the animals bear within them, that man himself bears within him. These beings are permeated by the mineral realm. For individuals who have not absorbed spiritual mental pictures, the situation is such that they shrink from this experience after death; feelings are aroused at all times, warning them that they cannot enter the realms that govern animal and human spirituality and that they can enter only what is mineral and plant nature. I can scarcely depict this, because language has no words for it. One can only approach slowly and gradually what lies actually at the foundation, because the approach is at first something too frightful.
One must not imagine that such dead souls are then permanently banished from the life I described earlier. They draw near to this life with a certain dismay and fear, however, and rush back again and again into the plant and mineral realms, because the mental pictures they had constructed only have a certain significance in the mineral realm, in the realm of dead objects, the realm of physical mechanisms.
I consider it my main task today, through such mental pictures as these, to arouse in the consciousness an understanding of how the dead are participating in human evolution. One would really like to say these things today in public lectures, but one cannot, because people do not allow themselves such mental pictures unless they have already gone through something that has been communicated in our groups. By describing life between death and a new birth, particularly in its relation to earthly life, one satisfies or, said better, one is fulfilling the demand of our age. For a relatively long time our age has discarded the ancient, instinctive mental pictures concerning the realm of the dead, and now humanity must receive new mental pictures. Humanity must free itself from abstractions about the higher worlds and not merely speak of a kind of general spirituality; it must come truly to perceive what is at work as spirituality. We must be clear that the dead have not died; the dead are still living on and working in the historical process of human evolution. We must be clear that the forces that spiritually surround us are forces of the higher hierarchies but also forces of the dead. The greatest illusion that future humanity could entertain would be to believe that the social life on earth that people develop among themselves through their feelings and their will happens merely through earthly arrangements, with the exclusion of the dead. This simply is not possible, because the dead are already participating within feeling and willing.
It may be asked how it will be possible in the midst of impulses of the new age to develop consciousness in the right way to perceive this kind of gathering with the spiritual world. The evolution of humanity is proceeding in such a way that man in his physical body with his ordinary consciousness is increasingly cut off from the spiritual world. It was in order that man shall once again, as physical man, find the right access to the spiritual world that the Mystery of Golgotha took place in earthly evolution.
The Mystery of Golgotha is not only a one-time event and, as such, the greatest single event in all of earthly evolution. It is also a continuing event, an impulse that continues to be active. Humanity must do something to allow this force to work on it in the right way. For a long time I have been emphasizing that the task of our spiritual science is connected with the impulse of Golgotha, that spiritual science must exist in a certain way for the impulse of Golgotha to be understood in the right way in our age and in the immediate future. You can be sure that, as an earthly science that has become at the same time the world religion, natural science will gain greater and greater influence. I am often reproached for seeming to be unfriendly to the natural sciences, even in their radical developments, a reproach that belongs to the most old-fashioned prejudices imaginable, because whoever understands the course of the evolution of the earth understands that the natural sciences cannot be proved wrong and that, on the contrary, they will spread further and further. A kind of religious belief in them that now sweeps through the world is not to be halted in any way. It will come. It advances confidently, and it comes “for the blessing of humanity!” The time will not be long, perhaps only a few decades, before all the religious faiths will find themselves unable to save even the most simple, primitive human beings from consciousness of a purely natural existence such as natural science cultivates. This is inevitable.
Something else is also certain, however. Just as the purely natural scientific world conception gradually seizes human feeling (Gemuet), it will be less and less possible for the spiritual element itself to be cultivated by natural science. The spiritual element will have to be brought in just as strictly scientific a way, while natural science will still be recognizing the natural existence. Knowledge of natural existence will become more and more necessary for the fulfillment of those tasks that man in the future will have to undertake between birth and death. Whatever will lift him toward the spiritual world, however, will have to come to him from a spiritual science.
There is now a fundamental impulse in the widest circles to grasp the Mystery of Golgotha. This could be seen in earlier epochs, but it is especially apparent in our own time. Today one can already say that the greatest enemies to grasping the Christ impulse are the priests and clergy of the various religious faiths, no matter how strange this may sound. What keeps humanity furthest from the Christ impulse is the way in which the clergy and the theologians interpret this Christ impulse, because they are far from understanding what it actually is.
It is not my intention today to say essential things regarding the Christ impulse. We have already compiled a great deal about it in the course of time and will continue to do so. I would like to bring one aspect before you now, because it seems especially important at the present time, namely, that human beings need to perceive that the Christ impulse must, in the most profound sense, be dealt with differently from other historical impulses. People see that this is so, but they constantly make all kinds of compromises. They speak half-truths; they do not have the courage for the whole truth. What one must perceive is that it is impossible to speak about the Christ impulse with the same methods with which one speaks of ordinary history. Significant theologians say that it is foolish to speak of the Gospels being true in an ordinary historical sense, because all that can be offered as historical proof that Christ lived can be written down on a couple of sheets of paper. Well-known contemporary theologians thus acknowledge that it is useless to look to the Gospels if one wishes to deal with them only as historical sources. There is no way of proving that they are presenting historical facts. This is considered to be self-evident today. All that can be produced as historical proof similar to authentic documents concerning other personalities of world history can be written, according to the famous theologians, on a couple of sheets of paper. The real significance of this is, however, that even what stands written on those few sheets of paper is not true in the ordinary historical sense.
Humanity will have to acknowledge the fact that historical sources, such as there are for Socrates or Caesar, are simply not there for the existence on earth of Christ Jesus.
His existence must be grasped spiritually. This is the essence of the matter. Humanity will have to receive in the Mystery of Golgotha something for which there are no physical proofs but which must be grasped in a spiritual way.
Concerning everything else, humanity can always keep searching for historical proofs, but for the Mystery of Golgotha these will never, in the most profound sense, be of any use. Humanity should be urged not to grasp this important event on earth in a physical-historical way but to try to approach it with a spiritual understanding. He who will not grasp the Mystery of Golgotha through spiritual understanding of earthly evolution, without historical documents, will never be able to grasp it. This is the will of the gods, one can say. Regarding the most important event on earth, humanity must exert spiritual activity. The Mystery of Golgotha can always be refuted historically; humanity can understand it only if it rises to a spiritual comprehension of the world.
Only spiritual science as such can speak of the reality of the Mystery of Golgotha. One could say that everything else is out of date. Read the recent book by a theologian, a book remarkable in spite of everything, which develops all the Jesus theories of the new age, from Lessing to Wrede. You will find proof in such a presentation that in this field, history really must take second place, that there must be a new kind of comprehension. This can be found only on the spiritual scientific path.
We must understand this, my dear friends, and now in our time the moment has come when human beings will really be able to experience in a spiritual way the further activity of the Mystery of Golgotha. This is the reason that I have spoken of the spiritual, etheric reappearance of Christ in the twentieth century and that I presented it in my first Mystery Drama. It will be a spiritual experience, however, a spiritual, clairvoyant experience.
There is thus an inner relationship between the Mystery of Golgotha and the necessary ascent of humanity, starting from our time, to spirituality. Truly, from this time on, human beings must rise to a certain spirituality. They must grasp in this coming time that the Mystery of Golgotha can be comprehended further only by spiritual activity, that Christianity must have an essentially spiritual continuation, not just an outer continuation through historical traditions or more historical research. I hope that what I have just said will not be taken in an abstract sense, so that someone will think, if he picks up one or two concepts about the significance of the Mystery of Golgotha, that he has done everything that needs to be done. It so often happens that way. No, one must approach these things fully concretely. One must not only build mental pictures about the Christ and His activity, but one must also be able to find in a certain way the realm of Christ within the earthly realm. Christ descended into the earthly realm, and one must be able to find His domain.
Natural science, if it has someday developed to its highest level of perfection, will offer a picture of the world as it could come to be without the help of the Mystery of Golgotha. Natural science will never of itself come so far during earthly evolution that a physicist or biologist will be able to speak of the Mystery of Golgotha from his presuppositions. All science, however, will gradually, in so far as it deals with what goes on around us between birth and death, become more and more a natural science. Beside this, spiritual science will be drawing its content from the spiritual kingdom.
The question now, however, is to find not just a science but a way to stand within the spiritual realm, so that we do not find only nature. In nature we will never find the Christ impulse. How are we to find a way actually to place ourselves within the spiritual realm, not merely to have knowledge of it? You recognize from what I have been saying that the consciousness of modern and particularly of future humanity will become a merely natural consciousness, a consciousness of entirely natural facts, but that in addition to this another consciousness must be added. An entirely different consciousness must be added. For this new consciousness, the necessity of comprehending the Mystery of Golgotha as a spiritual fact will be, as it were, only the highest peak. The same approach as is needed for the Mystery of Golgotha, a readiness to penetrate through to the spiritual element in things, will have to extend through the rest of life. This means nothing other than that, beyond a purely natural view of things, there must enter human consciousness an entirely different view of things.
This view of things will come and must come when man learns, just as he now beholds the world of the senses through his sense perceptions, to observe just as consciously the course of his destiny in the world, in great events and small. What do I mean by this? Today man pays little attention to the course of his destiny. Consider some extreme cases, however. I will relate just one to you, which will show you what I mean, and it is only one case out of thousands. One could relate thousands of such cases, countless thousands.
A man leaves his house to go for a walk along a path he knows quite well. It takes him up a mountain slope to a rocky place from which there is a beautiful view. He has often gone to enjoy this view; it is his usual walk. On this day, while he is walking, a thought suddenly strikes him as if out of the blue, “Watch out! Look out!” He hears an inner voice, not as a hallucination but in the spirit, saying, “Why are you going this way? Can you not miss this pleasure just once?” He hears this in the spirit. It makes him hesitate, and he steps off the path to think for a moment. At once a tremendous mass of rock plunges down over the very spot where he would have been had he not stepped aside; it would obviously have killed him.
Now I ask you to consider for a moment what role destiny was playing there. Certainly something was active. The man is still alive. The lives of many human beings on this earth are connected with his life. All of them would have been changed if the rock had killed him. Something was accomplished there. If you try to explain it by natural laws, you will never arrive naturally at the act of destiny that took place there. Certainly you can explain by natural laws how the mass of rock came to be loosened, how the man could have been killed when the rock suddenly fell across his path, and so on. In all that can be said about the matter, however, from the standpoint of natural laws, the laws of destiny are nowhere to be found; it has nothing to do with them.
I have related to you an extreme case, but our lives are composed of just such things, in so far as our lives are a matter of destiny. It is just that man does not notice it; he pays no attention to these things. He does not notice these things as he notices what is conveyed to him through his senses as natural facts. From day to day, from hour to hour, from moment to moment, things happen of which only one example has been given, the extreme case I have just described. Think how often, for instance, you are about to leave your house and are delayed half an hour (one must study even the small things). Such things and similar ones happen thousands of times during our lives. You only see what happens when you have been delayed that half hour; you do not consider what would have happened completely differently if you had gone out as scheduled half an hour earlier!
Quite another realm is thus continually reaching into our lives, the realm of destiny, a realm to which as yet modern man pays no attention, because he casts his gaze only at what has happened and has no interest in what is constantly being prevented from happening in his life. None of you sitting here this evening can possibly know whether three hours ago you may have undertaken something that was then prevented from happening, something that would have kept you from sitting here tonight, perhaps even from still being alive tonight. You see only the thing for which spiritual impulses were already gathered in manifold ways, through which the thing did occur. You do not usually consider with ordinary consciousness that what you do in life is a result of participating spiritual impulses. Once you begin to grasp this fact, once you realize that there is a realm of destiny just as there is a realm of nature, you will find that this realm of destiny is no poorer in content than the realm of nature. Into this realm of destiny, however, which reveals itself, I should like to say, with particular clarity when some extreme incident occurs such as I have just related—becoming obvious to the human intellect—into this realm of destiny works what I was describing earlier this evening. Into the feelings and into the will impulses through which destiny moves are working the impulses of the dead. In spite of the fact that a man who says such things today is still looked upon by the entire “intelligentsia” as a superstitious fool, it is nevertheless true that, with the same exactness with which one expresses a natural law today, one can also make the following assertion: when someone has heard such a voice, it is this or that dead person who has spoken at the behest of one or another hierarchy; furthermore, from morning till evening, and especially from evening till morning, during our sleep, the impulses of the dead are constantly working into us, together with the impulses of the spiritual hierarchies who work in our destiny.
I would like to mention something here. You know already about the daimon of Socrates and what Socrates, that wise Greek, said about it, that everything he did, he did under the influence of his daimon. I spoke of this Socratic daimon in my small book, The Spiritual Guidance of Man and Mankind. In my recent book, Riddles of the Soul (see Note 12) the second chapter speaks of that learned individual, Dessoir, and you can see what he had to say about such things. I drew attention there to Socrates’ daimon. It was a matter of Socrates' coming to consciousness of something that is active in all human beings. Before the Mystery of Golgotha, certain beings directed what the dead were to carry into human life. These beings lost their power at the time of the Mystery of Golgotha, and the Christ impulse took their place. Now you have the Christ impulse bound to human destiny in the way described by spiritual science. The forces, the impulses of the dead work as I have described into the sphere of our will and feeling. The dead are active, but they also experience strengthening or weakening of their own will. This whole realm is an earthly realm, an earthly realm just like the realm of nature. Since the Mystery of Golgotha, however, the Christ impulse is living within it. Christ is the directing power in this realm that I have described.
One will therefore have to found a science of the Mystery of Golgotha. It will have to be known in the future that, just as the world of natural facts permeates our world, so also a realm of destiny permeates it as the opposite pole. This realm of destiny is still scarcely noticed today. It will have to be studied in the future just as fully as the realm of nature. When one does so, one will know that in this realm of destiny one is bound up with the dead. One will know that this realm, which we have in common with the dead, is at the same time the realm of Christ. Christ descended to earth to unfold his influence through the Mystery of Golgotha in order to share with human beings on earth what we have in common with the dead, in so far as the dead are active in the earthly sphere. (I refer now not to exceptional incidents but to normal cases.)
This must not remain merely an abstract truth, merely a conceptual truth, or perhaps just a “Sunday truth,” to be recalled occasionally “because, after all, something of the sort might possibly be true.” Man should walk through this realm of destiny as consciously as he walks through the realm of his sense perceptions; he should be able to go through the world making use of his eyes and yet also feeling himself to be woven right into this realm of destiny; he should be able to feel that in this realm the forces of Christ are always united with the forces of the dead. If these things were the case, dear friends, humanity would develop in itself a real, concrete, and sensitive life with the dead. One would experience, if one felt this or that or engaged in this or that, that one is united with loved ones who have already passed on. Life would become endlessly enriched.
At the present time we do not altogether forget our departed ones. We hold them in our memory. An intense life—and that will be the only true life, because otherwise life will be slept through in so far as destiny is concerned—will take hold of humanity and will lead one not only to hold the dead in the memory but to the knowledge that when you do this, when you work toward that, when you undertake this, when you succeed in that, this or that dead soul is participating. Our bonds with the dead are by no means severed by death; they continue. This enrichment of life is the prospect for humanity in the future of the earth. In this fifth post-Atlantean epoch, humanity is actually evolving in the direction I have been describing, and truly, humanity will not be able to survive the sixth epoch if people do not begin to feel these things in the right way, unless they take the reality of destiny into their consciousness just as completely as they now absorb the reality of natural occurrences.
We must perceive concretely the connection of the Mystery of Golgotha with the problem of death. This is what I wished to point out today. This is something that is intimately related to what must now enter the consciousness of humanity, because among the many things lost by humanity is the possibility of still experiencing true reality in the feeling and will impulses. Human beings have gradually been lulled into a great illusion, namely, that they can shape this earthly life according to earthly laws. This is the greatest illusion to which humanity can succumb. We find its radical extreme, for example, in the purely materialistic socialism, which arranges everything according to economic laws, in other words, according to purely physical laws. Obviously, materialistic socialism would never accept the idea that when we human beings do the smallest deed among ourselves, the dead are participating. Socialism is the extreme in one direction. At the opposite pole is the extreme of which all so-called idealists now dream, to create, without regard to anything spiritual, purely programmatic organizations throughout the world, both domestic and international, to promote programs through which supposedly all war will be abolished. It is impossible to convince people who cherish such an illusion that they do not thereby destroy what they wish to destroy but rather are burdening themselves all the more with the monster they had wished to destroy. There is plenty of good will in these things. It is simply what must emerge from the materialistic consciousness of this time, what results—I would like to say—as the political peak of the whole essence of the world.
It will lead to the exact opposite of the desired goal. The important development that must spread over the earth is an understanding of destiny. It is this that must take hold in the making of laws and the forming of political organizations, because it must provide the foundation for the structure of social conditions. Whatever is incompatible with the spiritual evolution of humanity will simply dissolve; it will break down or wear out. This is all closely connected with what the signs of the times are proclaiming today. We have no need here to do political campaigning, if I may express it so crudely; naturally, we would not do that. The demands of the times, however, must be observed carefully by persons who wish to concern themselves with the spiritual evolution of humanity. It must be understood that on the path most commonly traveled today, the Christ will only be lost. He can be won as the rightful king and lord of the earth only through humanity's ascent to spirituality. Of this you may be sure: Christ must not be sought as the various faiths seek Him today, faiths that in a remarkable way have already acceded to every possible compromise in interpreting Christ—here and there they have even agreed on how to celebrate the Christ as a god of slaughter. Christ must be sought where He is to be found in reality, through human beings coming to understand the realm of destiny as a reality in which Christ will be found, as we have suggested today. Only then will an international organization have been created that will signify the spread of real Christianity over the earth.
You have only to reflect for a moment to realize that we have not yet approached this goal. Think what would happen if you were to offer all the people who now talk about wishing to establish peace around the world—and who does not talk about it!—a program to make Christ available to humanity. Then peace would come, lasting peace, in so far as it is at all possible on earth. Imagine what all those organizations (created, I grant you, out of sincere good will) would say if you presented them with such a program! We have even experienced a “peace program” going out from “Christ's representative on earth.” You will not have found within it, however, much of Christ. I know that these things are not taken seriously enough at the present time. Unless they are taken seriously, humanity will not be able to follow a healthy path. Just as it is a necessity that the Mystery of Golgotha be grasped on a spiritual level, so it is also a necessity that human beings understand clearly the signs of the times, that they see in spiritual science something without which even the outer social structure of the future cannot emerge.
In closing, I am obliged to say something to you that I have also had to say to the other groups. It is an unpleasant task. This matter is known to most of our friends; even so, I must make formal statements for the sake of completeness. I do not know whether you are all aware that the most unbelievable slanders are being circulated in the world, tales of a character that one wonders how such a monstrous impulse could invade people's minds. Our spiritual scientific movement must be protected from such—one has to say it—vicious slanders. It is necessary, therefore, for the immediate future, regardless of the fact that help ought to be available to our friends for problems relating to esoteric development, that what have been private conferences in the ordinary sense can no longer take place. It is precisely these private conferences that have given rise to the slanders. This statement in itself would be incomplete, however; a second must follow it, namely, that whoever wishes to—obviously, only whoever wishes to!—may relate quite frankly and fully everything that has been said or done at any time in these conferences. There is nothing in our movement that needs to be hidden, if one speaks the truth.
I am obliged to take these two steps. Give me a little time, however, and I am sure other ways and means will be found by which to allow everyone their spiritual scientific rights. The spiritual scientific movement must not be interrupted, however, by things that have nothing whatever to do with it. It is therefore particularly those who belong most truly and honestly to our movement who must understand that these conferences in the ordinary sense can no longer take place and that I also release everyone from any kind of obligation. Anyone anywhere may make known what he wishes; no one must, of course, but as far as I am concerned there is no restriction, for there is nothing that cannot be told if one reports the reality, the truth. In order that the truth may be established, however, both requirements must be fulfilled. It gives me much sorrow to have to take these measures. I know, however, that the friends who stand closest to our movement will fully perceive its necessity and will be in complete agreement with it.
We need to be conscious now of the seriousness of our present situation. For this reason, such a gathering as this is for me a particularly important, serious event. Especially now, in this catastrophic time, I hope we can be truly permeated by the consciousness that we need to stand together in support of our anthroposophical cause, to stand together in the spirit. Even if for the time being we find we are not able to meet together in space, let us remain together in spirit. This is the wish I would express as I part from you: we have been together in space; now perhaps for a time we must be together only in the spirit.
Die Drei Reiche Der Toten Das Leben Zwischen Tod Und Neuer Geburt
Ich knüpfe an an Betrachtungen, die ich hier angestellt habe in einem vorigen Vortrage, gewissermaßen um fortzusetzen diese Betrachtungen, die in der Linie desjenigen liegen, wovon ich überzeugt sein muß, daß sie gerade jetzt unter uns besprochen werden müssen. Denn geradeso wie ich die Meinung haben muß, daß jetzt in den öffentlichen Vorträgen, die von anthroposophischer Seite gehalten werden, ganz bestimmte, durch die Zeichen unserer schweren Zeit herausgeforderte Dinge gesagt werden müssen, zu den Ohren der Menschen dringen müssen, so bin ich auch notwendigerweise der Anschauung, daß unter uns selbst ganz bestimmte geisteswissenschaftliche Wahrheiten jetzt besprochen werden müssen.
In einem vorigen Vortrage hat es sich nämlich darum gehandelt, zu sprechen über das Hereinleben der durch die Pforte des Todes gegangenen Seelen in das Erdenleben. Wir haben Betrachtungen angestellt über die Art und Weise, wie die Impulse der sogenannten Toten fortwirken in demjenigen, was hier auf Erden durch Menschen vollbracht wird, wie Zusammenhänge geschaffen werden zwischen den Kräften der sogenannten Toten und der Lebendigen. Und wir wollen heute einiges, das innig zu diesem Thema gehört, hinzufügen.
Vor allen Dingen ist es notwendig, sich klarzumachen, daß dieses Leben zwischen dem Tode und einer neuen Geburt von uns zwar in gewissem Sinne nur mit Bildern dargestellt werden kann, die entnommen sind dem Sinnlichen, dem physischen Erdenleben, den Vorstellungen, die wir uns innerhalb dieses physischen Erdenlebens bilden, daß aber das Leben im Bereiche der Toten doch eben ein solches ist, daß es sich nur sehr schwer fassen läßt mit den Begriffen und Vorstellungen, die wir uns im Erdenwerden bilden. Man muß daher versuchen, von verschiedenen Seiten her sich diesem Leben zu nähern.
Ein Versuch, möchte ich sagen, ist einmal gemacht worden unmittelbar vor dem Ausbruch dieser Weltkatastrophe in jenem Wiener Zyklus, wo ich über das Leben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt im Zusammenhange mit den inneren Kräften der Seele gesprochen habe. Heute möchte ich vor allen Dingen darauf aufmerksam machen, daß ein Gebiet, das dem Menschen im Erdenleben in einer gewissen Beziehung die Hauptsache ist und die Hauptsache sein muß, daß ein gewisses Gebiet aus den Erfahrungen, aus den Erlebnissen der durch die Todespforte gegangenen Seelen ausgeschlossen ist.
Denken Sie nur, wieviel wir haben als Erdenmenschen durch Vorstellungen, die uns zukommen aus der mineralischen und aus der pflanzlichen Welt. Wir müssen zu diesen Vorstellungen aus der mineralischen und pflanzlichen Welt auch alles dasjenige hinzuzählen, was uns aus dem Himmelsraume an Vorstellungen, an Eindrücken, an Wahrnehmungen zukommt: der bestirnte Himmel über uns, die Sonne, der Mond, indem sie uns physische Bilder als Wahrnehmungen ermöglichen während unseres Erdenlebens, gehören durchaus zu dem, was ich jetzt zur mineralischen Natur rechne. Diese mineralische und im wesentlichen - ich sage: im wesentlichen auch die pflanzliche Natur als Natur sind ausgeschlossen von dem, was wahrgenommen wird in der Zeit zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt. Dasjenige, was nach dieser Richtung hin als besonders charakteristisch hervorgehoben werden kann mit Bezug auf die Erlebnisse der sogenannten Toten, das ist, daß, wenn wir der mineralischen oder der pflanzlichen Natur gegenüberstehen, wir Menschen hier auf der Erde ein ganz bestimmtes Bewußtsein haben. Wir haben ja bei anderer Gelegenheit davon gesprochen, daß es eine Illusion ist, von der Schmerzlosigkeit oder Lustlosigkeit des mineralischen und des pflanzlichen Reiches zu sprechen. Durch dasjenige aber, was wir Menschen mit unseren Handlungen ausführen, machen wir Eindrücke auf das mineralische Reich und auch auf das pflanzliche Reich, von denen wir mit einem gewissen Recht sagen können, daß sie ohne solche Eindrücke, ohne solche Wirkungen bleiben, welche Schmerz oder Lust, Leid oder Freude verbreiten. Wir wissen, wenn wir als Menschen einen Stein zerschlagen, daß da gewisse Elementarwesen allerdings solche Lust, solches Leid empfinden, aber in unser gewöhnliches, alltägliches Bewußtsein kommt das nicht; so daß man also innerhalb des Erlebens des gewöhnlichen Erdenmenschen davon sprechen kann, daß er das Gefühl haben muß: Wenn er Steine zerklopft, wenn er irgendeine Verrichtung unternimmt innerhalb desjenigen, was mineralischer und im wesentlichen auch pflanzlicher Natur ist, so bereitet es seiner Umgebung weder Lust noch Schmerz.
Das aber gibt es gar nicht in dem Reiche, das der Mensch betritt, wenn er durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen ist. Darüber muß man sich vor allen Dingen klar sein, daß das Geringste, was dort der Mensch vollbringt - wir müssen uns eben der Worte unserer Erdensprache bedienen -, etwa wenn er nur anrührt irgend etwas, so ist das verbunden in diesem geistigen Reiche entweder mit Lust oder Leid, und ruft auch hervor irgendwie Sympathie oder Antipathie.
Also Sie müssen sich dieses Reich der Toten so vorstellen, daß, wo Sie es nur gewissermaßen berühren, Sie eine solche Berührung gar nicht ausführen können, ohne daß dasjenige, was Sie berühren, für sich Lust und Leid empfindet, aber auch irgendwelche Sympathien oder Antipathien entwickelt. Angedeutet ist das schon in meiner «Theosophie», wo von dem Seelenreiche gesprochen ist, und wo die wichtigsten Kräfte dieses Seelenreiches eben in den Kräften der Sympathie und Antipathie gesucht werden. Aber man muß solche Dinge in seine lebendigen Vorstellungen aufnehmen. Man muß, indem man sich bewußt wird des Zusammenwirkens gewissermaßen des Totenreiches und des Reiches der sogenannten Lebendigen, man muß sich auch bewußt sein, wie man sich vorzustellen hat, daß der Tote gewissermaßen in seinem Reiche schaltet und waltet. Er schaltet so, daß er sich gewissermaßen immer bewußt sein muß: er ruft Sympathie oder Antipathie hervor, Leid oder Freude, alles, was er tut, bringt, wenn ich so sagen darf, diese Resonanz hervor, diese lebendige Empfindung. Etwas, was man in dem Sinne unseres pflanzlichen und tierischen Reiches unempfindlich nennen könnte, gibt es jenseits der Pforte des Todes gar nicht.
Das ist gewissermaßen die Charakteristik des alleruntersten Reiches, in das der Mensch eintritt, wenn er durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen ist; wie er, wenn er hier durch die Pforte der Geburt das physische Reich betritt, in das unterste Gebiet, in das Mineralreich eintritt, so tritt er dort, indem er das geistige Reich berührt, in ein Reich allgemeiner Empfindungsfähigkeit, in ein Reich der waltenden Sympathie und Antipathie. Innerhalb dieses Reiches entfaltet er seine Kräfte; innerhalb dieses Reiches wirkt er. Wenn wir uns vorstellen, er handelt dort, so müssen wir uns zugleich vorstellen: von diesen Handlungen gehen aus fortwährende empfindungtragende Kräfte, Sympathien und Antipathien tragende Kräfte.
Was bedeuten im gesamten Zusammenhange des Weltenalls diese empfindungtragenden Kräfte? Sehen Sie, da kommt man auf ein Kapitel, welches eigentlich wirklich nur durch geistige Wissenschaft für das physische Erdenleben gelöst werden kann, ein Kapitel, dessen Wichtigkeit gleich von Ihnen eingesehen werden wird, wenn Sie die ganze Tragweite überdenken. Vieles tritt gerade in der gegenwärtigen Zeit so auf, daß der Mensch, der immer mehr und mehr nur dasjenige gelten lassen will für eine Welterklärung, was er innerhalb der physischen Welt findet, verzichtet auf eine Erklärung, daß er absieht von einer Erklärung.
So etwas, wo in der neueren Zeit abgesehen worden ist von einer Erklärung, ist das Prinzip der Entwickelung für die mit uns die Erde bewohnenden tierischen Wesen. Ich brauche Sie nur darauf aufmerksam zu machen, was alles in der neueren Zeit aufgetreten ist, um das, was man Entwickelungslehre nennt, zu stützen. Mit einem gewissen Recht spricht man so heute von der Entwickelung der tierischen Welt, daß man annimmt, diese tierische Welt habe sich aus unvollkommeneren Wesen zu vollkommeneren heraufentwickelt. Besser würde man sagen: Sie habe sich von undifferenzierten Wesen zu immer differenzierteren und differenzierteren entwickelt, bis herauf zur menschlichen Natur, insofern der Mensch ein physisches Wesen ist. Diese Entwickelungslehre ist zum großen Teil auch schon in das populäre Bewußtsein der Menschheit eingegangen, sie ist in einem gewissen Sinne sogar schon ein Bestandteil der weltlichen Religion der Menschheit geworden, und die Religionen, die Konfessiionen selbst bemühen sich ja, mit dieser Entwickelungslehre zu rechnen. Sie haben, wenigstens in ihren wichtigeren Vertretern, nicht mehr den Mut, den sie noch vor kurzer Zeit gehabt haben: gegen diese Entwickelungslehre aufzutreten. Sie haben sie gewissermaßen akzeptiert und finden sich damit ab.
Nun aber, wenn man frägt: Was wirkt denn da eigentlich in der Entwickelung der tierischen Wesen, wenn sich solche tierischen Wesen von unvollkommenen an zu vollkommeneren entwickeln, was wirkt überhaupt in all dem, was man in der tierischen Welt beobachten kann, nicht nur in der Entwickelung, sondern überhaupt in dem Dasein der tierischen Welt? So sonderbar es dem heutigen Menschen noch klingt: Dasjenige, was einem entgegentritt, wenn man wirklich durch das schauende Bewußtsein eintritt in das Reich, das von den Toten bewohnt wird, dasjenige, was in der tierischen Welt beherrschend wirkt durch einen großen Teil dieser tierischen Welt hindurch, das sind Kräfte, die von den Toten ausgehen. Der Mensch ist berufen, im Kosmos Mitbeherrscher der Impulse zu sein. - Im mineralischen Reiche hat er nur dasjenige zu tun, was er durch seine Technik verfertigt an Maschinen und dergleichen nach den Gesetzen des mineralischen Reiches, im pflanzlichen Reich mit dem, was er als Gärtner, als Pflanzer züchtet. Mit diesen Reichen hat er also höchstens in zweiter Linie zu tun in der Zeit, die er zubringt zwischen der Geburt und dem Tode. Mit demjenigen Reiche aber, das hier auf der Erde im tierischen Dasein sich spiegelt, hat er zu tun, indem ihm nach dem Tode sofort Kräfte erwachsen, indem er sofort in ein Gebiet von Kräften eintritt, welche dieses tierische Reich beherrschen. Da arbeitet er darinnen. Das ist gewissermaßen ebenso für ihn die Basis, die Grundlage seines Wirkens, wie für uns die mineralische Welt ist; das ist der Grund und Boden, auf dem man dort steht.
Es erhebt sich, wie sich für uns während unseres Daseins in der physischen Welt das Pflanzenreich erhebt auf Grundlage des mineralischen Reiches, auf der Grundlage dieses Reiches von waltenden Sympathien und Antipathien, die sich dann fortsetzen in das Leben des irdischen Tierreiches hinein, ein zweites Reich, welches nun nicht so wirkt im Toten, daß er bloß Lust und Leid empfindet, daß er bloß von Empfindungen getragene Impulse aussendet, die sich dann fortsetzen, die dann wirken, sondern dieses zweite Reich, das sich da erhebt, das wirkt im wesentlichen zusammen mit dem, was man nennen könnte Erstarkung und Ablähmung der dem Toten nach dem Tode eignenden Willenskräfte. Sie müssen, wenn Sie sich über diese Willenskräfte richtig unterrichten wollen, etwas nachlesen in dem genannten Wiener Zyklus, wo ich charakterisiert habe, wie der Wille, der der Menschenseele eignet zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, nicht genau so ist wie das, was wir hier im physischen Leben Wille nennen; aber wir können immerhin vom Willen sprechen, obwohl der Wille dort ganz anders, namentlich von Gefühlselementen und noch von einem anderen Elemente durchsetzt ist, das es hier auf Erden gar nicht gibt. Aber dieser Wille, der ist nach dem Tode für die Menschenseelen in einem fortwährenden Aufundabfluten begriffen. Wenn man mit einem Toten verkehrt, so erlebt man sein Seelenleben so, daß einem in einem Augenblicke entgegentritt: Er fühlt sich verstärkt in seinen Willensimpulsen, er fühlt sich in sich selbst stärker; in einem anderen Augenblicke lähmt sich der Wille etwas ab, schläft gewissermaßen ein. So flutet zwischen Stärkerwerden und Schwächerwerden dieser Wille dahin. Und dieses Fluten zwischen Stärkerwerden und Schwächerwerden des Willens, das ist ein großer Teil, ein wichtiger, wesentlicher Teil im Leben des Toten.
Dieses Stärker- und Schwächerwerden des Willens, das sind aber Impulse, welche nun nicht etwa bloß in die Basis des Totenreiches hineinfluten, sondern welche hineinfluten in das Menschenreich hier auf Erden, zwar nicht in die Gedanken des gewöhnlichen Bewußtseins, wohl aber in alles dasjenige, was die Menschen hier - ich werde das morgen sogar im öffentlichen Vortrage zu besprechen haben - selbst erleben als Willensimpulse, aber auch als Gefühlsimpulse.
Das ist ja das Eigentümliche, daß der Mensch klar in seinem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein als physischer Erdenmensch eigentlich nur seine Sinneswahrnehmung und seine Gedanken erlebt. Waches Bewufßtsein ist nur in bezug auf dieses Wahrnehmen und Denken vorhanden; Gefühle werden eigentlich nur geträumt, und der Wille wird überhaupt verschlafen. Niemand weiß so, wie er von seinen Gedanken weiß, was sich vollzieht, wenn er nur eine Hand aufhebt, wenn der Wille also in seine Leiblichkeit hineinspielt. Auch das Walten des Gefühls, obwohl es etwas heller im Bewußtsein anwesend ist als das Walten des Willens, ist dunkel, ist nicht heller als dasjenige, was wir im Traume als Bilder vor uns haben. Leidenschaften, Affekte, Gefühle, sie werden in Wahrheit nur geträumt, sie werden nicht in der Helligkeit des Bewußtseins in den Vorstellungen und in den Sinneswahrnehmungen gelebt, erfahren; und der Wille schon gar nicht. In diesem, was da als Schlaf, als Traum in das alltägliche Leben hineinspielt, in dem lebt mit der Tote. Er lebt mit Seelen, die auf der Erde im physischen Leibe verkörpert sind, in ihnen lebt er gerade so, wie wir innerhalb der Pflanzenwelt leben, nur daß wir mit der Pflanzenwelt nicht innig verbunden sind, der Tote aber mit unseren Gefühlen, Affekten, mit unseren Willensimpulsen innig verbunden ist; er lebt fort in alledem.
Das ist sein zweites Reich. Und während wir hier unsere Gefühle, unsere Empfindungen im Menschenleben entfalten, lebt in diesem Leben seelenhaftig der Tote mit fort, und zwar so, daß gerade jenes Fluten, das ich beschrieben habe als Stärker- und Schwächerwerden des Willens, als Verstärkung und Ablähmung des Willens des Toten, in einer gewissen Beziehung eins ist mit dem, was auf Erden hier als Gefühle und Willensimpulse der sogenannten Lebendigen erträumt und erschlafen wird.
Sie sehen daraus, wie wenig eigentlich das Reich der Toten von unserem Erdenreiche wirklich getrennt ist, wie innige Verbindung zwischen diesen Reichen ist. Wie gesagt, unter normalen Verhältnissen wird der Tote nichts zu tun haben - mit den Ausnahmen, die ich nachher besprechen werde - mit dem mineralischen und pflanzlichen Reiche; wohl aber hat er zu tun mit dem, was im tierischen Reiche vorgeht. Das ist gewissermaßen der Boden, auf dem er steht. Er hat aber zu tun mit dem, was im menschlichen Gefühls- und Willensreiche vor sich geht. In diesem Reiche sind wir von den Toten durchaus nicht getrennt. Aber die Sache ist so: Man kann, wenn man durch die Pforte des Todes geht, indem man diese Verstärkungen und Schwächungen des Willens erlebt, leben mit den sogenannten Lebendigen im physischen Leibe; aber nicht mit allen, nicht mit irgendeinem. Sondern da ist das bestimmte Gesetz, daß man leben kann nur mit denjenigen, mit denen man irgendwie karmisch verknüpft ist. Also ein karmisch ganz Fremder, der hier lebt, ist für einen Toten nicht wahrnehmbar, gar nicht vorhanden. Die Welt, die der Tote erlebt, die umgrenzt sich durch das Karma, das sich hier im Leben angesponnen hat. Nur ist diese Welt nicht beschränkt auf diejenigen Seelen, die hier auf Erden sind, sondern sie dehnt sich aus auch über diejenigen Seelen, die selbst schon durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen sind.
Dieses zweite Reich umfaßt also alle Verbindungen, welche der Mensch karmisch eingegangen ist mit denjenigen, die noch auf Erden sind, und mit denjenigen Seelen, die gleich ihm selber durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen sind. Es erhebt sich also auf einem Reich, das den Toten gemeinsam ist, auf einem Reiche des tierischen Daseins, wobei wir uns nicht so sehr irdische Tiere vorzustellen haben. Ich habe ausdrücklich gesagt, diese irdischen Tiere spiegeln dasjenige, was in der geistigen Welt vorhanden ist, die Gattungsseele des Tieres. In bezug auf die Toten müssen wir mehr an das Geistige des Tierischen denken, auf diesem gemeinsamen Boden erhebt sich dann in ganz anderem Sinne, als das hier in unserem Erdenreich der Fall ist, für jeden Toten ein individuelles karmisches Reich; denn der eine hat diese, der andere jene Verbindung geschlossen. Denn nur dasjenige ist da vom Menschenreich, womit karmische Verbindungen geschlossen sind.
Und noch ein anderes Gesetz herrscht da, welches uns zeigt, wie eigentlich dieses zweite Reich sich aufbaut. Zunächst ist dasjenige, was in diesem Reiche auf den Toten so wirkt, daß es seine Willenskräfte verstärkt oder sie ablähmt, zunächst auf einen Kreis beschränkt, der im wesentlichen durch das letzte Erdenleben oder sogar vielleicht nur durch Teile des letzten Erdenlebens gebildet wird. Diejenigen, die ihm besonders nahegestanden haben, diejenigen, mit denen der durch die Pforte des Todes Gegangene besonders eng verbunden war, die sind es, mit denen er besonders intensiv lebt. Und erst allmählich dehnt sich dieser Kreis aus über diejenigen, mit denen er im weiteren karmische Verbindungen eingegangen ist.
Und das alles dauert keineswegs für jeden dieselbe Zeit, sondern für manchen kürzer, für manchen länger. Man kann kaum aus dem irdischen Verlauf des Lebens ersehen, wie sich das nach dem Tode macht. Manche Persönlichkeiten, manche Seelen treten auf, ohne daß man es erwartet, im Bereiche des Toten, weil man aus dem physischen Leben sehr leicht falsche Schlüsse ziehen kann. Aber das ist ein Grundgesetz: daß sich der Kreis allmählich erweitert. Und das ganze Einleben in diesen Kreis, das geschieht eben so, wie ich es in jenem Vortragszyklus, der da handelt von dem Leben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, geschildert habe; was in diesem, was ich da geschildert habe, eintritt in dieses Leben des Toten, das ist eben dieses sich ausbreitende Leben der Willensimpulse, die jetzt ganz genau so im Toten sind, wie die Vorstellungen im Lebendigen, durch die der Tote weiß, durch die der Tote sein Bewußtsein hat. Es ist außerordentlich schwierig, dem Erdenmenschen klarzumachen, daß der Tote im wesentlichen durch den Willen weiß, während der Erdenmensch im wesentlichen durch die Vorstellung weiß. Das macht selbstverständlich auch die Verständigung mit dem Toten schwierig.
Das erweitert sich, kann man sagen, das Reich, in das sich der Tote als in das zweite Reich einlebt, immer mehr und mehr. Später — aber dieses «später» ist immer relativ, bei dem einen tritt es früher, bei dem anderen tritt es später ein - kommen dann zu den unmittelbaren karmischen Verbindungen die mittelbaren hinzu.
Das meine ich so: Wenn ein Toter eine gewisse Zeit in dem Reiche zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt zugebracht hat, so hat sich der Kreis seiner Erlebnisse erweitert und erstreckt sich über diejenigen Seelen - seien sie auf der Erde, seien sie drüben -, mit denen er in unmittelbar karmische Verbindung getreten ist. Nun aber haben diese Seelen wiederum karmische Verbindungen ihrerseits, die nicht zugleich karmische Verbindungen des Toten, den ich meine, sind. Also ich will so sagen: Die Persönlichkeit A hat eine karmische Verbindung mit der Persönlichkeit B, aber nicht mit der Persönlichkeit C. Da sieht man, wie der Tote seine Erlebnisse über die Persönlichkeit B ausdehnt, wie er mit der lebt in der geschilderten Weise. Später kommt dann dazu, daß der B ein Vermittler wird zu dem C. Der A hat keine Beziehung zu dem C, aber er bekommt eine Beziehung mittelbar dadurch, daß der B eine karmische Verbindung zu dem C hat. Dadurch aber erweitert sich dieses zweite Reich zwar langsam, aber allmählich über ein sehr, sehr großes Feld. Man wird gewissermaßen immer reicher und reicher an solchem inneren Erleben, an solchen Erlebnissen, die Verstärkung und Schwächung des Willens sind, die uns einleben müssen in das Reich der toten, oder lebendigen Seelen, wenn wir selber durch die Pforte des Todes gegangen sind.
Und ein wesentlicher Teil des Lebens zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt besteht eben gerade darinnen, daß wir als Seelen - wenn ich mich trivial ausdrücken darf - immer weitere und weitere Bekanntschaften machen. Wie wir hier im Erdendasein unsere Erfahrungen erweitern zwischen der Geburt und dem Tode, wie wir hier immer mehr und mehr die Welt um uns herum kennenlernen, so machen wir dort immer mehr und mehr Erlebnisse durch, welche sich darauf beziehen, daß man das Dasein anderer Seelen so empfindet, daß man weiß: Durch irgend etwas in diesen Seelen erfährt man selber eine Willensstärkung, durch anderes eine Willensschwächung. Ein wesentlicher Teil des Erlebens besteht dort darinnen.
Sie können daraus entnehmen, was das eigentlich für das Gesamtdasein, für das gesamte kosmische Dasein bedeutet. Es bedeutet, daß nicht nur dieses verwaschene Einheitsband zwischen der ganzen Menschheit besteht, von dem die Pantheisten und die phantastischen Mystiker schwärmen und träumen, sondern daß tatsächlich in einer gewissen Beziehung zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt spirituelle Bekanntschaften zwischen einem großen Teil der Menschheit über die Erde hin geschlossen werden. Wir stehen, wenn wir auf das blicken, was wir zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt erleben, den Erdenmenschen wirklich nicht allzuferne. Es ist nicht ein abstraktes, sondern ein wirklich konkretes Band.
Wie hier dann auf der Erde das Tierreich als ein drittes Reich sich aufstellt über das mineralische und über das pflanzliche Reich, so drüben als ein drittes Reich das Reich gewisser Hierarchien, das wir erblicken als ein Reich von solchen Wesenheiten, die niemals irdische Verkörperung erfahren, mit denen wir aber in Beziehungen treten zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt. Dieses Reich der Hierarchien, das ist drüben zugleich dasjenige, was uns zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt die volle Intensität unseres IchErlebens gibt. Durch die zwei ersten Reiche erleben wir das andere; uns selbst erleben wir durch die Hierarchien. Und damit ist auch schon gesagt, daß der Mensch als geistiges Wesen sich innerhalb der Hierarchien drüben erlebt als Sohn, als Kind der Hierarchien. Er weiß sich mit den anderen menschlichen Seelen verbunden, wie ich es geschildert habe, er weiß sich aber auch zu gleicher Zeit als Kind der Hierarchien. Wie er sich hier als Zusammenfluß der äußeren natürlichen Kräfte des umgebenden Kosmos fühlen muß, wenn er sich erkennt im Kosmos, so fühlt er sich drüben, ich möchte sagen, organisiert aus dem Zusammenwirken der verschiedenen Hierarchien als geistiges Wesen.
Wir blicken hier, wenn wir uns als Menschen betrachten - das braucht uns ja nicht zum Hochmut zu führen -, auf die sogenannten niederen Reiche und sehen uns hier als Menschen gewissermaßen an die Spitze dieser Naturreiche gestellt. Wir gehen durch die Pforte des Todes und finden uns drüben als das unterste der Hierarchienreiche, aber als den Zusammenfluß - nur daß der Zusammenfluß von oben heruntergeht, so wie er hier von unten hinaufgeht - der Impulse der Hierarchien. Wie hier unser Ich eingesenkt ist in unsere Leiblichkeit, so daß es ein Extrakt ist der übrigen Natur, so ist dort unsere Geistigkeit eingesenkt in die Hierarchien, ein Extrakt der Hierarchien, in dasjenige, von dem man sagen kann: Es ist dort unsere Geistigkeit, wie hier unsere Leiblichkeit dasjenige ist, in das wir uns einkleiden, wenn wir durch die Pforte der Geburt treten.
Also das imaginative Erkennen kann sich schon Vorstellungen machen über den Grundriß des Lebens zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt. Es wäre auch für den Menschen außerordentlich traurig, wenn er sich solche Vorstellungen gar nicht bilden könnte. Denn denken Sie doch nur, daß wir mit unserem Gefühls- und Willensleben gar nicht getrennt sind von dem Reiche der Toten. Dasjenige, was sich unserem Anblicke entzieht, das ist nur aus unserer Vorstellung und aus unseren Sinneswahrnehmungen entschwunden. Es wird einen Riesenfortschritt in der Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechtes auf der Erde bedeuten, für den Teil des Erdenlebenslaufes, den dieses Menschengeschlecht noch zu durchleben hat, wenn die Menschen das Bewußtsein hier in sich aufnehmen werden: In ihren Gefühlsimpulsen, in ihren Willensimpulsen sind sie mit den Toten eines! - Der Tod kann uns überhaupt nur den physischen Anblick der Toten rauben. Aber wir können nichts fühlen, ohne daß in der Sphäre, in der wir fühlen, die Toten anwesend sind, nichts wollen, ohne daß in der Sphäre, in der wir wollen, die Toten ebenfalls anwesend sind.
Von Ausnahmen habe ich vorhin gesprochen in bezug auf das mineralische und pflanzliche Reich. Solche Ausnahmen gelten insbesondere für unsere Periode, für unsere Zeitperiode. Für ältere Zeitperioden haben sie nicht gegolten, aber davon brauchen wir jetzt nicht zu sprechen. In unserer Zeit, in der sich eine gewisse materialistische Gesinnung notwendigerweise über die Erde hin ausbreitet, versäumen es die Menschen sehr leicht, sich spirituelle Vorstellungen anzueignen während ihres Erdenlebens. Und ich habe sogar gestern im Öffentlichen Vortrage darauf aufmerksam gemacht, wie der Mensch, wenn er es versäumt, sich spirituelle Vorstellungen während seines Erdenlebens anzueignen, sich hereinbannt in das Erdenleben, gewissermaßen nicht heraus kann aus diesem Erdenleben, und dadurch zu einem zerstörenden Zentrum wird. Vieles von dem, was an zerstörenden Kräften wirkt innerhalb der Erdensphäre, kommt von solchen in diese Erdensphäre gebannten Toten. Man muß eher Mitleid haben mit solchen Menschenseelen, als irgendein kritisches Urteil fällen. Denn nach dem Tode ist das Erlebnis nicht besonders leicht, innerhalb eines Reiches bleiben zu müssen, das dem Toten eigentlich nicht angemessen ist. Und dieses Reich ist eben dann in diesem Falle das mineralische und pflanzliche Reich, auch dasjenige mineralische Reich, das die Tiere in sich tragen, das der Mensch selber in sich trägt. Denn diese Wesen sind ja von dem mineralischen Reiche durchdrungen. Für solche, die keine spirituellen Vorstellungen in sich aufgenommen haben, liegt nämlich die Sache so, daß sie zurückschrecken nach dem Tode vor diesem Erleben, das überall Empfindungen hervorruft: Sie können nicht hinein in das Reich, das da waltet in der tierischen Geistigkeit und im Menschlichen; sie können nur hinein in dasjenige, was mineralischer Natur, was pflanzlicher Natur ist. Ich kann nicht ausmalen, um was es sich da handelt; denn erstens hat die Sprache für das keine Worte, zweitens aber kann man sich nur langsam und allmählich dem nähern, was da eigentlich zugrunde liegt, weil dieses Nähern wirklich zunächst etwas Schreckhaftes hat.
Man darf sich nun nicht etwa vorstellen, daß solche Toten dann ganz enthoben sind dem Leben, das ich vorhin beschrieben habe; aber sie nähern sich diesem Leben nur mit einer gewissen Scheu, mit einer gewissen Furcht, und stürzen immer wieder und wiederum zurück in das pflanzliche und mineralische Reich, weil sie sich vorzugsweise nur Vorstellungen gebildet haben, die für das letztere Reich, für das Reich des Toten, für das Reich des physischen Mechanismus eine gewisse Bedeutung haben.
Was ich in der Hauptsache heute als meine Aufgabe ansehe, das ist, durch solche Vorstellungen wiederum das Bewußtsein hervorzurufen, wie die Toten mitwirken an dem, was Menschenentwickelung ist. Man möchte eigentlich heute solche Dinge auch schon in öffentlichen Vorträgen verkündigen; man kann es nur nicht, weil die Menschen sich auf solche Vorstellungen doch eigentlich noch nicht einlassen, wenn sie nicht einiges schon durchgemacht haben von dem, was in unseren Zweigen mitgeteilt worden ist. Indem man aber das Leben so schildert zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, und indem man namentlich seinen Zusammenhang schildert mit dem Erdenleben, genügt man, oder man könnte besser sagen, erfüllt man die Forderungen gerade unseres Zeitalters. Denn unser Zeitalter hat die alten instinktiven Vorstellungen seit verhältnismäRig langer Zeit abgeworfen, die vom Reiche der Toten handeln, und es muß unsere Menschheit neue Vorstellungen aufnehmen. Sie muß aus den Abstraktionen über die höheren Welten herauskommen und nicht bloß im allgemeinen von Geistigkeit sprechen, sondern sie muß dahin kommen, wirklich einzusehen, was als Geistigkeit wirkt. Sie muß sich klar sein darüber, daß die Toten nicht verstorben sind, sondern im geschichtlichen Werdeprozeß3 der Menschheit weiterleben, weiterwirken, daß die Kräfte, die geistig um uns herum sind, auf der einen Seite die Kräfte der höheren Hierarchien sind, aber eben auch die Kräfte der Toten sind. Die größte Illusion, der sich die Menschheit der Zukunft hingeben könnte, wäre die, wenn man glauben wollte, daß dasjenige, was die Menschen als soziales Leben unter sich, als Zusammenleben hier auf der Erde mit ihrem Fühlen, mit ihrem Willen entwickeln, daß das mit Ausschluß der Toten geschähe, bloß mit irdischen Einrichtungen. Es kann gar nicht durch die bloßen irdischen Einrichtungen geschehen, weil eben schon in dem Gefühl und im Willen die Toten mitwirken.
Nun handelt es sich aber darum: Wie wird es möglich sein, unter den Impulsen der neueren Zeit das Bewußtsein von dieser Art Zusammensein mit der geistigen Welt in der rechten Art zu entwikkeln? Die Entwickelung der Menschheit geht ja so, daß mit seinem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein hier im physischen Leib der Mensch eigentlich immer mehr und mehr aus der geistigen Welt sich herausstellt. Nun ist zu dem Ziele, daß der Mensch wiederum als physischer Mensch den richtigen Eintritt in die geistige Welt finde, innerhalb der Erdenentwickelung das Mysterium von Golgatha geschehen.
Dieses Mysterium von Golgatha, das ist nicht nur dieses einmalige und als solches Einmaliges das größte Ereignis der Erdenentwickelung, sondern es ist ein fortwirkendes Ereignis, es ist ein fortwirkender Impuls. Und die Menschheit muß etwas dazu tun, um diesen Impuls in der rechten Weise fortwirken zu lassen. Ich habe es seit langer Zeit immer wieder und wiederum betont, wie mit dem Impuls von Golgatha gerade die Aufgabe unserer Geisteswissenschaft zusammenhänge, wie Geisteswissenschaft in einer gewissen Weise da sein muß, um diesen Impuls von Golgatha in der richtigen Weise für unser Zeitalter und für die nächste Zukunft zu verstehen. Dessen können Sie sicher sein: Als irdische Wissenschaft, die zu gleicher Zeit weltliche Religion bildend sein wird, wird die Naturwissenschaft immer größeren und größeren Einfluß gewinnen. Solche Torheiten wie der Vorwurf, der zum Beispiel mir gemacht wird, daß ich den Naturwissenschaften auch in ihrer radikalen Entwickelung unfreundlich gegenüberstehe, die gehören zu den allerantiquiertesten Vorurteilen in der Denkweise; denn derjenige, der den Lauf der Erdenentwickelung versteht, weiß, daß die Naturwissenschaften nicht widerlegt werden können, daß sie im Gegenteil immer weiter und weiter sich ausbreiten werden. Und dasjenige, was als eine Art von religiösem Glauben über die Welt von Naturwissenschaft gezogen wird, das ist nicht irgendwie anzuhalten, das kommt; das kommt auf der einen Seite sicher, und kommt zum Segen der Menschheit. Und es wird gar nicht lange dauern, vielleicht nur einige Jahrzehnte, dann werden sich keinerlei Konfessionen mehr wehren können dagegen, daß an den einfachsten primitivsten Menschen ein solches Bewußtsein von dem reinen Naturdasein herankommt, wie es eben die Naturwissenschaft pflegt. Das ist auf der einen Seite schon sicher.
Aber auf der anderen Seite ist etwas anderes sicher. Das ist sicher auf der anderen Seite, daß, indem diese rein naturwissenschaftliche Weltanschauung die Gemüter ergreifen wird, das Geistige selbst durch diese Naturwissenschaft immer weniger und weniger wird gepflegt werden können. Das Geistige muß von einer anderen Seite her - wenn auch ebenso streng wissenschaftlich - geholt werden, wie die Naturwissenschaft das natürliche Dasein von der einen Seite her erkennt; denn die Erkenntnis des natürlichen Daseins wird immer mehr und mehr notwendig sein für die Erfüllung derjenigen Aufgaben, die der Mensch in der Zukunft zwischen der Geburt und dem Tode zu erfüllen hat. Von einer anderen Seite wird ihm kommen müssen dasjenige, was ihn in die geistige Welt erhebt.
Ein Grundimpuls nun für die weitesten Kreise hat sich auch schon in der bisherigen Gestalt des Begreifens des Mysteriums von Golgatha angekündigt, und insbesondere zeigt es sich in unserer Zeit. Man kann heute schon sagen: Die intensivsten Feinde eines Begreifens des Christus-Impulses sind die Pfarrer der verschiedenen Konfessionen -, so sonderbar das klingt; aber was den ChristusImpuls den Menschen am fernsten bringt, das ist die Art wie die Pfarrer der verschiedenen Konfessionen und die Theologen diesen Christus-Impuls vertreten. Denn von einem Verständnis desjenigen, um was es sich bei diesem Christus-Impuls eigentlich handelt, sind die Konfessionen eigentlich heute schon recht, recht weit entfernt.
Nun habe ich heute nicht die Absicht, alle wesentlichen Dinge in bezug auf den Christus-Impuls zu sagen. Darüber haben wir ja im Laufe der Zeit mancherlei zusammengetragen und werden das auch noch tun. Aber eines möchte ich hervorheben, was insbesondere in der heutigen Zeit mit Bezug auf den Christus-Impuls ganz besonders stark hervortritt. Das ist, daß die Menschen doch schon einsehen müssen, daß der Christus-Impuls im allerallerintensivsten Sinne anders behandelt werden muß als andere geschichtliche Impulse. Sie sehen das auch ein, die Leute, aber sie schließen fortwährend irgendwelche Kompromisse. Sie machen Halbheiten, sie haben nicht den Mut zu Ganzheiten. Dasjenige, was man über den Christus-Impuls einsehen müßte, ist, daß es unmöglich ist, nach den Methoden der gewöhnlichen Geschichte überhaupt irgend etwas über den Christus-Impuls zu sagen. Bedeutende Theologen sagen, davon, daß die Evangelien echt seien im gewöhnlichen historischen Sinn, könne gar nicht die Rede sein; dasjenige, was angeführt werden kann als historischer, als geschichtlicher Beweis, daß der Christus gelebt hat, das kann man auf eine Quartseite zusammenschreiben, sagen die berühmten Theologen. Also berühmte Theologen der Gegenwart geben heute schon zu: Auf die Evangelien kann man sich nicht verlassen, wenn man sie als Geschichtsquellen nur behandeln will. Es ist auf keine Weise der Beweis zu liefern, daß sie historische Tatsachen darstellen. - Das ist selbstverständlich heute festzuhalten. Aber dasjenige, was man zur historischen Bekräftigung beibringen kann, so wie historische Dokumente da sind mit Bezug auf andere Persönlichkeiten der Weltgeschichte, das - sagen berühmte Theologen könne man auf eine Quartseite schreiben. Das Bedeutungsvolle dabei ist nur, daß das, was auf dieser Quartseite steht, auch nicht wahr ist im gewöhnlichen historischen Sinn.
Dieses Geständnis wird sich die Menschheit machen müssen: daß es historische Gründe, wie es etwa für Sokrates oder für Cäsar gibt, für das Dasein des Christus Jesus auf der Erde nicht gibt, sondern daß dieses Dasein geistig begriffen werden muß. Das ist gerade das Wesentliche an der Sache. Die Menschheit sollte in dem Mysterium von Golgatha etwas bekommen, woran sie entweder, wenn sie sich nur verlassen will auf physische Zeugnisse, irre werden muß, in bezug auf das sie durch physische Zeugnisse nichts hat, oder daß sie auf geistige Weise es erfassen muß.
In bezug auf alles übrige ist es der Menschheit freigestellt, nach historischen Zeugnissen zu suchen, mit Bezug auf das Mysterium von Golgatha werden dem Menschen historische Zeugnisse im allerintensivsten Sinne niemals etwas nützen, sondern die Menschheit sollte gezwungen sein, dieses wichtige Ereignis der Erde nicht auf physisch-historische Weise zu begreifen, sondern da einsetzen zu müssen mit einem geistigen Verständnisse. Wer nicht will das Mysterium von Golgatha ohne historische Dokumente durch geistiges Verständnis unserer Erdentwickelung begreifen, der soll es nicht begreifen. Das ist der Wille, man kann schon sagen, der Wille der Götter. Die Menschheit soll mit Bezug auf die wichtigste Erdenangelegenheit gezwungen sein zur Spiritualität. Sie kann nur das Mysterium von Golgatha begreifen - sonst ist es immer historisch widerlegbar -, wenn sie sich zum geistigen Erfassen der Welt erhebt.
Nur Geisteswissenschaft als solche kann von der Realität des Mysteriums von Golgatha sprechen. Man kann sagen: Alles übrige ist antiquiert. Lesen Sie das immerhin bemerkenswerte Buch eines Theologen, der alle Jesus-Theorien der neueren Zeit von Lessing bis Wrede entwickelt, so werden Sie finden, daß eine solche Darstellung den Beweis liefert, daß eigentlich die Historie überwunden sein muß auf diesem Gebiet, daß eine Neuerfassung eintreten muß. Und diese Neuerfassung kann nur auf geisteswissenschaftlichem Wege gefunden werden.
Verstehen wir das, meine lieben Freunde, und in unserer Zeit ist eben derjenige Zeitpunkt gekommen, wo die Menschen das Fortwirken des Mysteriums von Golgatha nur auf geistige Weise werden erfahren können. Daher habe ich auch von dem geistig-ätherischen Wiedererscheinen des Christus im 20. Jahrhundert gesprochen, und es im ersten Mysterium dargestellt. Aber das wird ein geistiges Erlebnis sein, wenn auch ein geistig-hellseherisches Erlebnis, ein geistiges Erlebnis.
So hängt innig zusammen das Mysterium von Golgatha mit der notwendigen Erhebung der Menschheit zur Spiritualität von unserer Zeit an. Ebenso wie sich erheben muß von unserer Zeit an die Menschheit zu einer gewissen Spiritualität, ebenso wahr ist es, daß sie begreifen muß von unserer Zeit an, daß das Mysterium von Golgatha fernerhin nur erfaßt werden kann in Spiritualität, daß das Christentum im wesentlichen eine spirituelle Fortsetzung, nicht erne historische Fortsetzung, im äußeren Sinne historische Forschung oder historische Überlieferung erfahren muß. Es handelt sich aber nur darum, daß nun wiederum nicht das, was ich eben gesagt habe, im abstrakten Sinne aufgefaßt werde, daß man nicht glaubt, mit den paar Begriffen vom Erfassen der Bedeutung des Mysteriums von Golgatha, wie man sie sehr häufig sich macht, habe man schon alles getan. Nein, man muß an diese Dinge in voller Konkretheit herantreten; man muß nicht nur Vorstellungen über den Christus und sein Wirken sich bilden, sondern man muß in einer gewissen Weise das Reich Christi in unserem Erdenreiche finden können. Christus ist in das Erdenreich eingezogen, und man muß sein Gebiet finden können.
Naturwissenschaft, wenn sie sich gerade zur höchsten Vollkommenheit entwickelt, sie wird ein Bild der Welt geben, wie es auch ohne die Zuhilfenahme des Mysteriums von Golgatha zustande kommen könnte; Naturwissenschaft aus sich selbst heraus wird niemals während der Erdenentwickelung so weit kommen, daf3 der Physiker oder der Biologe von dem Mysterium von Golgatha aus seinen Voraussetzungen heraus sprechen wird. Aber alle Wissenschaft wird nach und nach, insofern sie von dem handelt, was vorgeht um uns herum von der Geburt bis zum Tode, immer mehr und mehr Naturwissenschaft werden. Neben ihr wird die Geisteswissenschaft aus dem geistigen Reiche zu schöpfen haben.
Nun handelt es sich aber darum: Wie ist nicht nur eine Wissenschaft, sondern ein Drinnenstehen in dem geistigen Reiche zu finden, so daß wir nicht nur Natur finden? Denn in einer Natur werden wir niemals den Christus-Impuls finden. Wie ist das Sich-hineinStellen in das geistige Reich zu suchen, nicht nur das Wissen davon? Nun, Sie erkennen schon aus dem, was ich gesagt habe, daß zu dem Bewußtsein, das wirklich in der modernen und namentlich in der zukünftigen Menschheit ein bloßes natürliches Bewußtsein werden wird, ein Bewußtsein von Naturtatsachen, daß da ein anderes Bewußtsein hinzutreten muß. Ein ganz anderes Bewußtsein muß noch hinzutreten. Für dieses Bewußtsein wird gewissermaßen die Notwendigkeit der Erfassung des Mysteriums von Golgatha als einer spirituellen Tatsache nur die höchste Spitze sein. Aber dasjenige, was notwendig ist gegenüber dem Mysterium von Golgatha, die Sache als eine spirituelle zu durchschauen, das wird auch auf das übrige Leben ausgedehnt werden müssen. Das heißt aber nichts anderes, als daß eintreten muß in das menschliche Bewußtsein, außer der reinen natürlichen Betrachtung, eine ganz andere Betrachtung der Dinge.
Und diese Betrachtung der Dinge, die wird kommen und muß kommen dadurch, daß der Mensch lernt, ebenso mit Bewußtsein zu schauen in die Welt, wie er durch seine Sinneswahrnehmungen in die Sinneswelt schaut, auf seinen Schicksalsverlauf im Großen und im Kleinen. Was meine ich damit? Heute gibt der Mensch noch wenig acht auf seinen Schicksalsverlauf. Aber betrachten Sie extreme Fälle. Ich will Ihnen einen Fall erzählen, der uns führen kann zu dem, was ich eigentlich meine - ein Fall aus Tausenden. Man könnte Tausende solcher Fälle erzählen, ungezählte Tausende.
Ein Mann geht von seinem Hause einen Spazierweg entlang, den er oft gegangen ist. Er führt ihn einen Berghang hinauf zu einem Felsplateau, von dem aus er eine sehr schöne Aussicht hat. Diese Aussicht hat er oft aufgesucht; es ist sozusagen sein gewöhnlicher Spaziergang. Während er eines Tages diesen Spaziergang machte, da kommt ihm wie aus dem Nichts heraus der Gedanke: Aufpassen, achtgeben! - Und er hört im Geiste - nicht durch eine Halluzination, sondern im Geiste - eine Stimme sagen: Warum gehst du diesen Weg? Kannst du nicht einmal von deinem Vergnügen absehen? Das hört er im Geiste. Das macht ihn bedenklich; er tritt etwas zur Seite, denkt nach eine Weile -, da saust ein mächtiger Felsblock herab, gerade an die Stelle, die er betreten haben müßte, wenn er nicht beiseite getreten wäre, und der ihn ganz gewiß erschlagen hätte.
Nun bitte ich Sie, sich die Frage einmal vorzulegen, was da schicksalsmäßig spielt. Es spielt doch etwas. Der Mann lebt nun weiter. Vieler Menschen Leben auf dieser Erde hängt mit seinem Leben zusammen. Das alles wäre anders geworden, wenn der Felsblock diesen Menschen erschlagen hätte. Da vollzieht sich etwas. Versuchen Sie, dieses Etwas nach Naturgesetzen zu erklären, so kommen Sie natürlich nicht zu dem, was das Schicksalsgemäße daran ist. Natürlich können Sie durch Naturgesetze erklären, warum der Felsblock sich losgelöst hat, und warum der Mensch erschlagen worden ist, nachdem der Felsblock schon einmal heruntergefallen ist und so weiter. Aber in alledem, was sich auf naturgemäße Weise da überhaupt reden läßt über die Sache, ist das Schicksalsgemäße gar nicht irgendwie drinnen, das hat gar nichts damit zu tun.
Ich habe Ihnen einen extremen Fall damit erzählt. Aber, meine lieben Freunde, aus solchen Dingen setzt sich unser ganzes Leben zusammen, insofern unser Leben Schicksalswesen ist. Nur daß der Mensch nicht darauf achtet, daß? der Mensch nicht achtgibt; er gibt auf diese Dinge nicht so acht, wie er auf das acht gibt, was ihm durch seine Sinne als natürliche Tatsachen übermittelt wird. Von Tag zu Tag, von Stunde zu Stunde, von Augenblick zu Augenblick gehen Dinge vor, die nur in einem extremen Fall geschildert worden sind mit dem, was ich eben angegeben habe. Denken Sie doch nur einmal, wie oft Sie - diese Dinge muß man eben im Kleinen auch betrachten - weggehen wollen von zu Hause: Sie werden aufgehalten eine halbe Stunde. Solche und ähnliche Dinge kommen tausendfach im Leben vor. Sie sehen nur, was dann geschieht, wenn Sie die halbe Stunde aufgehalten worden sind; Sie erwägen gar nicht, was ganz anderes geschehen wäre, wenn Sie vor einer halben Stunde weggegangen wären!
So greift ein ganz anderes Reich in unser Leben wirklich fortwährend herein, das Reich des Schicksalsgemäßen, das der heutige Mensch noch gar nicht beachtet, weil er eigentlich nur den Blick auf dasjenige richtet, was eben geschieht, und nicht darauf, was fortwährend aus seinem Leben ferngehalten wird. Sie können ja gar nicht wissen, ob Sie nicht jetzt vor drei Stunden etwas hätten unternehmen können, was von Ihnen abgehalten worden ist, wodurch Sie jetzt gar nicht mehr hier sitzen würden, vielleicht gar nicht mehr leben würden. Sie sehen immer nur dasjenige, wozu schon geistige Impulse in der mannigfaltigen Weise nötig waren, damit es eingetreten ist. Sie setzen zumeist nicht voraus mit dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein, daß dasjenige, was Sie tun im Leben, ein Ergebnis ist von mitwirkenden geistigen Impulsen. Werden Sie auf das aufmerksam, begreifen Sie, daß es ein Reich des Schicksalsgemäßen so gibt, wie es ein Reich des Natürlichen gibt, dann werden Sie dieses Reich des Schicksalsgemäßen keineswegs ärmer an Inhalt finden als das Reich des Natürlichen. Aber in diesem Reich des Schicksalsmäßigen, das nur, ich möchte sagen, in besonderen Ausschnitten, wenn extreme Fälle eintreten, wie der, den ich Ihnen erzählt habe, klipp und klar vor des Menschen Verstand hintritt, in dieses Reich des Schicksalsmäßigen wirkt das herein, was ich vorhin geschildert habe. Da wirken herein in die Gefühle, in die Willensimpulse, durch die das Schicksalsmäßige zieht, die Impulse der Toten. Und wenn auch derjenige Mensch, der so etwas sagt, heute noch von den «ganz Gescheirten» als ein abergläubischer Tor betrachtet wird, so ist es doch wahr, daß? mit eben derselben Exaktheit, wie man heute ein Naturgesetz ausspricht, man aussprechen kann, daß jenem Mann, dem eine Stimme zugesprochen hat, der oder jener Tote diese Stimme zugesprochen hat auf den Befehl wiederum von irgendwelchen Hierarchien, und daß fortwährend, vom Morgen bis zum Abend und insbesondere vom Abend bis zum Morgen, während unseres Schlafens, in uns hineinwirken die Impulse der Toten, und die Impulse der geistigen Hierarchien, die das Schicksalsmäßige wirken.
Nun mache ich Sie aber auf eines aufmerksam. Sie werden schon etwas gehört haben über den sokratischen Dämon, über den Dämon des Sokrates: wie Sokrates, der weise Grieche, davon gesprochen hat, daß alles, was er tut, unter der Einwirkung eines Dämons steht. Ich habe über diesen sokratischen Dämon in meiner kleinen Schrift «Die geistige Führung des Menschen und der Menschheit» gesprochen. In meiner neuen Schrift «Von Seelenrätseln», wo das zweite Kapitel über das gelehrte Individuum Dessoir handelt, kann man sehen, wie Dessoir auch solche Dinge behandelt; ich habe auf dieses Dämonium des Sokrates hingewiesen. Es ist Sokrates nur zum Bewußtsein gekommen, was bei allen Menschen gewirkt hat. Bis zum Mysterium von Golgatha waren es gewisse Wesenheiten, die richtunggebend waren für dasjenige, was die Toten ins Menschenleben hereinwirkten. Diese Wesenheiten haben ihre Kraft verloren in der Zeit des Mysteriums von Golgatha, und an ihre Stelle ist der Christus-Impuls getreten. Und jetzt haben Sie den Christus-Impuls mit dem Schicksalsmäßigen des Menschen geisteswissenschaftlich verbunden. In unsere Willens- und in unsere Gefühlssphäre wirken so, wie ich es geschildert habe, die Kräfte, die Impulse der Toten herein. Die Toten wirken; aber sie erleben auch Willensstärkungen und Willensschwächungen. Und dieses ganze Reich ist ein Erdenreich, es ist ebenso wie das natürliche Reich ein Erdenreich. Aber derjenige Impuls, der seit dem Mysterium von Golgatha lebt, der ist seit dem Mysterium von Golgatha der Christus-Impuls. Christus ist die dirigierende Macht in diesem Reiche, das ich Ihnen geschildert habe. Man wird also nicht nur eine Wissenschaft von dem Mysterium von Golgatha begründen, sondern man wird in der Zukunft wissen müssen: unsere Welt durchdringt, ebenso wie die Welt der natürlichen Tatsachen, ein Reich des Schicksalsmäßigen als der andere Pol. Dieses Reich des Schicksalsmäßigen wird heute noch wenig beachtet. Man wird es ebenso beachten müssen wie das Reich des Natürlichen. Aber man wird dann zu gleicher Zeit wissen, daß man in diesem Reich des Schicksalsgemäßen mit den Toten in Verbindung ist, man wird wissen, daß in diesem Reiche, das wir mit den Toten gemeinsam haben, zugleich das Reich Christi enthalten ist, daß Christus durch das Mysterium von Golgatha auf die Erde heruntergestiegen ist zu seiner Wirksamkeit, um mit uns Menschen auf Erden das wiederum gemeinsam zu haben, das wir mit den Toten, insofern die Toten im Erdenbereich wirken - ich meine jetzt nicht den Ausnahmefall, sondern den Normalfall -, gemeinsam haben.
Wenn dies nicht bloß eine abstrakte Wahrheit, nicht bloß eine Begriffswahrheit sein wird, so eine Sonntagswahrheit, an die man sich öfter einmal erinnert, weil einem einfällt, daß eben so etwas wahr ist, sondern wenn der Mensch in diesem Reich des Schicksals so bewußt wandeln wird, wie er im Reich der Sinneswahrnehmungen bewußt wandelt, wenn er gewissermaßen so, wie er durch die Welt geht und es mit seinen Augen macht, auch in dieses Reich des Schicksals sich einverwoben fühlt, und in diesem Reich des Schicksals die Kräfte des Christus mit den Kräften der Toten immer zusammen fühlt, dann, meine lieben Freunde, wird die Menschheit sich ein wirkliches, ein konkretes, ein empfindungsgemäfßes Leben mit den Toten schon entwickeln. Man wird, wenn man selber dies oder jenes fühlt, wenn man selber dies oder jenes bewirkt, erleben, wie man mit den lieben Dahingegangenen darinnen zusammen ist. Das Leben wird unendlich bereichert werden.
Jetzt vergessen wir vielleicht in dem Sinne, wie wir das so nennen, unsere Toten nicht; wir halten ihr Andenken. Aber ein intensives Leben - und das wird erst das wahre Leben sein, weil eben sonst das Leben verschlafen wird, insofern es schicksalsmäßig ist -, ein intensives Leben wird die Menschheit ergreifen, und das wird schon dazu führen, daß man nicht nur das Andenken der Toten halten wird, sondern daß man wissen wird: Wenn du das tust, wenn du diesen Gang tust, wenn du das unternimmst, wenn dir das gelingt: es wirkt dieser oder jener Tote mit. - Es werden die Bande mit den Toten nicht aufgelöst, sie verbleiben. Diese Bereicherung des Lebens steht der Menschheit in Aussicht für die Erdenzukunft. Und wenn wir jetzt den fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum haben, so wirkt dieser fünfte nachatlantische Zeitraum im wesentlichen zu der Erziehung der Menschheit nach der eben angekündigten Richtung hin, und den sechsten nachatlantischen Zeitraum wird die Menschheit gar nicht überleben können, wenn sie sich nicht anschickt, diese Dinge in der richtigen Weise zu fühlen: die Wirklichkeit des Schicksalsmäßigen aufzunehmen in das Bewußtsein, wie jetzt die Menschheit nur die Wirklichkeit des Naturgemäßen aufnimmt.
Den Zusammenhang des Mysteriums von Golgatha mit dem Todesproblem konkret einzusehen, das ist es, worauf ich heute hinweisen wollte. Das ist auch etwas, was innig zusammenhängt mit dem, was jetzt der Menschheit zum Bewußtsein kommen muß. Denn unter dem Mancherlei, das der Menschheit fehlt, ist gerade das, daß die Menschen verloren haben die Möglichkeit, in ihren Gefühls- und Willensimpulsen noch die wahren Realitäten zu erleben. In die großen Illusionen wiegen sich die Menschen allmählich ein: daß sie das Erdenleben nach irdischen Gesetzen formen können, die größte Illusion, der sich die Menschen hingeben können. Eine große Illusion, die ihr Extrem, ihr radikales Extrem findet zum Beispiel in dem reinen materialistischen Sozialismus, der natürlich niemals zulassen wird, daß, wenn wir Menschen das geringste untereinander machen, die Toten mitwirken, sondern der alles nach ökonomischen, das heißt, nach rein physischen Gesetzen ordnet. Das ist das eine Extrem. Auf der anderen Seite das Extrem, von dem jetzt alle möglichen sogenannten Idealisten träumen: Über die ganze Welt hin, von allem Spirituellen absehend, rein programmatische, inner- und zwischenstaatliche Organisationen zu schaffen, durch welche vermeintlich die Kriege abgeschafft werden sollen. Die Menschen werden sich davon überzeugen, wenn sie in eine solche Illusion sich einleben, daß sie gerade damit dasjenige, was sie abschaffen wollen, nicht abschaffen, sondern vielmehr heraufbeschwören, was sie abschaffen wollen. Es ist ein guter Wille in diesen Dingen. Es ist dasjenige, was aus dem materialistischen Zeitbewußtsein, ich möchte sagen, als eine politische Spitze des ganzen Erdenwesens hervorgehen muß, was aber genau zu dem Gegenteil von dem führen wird, was man damit eigentlich bezwecken will. Dasjenige, um was es sich handelt, das ist, daß über die Erde sich verbreiten muß das Verständnis des Schicksalsgemäßen, daß dieses Verständnis des Schicksalsgemäßen auch die Gesetzgebungen, die politischen Organisationen ergreifen muß, denn die bilden ja die Grundlage für die Struktur der sozialen Verhältnisse. Dasjenige, was nicht mitgehen will mit dieser geistigen Entwickelung der Menschheit, das wird einfach in Auflösung hineingehen, das wird nur abbauen, nur abtragen. Deshalb hängt es innig zusammen mit dem, was die Zeichen der Zeit heute bedeuten. Wir brauchen hier nicht irgendwelche, um es grob zu sagen, politischen Dinge zu treiben; das werden wir natürlich nicht. Aber die Zeitforderungen, die müssen gerade von denjenigen gesehen werden, welche ihren Blick richten wollen auf die geistige Entwickelung der Menschheit. Und verstanden muß werden: Auf dem Wege, auf dem heute fast überall gewandelt wird, ist der Christus nur zu verlieren; gewonnen werden kann er als einzig wirklich berechtigter König und Herr der Erde nur durch die Erhebung der Menschheit zur Spiritualität. Dessen können Sie sicher sein: Wenn der Christus nicht so gesucht wird, wie ihn die einzelnen Konfessionen heute suchen - die sich ja nun wirklich in der letzten Zeit in merkwürdiger Art überall in alle möglichen Kompromisse über eine ChristusAuffassung hineingefunden haben, die den Christus auch als Schlachtengott zu feiern wissen da und dort -, sondern wenn der Christus gesucht wird da, wo er in seiner Realität zu finden ist, indem die Menschen das Reich des Schicksalsgemäßen als eine Wirklichkeit verstehen werden, den Christus so finden werden, wie wir es heute angedeutet haben, dann wird jene zwischenstaatliche Organisation geschaffen werden, die da bedeutet die Ausbreitung des wirklichen Christentums über das Erdenrund.
Daß man diesem Ziele nicht sehr nahe ist, das können Sie ja ersehen, wenn Sie eine kleine Reflexion anstellen. Denken Sie einmal, Sie würden all den Leuten, die jetzt davon sprechen, wie sie den Frieden über die Welt herstellen wollen, die alle diese Programme vorbringen - wer redet nicht davon! -, Sie würden diesen Leuten entgegenstellen das Programm, den Christus der Menschheit zugänglich zu machen; dann würde Friede, dauernder Friede kommen, soweit er auf der Erde überhaupt möglich ist. Stellen Sie sich vor, was die verschiedenen Vereinigungen, die von dem ganz «guten Willen» ausgehen, sagen würden, wenn man ihnen dieses vorlegen würde! Wir haben es sogar erlebt, daß von dem Stellvertreter Christi auf Erden ein Friedensprogramm ausgegangen ist. Aber sehr viel werden Sie da vom Christus nicht drinnen gelesen haben!
Diese Dinge, ich weiß es, man nimmt sie gar nicht einmal ernst genug in der Gegenwart. Aber wenn sie nicht ernst genommen werden, wird die Menschheit auch keinen heilsamen Weg einschlagen können. Geradeso wie es eine Notwendigkeit ist, daß das Mysterium von Golgatha auf spirituelle Art begriffen wird, so ist es eine Notwendigkeit, daß die Menschen die Zeichen der Zeit so verstehen, daß sie in Geisteswissenschaft wirklich etwas sehen, ohne welches auch die äußere soziale Gestaltung der Zukunft nicht mehr auskommen kann. Selbst im öffentlichen Vortrage morgen werde ich solche Dinge zu berühren haben, wenn auch auf eine andere Art.
Das ist dasjenige, was ich als eine zweite Betrachtung zu der vorigen hinzufügen möchte, die wir damals angestellt haben über das Zusammenleben der sogenannten Toten mit den Lebenden.
Und nun möchte ich wohl die mir unsympathische Bemerkung, die ich in anderen Zweigen gemacht habe, auch hier zum Schluß machen. Den meisten der lieben Freunde ist sie ja wohl bekannt, und nur um der Vollständigkeit willen muß ich sie machen. Ich weiß nicht, ob Sie wissen, daß die unglaublichsten verleumderischen Dinge, die so sich anhören, daß man sogar verwundert ist darüber, wie irgendeine Scheußlichkeit in den Impulsen von Gemütern auf solche Dinge verfallen können, daß diese Dinge herumgehen in der Welt, und daß geisteswissenschaftliche Bewegung geschützt werden muß gegen diese - man kann schon sagen - ruchlosen Verleumdungen. Daraus ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit, daß für die nächste Zeit, unbeschadet dessen, daß alles geschehen soll für die gesuchte esoterische Entwickelung unserer Freunde, das, was an Privatbesprechungen im gewöhnlichen Sinne war, nicht mehr stattfinden kann. Denn gerade aus diesen Privatbesprechungen werden diese Verleumdungen zusammengestellt. Das eine also ist das, was ich notwendigerweise unsere Freunde bitten muß, einzusehen, daß zunächst solche private Besprechungen nicht stattfinden können. Aber das wäre unvollständig, wenn Sie nur das sagen würden; sondern dazu gehört die notwendige andere Ergänzung: daß, wer will - selbstverständlich, nur wer will! -, alles was jemals in solchen Privatbesprechungen gesagt und geschehen ist, rückhaltlos erzählen kann. Nichts gibt es, wenn man die Wahrheit sagt, was irgendwie verborgen zu werden braucht innerhalb unserer Bewegung.
Zu diesen zwei Maßnahmen bin ich gezwungen. Lassen Sie mir etwas Zeit; es werden andere Mittel und Wege gefunden, daß jeder zu seinem geisteswissenschaftlichen Rechte kommt. Aber geisteswissenschaftliche Bewegung darf nicht durch solche, mit ihr gar nichts zu tun habende Dinge aufgehalten werden. Und daher müssen gerade diejenigen, die treu und ehrlich unserer Bewegung anhängen, verstehen, daß diese Besprechungen im gewöhnlichen Sinne nicht mehr stattfinden können, und daß auf der anderen Seite ich einen jeden jeglichen Versprechens entbinde. Jeder kann dasjenige, was er selber will - niemand muß, selbstverständlich -, von mir aus überall mitteilen, denn es gibt nichts, was nicht gesagt werden dürfte, wenn man es der Wirklichkeit, der Wahrheit gemäß erzählt. Damit aber das festgestellt ist, müssen diese zwei Verfügungen getroffen werden. Es tut mir sehr leid, daß ich diese Mitteilungen machen muß; aber ich weiß, daß gerade diejenigen unserer Freunde, die am besten stehen zu unserer Bewegung, die Notwendigkeit davon völlig einsehen, und daß sie gerade darin vollständig mitfühlen werden.
Jetzt brauchen wir uns ja nur des Ernstes der Lage, in der wir in unserer Zeit sind, bewußt zu sein. Und daher ist gerade für mich ein solches Zusammensein jetzt immer, ich möchte sagen, ein besonders wichtiges, ernstes Ereignis; und ganz besonders jetzt in dieser katastrophalen Zeit möchte ich, daß wir uns ganz ehrlich und echt durchdringen mit dem Bewußtsein der Notwendigkeit des Zusammenhaltens in bezug auf unseren anthroposophischen Satz des Zusammenhaltens im Geiste. Wenn wir auch zeitweilig eben nicht räumlich uns finden können, wir bleiben im Geiste zusammen. In dem sehe ich den besten Gruß, den ich Ihnen entbiete, da wir wieder zusammen waren und vielleicht eben einige Zeit wiederum nur im Geiste zusammensein können.
The Three Realms of the Dead: Life Between Death and Rebirth
I would like to follow up on some thoughts I shared here in a previous lecture, in order to continue these reflections, which are in line with what I am convinced must be discussed among us right now. For just as I must believe that certain things must now be said in public lectures given from an anthroposophical perspective, things that are demanded by the signs of our difficult times and must reach people's ears, so I am also necessarily of the opinion that certain spiritual scientific truths must now be discussed among ourselves.
In a previous lecture, we spoke about the souls who have passed through the gate of death and entered earthly life. We considered the way in which the impulses of the so-called dead continue to work in what is accomplished here on earth by human beings, and how connections are created between the forces of the so-called dead and the living. And today we want to add a few things that are closely related to this topic.
First of all, it is necessary to realize that this life between death and a new birth can, in a certain sense, only be represented by images taken from the sensory, physical earthly life, from the ideas we form within this physical earthly life, but that life in the realm of the dead is such that it is very difficult to grasp with the concepts and ideas we form during our earthly existence. We must therefore try to approach this life from different angles.
An attempt, I would say, was made immediately before the outbreak of this world catastrophe in that Vienna cycle where I spoke about life between death and a new birth in connection with the inner forces of the soul. Today I would like to draw attention above all to the fact that a realm which is, and must be, the main thing for human beings in their earthly life in a certain respect, is excluded from the experiences of souls who have passed through the gate of death.
Just think how much we have as earthly human beings through ideas that come to us from the mineral and plant worlds. To these ideas from the mineral and plant worlds, we must also add everything that comes to us from the heavens in the form of ideas, impressions, and perceptions: the starry sky above us, the sun, and the moon, which enable us to perceive physical images during our earthly life, belong entirely to what I now consider to be mineral nature. This mineral nature and, essentially—I say essentially—the plant nature as nature are excluded from what is perceived in the time between death and a new birth. What can be emphasized as particularly characteristic in this regard with reference to the experiences of the so-called dead is that when we are confronted with mineral or plant nature, we humans here on earth have a very specific consciousness. We have spoken on other occasions about the illusion of speaking of the painlessness or listlessness of the mineral and plant kingdoms. But through what we humans do with our actions, we make impressions on the mineral realm and also on the plant realm, of which we can say with some justification that without such impressions, without such effects, they would remain without spreading pain or pleasure, suffering or joy. We know that when we as human beings break a stone, certain elemental beings do indeed feel such pleasure or pain, but this does not enter our ordinary, everyday consciousness; so that within the experience of the ordinary earthly human being, one can say that he must have the feeling: When he breaks stones, when he undertakes any activity within the realm of what is mineral and essentially also plant nature, it causes neither pleasure nor pain to his surroundings.
But this does not exist at all in the realm that man enters when he passes through the gate of death. Above all, we must be clear that the slightest thing a human being accomplishes there—we must use the words of our earthly language—for example, if he merely touches something, is connected in this spiritual realm with either pleasure or pain, and also evokes sympathy or antipathy in some way.
So you must imagine this realm of the dead in such a way that, wherever you touch it, so to speak, you cannot do so without what you touch feeling pleasure or pain, but also developing some kind of sympathy or antipathy. This is already hinted at in my Theosophy, where I speak of the soul realm and where the most important forces of this soul realm are to be found in the forces of sympathy and antipathy. But one must take such things into one's living imagination. By becoming conscious of the interaction, as it were, of the realm of the dead and the realm of the so-called living, one must also be conscious of how to imagine that the dead, as it were, rule and reign in their realm. They act in such a way that they must always be conscious of themselves, so to speak: they evoke sympathy or antipathy, suffering or joy; everything they do produces, if I may say so, this resonance, this living sensation. Something that could be called insensitive in the sense of our plant and animal kingdom does not exist beyond the gates of death.
This is, in a sense, the characteristic of the lowest realm into which man enters when he passes through the gate of death; just as when he enters the physical realm through the gate of birth, he enters the lowest realm, the mineral realm, so there, when he touches the spiritual realm, he enters into a realm of general sentience, into a realm of prevailing sympathy and antipathy. Within this realm, he unfolds his powers; within this realm, he works. When we imagine him acting there, we must at the same time imagine that these actions give rise to continuous forces carrying sensations, forces carrying sympathies and antipathies.
What do these forces carrying sensations mean in the overall context of the universe? You see, this brings us to a chapter that can really only be solved for physical life on Earth through spiritual science, a chapter whose importance you will immediately recognize when you consider its full significance. Much is happening at the present time in such a way that human beings, who increasingly want to accept only what they find within the physical world as an explanation for the world, are renouncing any explanation, refraining from seeking an explanation.
One example of this, where an explanation has been disregarded in recent times, is the principle of evolution for the animal beings that inhabit the earth with us. I need only draw your attention to everything that has occurred in recent times to support what is called the theory of evolution. Today, we speak with some justification of the development of the animal world, assuming that this animal world has developed from more imperfect beings to more perfect ones. It would be better to say that it has developed from undifferentiated beings to increasingly differentiated ones, up to human nature, insofar as human beings are physical beings. This theory of evolution has already entered the popular consciousness of humanity to a large extent; in a certain sense, it has even become part of the secular religion of humanity, and religions and denominations themselves are trying to come to terms with this theory of evolution. At least their most important representatives no longer have the courage they had a short time ago to oppose this theory of evolution. They have, in a sense, accepted it and resigned themselves to it.
But now, if one asks: What is actually at work in the development of animal beings, when such animal beings develop from imperfect to more perfect, what is at work in all that can be observed in the animal world, not only in its development, but in the very existence of the animal world? As strange as it may sound to people today, what one encounters when one truly enters the realm inhabited by the dead through contemplative consciousness, what dominates the animal world throughout a large part of it, are forces that emanate from the dead. Human beings are called upon to be co-rulers of the impulses in the cosmos. In the mineral kingdom, they have only to do what they produce through their technology in machines and the like according to the laws of the mineral kingdom; in the plant kingdom, they have to do what they cultivate as gardeners and planters. So, he's only really involved with these realms in a secondary way during the time he spends between birth and death. But he's involved with the realm that's reflected here on Earth in animal existence, because after death, forces immediately start to grow within him, and he immediately enters a realm of forces that rule this animal realm. That's where he works. In a sense, this is as much the basis, the foundation of his activity, as the mineral world is for us; it is the ground on which one stands there.
It rises, just as for us during our existence in the physical world, the plant kingdom rises on the basis of the mineral kingdom, on the basis of this realm of ruling sympathies and antipathies, which then continue into the life of the earthly animal kingdom, a second kingdom, which now does not work in the dead, in that it merely feels pleasure and pain, that it merely sends out impulses carried by sensations, which then continue, which then have an effect, but this second realm that rises up there works essentially together with what one might call the strengthening and weakening of the will forces inherent in the dead after death. If you want to learn more about these will forces, you must read something in the aforementioned Vienna cycle, where I have characterized how the will that is inherent in the human soul between death and a new birth is not exactly the same as what we call will here in physical life; but we can still speak of will, even though the will there is completely different, namely interspersed with elements of feeling and yet another element that does not exist here on earth. But this will, after death, is in a state of constant ebb and flow for human souls. When you interact with a dead person, you experience their soul life in such a way that in one moment you feel that they are approaching you: they feel strengthened in their impulses of will, they feel stronger within themselves; in another moment, their will becomes somewhat paralyzed, falls asleep, so to speak. Thus, this will ebbs and flows between becoming stronger and weaker. And this ebb and flow between the strengthening and weakening of the will is a large part, an important, essential part of the life of the dead.
This strengthening and weakening of the will, however, are impulses that do not merely flow into the realm of the dead, but flow into the human realm here on earth, not into the thoughts of ordinary consciousness, but into everything that human beings here—I will even discuss this tomorrow in a public lecture—experience themselves as impulses of the will, but also as impulses of feeling.
This is what is peculiar: in their ordinary consciousness, human beings as physical beings on earth actually experience only their sensory perceptions and their thoughts. Awake consciousness exists only in relation to this perception and thinking; feelings are actually only dreamed, and the will is completely asleep. No one knows, as they know their thoughts, what happens when they simply raise a hand, when the will thus plays into their physicality. Even the working of the feelings, although it is somewhat more clearly present in consciousness than the working of the will, is dark, no clearer than what we have before us as images in dreams. Passions, emotions, feelings are in truth only dreamed; they are not lived or experienced in the brightness of consciousness in ideas and sensory perceptions; and the will certainly not. In this, which plays into everyday life as sleep, as dreams, the dead live. He lives with souls that are embodied on earth in physical bodies, and in them he lives just as we live within the plant world, except that we are not intimately connected with the plant world, but the dead are intimately connected with our feelings, emotions, and impulses of will; he lives on in all of this.
This is their second realm. And while we unfold our feelings and sensations in human life here, the dead continue to live on in this life as souls, in such a way that the very ebb and flow that I have described as the strengthening and weakening of the will, as the intensification and paralysis of the will of the dead, is in a certain sense one with what what is dreamed and slept away here on earth as feelings and impulses of will of the so-called living.
You can see from this how little the realm of the dead is really separated from our earthly realm, how intimate the connection between these realms is. As I said, under normal circumstances, the dead have nothing to do with the mineral and plant realms, with the exceptions I will discuss later, but they do have something to do with what goes on in the animal realm. That is, so to speak, the ground on which they stand. But they also have something to do with what goes on in the human realm of feelings and will. In this realm, we are by no means separated from the dead. But the thing is this: when one passes through the gate of death, experiencing these strengthening and weakening of the will, one can live with the so-called living in the physical body; but not with all of them, not with just anyone. Instead, there is a definite law that one can live only with those with whom one is somehow karmically connected. Thus, a complete stranger in terms of karma who lives here is not perceptible to a dead person, does not exist at all. The world that the dead person experiences is limited by the karma that has been spun here in life. However, this world is not limited to those souls who are here on earth, but extends also to those souls who have already passed through the gate of death.
This second realm therefore encompasses all the connections that human beings have entered into through karma with those who are still on earth and with those souls who, like themselves, have passed through the gate of death. It thus arises on a realm that is common to the dead, on a realm of animal existence, whereby we should not imagine earthly animals so much. I have expressly said that these earthly animals reflect what exists in the spiritual world, the generic soul of the animal. In relation to the dead, we must think more of the spiritual aspect of animals. On this common ground, an individual karmic realm arises for each dead person in a completely different sense than is the case here in our earthly realm, for one has formed this connection and another that connection. For only that which has karmic connections remains from the human realm.
And yet another law prevails there, which shows us how this second realm is actually structured. First of all, that which acts upon the dead in this realm in such a way as to strengthen or weaken their willpower is initially limited to a circle that is essentially formed by the last earthly life or perhaps even only by parts of the last earthly life. Those who were particularly close to him, those with whom the person who has passed through the gate of death was particularly closely connected, are those with whom he lives most intensely. And only gradually does this circle expand to include those with whom he has entered into further karmic connections.
And all this does not take the same amount of time for everyone, but shorter for some and longer for others. It is difficult to see from the earthly course of life how this happens after death. Some personalities, some souls appear unexpectedly in the realm of the dead, because it is very easy to draw false conclusions from physical life. But it is a fundamental law that the circle gradually expands. And the whole process of settling into this circle happens just as I described in that series of lectures dealing with life between death and a new birth. What I described there enters into the life of the dead, namely the expanding life of the will impulses, which are now just as present in the dead as the ideas are in the living, through which the dead know, through which the dead have their consciousness. It is extremely difficult to make it clear to earthly human beings that the dead know essentially through the will, while earthly human beings know essentially through ideas. This, of course, also makes communication with the dead difficult.
One could say that the realm into which the dead settle as their second realm expands more and more. Later — but this “later” is always relative, occurring earlier for some and later for others — the immediate karmic connections are joined by indirect ones.
What I mean is this: when a dead person has spent a certain amount of time in the realm between death and a new birth, the circle of their experiences has expanded and extends to those souls — whether they are on earth or on the other side — with whom they have entered into a direct karmic connection. Now, however, these souls in turn have karmic connections of their own, which are not at the same time karmic connections of the dead person I am referring to. So I would say: Personality A has a karmic connection with personality B, but not with personality C. Here we see how the dead person extends his experiences through personality B, how he lives with her in the manner described. Later, B becomes a mediator to C. A has no relationship to C, but he gets a relationship indirectly through B's karmic connection to C. As a result, this second realm expands slowly but gradually over a very, very large field. In a sense, we become richer and richer in such inner experiences, in such experiences that strengthen or weaken the will, which must accustom us to the realm of dead or living souls when we ourselves have passed through the gate of death.
And an essential part of life between death and new birth consists precisely in the fact that we, as souls — if I may express myself trivially — make more and more acquaintances. Just as we expand our experiences here in our earthly existence between birth and death, just as we get to know more and more of the world around us, so there we have more and more experiences that relate to perceiving the existence of other souls in such a way that we know: through something in these souls, we ourselves experience a strengthening of the will, through something else a weakening of the will. An essential part of the experience there consists of this.
You can deduce from this what this actually means for the whole of existence, for the entire cosmic existence. It means that there is not only this vague bond of unity between all humanity, about which pantheists and fantastical mystics rave and dream, but that in fact, in a certain relationship between death and a new birth, spiritual acquaintances are made between a large part of humanity across the earth. When we look at what we experience between death and a new birth, we are really not so far removed from earthly human beings. It is not an abstract bond, but a truly concrete one.
Just as here on earth the animal kingdom stands as a third kingdom above the mineral and plant kingdoms, so over there, as a third kingdom, stands the kingdom of certain hierarchies, which we perceive as a kingdom of such beings who never experience earthly embodiment, but with whom we enter into relationships between death and a new birth. This realm of hierarchies is at the same time what gives us the full intensity of our ego experience between death and a new birth. Through the first two realms we experience the other; we experience ourselves through the hierarchies. And this also means that human beings, as spiritual beings, experience themselves within the hierarchies as sons, as children of the hierarchies. He knows himself to be connected with other human souls, as I have described, but at the same time he also knows himself to be a child of the hierarchies. Just as he must feel himself here to be a confluence of the external natural forces of the surrounding cosmos when he recognizes himself in the cosmos, so he feels himself over there, I would say, organized out of the interaction of the various hierarchies as a spiritual being.
When we look at ourselves as human beings — which need not lead us to arrogance — we see the so-called lower realms and see ourselves, as human beings, placed at the top of these realms of nature, so to speak. We pass through the gate of death and find ourselves on the other side as the lowest of the hierarchical realms, but as the confluence — only that the confluence descends from above, just as it ascends here from below — of the impulses of the hierarchies. Just as here our ego is immersed in our physicality, so that it is an extract of the rest of nature, so there our spirituality is immersed in the hierarchies, an extract of the hierarchies, in that which one can say: there it is our spirituality, just as here our physicality is that in which we clothe ourselves when we pass through the gate of birth.
Imaginative cognition can therefore already form ideas about the outline of life between death and a new birth. It would also be extremely sad for human beings if they were unable to form such ideas. Just think how we are not at all separated from the realm of the dead by our emotional and volitional life. That which is hidden from our sight has only disappeared from our imagination and from our sensory perceptions. It will mean a giant step forward in the development of the human race on earth, for that part of the earthly life that this human race still has to live through, when human beings take this into their consciousness here: In their emotional impulses, in their impulses of will, they are one with the dead! Death can only rob us of the physical sight of the dead. But we cannot feel anything without the dead being present in the sphere in which we feel, nor can we will anything without the dead also being present in the sphere in which we will.
I spoke earlier of exceptions in relation to the mineral and plant kingdoms. Such exceptions apply in particular to our period, to our time. They did not apply to earlier periods, but we need not speak of that now. In our time, when a certain materialistic attitude is necessarily spreading across the earth, people very easily fail to acquire spiritual ideas during their earthly life. And I even pointed out yesterday in a public lecture how, when people fail to acquire spiritual ideas during their earthly life, they banish themselves into earthly life, cannot, so to speak, escape from this earthly life, and thereby become a destructive center. Much of what acts as destructive forces within the earthly sphere comes from such dead people who are bound to this earthly sphere. One must rather have compassion for such human souls than pass any critical judgment. For after death, it is not particularly easy to have to remain within a realm that is not really appropriate for the dead. And in this case, this realm is the mineral and plant realm, including the mineral realm that animals carry within themselves, which human beings themselves carry within themselves. For these beings are permeated by the mineral realm. For those who have not taken spiritual ideas into themselves, the situation is such that after death they recoil from this experience, which evokes sensations everywhere: they cannot enter the realm that reigns in animal spirituality and in the human; they can only enter that which is of a mineral nature, that which is of a plant nature. I cannot describe what this is, because, first of all, language has no words for it, and secondly, one can only slowly and gradually approach what actually lies at the foundation of this, because this approach is really quite frightening at first.
One must not imagine that such dead beings are then completely removed from the life I described earlier; but they approach this life only with a certain timidity, with a certain fear, and fall back again and again into the plant and mineral realms, because they have formed ideas that are primarily of significance for the latter realm, for the realm of the dead. for the realm of physical mechanism.
What I consider to be my main task today is to use such ideas to raise awareness of how the dead contribute to human development. One would actually like to proclaim such things in public lectures today, but one cannot do so because people are not yet ready to accept such ideas unless they have already gone through some of what has been communicated in our branches. But by describing life between death and a new birth in this way, and by describing its connection with earthly life, we are satisfying, or rather fulfilling, the demands of our age. For our age has for a relatively long time since discarded the old instinctive ideas about the realm of the dead, and our humanity must take up new ideas. It must come out of the abstractions about the higher worlds and not merely speak in general terms about spirituality, but must come to truly understand what it is that works as spirituality. It must be clear that the dead are not dead, but live on and continue to work in the historical process of human development, that the forces that are spiritually around us are, on the one hand, the forces of the higher hierarchies, but also the forces of the dead. The greatest illusion to which the humanity of the future could succumb would be to believe that what human beings develop among themselves as social life, as coexistence here on earth with their feelings and their will, happens to the exclusion of the dead, merely through earthly institutions. It cannot happen through earthly institutions alone, because the dead are already at work in our feelings and will.
Now the question is: How will it be possible, under the impulses of the new era, to develop the right kind of awareness of this kind of coexistence with the spiritual world? The development of humanity is such that, with their ordinary consciousness here in the physical body, human beings actually withdraw more and more from the spiritual world. Now, in order for human beings to find the right entrance into the spiritual world again as physical human beings, the mystery of Golgotha had to take place within the course of Earth's development.
This mystery of Golgotha is not only the greatest event in the evolution of the earth, unique in itself, but it is an event that continues to have an effect; it is a continuing impulse. And humanity must do something to allow this impulse to continue to have an effect in the right way. I have emphasized again and again for a long time how the task of our spiritual science is connected with the impulse of Golgotha, how spiritual science must exist in a certain way in order to understand this impulse of Golgotha in the right way for our age and for the near future. You can be sure of this: as an earthly science that will at the same time form a world religion, natural science will gain ever greater influence. Such follies as the accusation made against me, for example, that I am hostile to the natural sciences even in their radical development, belong to the most antiquated prejudices in thinking; for anyone who understands the course of the Earth's development knows that the natural sciences cannot be refuted, that on the contrary they will continue to spread further and further. And what is imposed on the world of natural science as a kind of religious belief cannot be stopped in any way; it is coming, and it is coming for certain, and it will be a blessing for humanity. And it will not take long, perhaps only a few decades, before no denomination will be able to resist the simplest, most primitive human beings acquiring such an awareness of pure natural existence as is cultivated by natural science. That is certain on the one hand.
But on the other hand, something else is certain. It is certain that as this purely scientific worldview takes hold of people's minds, the spiritual itself will be less and less cultivated through this natural science. The spiritual must be obtained from another source — albeit just as strictly scientific — as natural science recognizes natural existence from one side; for the knowledge of natural existence will become more and more necessary for the fulfillment of those tasks that human beings will have to fulfill in the future between birth and death. That which lifts him up into the spiritual world will have to come from another source.
A fundamental impulse for the broadest circles has already been announced in the previous form of understanding the mystery of Golgotha, and it is particularly evident in our time. One can already say today that the most intense enemies of an understanding of the Christ impulse are the ministers of the various denominations — strange as that may sound; but what distances people most from the Christ impulse is the way in which the ministers of the various denominations and theologians represent this Christ impulse. For today the denominations are already very, very far removed from an understanding of what this Christ impulse actually is.
Now, I do not intend to say everything that is essential about the Christ impulse today. We have gathered various things over time and will continue to do so. But I would like to emphasize one thing that is particularly striking in relation to the Christ impulse in our time. That is that people must realize that the Christ impulse must be treated differently from other historical impulses in the most intensive sense. People realize this, but they continually make compromises. They do things halfway; they do not have the courage to go all the way. What one must realize about the Christ impulse is that it is impossible to say anything at all about it using the methods of ordinary history. Important theologians say that there can be no question of the Gospels being authentic in the ordinary historical sense; what can be cited as historical, as historical proof that Christ lived, can be written down on a quarter page, say the famous theologians. So famous theologians of the present day already admit: The Gospels cannot be relied upon if one wants to treat them solely as historical sources. There is no way to prove that they represent historical facts. This is, of course, clear today. But what can be added to confirm them historically, in the same way that historical documents exist with reference to other personalities in world history, can be written on a quarter page, say famous theologians. The only thing that is significant here is that what is written on this quarter page is also not true in the ordinary historical sense.
Humanity will have to admit that there are no historical reasons, as there are for Socrates or Caesar, for the existence of Christ Jesus on earth, but that this existence must be understood spiritually. That is precisely the essence of the matter. In the mystery of Golgotha, humanity was to receive something which, if it wants to rely solely on physical evidence, will either lead it astray, since physical evidence offers nothing in this regard, or it will have to grasp it spiritually.
With regard to everything else, humanity is free to search for historical evidence, but with regard to the mystery of Golgotha, historical evidence in the most intensive sense will never be of any use to human beings. Instead, humanity should be compelled not to understand this important event on earth in a physical-historical way, but to approach it with spiritual understanding. Those who do not want to understand the mystery of Golgotha without historical documents, through a spiritual understanding of our Earth's development, should not understand it. That is the will, one might even say, the will of the gods. Humanity should be compelled to spiritualize itself with regard to the most important matter on Earth. It can only understand the mystery of Golgotha—otherwise it will always be historically refutable—if it rises to a spiritual understanding of the world.
Only spiritual science as such can speak of the reality of the mystery of Golgotha. One can say that everything else is antiquated. If you read the remarkable book by a theologian who develops all the modern theories about Jesus from Lessing to Wrede, you will find that such a presentation proves that history must actually be overcome in this field, that a new understanding must emerge. And this new understanding can only be found through spiritual science.
Let us understand this, my dear friends, for the time has come in our era when human beings can only experience the continuing effect of the mystery of Golgotha in a spiritual way. That is why I have spoken of the spiritual-etheric reappearance of Christ in the 20th century and described it in the First Mystery. But this will be a spiritual experience, albeit a spiritual-clairvoyant experience, a spiritual experience.Thus, the mystery of Golgotha is intimately connected with the necessary elevation of humanity to the spirituality of our time. Just as humanity must rise to a certain spirituality from our time onwards, so it is equally true that from our time onwards it must understand that the mystery of Golgotha can only be grasped in spirituality, that Christianity must experience essentially a spiritual continuation, not a historical continuation in the outer sense of historical research or historical tradition. But it is only important that what I have just said is not understood in an abstract sense, that one does not believe that with the few concepts of understanding the meaning of the mystery of Golgotha, as they are very often formed, one has already done everything. No, one must approach these things in all their concreteness; one must not only form ideas about Christ and his work, but one must also be able to find the kingdom of Christ in our earthly realm in a certain way. Christ has entered the earthly realm, and one must be able to find his domain.
Natural science, when it develops to its highest perfection, will give a picture of the world as it could come into being without the help of the mystery of Golgotha; natural science out of itself will never, during the earth's evolution, reach the point where the physicist or biologist will speak of the mystery of Golgotha from his own premises. But all science will gradually, insofar as it deals with what goes on around us from birth to death, become more and more natural science. Alongside it, spiritual science will have to draw from the spiritual realm.
Now the question is: How can we find not only a science, but a place within the spiritual realm, so that we do not find only nature? For we will never find the Christ impulse in nature. How can we seek to place ourselves within the spiritual realm, not just knowledge about it? Well, you already recognize from what I have said that, in addition to the consciousness that will become merely natural consciousness in modern and especially in future humanity, a consciousness of natural facts, another consciousness must be added. A completely different consciousness must be added. For this consciousness, the necessity of grasping the mystery of Golgotha as a spiritual fact will, in a sense, be only the highest point. But what is necessary in relation to the mystery of Golgotha, namely to see the matter as spiritual, will also have to be extended to the rest of life. This means nothing other than that, in addition to pure natural observation, a completely different way of looking at things must enter human consciousness.
And this way of looking at things will come and must come through man learning to look into the world with consciousness, just as he looks into the sensory world through his sensory perceptions, at the course of his destiny in the great and in the small. What do I mean by this? Today, man still pays little attention to the course of his destiny. But consider extreme cases. I will tell you of a case that can lead us to what I actually mean — one case among thousands. One could tell of thousands of such cases, countless thousands.
A man leaves his house and walks along a path he has often taken. It leads him up a mountainside to a rocky plateau from which he has a very beautiful view. He has often sought out this view; it is, so to speak, his usual walk. One day, while he is taking this walk, the thought suddenly occurs to him: Be careful, watch out! And he hears in his mind—not through a hallucination, but in his mind—a voice saying: Why are you walking this way? Can't you give up your pleasure just this once?” He hears this in his mind. This makes him think twice; he steps aside, thinks for a moment, and then a huge boulder crashes down, right where he would have been if he hadn't stepped aside, and would certainly have killed him.
Now I ask you to consider the question of what fate is at work here. Something is at work. The man lives on. Many people's lives on this earth are connected to his life. Everything would have been different if the boulder had killed this man. Something is happening here. If you try to explain this something according to the laws of nature, you will naturally not arrive at what is fateful about it. Of course, you can explain by natural laws why the rock broke loose and why the man was killed after the rock had already fallen, and so on. But in everything that can be said about the matter in a natural way, there is no trace of fate; it has nothing to do with it.
I have told you an extreme case. But, my dear friends, our whole life is made up of such things, insofar as our life is a matter of fate. Only that human beings do not pay attention to that, do they? Human beings do not pay attention; they do not pay as much attention to these things as they do to what is conveyed to them through their senses as natural facts. From day to day, from hour to hour, from moment to moment, things happen that have only been described in extreme cases with what I have just mentioned. Just think how often you want to leave home—these things must also be considered on a small scale—and you are delayed for half an hour. Such things happen thousands of times in life. You only see what happens when you are delayed for half an hour; you do not consider what might have happened if you had left half an hour earlier!
Thus, a completely different realm continually intervenes in our lives, the realm of destiny, which modern man does not yet take into account because he actually focuses only on what is happening at the moment and not on what is continually being kept out of his life. You cannot possibly know whether, three hours ago, you could have done something that was prevented, as a result of which you would not now be sitting here, or perhaps would not even be alive. You only ever see what has already been brought about by spiritual impulses in manifold ways. With your ordinary consciousness, you do not usually assume that what you do in life is the result of spiritual impulses at work. If you become aware of this, if you understand that there is a realm of destiny just as there is a realm of nature, then you will find this realm of destiny by no means poorer in content than the realm of nature. But in this realm of destiny, which only, I would say, in special cases, when extreme cases occur, such as the one I have told you about, clearly presents itself to the human mind, what I have described earlier has an effect in this realm of destiny. The impulses of the dead work into the feelings, into the impulses of the will through which the fateful works. And even if the person who says such a thing is still regarded today by the “completely sane” as a superstitious fool, it is nevertheless true that with the same precision with which one pronounces a law of nature today, one can pronounce that that the man to whom a voice has spoken, that voice has been given to him by this or that dead person on the orders of some hierarchy, and that continually, from morning to evening and especially from evening to morning, while we are asleep, the impulses of the dead and the impulses of the spiritual hierarchies that work through fate are at work within us.
Now I would like to draw your attention to something. You will have heard something about the Socratic demon, about the demon of Socrates: how Socrates, the wise Greek, spoke of how everything he did was under the influence of a demon. I have spoken about this Socratic demon in my little book “The Spiritual Guidance of Man and Humanity.” In my new book, “On Soul Riddles,” where the second chapter deals with the learned individual Dessoir, you can see how Dessoir also deals with such things; I have pointed out this demon of Socrates. Socrates only became aware of what was at work in all human beings. Until the mystery of Golgotha, certain beings were responsible for directing what the dead brought into human life. These beings lost their power during the mystery of Golgotha, and the Christ impulse took their place. And now you have connected the Christ impulse with human destiny in a spiritual scientific way. The forces, the impulses of the dead, work into our sphere of will and our sphere of feeling in the way I have described. The dead are active, but they also experience strengthening and weakening of the will. And this entire realm is an earthly realm; it is just as much an earthly realm as the natural realm. But the impulse that has been alive since the Mystery of Golgotha is the Christ impulse. Christ is the directing power in this realm that I have described to you. So not only will a science of the mystery of Golgotha be established, but in the future we will have to know that our world, just like the world of natural facts, is permeated by a realm of destiny as its other pole. This realm of destiny is still little noticed today. We will have to pay just as much attention to it as we do to the realm of nature. But at the same time, people will know that in this realm of destiny they are connected with the dead; they will know that this realm, which we share with the dead, also contains the realm of Christ, that Christ descended to earth through the mystery of Golgotha to work with us humans on earth, in order to share with us what we share with the dead, insofar as the dead are active in the earthly realm—I do not mean the exceptional case, but the normal case.
If this is not merely an abstract truth, not merely a conceptual truth, a Sunday truth that one remembers from time to time because one remembers that such a thing is true, but if human beings walk in this realm of destiny as consciously as they walk in the realm of sensory perception, if, in a sense, as they go through the world and do things with their eyes, they also feel themselves woven into this realm of destiny, and in this realm of destiny they always feel the forces of Christ together with the forces of the dead, then, my dear friends, humanity will already develop a real, concrete, sentient life with the dead. When you yourself feel this or that, when you yourself bring about this or that, you will experience how you are together with your dear departed ones in this realm. Life will be infinitely enriched.
Now, in the sense that we call it that, we may not forget our dead; we keep their memory alive. But an intense life—and that will be the only true life, because otherwise life is wasted insofar as it is predetermined by fate—an intense life will seize humanity, and that will lead to people not only keeping the memory of the dead alive, but also knowing that If you do this, if you take this path, if you undertake this, if you succeed: this or that dead person will have a part in it. The bonds with the dead will not be broken; they will remain. This enrichment of life is in store for humanity in the future of the earth. And now that we are in the fifth post-Atlantean epoch, this fifth post-Atlantean epoch is essentially working toward the education of humanity in the direction just announced, and humanity will not be able to survive the sixth post-Atlantean epoch unless it sets out to feel these things in the right way: to take into consciousness the reality of destiny, just as humanity now takes into consciousness only the reality of what is natural.
To understand concretely the connection between the mystery of Golgotha and the problem of death is what I wanted to point out today. This is also something that is intimately connected with what must now come into the consciousness of humanity. For among the many things that humanity lacks is precisely this: that human beings have lost the ability to experience true realities in their emotional and volitional impulses. People are gradually lulling themselves into great illusions: that they can shape earthly life according to earthly laws, the greatest illusion to which human beings can succumb. A great illusion that finds its extreme, its radical extreme, for example, in pure materialistic socialism, which will of course never allow that when we humans do the slightest thing among ourselves, the dead have a say, but which orders everything according to economic, that is, purely physical laws. That is one extreme. On the other side is the extreme that all kinds of so-called idealists now dream of: to create purely programmatic, internal and intergovernmental organizations throughout the world, disregarding everything spiritual, through which wars are supposed to be abolished. People will convince themselves, when they settle into such an illusion, that in doing so they are not abolishing what they want to abolish, but rather conjuring up what they want to abolish. There is good will in these things. It is what must emerge from the materialistic consciousness of the times, I would say, as a political peak of the entire earthly existence, but which will lead to exactly the opposite of what is actually intended. What is at stake is that an understanding of destiny must spread throughout the world, and that this understanding of destiny must also take hold in legislation and political organizations, for these form the basis for the structure of social relations. That which does not want to go along with this spiritual development of humanity will simply disintegrate, will only break down and be carried away. That is why it is intimately connected with what the signs of the times mean today. We do not need to engage in any political activities here, to put it bluntly; we will not do that, of course. But the demands of the times must be seen by those who want to focus their gaze on the spiritual development of humanity. And it must be understood that on the path that is being followed almost everywhere today, Christ can only be lost; he can only be gained as the only truly legitimate king and lord of the earth through the elevation of humanity to spirituality. You can be sure of this: if Christ is not sought as the individual denominations seek him today — which, in recent times, have really found themselves in a strange way everywhere in all kinds of compromises about a conception of Christ, celebrating him here and there as a god of battle — but if Christ is sought where he is to be found in his reality, when people understand the realm of destiny as a reality, they will find Christ as we have indicated today, then that intergovernmental organization will be created which means the spread of true Christianity throughout the world.
You can see that we are not very close to this goal if you reflect on it for a moment. Just imagine that you would oppose all the people who are now talking about how they want to bring peace to the world, who are putting forward all these programs—who isn't talking about it! — if you were to counter these people with the program of making Christ accessible to humanity, then peace, lasting peace, would come, as far as it is possible on earth. Imagine what the various associations that are motivated by “good will” would say if this were presented to them! We have even experienced a peace program emanating from the representative of Christ on earth. But you will not have read much of Christ in it!
These things, I know, are not even taken seriously enough in the present. But if they are not taken seriously, humanity will not be able to embark on a path of salvation. Just as it is necessary for the mystery of Golgotha to be understood in a spiritual way, so it is necessary for people to understand the signs of the times in such a way that they truly see in spiritual science something without which the outer social structure of the future can no longer exist. Even in my public lecture tomorrow, I will have to touch on such things, albeit in a different way.
That is what I would like to add as a second consideration to the previous one we made at that time about the coexistence of the so-called dead with the living.
And now I would like to conclude with the remark I made in other branches, which I find unpleasant. Most of my dear friends are well aware of it, and I am only making it for the sake of completeness. I don't know if you are aware that the most unbelievable slanderous things, which sound so outrageous that one is amazed at how any evil impulse could lead to such things, are circulating in the world, and that spiritual science must be protected against these—one might even say—ruffian slanders. This makes it necessary that for the time being, without prejudice to everything that must be done for the esoteric development of our friends, what have been private discussions in the usual sense can no longer take place. For it is precisely from these private discussions that these slanders are compiled. So this is what I must necessarily ask our friends to understand, that such private discussions cannot take place for the time being. But it would be incomplete if you only said that; for there is a necessary addition: that anyone who wishes to do so—of course, only those who wish to!—can recount without reservation everything that has ever been said and done in such private discussions. If the truth is told, there is nothing within our movement that needs to be concealed in any way.
I am compelled to take these two measures. Give me some time; other means and ways will be found to ensure that everyone gets their spiritual-scientific rights. But the spiritual-scientific movement must not be held back by things that have nothing to do with it. And therefore, precisely those who are loyal and honest followers of our movement must understand that these meetings can no longer take place in the usual sense, and that, on the other hand, I release everyone from any promise. Everyone can say whatever they want—no one is obliged to, of course—anywhere they like, because there is nothing that should not be said if it is told in accordance with reality and the truth. But in order to make this clear, these two measures must be taken. I am very sorry to have to make these announcements, but I know that precisely those of our friends who are most loyal to our movement will fully understand the necessity of this and will sympathize completely with us in this matter.
Now we only need to be aware of the seriousness of the situation in which we find ourselves at this time. And that is why, for me in particular, such a gathering is always, I would say, a particularly important and serious event; and especially now, in these catastrophic times, I would like us to be completely honest and genuine in our awareness of the necessity of sticking together in accordance with our anthroposophical principle of spiritual unity. Even if we cannot be together physically at times, we remain together in spirit. In this I see the best greeting I can offer you, since we have been together again and may perhaps only be able to be together in spirit for some time to come.