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Karma of Untruthfulness I
GA 173a

17 December 1916, Dornach

Lecture VI

In order to reach the goal of our discussions, we shall have to endeavour to comprehend the whole nature of the fifth post-Atlantean period in all its deepest significance. It is impossible to come to an understanding of events as deeply important as those of the present day by refusing to enter into concrete matters, and by insisting on considering only general aspects of the universe and man in the way that can be done when one is not concerned with specific circumstances. Unfortunately, I have to stress that an understanding for the deeply important nature of these events is largely lacking today.

For certain quite definite reasons which will become apparent, I yesterday spoke to you about two matters. First of all I told you how the book by Brooks Adams had been launched on mankind, a kite flown to gauge the scale on which such things are understood, at least by a few individuals. This book describes how a nation should be seen as a living organism which comes into being and passes through phases of childhood, youth, maturity and decline in a similar way to a human being, though of course only similar, not identical. Furthermore it is pointed out that at certain stages of their development nations evolve two characteristics which belong together, namely, at one stage those of an imaginative and a warlike nature, and at another those of a scientific and an industrial or commercial nature. So it is assumed that nations which are imaginative and warlike by nature, and others which are scientific and industrial or commercial, live side by side and that in the mutual interplay of such nations the universal development of mankind proceeds.

I told you that this was a one-sided view. How do such views surface in the first place? What does it signify that they are launched on the public?

Views of this kind have made an impression on individuals of a certain standing and therefore have become part of the impulses working today. In such matters it is always a question of disconnecting portions of the overall spiritual knowledge of man's evolution and planting them in the world when needed or wanted. By taking a portion of the total occult picture of mankind's development it is possible to achieve definite things in the service of a particular group and its particular egoism. Knowledge of the whole picture always serves the whole of mankind. Portions taken out of context always serve the egoism of individual groups. It is significant and important to take into account that much that is launched on the public from occult sources is not untrue, but half true, a quarter true, an eighth true, and just because it bears within it a part of the truth it can be used to achieve one aim or another in a one-sided way. That is why those who see through these things gain a significant impression from the fact that, on the part of America, the twentieth century is introduced by the launching of certain ideas in the world via some channels of the bookselling trade serving certain movements which make use of occult means.

The second matter about which I spoke was the remarkable treatise by the noble Thomas More on the best form of public adminstration in the state and on the island of Utopia. Out of this treatise by Thomas More I quoted to you yesterday the passage in which More says through the mouth of a stranger what he wants to say about Utopia. This stranger is presented as a fictitious person; perhaps we shall get to know him better today, but he is not fictitious, as you will see. Out of a certain mood of his time, which I described yesterday, he develops the theme of his feelings and then describes Utopia itself.

This description of Utopia by Thomas More, who flings these particular ideas into the midst of human development at the beginning of the fifth post-Atlantean period, is indeed quite remarkable. I have found a number of people who have read Utopia, but not a single one who has read it carefully enough to become even partly aware of all the extraordinary ins and outs and unlikely details the book describes. People simply take the description of the island of Utopia as that of an imaginary island and just read on, page after page. This is understandable in the present age, which is void of all spirituality. But at least one should notice either that Thomas More is describing something incomprehensible, even if it is only meant to be imaginary, or that he must have been a complete idiot, an absolute fool. But such logical conclusions are not drawn in our time; people far prefer to pass over things by means of superficial judgements. I shall now call up before our souls an outline of the content of this work. If you want all the details, you must read Utopia yourselves.

It is significant that Utopia is described as having reached a certain maturity in its institutions. It is expressly stated that the situation being described did not exist in the beginning but has taken 1,760 years to achieve, so that we are now presented with a kind of finished product of some maturity.

The first point to be particularly stressed is that property is common, nobody owns anything. The state is divided into certain families who, if we can put it like this, elect elders, and from among the elders a prince is elected. From time to time a council is called at which public matters are discussed in accordance with the instructions of the different sections of the population. Here we immediately come to an extraordinary arrangement: Public affairs may only be discussed in the prescribed manner. Anybody who privately discusses public affairs is liable to be condemned to death. Further, we discover a highly sensible arrangement: When a suggestion is made during the council meeting it may never be discussed immediately; people must first go home and think about it and it is then brought up again on a subsequent occasion. The one who is telling us the story says that in this way people have an opportunity to think about things, and do not make hasty judgements which they would naturally defend with stubbornness and egoism, just because they have become attached to their own judgement instead of thinking carefully and coming to the right conclusion.

In Utopia everyone has to learn farming while still a child. Later they also learn a trade, usually that pursued by their parents, though they may choose another if they have the skill for it. Work is strictly regulated and nobody need labour for more than six hours a day.

Everything else is also arranged in the best way; there are three hours of work in the morning but, before this, at sunrise, those who wish may gather to learn about spiritual and similar things. Games such as those we know outside Utopia do not exist there. They have, however, a competitive game something like chess, a kind of arithmetical battle, and also another competitive game, again similar to chess, in which the vices and the virtues compete with one another.

Under the supervision of the elected representatives those who are suitable are declared scholars. From among their number the ambassadors and the priests are elected. The dirtiest work is performed by slaves who are either recruited from amongst conquered peoples or else are criminals. Every true Utopian is free. There is another arrangement in Utopia which we, who are not from Utopia, have only just come to enjoy: no journey may be made without permission from the appropriate authority. A passport is necessary for even the shortest journey. Money does not exist. Anything available for consumption is taken to the markets where anybody can help himself. Since this is so well arranged that no one takes more than he needs, there is no necessity to pay anything, for everyone receives what he requires. Money or anything like it is simply not necessary.

The only metal of any value is iron. Please take note of this, for it is very significant. Silver is valued less and gold least of all. Gold is not fashioned into the articles non-Utopians would use it for, but mainly into chains for criminals, and for similar objects. Gold is forged into chains for criminals; they have to wear them as a symbol of their shame. Certain receptacles which one does not mention in polite company are also made of gold, and so on. This had a curious consequence once, when some foreign diplomats visited Utopia and sought to impress the Utopians by festooning themselves in gold chains and jewellery. The Utopians thought them to be of very lowly origin, since such things were only used as toys for children, who discarded them as they grew older. When the diplomats came, the children watched them pass by in the street and said: Look at those old fogeys still wearing children's playthings!

No value is attached in Utopia to the wearing of fine clothes, for they say: How can anyone fancy it matters whether his clothes are made from this wool or that wool? The sheep were the first to wear them. How can you fancy there is anything special in wearing what the sheep first wore naturally!

In Utopia there is also another peculiarity; good and evil, virtue and vice are only judged in connection with religious ideas. A goal to be striven for in life is a kind of epicureanism in the pleasures one enjoys. The more fun one has in life, the more virtuous one is considered to be. The Utopians believe in the immortal soul of man and have a kind of religion of reason. They consider that everybody may use his common sense to see that God rules the world like an overseer, that man has an immortal soul and that after death this will enter into a spiritual world where there will be reward and punishment for virtue and vice.

The Utopians think nothing of jewels for they say: When somebody buys a jewel he has to seek the assurance of the seller that it is genuine; why on earth should something be valuable if you cannot see with your own eyes whether it is a genuine or a counterfeit jewel? This could only happen in Utopia. Hunting is also scorned as something undignified. Only butchers are allowed to hunt, and theirs is not an esteemed profession.

The man who tells all these things explains that he himself introduced the Utopians to Greek literature and art and that they proved to be extraordinarily intelligent. Indeed their language seems to have affinities with Greek, and their culture is unusual in that it seems to remind one of that of Greece mingled with something of Persia. The manner in which husband and wife are selected I shall not describe for reasons which you will understand if you read the book. There are no lawyers in Utopia; they are considered to be the most harmful people. Contracts are not entered into because the Utopians believe that if someone wants to keep an agreement he can do so without a contract, whereas if he does not, he can break it even if he has a contract.

In war, they avoid bloodletting if at all possible; it is considered the most shameful thing. They say: If one spills blood in war, one is no better than wolves and tigers. Other methods must be sought, for man has intelligence. Only in absolute extremity, if there is no other hope, will they spill blood. They set about the matter of making war on another nation by sending out scouts whose task it is either to bring about confusion among the enemy so that they start to quarrel among themselves, or to murder one or another member of the enemy force, or something similar. In other words they seek to use ‘love and good sense’ to bring about discord and dissension as well as mutual irritation among those on whom they wish to make war, and only if this fails will they decide to shed blood. And even then they use quite special methods which show that they intend to cease the bloodletting at the first possible opportunity.

Another point is that religious tolerance is a fundamental characteristic of the Utopians. So long as he does not break the law, anybody may belong to any sect or represent any religious view he likes. This was instituted by the founder of Utopia, Utopus himself. However, all must believe in a highest being, whom they call Mythra. The one who tells us this has himself attempted to introduce Christianity there. The A-94-Utopians proved to be most open to it and recognized it as being indeed the best religion. The utmost religious tolerance prevails, and all may believe whatever they will, except that someone who is a materialist or who does not believe in the immortality of the soul forfeits all civil and other rights, indeed is declared to be without rights.

There is a sect which holds animals to be creatures who have souls like people. There are priests who teach in special mystery churches and perform cultic rites. Festivals are celebrated at the end and the beginning of each year. Musical instruments differ somewhat from those in other countries, for they are particularly suited to expressing in music what the human soul feels in its various moods. And so on.

I have told you all this just as it is described in the book. You will have noticed I said on the one hand that the Utopians have a religion of good sense, in which each individual believes what his good sense tells him is right; and yet, on the other hand, we are told that Christianity has been introduced and that all believe in a kind of Mythra. Further, it is said that tolerance prevails, and yet those who are materialists forfeit their rights as citizens. In short, you will find in the book one contradiction after another.

So what is this book really about? What is it describing? We can indeed only understand it on the basis of spiritual science. We must understand that Thomas More, like Pico della Mirandola and others, is a man who stands with part of his being in the fourth post-Atlantean period while another part already projects into the fifth. But he is also a man who knows that this is so and develops it in full consciousness because he possesses a certain spiritual life.

Thomas More spent many hours every day in meditation, and with his meditations he achieved certain quite definite results. But these results came about because, as I said, part of his being still lived in the fourth post-Atlantean period, so that atavistic elements joined in him with a conscious raising of his soul into the life of the spiritual world. Yet he lived a whole century after the beginning of the fifth post-Atlantean period and in his soul everything lived which was characteristic of that fifth period: intellectuality and reasoning as we know them today—which did not yet exist during the fourth period, contrary to the opinion of those whose view of history is utterly fantastic. All this worked and mingled in his soul. You can discover what must have gone on in such a soul if you study Pico della Mirandola and also the relationship of Pico della Mirandola to Savonarola.

We have, then, a man into whose soul we must penetrate a little if we are to understand what he meant with his description of Utopia. Such a man as this knew that occult impulses work and weave in the evolution of mankind, and also that at the turn of the fourth to the fifth post-Atlantean period it was necessary to provide the right impulse for many people. Whether they then make use of it is another question. What did such people know? We have often discussed that things are different nowadays, but this is what it was like then; so what did such people know? They knew that mankind must grow decadent if only those things were developed which were, let me say, unspiritual, thought-out, merely reasoned. Such people know that human beings must become desiccated even down to their physical bodies—of course not during the course of a few centuries but over a long period—if only dry reasoning, if only that spiritual element is developed on which materialistic views are founded. Such people have quite a different concept of the truth from that which gradually evolved during the fifth post-Atlantean period. They know that thoughts must be thought which do not relate to the physical plane, because, quite apart from the truth of such matters, human beings, if they do not wish to wither, must think thoughts which do not relate to the physical plane. These are the thoughts which bring life, which make life possible and help it to make progress. This is why what is spiritual is so important, quite apart from the aspect of truth.

Through his meditations Thomas More had come to experience pictures of the higher worlds in a partly atavistic and partly conscious way, but these were mingled with the material aspect of the dream worlds. Out of these actual experiences arose what he relates in Utopia. It is not something he has thought out, it is not fantasy, but something he really experienced as the fruit of his meditation. He placed it before us just as he experienced it, in order to say: Behold! A man who lives in England under King Henry VIII, a man who is even a servant of Henry's state, a man who bears in his soul the feelings, the desires, the intimate goals of England at this time—when his visions stir up his inner being, he experiences what is here described to be a kind of ideal state. He wanted to express what are the wishes, the goals, the ideas lurking in the subconscious of those who are dissatisfied with the external world. This is what he wanted to express.

So it can be said: this is the astral self-knowledge of a man of that time. A wise man such as Thomas More does not simply set before his contemporaries a fantastic ideal for the future. He sets before them what he himself experiences because, through this, in his own way and in keeping with his own time, he wants to present them with the great truth that the external world perceived by the senses is maya and that this external world of the senses must be seen in conjunction with the super-sensible world. But if one sees them in conjunction in this way—so that all the desires, all the wishes which belong to a particular age and are in keeping with that age, are allowed to play their part—then the outcome is something which, if looked at closely, is by no means a proposition that could be considered ideal. For I must admit, if I were to be born in Utopia I would probably see it as my primary task to overcome the prevailing conditions as quickly as possible and replace them with others. I might even consider the conditions prevailing here or there on our earth—apart from those of the immediate present—to be more ideal than those in Utopia. But it was not Thomas More's aim to describe ideal conditions. His intention was to show what he really experienced under the conditions as I have described them. He wanted to say to people: If you could see your wishes, if you could see before your eyes what you imagine to be ideal conditions, you would find that you were not in agreement with them at all.

Now we have made the acquaintance of the stranger who describes Utopia: he is the astral self of Thomas More. These things must be seen as being much more real than is usually supposed. At certain points of human evolution the fundamental facts must be sought out if one wants to understand this human evolution. A judgement cannot be made simply by taking the few facts closest to hand. A valid judgement cannot be based on these, for it would merely relate to sympathies and antipathies. These are valid, of course, but they take us no further, and mankind cannot be served by them.

My purpose here—and we shall return to these things later—has been to place before you a man who is particularly typical of the turning point between two ages, namely, between the fourth and the fifth post-Atlantean ages: one who is able to bring to the surface what is characteristic of his deeper soul life in such a way that he has an experience of self. Let me just leave this as a fact for the moment.

In order to gain an understanding of the kind for which a number of our friends here have expressed a wish, we must now also work on achieving a comprehension of the concrete reality of a folk soul. For our materialistic age and way of feeling tends to make us confuse the folk soul with the individual soul. I mean, when we speak of a people, a nation, we believe that this has something to do with the individuals who constitute this nation. To use a rather rough-and-ready, though graphic comparison: To say that an Englishman or a German can be identified with the folk soul of his nation is, for the spiritual scientist, as nonsensical as saying that a son or daughter can be identified with father or mother.

This is a rough-and-ready comparison, as I said, because on the one hand we are dealing with two physical people, whereas on the other we mean one physical and one non-physical being, which differ totally from one another when examined concretely. Not until there is an understanding of the mysteries of repeated earth lives and of the karma which these involve will there really be a comprehension of what underlies all this, which it is highly necessary to understand if one wants to speak on a firm basis about these things. An immensely important truth lies in the fact that one lives within a certain folk spirit only for a single incarnation, whereas one bears within one's own individual being something quite different, something immeasurably greater and yet also immeasurably smaller than that which lives within a folk soul. To identify oneself with a folk soul is, in reality, totally devoid of meaning once one goes beyond what is described by such words as love of the fatherland, love of the homeland, patriotism and so on. We shall only understand these things properly, once we can look earnestly and deeply at the truths of reincarnation and karma.

I have spoken recently in various places about the connection between the human soul between death and rebirth and what comes into being when man enters a new existence through birth. I pointed out that between death and rebirth man is linked with the forces which bring people together over many generations. Through the ever-repeated union of different pairs of parents and all that leads to descendants, as well as other aspects of the succession of generations, it comes about that the human being between death and rebirth finds himself within a whole stream which, in the end, leads him to the parents through whom he can incarnate. Just as in physical life one is linked with one's physical body, so between death and rebirth is one linked with the conditions which prepare for birth through a particular pair of parents. One is immersed in the forces which bring one to particular parents, and which brought father and mother to their parents, and so on back through the generations, in all their offshoots and ramifications, and whatever works together here in the most varied ways—in all this one is immersed for centuries!

Consider the imposing number of centuries one would remain within all this in order to pass through a mere thirty generations. The period from Charlemagne to the present day encompasses approximately thirty generations, and over all that time, in all that has taken place in the way of meeting, falling in love and begetting descendants which at last led to our own parents—in all this we have ourselves been involved, all this we have ourselves prepared.

I am repeating this because in connection with those personalities one calls leaders, those who can be recognized as leading personalities in some respects, it is important to understand that what makes them significant for mankind comes about through all that I have just described. I shall draw your attention now to a leading personality, and the climax of what I have to say about him will be expressed in the words of another. You will see in a moment why this is so.

We see in Dante a most eminent personality who lived at the end of the fourth post-Atlantean period. We may juxtapose such an eminent personality with those personalities who gained a certain eminence after the beginning of the fifth post-Atlantean period, such as, for instance, Thomas More. Let us look closely at what may be recognized in general in a personality such as Dante. A personality such as Dante is of far-reaching significance, gives far-reaching impulses. It is therefore interesting to consider, or at least to guess, how such a soul before entering through birth into a physical existence that is to be significant for mankind, puts together—excuse this rather peculiar expression—what he is to become, in order to be born in the right way through the right parents. Obviously these conditions are brought about out of the spiritual world, but they are realized with the help of the physical tools. In a certain sense the spiritual world guides this blood to that blood, and so on.

As a rule, a personality like Dante cannot be born of homogeneous blood. To belong to a single nation is impossible for such a soul. It needs a mysterious alchemy; various blood streams must flow together. Whatever those over-patriotic people might say who claim great personalities for a single people, there is no great reality behind it!

As regards Dante, so that you do not think I am taking sides I shall now let another, who knows him intimately, describe what is clearly apparent in his being. It would be easy to imagine that I might be carrying on politically, which is actually furthest from my intentions. So for this reason I have made enquiries of Carducci, the great Italian poet of today, who is an expert on Dante. Behind Carducci—and this is why I am quoting him—stand what are called ‘Massonieri’ in Italy, and what is connected with all those secret brotherhoods to whom I have drawn your attention. Because of this, Carducci's theoretical arguments about the actualities of life are, to a certain extent, based on some deeper knowledge. I would not maintain that he has flaunted this deeper knowlege all over the market place or that he is in any way an occultist. But what he says does contain a certain amount of what has come to him via all kinds of secret channels.

Carducci says: Three elements work in Dante, and it is only because these three elements work together that Dante's being was able to become what it was. First, through certain branches of his lineage, there was an ancient Etruscan element. This gave Dante whatever it was that opened the super-sensible worlds to him; because of this he was able to speak so profoundly about the super-sensible worlds. Secondly, there was in him a Roman element which gave him a proper relationship to the life of his time and a basis of certain legal concepts from which to proceed. And thirdly, says Carducci, there was a Germanic element in Dante. From this he gained the boldness and freshness of his views, a certain candour, and the courage of his convictions in what he had set himself. These three elements, says Carducci, made up the soul life of Dante.

The first element points to the ancient Celtic influence which pulses through him like blood in a certain way, leading him back to the third post-Atlantean period; for the Celtic element in the North leads back to what we have come to know as the third post-Atlantean period. After this we find the fourth post-Atlantean period in the Roman, and the fifth in the Germanic element. Carducci maintains that the elements in Dante's soul are composed of these three periods and their impulses, so that we really have three layers lying side by side—or rather one above the other—the third, fourth and fifth post-Atlantean periods: Celtic, Roman, Germanic. Dante experts of some stature have gone to great pains to discover how, from the spiritual world, Dante managed to mingle his blood in such a way as to obtain the final composition with which he was born. Of course, they did not express this in these words, but they went to great pains and came to believe that much may be put down to the fact that a great many of Dante's ancestors are to be found in the Grisons area of present-day Switzerland. This is borne out to some extent by history. The chain of Dante's predecessors points in every direction of the compass, including this district, where so much mixing of blood streams took place.

We now see how, in a single personality, the remarkable working together of the three layers of European human evolution is revealed. We also see how a man like Carducci, whose judgement is based on a certain objectivity and not on present-day nationalistic madness, points to the foundation on which Dante stands.

Herewith we touch on conditions which are well-known in circles familiar with the realities of life, conditions which may be reckoned with and which may be used as forces if one wants to do certain things. These conditions are by no means unknown to the secret brotherhoods, neither in their rightful use, nor in that other direction which uses secret knowledge in one way or another in the service of some group egoism. For the secret of how the three consecutive layers—which are exceedingly meaningful, mainly for Europe—work together, is discussed most carefully in all secret brotherhoods worthy of the name, though naturally in some cases in a manner which deflects from what might be termed the good direction.

Please be sure not to forget that knowledge about such things exists, and that it is taught—even though, in the external, clever world no one wants to know much about it—very systematically and with great care, especially in the western and American secret brotherhoods.

Having now prepared the way and brought to your attention the teaching about what is, in a certain way, a mystery of evolution and which is taught, albeit with the most varying aims, I shall now point to some further teachings simply by describing them to you. These teachings formed the content of the instruction given in certain occult schools, particularly towards the end of the nineteenth century. They continued into the twentieth century, but it was particularly in the nineteenth century that they were taken up, at which time they gained a considerable degree of influence. Efforts were made to bring them into all kinds of situations in which it was felt necessary to use them for certain ends. So to start with I shall simply report, quite uncritically, on certain teachings from the secret brotherhoods of England, whereby I shall be alluding to what I have prepared.

The following was taught and is still taught: The evolution of Europe can be comprehended if, to start with, one looks at the transition from the Roman, the fourth post-Atlantean period, to the fifth post-Atlantean period. The teaching was—please remember that I am merely reporting—that the mystery of the transition from the fourth to the fifth period or, as was said in these brotherhoods, from the fourth to the fifth sub-race, must be understood. You know that we cannot use the term ‘sub-race’ for the reasons I have frequently expressed, for to use this term means to pursue one-sided group aims, whereas group aims can never be our concern, but solely the general aims of mankind. So the teaching was that the fourth sub-race is represented mainly by the Roman, the Latin peoples. Throughout human evolution it is the case that when things develop in sequence it is not a question of what comes after taking its place behind what came before. What came before remains and takes its place side by side with what comes afterwards, so that they remain side by side in space. Thus, the stragglers of the fourth sub-race, consisting chiefly of the Roman and Latin elements, have remained during the period of the fifth sub-race.

The fifth sub-race, which began at the start of the fifteenth century, is composed of those peoples who are called upon to speak English in the world. The English-speaking peoples represent the fifth sub-race, and the whole task of the fifth post-Atlantean period consists in conquering the world for the English-speaking peoples. It will be evident that the stragglers of the fourth sub-race, the peoples touched by the Latin element, will fall more and more into a certain materialism. They bear within themselves the element of their own inner dissolution, and even in the physical sense bear their own decadence within them. As I said, I am merely reporting and not saying anything which I myself maintain to be true. Further, it is said that the fifth sub-race bears within it a germ of spirituality, of a capacity to comprehend the spiritual world. It is necessary, it is said, to understand how the fourth sub-race affected the fifth, and for this purpose one must look back to where the Nordic peoples, who later became the Britons, the Gauls, the Germans, came towards the Roman Empire. The question was asked: What were these peoples at the time when the Roman Empire was making war on them; in other words, when the conflict between the fourth and the fifth sub-race began? As peoples they were at the stage of infancy! The important point is that the Romans, the Roman element, the fourth sub-race, came in order to be their wet-nurse. These expressions are needed to enable us to draw the analogy between the folk element and the element of the individual human being. So the Romans became wet-nurses and they remained so for approximately as long as they maintained their dominance over the peoples of the North who were going through their infancy.

Infants grow to be children. This is the age in which the Papacy is founded in Rome and in which the Pope in his reign becomes the guardian of the child, just as the Roman Empire was the wet-nurse of the infant. Again, I am merely reporting, and not maintaining that this is the case. So now we have the interplay between the Papacy and what is going on in the North, what developed through Central Europe right out as far as Britain. This is the education of these people under the guardianship of the Papacy, out of which the Roman element from the fourth post-Atlantean period is still working. Round about the twelfth century, when the Papacy began to be no longer what it had been, the youth of these various people commenced, this being characterized by the awakening of their own intelligence. The guardian now withdraws. The youth of these peoples continues until roughly the end of the eighteenth century. As a rule, when such things are taught the present is omitted, because for certain reasons this is thought to be a good thing to do. People must not be told too clearly what one thinks about the present time; they learn about this more through suggestion.

Thus, in the course of time in the North, under the rule of the wet-nurse, the guardian, and so on, the present mature condition grew. This bears within it the germ of rendering Britain the ruling nation of the fifth post-Atlantean period, in the same way as were not only the Romans but also the Roman element in the form of the Papacy, which was derived from them. So, according to this doctrine, while the remains of the Latin element crumble away from the human race, a new fruitful element expands from the factor in which lives the British element. Now it is hinted that all external actions and measures which are to serve any purpose and be fruitful, must be made under the sign of these views. Anything that is undertaken without these views, anything that does not take into account that the Latin element is in decline and the British element ascending, is doomed to wither. Of course such things may be undertaken, say these people, but they are condemned to remain meaningless, they will not grow. It is like sowing seeds in the wrong soil.

In the doctrine I have sketched for you we have a foundation which seeped into all the brotherhoods, even the more esoteric ones—those who worked in the West as so-called high grade Freemasons and suchlike. These things were insinuated into public affairs by people who had either close or loose connections with these brotherhoods, often in such a veiled way that those concerned had no idea how they had come by their knowledge. Particularly since the sixteenth century these things have been carried from the West into much that can be experienced in human evolution.

Other things are also taught. It is said: Just as those people in the North during the time of the Roman element were preparing themselves to be the fifth sub-race, so today, in a similar way, the Slav people are coming towards the West as the developing sixth sub-race; in the same way the Germanic peoples came out of the North to meet the Roman element. Thus it is said that living in the East, under a despotic rule that is doomed to destruction, are a number of individual peoples who, like the Germanic peoples when the Roman Empire started to spread northwards, are not yet nations as such but still tribal peoples. These tribal peoples constitute the separate elements of the so-called Slav people, which for the moment is only held together in an external way by a despotic government which is to be swept away. I am using the terms which are customary within these secret brotherhoods.

After saying so many positive things about the Slavs, let me just add in parentheses: It is true that these peoples are still tribal in a certain way. This became evident at the Slav Congress in Prague in 1848. Each group wanted to speak in their own language, but this proved impossible because they were then incomprehensible to the others; so they were forced to use standard German instead. I do not say this to amuse you but in order to show that what is taught in the West about the Slavs does have a certain basis of truth.

It is said further in the English brotherhoods that the Poles have evolved ahead of the other Slavs, for they have developed a homogeneous cultural and religious life of a relatively high calibre. The destinies of the Poles are described to some extent, but it is then maintained that they really belong to the Russian Empire. Then the Balkan Slavs are discussed. Of them it is said that they have thrown off the yoke of Turkish oppression and formed themselves into individual Slav states which, however—and this is repeated over and over again—are destined to remain as they are only until the next great European war. In the nineties particularly, these brotherhoods held this great European war to be imminent, and it was linked especially to evolutionary impulses which were to emanate from the Balkan Slavs, born of the fact that these states, which had come into being as a result of their disengagement from the Turkish Empire, had to undergo a transition to new forms. Only until the next great European war, it was said, would these Balkan Slavs be able to maintain their independence. After that they would meet with quite other destinies.

These peoples are at present, so it is taught, in their infancy. So it is hinted that since they are the future sixth sub-race, while the Britons are the present fifth sub-race, the Britons will have to play a role towards them similar to that played by the Romans towards the northern Germanic peoples, namely that of wet-nurse; to be a wet-nurse to these peoples is their primary task. This role of wet-nurse will cease to be necessary, it is said, at the moment when these peoples will have reached a point when the Russian Empire no longer exists and they have succeeded in creating their own forms out of their own dawning intelligence. But gradually the wet-nurse must be replaced by the guardian. This means that in the West a kind of papacy must develop out of those who form the fifth sub-race. For this, a strong spirituality must develop and, just as the Papacy stood in relation to Central Europe, so a configuration will have to come about which works comprehensively from the West over towards the East. This must result in the East being used as a place where certain institutions can be created in a manner similar to that in which the Papacy created its institutions in Europe.

Of course we have now progressed by one sub-race. The Papacy created churches and religious communities of all sorts. But now the western ‘papacy’, which is to develop out of the British element, will have the task of carrying out certain quite definite economic experiments, that is, of instituting a certain form of economic society of a socialist nature which, it is assumed, cannot be founded in the West because there the fifth and not the sixth sub-race has its being. The East, experimentally at first, must be used for such experiments for the future. Political, cultural and economic experiments must be carried out.

Of course these people are not so stupid as to maintain that the dominance of the West will last forever, for no serious student of spiritual matters would believe that. But they are quite clear about the fact that just as at first the services of the wet-nurse were offered, so must these be metamorphosed into the role of the guardian—in other words a kind of future ‘papacy’ on the part of western culture.

I have been reporting, my dear friends! These things are buried deeply in the teachings of western Freemasonry and it is a matter of recognizing whether the ones I have mentioned, which are very influential, are really justified as being for the good of mankind in general in its evolution, or whether it is necessary to think of them as needing correction in some way. This is what we are concerned with. We shall return to all this again.

Now I want to point out that certain stages of evolution are really not mere fantasy, but that the more deeply one enters into the real facts, the more does it become possible to prove in the external world what was found at first by spiritual means. External science, even today, is occupied with the search for theories which prove that evolution takes place in stages which follow one another. That there is really something correct in what the spiritual scientist says can today be confirmed in some of the symptoms of ordinary science, if only one has the good will to search for them.

Diagram 1

Let me mention in this connection something of which I have repeatedly spoken already. Although external culture cannot comprehend these things there is, in spiritual development, something which is expressed in laws which are as definite as the laws of nature. I once drew your attention to a linguistic law. Human evolution from the fourth post-Atlantean period up to the present shows that Greek and Latin represent a particular stage of linguistic development; the next stage was then Gothic, and the one after that New High German. Evolution takes place here in a perfectly regular manner. I can only sketch this for you, but these things follow laws which are every bit as absolute as those of nature, and exceptions merely seem to be so.

The sound D in Greek or Latin is transmuted into T and this again into Th which, because of certain language laws, can also be Z. A Greek Th or Z becomes a Gothic D, and this becomes T in New High German. A Gothic Th or Z becomes a New High German T, and so the circle continues. Similarly, a Graeco-Roman B becomes a Gothic P, and this in turn a New High German F or Pf. A Greek F or Pf would be a Gothic B and a New High German P. There is another circle which goes from G to K to Ch. Take for example treis, three, drei: T / Greek; Th / Gothic; D / New High German. This is so in every case and exceptions can be explained by special laws which complement the main laws.

We have three stages, one above the other: Greek-Latin, Gothic—which corresponds to the time when the Roman Empire was coming up against the Germanic tribes—and the further stage of New High German. The strange thing is, as I have said before, that English has remained behind at the Gothic stage. So if you want to find the English for a New High German word, you have to go back a stage. Take ‘Tag’; to find the English for this you have to go, not forwards, but backwards: ‘day’. Take ‘tief’; again you have to go backwards to ‘deep’; take New High German ‘zehn’; if you want the English you have to go backwards: ‘ten’. Take ‘Zahn’; you have to go backwards if you want the English: ‘tooth’; take ‘Dieb’, here too you have to go backwards: ‘thief’. New High German ‘dick’, if you go backwards, becomes ‘thick’. So, to go from New High German to English, the direction is opposite to the normal.

So we can say quite objectively: If we seek to find the evolution of language as a folk element in respect of English, we have to go back to the Gothic stage. New High German has risen in evolution to become a special element. This is not said out of any patriotic or nationalistic feeling but simply because it is true, just as there is no need to say the polar bear is white out of any sympathy or antipathy for him. The law I have demonstrated to you is a well-known linguistic law, Grimm's law. I have only demonstrated it with regard to some voiced and unvoiced plosives and some aspirated sounds, but it can be done for the whole system of sounds. The evolution of language proceeds in accordance with strict laws and it corresponds to the impulses that rule in human evolution. Little by little natural science discovers these things, though sometimes only sporadically. In spiritual science you may find the deeper foundations for all these things.

We shall come to other aspects of spiritual and cultural life which will show that what applies to the realm of language holds sway in other fields as well. Something unconscious, when it is brought to light, bears witness to objective laws. This cannot be turned and twisted according to sympathy or antipathy!

Do not imagine that this Grimm's law on sound-shifts is unknown to those secret brotherhoods of whom we have spoken. Tomorrow we shall see how they come to terms with such matters and how they have relevant things to say about them too. What they have to say is not foolish but perfectly in keeping with a certain kind of occultism. It will be up to you to decide, when you know more about it, how you want to judge it and whether it is something legitimate or not. Through the karma of human evolution it will come about that certain things are made more easily accessible to the public at large, in particular as a result of the circumstance that a certain amount of confusion has entered into the Masonic orders. Because of these circumstances a variety of things are coming to light for the outside world. We, however, want to understand, above all, the deeper foundations of all this.

Some quite bizarre symptoms are indeed coming to light. For instance there exists today an interesting dissertation by a man who met his death—this too is a remarkable karmic circumstance—on the battlefield of the present war. It is about the parallelism that exists between French politics and French secret societies, and it shows how the two run entirely parallel, how the same forces live in both. Much more intimate and concealed are the circumstances of English politics which are totally under the influence of what lies hidden behind them in this way. Here the main concern is to find ways of placing suitable people in the right places. The people in the background who are involved in occult manipulations are often like a number one; they do not amount to much on their own. They need something else: a nought. Noughts are not ones, but the two together make ten. If more noughts are added, so long as there is a one somewhere as well, a great deal can result—for instance a thousand—though every nought remains a nought. And if the one remains hidden, then only the noughts are visible. So the aim is to combine the noughts in a suitable way with the ones, whereby the noughts have no need to know much about the way in which they are combined with the ones.

There is, for instance, a certain man who is a perfectly honest fellow. I have often said that I in no way look on him as the wicked ogre—for which many in Central Europe want to take him. I think he is an honest, nice man who, in his own way, longs to speak the truth. Yet this does not prevent him from being a nought. This man's education began at Winchester public school, whence he proceeded to Balliol College, Oxford. Then he won something very important, the Marlylebone Cricket Prize, followed by the Queen Anne Tennis Prize. At the age of twenty-three he became a member of parliament. At that age one is susceptible to all kinds of influences. At thirty he became Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. He had long been Foreign Minister when he set foot outside England for the first time in order to accompany the King of England on a journey to Africa. He also wrote a little book on angling entitled Fly Fishing. Sir Edward Grey then ascended the social ladder before sinking into obscurity. A fellow student at Oxford, ten years his senior, was Asquith, with whom he spent his years there.

This is how those appear who are the visible accomplices. We shall proceed thus far today and carry on tomorrow.

Sechster Vortrag

Meine lieben Freunde! Wollen wir nun in unseren Betrachtungen zu einem Ziele kommen, so handelt es sich vor allen Dingen darum, daß wir das ganze Wesen des sogenannten fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraums in des Wortes tiefster Bedeutung nehmen, denn wenn man nicht auf diese konkreten Dinge eingeht, sondern nur stehenbleiben will in allgemeinen Weltbetrachtungen, in allgemeinen Menschheitsbetrachtungen, ohne daß man auf irgendwelche speziellen Dinge Rücksicht nimmt, so kann man nicht zu einem Verständnisse kommen, namentlich nicht über Ereignisse, die von so tief einschneidender Bedeutung sind wie diejenigen, die wir in der Gegenwart erleben, zumal auch immer wieder betont werden muß, daß ja leider das tiefere Verständnis für das Einschneidende dieser Ereignisse in weitesten Kreisen nicht eigentlich vorhanden ist.

Nun habe ich Ihnen gestern aus ganz bestimmten Gründen, die aus den weiteren Betrachtungen ersichtlich sein werden, zweierlei angeführt: Erstens, daß gewissermaßen in die Menschheit hineingeworfen worden ist - sozusagen als Versuchsballon - die Schrift von Brooks Adams, um zu sehen, wieviel von solchen Dingen - wenigstens von einzelnen — verstanden werden könne, um zu schauen, ob die Idee verstanden werden könne, die in dem genannten Buch von Brooks Adams ausgeführt ist. Dort ist [aufgrund eines reichen historischen Materials] ausgeführt - ich wiederhole kurz —, daß ein Volksorganismus wirklich auch als Organismus aufzufassen ist, das heißt er entsteht, er macht ein Jugendalter durch, ein Wachstumsalter, ein Reifealter, ein Verfallsalter - ähnlich wie der einzelne Mensch, wenn auch selbstverständlich nur eine Ähnlichkeit, nicht eine Gleichheit vorliegt. Und dann wird darauf hingewiesen, daß in bestimmten Phasen ihrer Entwicklung die Völker jeweils zwei zusammengehörige Eigenschaften ausbilden, nämlich das Imaginative und das Kriegerische in einem Lebensalter, das Wissenschaftliche und das Industriell-Kommerzielle in einem andern Lebensalter. Es wird also von dieser Seite angenommen - wir wollen das nur referieren —, daß nebeneinander wohnen einerseits Völker, die durch ihre Natur imaginativ und kriegerisch sind, und andererseits Völker, die durch ihre Natur wissenschaftlich und industriell-kommerziell veranlagt sind; in der Wechselwirkung solcher Völker aufeinander entwickelt sich der menschheitliche Weltenprozeß. Ich sagte Ihnen [gestern], daß dies eine einseitige, [korrekturbedürftige] Anschauung ist. Wodurch kommen aber solche Anschauungen überhaupt an die Oberfläche? Was bedeutet es, daß sie in die Öffentlichkeit getragen werden?

Sehen Sie, bei solchen Anschauungen wie diesen, die wirklich einen Eindruck gemacht haben bei einzelnen Menschen, die schon etwas zu bedeuten haben und die mitten drinnen sind in den Impulsen, die in der Gegenwart wirken, bei solchen Dingen kommt es darauf an, daß immer einzelne Teile der umfassenden geistigen Erkenntnis sagen wir also der okkulten Erkenntnis der Menschheitsevolution — herausgerissen werden aus dem Zusammenhang und - je nachdem man sie braucht oder sie haben will - in die Welt hineinverpflanzt werden. Dadurch, daß man aus dem gesamten Umfange richtiger okkulter Einsichten in die Menschheitsentwicklung das eine oder das andere herausgreift, kann man immer Spezielles im Dienste einer Gruppe, im Dienste irgendeines Gruppenegoismus erreichen. Das Ganze dient immer der ganzen Menschheit; das Einzelne, das herausgegriffen wird, dient immer dem Egoismus einzelner Gruppen. Das ist das Bedeutsame und Wichtige, das man ins Auge fassen muß, weil sehr viele Dinge, die von okkulter Seite in die Öffentlichkeit hineingeworfen werden, nicht unrichtig sind, sondern halbe Wahrheiten sind, Viertels- oder Achtelswahrheiten und gerade dadurch, daß sie einen Teil des Wahren in sich tragen, verwendet werden können, um dieses oder jenes in einseitiger Weise zu erreichen. Daher machte es auf den, der solche Dinge durchschaut, einen bedeutenden Eindruck, als man von Amerika her das 20. Jahrhundert einleitete, indem diese Ideen — wie gesagt durch buchhändlerische Kanäle, die im Dienste von gewissen, sich okkulter Mittel bedienender Bewegungen stehen in die Welt gesetzt wurden. Wir kommen auf diese Sache noch zurück.

Das andere, was ich Ihnen angeführt habe, war die merkwürdige Abhandlung des edlen Thomas Morus über die beste Form der öffentlichen Verhältnisse des Staatswesens und die neue Insel Utopia. Nun, ich habe Ihnen gestern vorgelesen aus der Einleitung dieser Abhandlung von Thomas Morus über «Utopia», und sie haben daraus gesehen, daß Thomas Morus das, was er sagen will über dieses Utopien, einem Fremden in den Mund legt, der ja meinetwillen erfunden sein mag, das heißt, den man erfunden nennen kann - erfunden ist er nicht, wie Sie sehen werden. Dieser Fremde - wir werden ihn vielleicht heute noch etwas näher vorstellen können - legt ihm auseinander, daß er eine solche Insel, eben Utopia, gefunden habe, und er entwickelt aus einer gewissen Stimmung über seine Zeit, die ich Ihnen gestern geschildert habe, zuerst seine Empfindungen, und dann schildert er dieses Utopien.

Nun ist diese Schilderung Utopiens durch Thomas Morus, der diese Ideen gerade im Beginne des fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraums in die Menschheitsentwicklung hineinwirft, wirklich höchst eigentümlich. Und ich muß sagen, ich habe mancherlei Leute gefunden, die «Utopia» gelesen haben, aber ich habe keinen einzigen gefunden, der dieses «Utopia» so genau gelesen hätte, daß er all die sonderbaren Winkelzüge, die sonderbaren Dinge, die in diesem Buche stehen, sich wirklich auch nur zum Bewußtsein gebracht hätte. Man nimmt diese Schilderung der Insel Utopia eben wie die Schilderung eines Phantasielandes und liest so Seite für Seite - das ist ja begreiflich in unserer jeder Spiritualität baren Zeit. Aber man sollte wenigstens bemerken und sich sagen: Entweder schildert Thomas Morus ein Phantasiegebilde, was man, wenn man nur den gewöhnlichen Materialisten-Verstand hat, dann doch nicht begreift, oder aber Thomas Morus muß ein vollendeter Narr, ein Dummkopf gewesen sein. Aber solche konsequenten Konklusionen macht unsere Zeit nicht; sie geht viel lieber über alle diese Dinge hinweg mit einem leichtgeschürzten Verständnis. Nun, ich kann Ihnen natürlich nicht alle Einzelheiten schildern, da müssen Sie die Schrift «Utopia» schon selber lesen, wenn Sie auf die Einzelheiten eingehen wollen, aber ich werde in einigen skizzenhaften Zügen wenigstens den Inhalt dieses Werkes von Thomas Morus vor unsere Seele hinstellen.

Zunächst müssen wir es für bedeutsam ansehen, daß Utopien so geschildert wird, daß es eine gewisse Reife in seinen Einrichtungen erlangt hat, denn es wird ausdrücklich gesagt, daß der Zustand, der da geschildert wird, nicht von Anfang an in Utopia vorhanden war, sondern 1760 Jahre gebraucht hat zu seiner Entwicklung, so daß es sich also gewissermaßen um einen Endzustand handelt.

Das erste, was besonders hervorgehoben wird, ist, daß der Besitz ein gemeinsamer ist, daß niemand ein spezielles Eigentum hat und daß der ganze Staat in gewisse Familien eingeteilt ist, welche, wenn wir so sagen wollen, Älteste wählen. Aus den Ältesten heraus wird wiederum ein Fürst gewählt, und in einer von Zeit zu Zeit einberufenen Versammlung verhandeln die Gewählten über die öffentlichen Angelegenheiten in dem Sinne, wie sie von den einzelnen Gliedern des Volkes beauftragt worden sind. Dabei finden wir gleich eine höchst merkwürdige Einrichtung in Utopien: Es ist nur gestattet, über öffentliche Angelegenheiten auf den vorgeschriebenen Wegen zu verhandeln. Wenn jemand in Utopien sich privatim mit andern Menschen über öffentliche Angelegenheiten unterhält, so steht auf einer solchen Handlungsweise der Tod.

Ferner finden wir eine höchst vernünftige Einrichtung: Wenn ein Vorschlag in der öffentlichen Versammlung gemacht wird, so darf niemals über diesen Vorschlag gleich irgendwie verhandelt werden, sondern die Leute müssen erst nach Hause gehen und nachdenken, und erst später wird dann die Sache verhandelt. Derjenige, der das erzählt, gibt an, daß auf diese Weise die Leute nachdenken können und nicht dazu getrieben werden, vorschnell ein Urteil abzugeben, an dem sie dann, getrieben von Eigensinn und Egoismus, selbstverständlich festhalten, aber nicht, weil sie die Sache für gut befinden, sondern weil sie sich einmal mit ihrem Urteil engagiert haben.

In Utopien muß jeder als Kind den Ackerbau lernen, später aber auch ein Handwerk, in der Regel dasjenige, das die Eltern betreiben; er kann aber auch ein anderes Handwerk wählen, wenn er dazu geschickt ist. Die Arbeit ist streng geregelt, niemand braucht mehr als sechs Stunden am Tag zu arbeiten. Alles übrige ist auch in der besten Weise eingeteilt: Drei Stunden am Vormittag arbeitet man; vorher aber, und zwar schon bei Sonnenaufgang, versammeln sich die Menschen, die das wollen, und bekommen da geistige Dinge und dergleichen zu hören. Spiele von der Art, wie sie außerhalb Utopiens stattfinden, gibt es nicht; dagegen gibt es ein Kampfspiel, das dem Schachspiel ähnlich ist, eine Art arithmetischer Schlacht, und dann gibt es noch ein anderes Kampfspiel, das - wiederum in schachartiger Weise - den Kampf der Laster mit den Tugenden darstellt. Unter der Aufsicht der öffentlich gewählten Personen werden diejenigen, die dazu geeignet sind, zu Gelehrten gemacht; aus ihnen wiederum werden die Gesandten und die Priester gewählt. Die schmutzigsten Arbeiten machen die Sklaven, welche sich rekrutieren entweder aus den Leuten von eroberten Völkern oder aus den Verbrechern. Jeder wirkliche Utopier ist frei. Dann findet sich eine Einrichtung in Utopia, die wir andern Nicht-Utopier jetzt erst genießen: Reisen kann man nicht, ohne daß man die Erlaubnis bekommt von der entsprechenden Behörde. Für jede einzelne, selbst die kleinste Reise muß ein Paß vorliegen.

Geld gibt es nicht. Was zur Verfügung steht, wird auf die Märkte gebracht; dort kann es sich jeder abholen. Durch die Einrichtungen, die so gut sind, daß keiner mehr holt, als er braucht, braucht niemand irgend etwas zu bezahlen, sondern er bekommt alle Dinge. Es ist eben nicht nötig, daß man Geld oder dergleichen hat. Das einzige Metall, das wirklich geschätzt wird, ist das Eisen - ich bitte Sie, darauf besonders zu achten, denn darin liegt etwas sehr Bedeutsames. Wenig geschätzt ist das Silber, am allerwenigsten das Gold. Aus dem Golde werden nicht diejenigen Dinge hergestellt, die die NichtUtopier daraus machen, sondern aus dem Golde werden höchstens allerlei Ketten und dergleichen gemacht, die die Verbrecher zu tragen haben: Mit goldenen Ketten zum Beispiel werden sie angeschmieder; goldene Ketten haben sie als Schandmal zu tragen. Dann werden gewisse Gefäße aus Gold gemacht, von denen man in anständiger Gesellschaft nicht reden darf, und dergleichen mehr. Das bewirkte, als einmal die Gesandten eines fremden Hofes nach Utopien kamen und glaubten, den Utopiern dadurch zu imponieren, daß sie in Goldgepränge kamen, daß diese sie für sehr minderwertige Leute ansahen, weil in Utopien eben nur die Verbrecher Gold tragen oder man höchstens für die allerjüngsten Kinder etwas Spielzeug aus Gold macht, was diese dann aber wieder wegwerfen. Als die fremden Gesandten kamen, stellten sich die Kinder auf die Straßen und sagten: Da seht einmal hin, das sind so alte Hänse, die haben noch immer Kinderspielzeug bei sich. - Es gilt nichts in Utopien, wenn jemand ein feines Kleid trägt, denn die Utopier sagen: Wie kann sich jemand etwas darauf einbilden, daß er ein Kleid aus dieser oder jener Wolle trägt - das haben ja die Schafe zuerst getragen! Man kann sich doch nichts einbilden auf etwas, was zuerst die Schafe in natürlicher Weise an sich getragen haben.

Dann ist in Utopien die Eigentümlichkeit vorhanden, daß über Gut und Böse, über Tugend und Laster nicht anders geurteilt wird als im Zusammenhange mit religiösen Vorstellungen. Ein gewisser Epikureismus in Vergnügungen gilt als das, was man im Leben zu erstreben hat, und je vergnügter man sich das Leben macht, desto tugendhafter ist man in Utopien. Die Utopier glauben an die unsterbliche Seele des Menschen und haben eine Art Vernunftreligion, indem sie der Anschauung sind, jeder Mensch könne durch seine eigene Vernunft einsehen, daß Gott wie ein Werkmeister die Welt regiere, daß der Mensch eine unsterbliche Seele habe, daß er nach dem Tode in eine geistige Welt eingehe, in der es Belohnungen und Bestrafungen für Tugend und Laster gibt. Von Edelsteinen halten sie nichts, denn sie sagen: Wenn irgend jemand einen Edelstein kauft, so läßt er sich von dem Verkäufer beschwören, daß es ein echter ist was kann denn das für eine Bedeutung haben, wenn man nicht einmal mit dem Auge sieht, ob es ein echter oder unechter Edelstein ist? — Das kann also nur bei den Utopiern so sein. Die Jagd ist bei ihnen als unwürdig verpönt; sie darf nur ausgeübt werden durch die Metzger; ihr Gewerbe ist kein angesehenes.

Der Mann, der diese Mitteilungen macht, erklärt, daß er selber die Utopier mit griechischer Literatur, mit griechischer Kunst bekannt gemacht habe und daß sich die Utopier als außerordentlich gelehrig erwiesen hätten, daß sogar ihre Sprache etwas an das Griechische anklinge, wie ihre Kultur überhaupt das Eigentümliche habe, daß sie an das Griechische in einer Mischung mit dem Persischen erinnere. Wie Gatte und Gattin gewählt werden, will ich nicht beschreiben, aus Gründen, die Sie ersehen werden, wenn Sie das Buch lesen. Advokaten gibt es nicht in Utopien, weil man sie für die allerschädlichsten Menschen hält. Verträge werden nicht abgeschlossen, weil die Utopier glauben, daß, wer etwas einhalten wolle, es auch ohne Vertrag halte, und wer etwas nicht halten wolle, es auch dann nicht halte, wenn er einen Vertrag gemacht habe. Im Kriege vermeiden sie, wenn irgend möglich, das Blutvergießen; das gilt ihnen als das Schändlichste, was es nur geben kann. Sie sagen: Wenn man im Kriege Blut vergießt, so ist man den Tieren gleich; Wölfe und Tiger machen es auf diese Weise, aber der Mensch hat seine Intelligenz. - Nur im äußersten Falle, wenn sie nicht auf andere Weise zurechtkommen, vergießen sie Blut. Sie schicken nämlich unter diejenigen, die sie bekriegen wollen, allerlei Leute, die entweder die Aufgabe haben, die Leute in Uneinigkeit zu bringen, damit sie sich selber in die Haare fahren, oder sie haben die Aufgabe, den einen oder den andern zu ermorden oder dergleichen. Sie suchen also durch «Liebe und Vernunft», wie sie sagen, Zwietracht und Uneinigkeit hervorzurufen, so daß die Menschen, die sie bekriegen wollen, sich gegenseitig aufreiben, und erst, wenn ihnen das nicht gelingt, greifen sie zu den Waffen, um Blut zu vergießen. Aber auch da haben sie ihre ganz besonderen Usancen, die zeigen, daß sie mit dem Blutvergießen sobald als möglich aufhören wollen, wenn sich nur irgend die Gelegenheit dazu ergibt.

Weiter wird erzählt, daß ein Grundzug der Utopier ist, religiöse Toleranz zu üben. Jeder kann, wenn er nicht gegen die Gesetze verstößt, jeder beliebigen Sekte angehören, jede Religionsanschauung vertreten. Das habe der Begründer von Utopien, Utopus, gleich so eingerichtet; aber jeder müsse an ein höchstes Wesen glauben, das sie «Mythra» nennen. Derjenige, der das erzählt, hat auch versucht, das Christentum dort einzuführen. Für dieses haben sie ein außerordentliches Entgegenkommen gezeigt, haben es wirklich als die beste Religion erkannt. Es herrscht in höchstem Maße religiöse Toleranz dort; jeder kann glauben, was er will - bitte, ich erzähle, wie die Dinge da geschildert sind -, jeder kann glauben, was er will. Dagegen darf jemand, der ein Materialist ist, der nicht an die Unsterblichkeit der Seele glaubt, keine irgendwelchen bürgerlichen Rechte genießen oder irgendwie dieselben Rechte haben wie ein gewöhnlicher Utopier; er wird sozusagen für rechtlos erklärt. Es gibt dort eine Sekte, welche die Tiere gleich wie die Menschen für beseelte Wesen hält. Priester gibt es, welche die Leute in besonderen Mysterienkirchen belehren und ihnen Kulte vorführen. Feste werden am Ende und am Beginn des Jahres gefeiert. Musikinstrumente gibt es, aber die sind von etwas anderer Art als bei den Nicht-Utopiern. Sie sind besonders geeignet, dasjenige in Tönen wiederzugeben, was die menschliche Seele in den verschiedensten Stimmungen empfindet und so weiter.

Ich habe Ihnen alles so erzählt, wie es in dem Buche selbst geschildert wird. Es wird Ihnen aufgefallen sein, daß ich Ihnen an einer Stelle erzählt habe, bei den Utopiern herrsche eine Vernunftreligion, jeder glaube das, was ihm seine Vernunft eingibt. Dann wieder wird erzählt, daß das Christentum eingeführt wurde und daß alle an eine Art Mythra glauben. Dann heißt es wiederum, daß eine Art Toleranz herrsche, daß aber jeder, der ein Materialist sei, nicht die gleichen Rechte habe. Kurz, Sie werden in dem Buch Widerspruch über Widerspruch finden. Um was handelt es sich denn nun eigentlich in diesem Buche, was soll denn da eigentlich geschildert werden?

Was da geschildert werden soll, ist wirklich nur aus den Grundlagen der Geisteswissenschaft heraus zu verstehen. Seien wir uns ganz klar darüber: Thomas Morus ist, wie Pico della Mirandola und andere, ein Mensch, welcher mit einem Teil seines Wesens noch drinnensteht in den Nachwirkungen des vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes und mit der andern Seite seines Wesens schon in den fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum hineinragt. In gewisser Beziehung ist er aber auch ein Mensch, der dies weiß, der dies mit vollem Bewußtsein zur Entwicklung bringt, weil er ein gewisses geistiges Leben hat. Thomas Morus hat viele Stunden des Tages in Meditationen zugebracht, und er hat durch seine Meditationen ganz bestimmte Erfolge gehabt. Aber diese Erfolge kamen dadurch zustande, daß er eben, wie gesagt, mit einem Teil seines Wesens noch im vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum drinnen lebte und noch Atavistisches in ihm sich verband mit dem bewußten Hinauftreiben der Seele in die geistige Welt. Dabei lebte er aber doch schon ein Jahrhundert nach dem Beginne des fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraumes, und in seiner Seele war alles vorhanden, was den fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum charakterisiert: die Intellektualität, der Verstand, wie wir ihn heute kennen und wie er im vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum noch nicht da war - oder nur nach der Meinung derer, die die Geschichte phantastisch auffassen, da war. Das alles wirkte in seiner Seele zusammen und durcheinander. Wie es in solchen Seelen aussah, das können Sie auch bei Pico della Mirandola studieren und an seinem Verhältnis zu Savonarola.

Also, wir haben es zu tun mit einem Menschen, in dessen Seele wir schon ein bißchen hineinblicken müssen, wenn wir verstehen wollen, um was es sich gerade bei seinen Utopien handelt. Sehen Sie, solch ein Mensch wußte, daß in der Menschheitsevolution okkulte Impulse walten und weben - das wußte er genau. Und er wußte, daß es sich in der Wende des vierten zum fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum darum handelte, einen richtigen Impuls für viele Leute zu geben. Ob sie ihn gebrauchen, das ist ja dann eine andere Frage. Was wußten solche Leute - es war damals so, heute sind die Dinge wieder anders, aber darüber haben wir ja schon oft gesprochen -, was wußten denn solche Leute? Sie wußten, daß die Menschheit in die Dekadenz kommen muß, wenn sie nur dasjenige entwickelt, was, ich möchte sagen unspirituell ist, was nur ausgedacht ist, was nur Vernunftgabe ist. Solche Menschen wußten, daß die Menschheit vertrocknet, bis ins Physische hinein vertrocknet - natürlich nicht in ein paar Jahrhunderten, aber in langer Dauer -, wenn nur der trockene Verstand, nur das, was den materialistischen Anschauungen zugrunde liegt, entwickelt wird. Solche Leute haben einen ganz andern Wahrheitsbegriff als den, der sich in der fünften nachatlantischen Zeit allmählich herausgebildet hat. Solche Menschen wissen, daß Dinge gedacht werden müssen, die sich nicht auf den physischen Plan beziehen, denn - ganz abgesehen davon, wie es um die Wahrheit solcher Dinge steht -, der Mensch muß, wenn er nicht verdorren will, Gedanken haben, die sich nicht auf den physischen Plan beziehen. Das sind die belebenden Gedanken, das sind diejenigen Gedanken, die überhaupt das Leben möglich machen und vorwärtsbringen. Das ist es, was neben dem Wahrheitswert des Spirituellen in Betracht kommt.

Durch seine Meditationen war Thomas Morus dazu gelangt, in halb atavistischer, halb bewußter Weise Vorstellungen der höheren Welt zu haben, die sich aber bei ihm durcheinander mischten mit den Elementen der Traumeswelten. Und in solchen wirklichen inneren Erlebnissen hat sich ihm jenes ergeben, was er in «Utopia» erzählt. Das ist nicht etwas Ausgedachtes, das ist nicht eine Phantasie, sondern etwas, was er wirklich als Frucht seiner Meditationen erlebt hat. Er hat es so hingestellt, wie er es erlebt hat, um zu sagen: Seht, ein Mensch, der unter König Heinrich VIIT. in England lebt, der sogar ein Staatsdiener Heinrichs VIII. ist, der die Gefühle, die inneren Wünsche, die inneren Ziele Englands in dieser Zeit in seiner Seele trägt, der erlebt, wenn seine Schauungen sein Inneres durchwühlen, dieses als eine Art Staatsideal. - Er wollte ausdrücken, welches die Wünsche, die Ziele, die Ideen sind, die gewissermaßen im Unterbewußten lauern bei denen, die mit der Außenwelt nicht zufrieden sind; das wollte er hinstellen. Man kann also sagen: Es ist die astralische Selbsterkenntnis eines Menschen der damaligen Zeit.

Solch ein weiser Mensch wie Thomas Morus stellt nicht einfach ein phantastisches Zukunftsideal hin, sondern er stellt das hin, was er erlebt, weil er dadurch, auf seine Art und seinem Zeitalter gemäß, die große Wahrheit vor die Menschen hinstellen will, daß die äußere, sinnliche Wirklichkeit eine Maja ist und daß man diese äußere, sinnliche Wirklichkeit mit der übersinnlichen Welt zusammenhalten muß. ‚Aber wenn man sie so zusammenhält, daß man zugleich alle Begierden, alle Wünsche, die einem bestimmten Zeitalter angehören und die aus der Natur dieses Zeitalters heraus da sind, mit hineinwirken läßt, so entsteht etwas, was man, wenn man es so anschaut, nun durchaus nicht etwa als ein Ideal hinstellen möchte. Denn ich darf ja wohl gestehen: Wenn ich selber in Utopien geboren wäre, so würde ich wahrscheinlich als meine nächste Aufgabe betrachten, diese utopistischen Zustände so schnell wie möglich zu überwinden und durch andere zu ersetzen. Vielleicht würde ich sogar die Zustände, die da oder dort auf unserer Erde herrschen - abgesehen von den jetzigen Zeiten - für viel idealere anschauen als diejenigen, die in Utopien herrschen. Aber Thomas Morus wollte ja auch keine Idealzustände schildern, sondern das, was er unter den Verhältnissen, wie ich sie beschrieben habe, wirklich erlebt hat. Er wollte gewissermaßen den Menschen sagen: Wenn ihr eure Wünsche sehen könntet, wenn ihr sehen könntet, was ihr euch vorstellt über ideale Zustände, dann würde es so ausschauen - so ausschauen, daß ihr jedenfalls damit auch nicht einverstanden sein würdet. Jetzt kennen wir auch diesen Fremden, [der die Beschreibung Utopiens gibt]: Dieser Fremde ist das astralische Selbst des Thomas Morus.

Diese Dinge müssen viel realer genommen werden, als man gewöhnlich meint. An bestimmten Stellen, meine lieben Freunde, an bestimmten Stellen der Menschheitsevolution muß man die grundlegenden Tatsachen aufsuchen, um diese Menschheitsevolution zu verstehen. Das Urteil ist jedenfalls nicht so zu gestalten, daß man aus den paar Tatsachen, die gerade in der Umgebung liegen und von den Menschen der Umgebung noch gar zubereitet werden, irgendein gültiges Urteils ableiten könnte. Man könnte daraus bloß ein Urteil ableiten, das gerade den Sympathien und Antipathien entspricht, was ja in allen Ehren gelten mag, aber weiter kommt man damit nicht, und der Menschheit kann man keine Dienste damit leisten. So wollte ich Ihnen zunächst einen Menschen hinstellen, der für den Umschwung des Zeitalters - für die Wende des vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraums zum fünften - besonders charakteristisch ist; wir werden auf alle diese Dinge noch zurückkommen. Ich wollte Ihnen einen Menschen schildern, der das Charakteristische des tieferen Seelenlebens wirklich an die Oberfläche fördert, es zum Selbsterlebnis bringt. Ich will zunächst nur diese Tatsache vor Sie hinstellen.

Wenn wir die Zusammenhänge verstehen sollen, um die es ja manchen unter unseren Freunden - wie es als Wunsch ausgedrückt worden ist — zu tun ist, haben wir es ferner nötig, die konkrete Realität dessen, was Volksseele ist, wirklich zu verstehen, denn unsere materialistische Zeit und Empfindungsweise ist nur allzu geneigt, die Volksseele zu verwechseln mit der einzelnen Seele, das heißt, wenn man von einem Volke spricht, zu glauben, daß dieses in der Realität etwas zu tun hat mit den einzelnen Angehörigen eines Volkes. Für den Okkultisten ist es unsinnig — wenn ich einen Vergleich gebrauchen darf, der allerdings grob ist, der Ihnen aber veranschaulichen kann, worum es sich handelt -, für den Okkultisten ist es unsinnig, jemanden, der sich einen Engländer oder einen Deutschen nennt, mit seiner Volksseele zu identifizieren, ebenso wie es unsinnig ist, den Sohn oder die Tochter mit dem Vater oder der Mutter zu identifizieren. Es ist, wie gesagt, ein grober Vergleich, weil wir es hier mit zwei physischen Wesenheiten zu tun haben, und dort mit einer physischen und einer nicht-physischen Wesenheit, aber in beiden Fällen haben wir zwei ganz verschiedene Gebilde, wenn man sie konkret betrachtet - zwei ganz verschiedene Wesenheiten.

Verstehen, meine lieben Freunde, wird man allerdings das, was da zugrunde liegt - was aber zu verstehen höchst notwendig ist, wenn man überhaupt von diesen Dingen mit einer realen Unterlage reden will —, verstehen wird man diese Dinge erst von dem Zeitpunkt an, wo man ernsthaft die Geheimnisse der wiederholten Erdenleben und des damit zusammenhängenden Karmas begreift. Denn es liegt eine ungeheuer bedeutsame Wahrheit darin, daß man ja nur mit einer Inkarnation in einem Volke drinnensteckt, aber in der eigenen, individuellen Wesenheit etwas ganz anderes trägt als das, was in der Volksseele ist - etwas, was unendlich vielmehr und wiederum unendlich viel weniger ist als die Volksseele. Sich zu identifizieren mit der Volksseele, hat der Realität gegenüber überhaupt keinen Sinn, wenn es etwas anderes sein soll, als das, was man mit den Worten Vaterlandsliebe, Heimatliebe, Patriotismus und dergleichen bezeichnet. Aber richtig sehen wird man diese Dinge erst, wenn man ernsthaft und tief die Wahrheiten von Reinkarnation und Karma ins Auge fassen kann. Ich habe in der letzten Zeit an verschiedenen Orten gesprochen von dem Zusammenhange der Menschenseele im Dasein zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt mit dem, was auftritt, wenn der Mensch dann durch die Geburt ins irdische Dasein tritt. Ich habe darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß der Mensch zwischen Tod und neuer Geburt mit denjenigen Kräften in Verbindung ist, die die Menschen durch Generationen zusammenführen, also solche Verhältnisse bewirken, daß zuletzt durch die Bedingungen der Generationenfolge, durch das beständige Zusammenführen von Elternpaaren, durch die Nachkommenschaft der Mensch zwischen Tod und Geburt in einer ganz bestimmten Strömung drinnen ist, die zuletzt dahin führt, daß da ein Elternpaar ist, durch das er sich verkörpern kann. So wie man im physischen Leben mit seinem physischen Leib zusammenhängt, so hängt man zwischen Tod und Geburt zusammen mit den Verhältnissen, welche die Geburt vorbereiten aus einem bestimmten Elternpaar heraus. Also darin, daß man diesen Vater, diese Mutter hat, daß dieser Vater wieder jenen Vater, diese Mutter wieder jene Mutter hat und so weiter hinauf, in alldem, was sich da in den verschiedensten Verzweigungen verästelt, was da in der verschiedensten Weise zusammenwirkt, in alldem steckt man drinnen durch Jahrhunderte. Ich mache Sie darauf aufmerksam, daß es schon eine stattliche Anzahl von Jahrhunderten ist, wenn man nur in dem, was sich durch dreißig Generationen zieht, drinnensteckt, denn von Karl dem Großen bis auf unsere Zeit sind es etwa dreißig Generationen. In alldem, was sich da so vollzieht an Sich-Lieben und Sich-Finden, an Nachkommenschaft-Erzeugen und zuletzt zu dem Elternpaar führt, aus dem man geboren wird, in alldem steckt man selbst darinnen, das bereitet man selber vor.

Ich wiederhole dies aus dem Grunde, weil es bei jenen Persönlichkeiten, die man die Führenden nennt und die man als Führende in einer gewissen Weise anerkennen kann, wichtig ist einzusehen, wie gerade durch die Tatsache, die ich jetzt vorgeführt habe, das zustande kommt, was sie dann für die Menschheit bedeuten. Ich möchte Ihren Blick auf eine führende Persönlichkeit lenken, möchte aber das, was über sie zu sagen ist, zuletzt gipfeln lassen in einem Ausspruch, den ein anderer über diese Persönlichkeit getan hat - sie werden gleich sehen, warum. Ich möchte Ihren Blick lenken auf die Persönlichkeit Dantes.

Da haben wir also eine Persönlichkeit im Ausgang des vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraums — eine ganz hervorragende Persönlichkeit. Wir können eine solche hervorragende Persönlichkeit jenen Persönlichkeiten gegenüberstellen, die nach dem Eintritt des fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraums eine gewisse Bedeutung erlangt haben, wie zum Beispiel Thomas Morus. Fassen wir dasjenige, was wir im allgemeinen erkannt haben, bei einer solchen Persönlichkeit wie Dante ins Auge. Solch eine Persönlichkeit wirkt weithin impulsierend, weithin bedeutungsvoll. Da ist es schon interessant, wenigstens ahnend darüber nachzudenken, wie denn eine solche Seele, eine solche Persönlichkeit, bevor sie durch diejenige Geburt, die für die Menschheit bedeutend wird, ins physische Erdendasein tritt, sich gewissermaßen, wenn ich den etwas barocken Ausdruck gebrauchen darf, das zusammenstellt, was sie braucht, damit sie dann in der richtigen Weise durch das richtige Elternpaar geboren wird. Selbstverständlich werden diese Verhältnisse aus der geistigen Welt heraus zustande gebracht, aber sie werden dann mit Hilfe der physischen Werkzeuge realisiert, so daß gewissermaßen aus der geistigen Welt heraus dieses Blut zu jenem Blut dirigiert wird und so weiter. In der Regel könnte eine solche Persönlichkeit wie Dante nie zustande kommen aus einem homogenen Blut heraus. Einem einzigen Volke anzugehören, ist für eine solche Seele geradezu unmöglich; da muß schon eine geheimnisvolle Alchemie stattfinden, das heißt, es muß Blut aus verschiedenen Völkern zusammenfließen. Und was diejenigen auch sagen mögen, welche in Überpatriotismus die großen Persönlichkeiten für ein Volk in Anspruch nehmen wollen - da steckt nicht viel Reales dahinter!

Was Dante betrifft, so möchte ich zunächst, damit Sie sehen, daß ich nicht irgendwie parteiisch bin, einen andern über ihn sprechen lassen, denn man könnte sonst sehr leicht glauben, daß ich irgendwie Politik treibe, was mir natürlich so fern wie möglich liegt. Einen andern will ich schildern lassen, was in seinem Wesen deutlich zu sehen ist für denjenigen, der auf dieses Wesen einzugehen versteht. Deshalb habe ich bei Carducci nachgeforscht, dem großen italienischen Dichter der neueren Zeit, der ein großer Dante-Kenner war. Aber hinter ihm steht - und besonders aus diesem Grunde führe ich ihn an -, auch das, was man in Italien die «massoneria» nennt, das,

was mit all den okkulten Verbrüderungen zusammenhängt, auf die ich Sie aufmerksam gemacht habe, so daß Carduccis theoretische Auseinandersetzungen über die realen Dinge des Lebens doch bis zu einem gewissen Grade von einer solchen tieferen Erkenntnis getragen sind. Nicht daß er diese Erkenntnis überall auf den Markt geworfen hätte, nicht daß er irgendwie Okkultist gewesen wäre - das will ich nicht behaupten -, aber in dem, was er sagt, steckt doch manches, was auf allerlei geheimnisvollen Kanälen zu ihm gekommen ist. Das ist es, was seinen Äußerungen zugrunde liegt.

Nun sagt Carducci, in Dante würden drei Elemente zusammenwirken, und nur dadurch, daß diese drei Elemente zusammenwirken, sei das zustande gekommen, was Dante war. Das erste sei ein altetruskisches Element - durch gewisse Glieder in seiner Abstammungsreihe sei es auf ihn gekommen, denn in diesen zurückliegenden Generationen liegt eben Verschiedenes, das zuletzt zu dem Elternpaar von Dante geführt hat. Und von diesem altetruskischen Elemente, sagt Carducci, habe Dante das, was ihm die übersinnlichen Welten erschlossen habe - dadurch habe er in solch tiefer Weise über die übersinnlichen Welten sprechen können. Zweitens liege in ihm, so sagt Carducci, das romanische Element. Von diesem habe er die Art des Alltagslebens und das Ausgehen von gewissen Rechtsbegriffen. Und als drittes, sagt Carducci, liege in Dante das germanische Element. Von diesem habe er die Kühnheit und Frische der Anschauung und einen gewissen Freimut, ein gewisses festes Eintreten für das, was er sich vorgesetzt hat. Aus diesen drei Elementen setzt sich für Carducei das Seelenleben Dantes zusammen.

Das erste weist uns hin auf Altkeltisches, das ihn irgendwie durchblutet - wenn ich das Wort gebrauchen darf - und ihn unmittelbar in Zusammenhang bringt mit dem dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraum, denn das Keltische im Norden führt zurück in das, was wir kennengelernt haben als den dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraum. Dann finden wir den vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum im romanischen, den fünften im germanischen Elemente. Aus diesen drei Zeiträumen und ihren Impulsen setzen sich für Carducci die Elemente in Dantes Seele zusammen, so daß wir also wirklich drei Schichten haben, welche nebeneinander oder vielmehr übereinander gelagert sind: dritter, vierter, fünfter nachatlantischer Zeitraum - keltisch, romanisch, germanisch. Gute Dante-Forscher haben viele Bemühungen angestellt, um dahinterzukommen, wie Dante von der geistigen Welt aus sein Blut in der Weise hat mischen können, daß es ein so zusammengesetztes wurde — das heißt, sie haben es natürlich nicht mit diesen Worten ausgesprochen, wie ich es jetzt gesagt habe, aber sie haben sich [nach dieser Richtung] bemüht, und manches ist, so glauben diese Leute, dadurch zustande gekommen, daß ein gut Teil von Dantes Vorfahrenschaft zum Beispiel in Graubünden zu finden sei. Das kann die Geschichte schon bis zu einem gewissen Grade bekräftigen: Nach allen Windrichtungen, aber auch nach dieser Gegend hin, wo so viel Blutmischung stattgefunden hat, weist der Vorfahrenzug Dantes.

Da sehen wir, wie an einer einzelnen Persönlichkeit das merkwürdige Zusammenwirken der drei Schichten in der europäischen Menschheitsentwicklung zutage tritt. Und Sie sehen, ein Mann wie Carducci, der dieses Urteil nicht unter dem Einfluß der heutigen völkischen Tollheit gefällt hat, sondern aus einer gewissen Objektivität heraus, ist es, welcher auf das hinweist, was bei Dante zugrunde liegt. Nun, damit aber berühren wir Verhältnisse, die überall dort bekannt sind, wo über die Menschheitsentwicklung vom okkultistischen Standpunkte aus so gesprochen wird, daß man auf die wirklichen Verhältnisse sieht - man rechnet mit ihnen und will sie auch als Kräfte benützen, wenn man dieses oder jenes tut. Diese Verhältnisse sind in den rechtmäßigen okkulten Bruderschaften keineswegs unbekannt, sie sind auch denjenigen bis zu einem gewissen Grade nicht unbekannt, die die Dinge nach der einen oder nach der anderen Richtung in den Dienst irgendeines Gruppenegoismus stellen. Denn das Geheimnis von dem Zusammenwirken der drei aufeinanderfolgenden Schichten, das ja hauptsächlich für Europa eine große Bedeutung hat, dieses Geheimnis wird in allen okkulten Bruderschaften, die dieses Namens wert sind, mit großer Sorgfalt besprochen - nur natürlich zuweilen auch ablenkend in der einen oder andern Weise von dem, was man die gute Richtung nennen kann. Also, das bitte ich Sie ganz genau festzuhalten, daß man in solchen Dingen Erkenntnisse hat, die gelehrt werden - wenn man auch in der äußeren, gescheiten Welt oftmals so wenig davon wissen will-, und zwar mit einer besonderen Sorgfalt und Systematik gelehrt werden, insbesondere in westlichen und in amerikanischen okkulten Bruderschaften.

Nun will ich Sie, nachdem ich in dieser Weise den Weg vorbereitet habe, auf etwas hinweisen, was gewissermaßen Evolutionsgeheimnis ist und was auch immer gelehrt wird- allerdings mit den verschiedenartigsten Zielen gelehrt wird. Ich will Sie jetzt hinweisen auf einige besondere Lehren, welche ich einfach referierend mitteilen will. Diese Lehren haben den Inhalt [der Unterweisungen gewisser Bruderschaften] gebildet, namentlich intensiv am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts; sie haben sich dann im 20. Jahrhundert fortgesetzt. Sie sind aber besonders am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts in Angriff genommen worden, haben einen besonders intensiven Einfluß gewonnen, und man hat versucht, sie überall dort hineinzutragen, wo man es für notwendig fand, um sie zu gewissen Zwecken, zu gewissen Zielen zu gebrauchen. Ich will Ihnen also zuerst, ohne daß ich Kritik übe, sondern indem ich bloß referiere, gewisse Lehren aus okkulten Bruderschaften Englands mitteilen - ich spiele also auf das an, wozu ich Sie vorbereitet habe.

Da wurde und wird gelehrt: Die Evolution Europas kann man nur verstehen, wenn man zunächst zurückblickt auf den Übergang des romanischen, des vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraums, zum fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum. Und weiter wurde gelehrt - also bitte das streng nur als Referat aufzufassen -, es wurde gelehrt, daß man verstehen müsse das Geheimnis des Überganges vom vierten in den fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum oder, wie man in diesen Bruderschaften sagte, von der vierten in die fünfte Unterrasse. - Sie wissen, wir können diesen Ausdruck «Unterrasse» aus oft schon wiederholten Gründen nicht anführen, weil man dadurch schon ein einseitiges Ziel, ein gewisses Gruppenziel verfolgt, während es uns nie um Gruppenziele zu tun ist, sondern immer um die allgemeinen menschheitlichen Ziele. Es wurde also gelehrt, daß man verstehen müsse den Übergang von der vierten in die fünfte Unterrasse. Die vierte Unterrasse stellen im wesentlichen die romanischen, die lateinischen Völkerschaften dar. Es ist in der Menschheitsevolution so, daß das, was sich nacheinander entwickelt, nicht etwa so verläuft, daß einfach das Nachfolgende hinter dem Vorhergehenden steht, sondern das Vorhergehende bleibt neben dem Nachfolgenden vorhanden, so daß dann räumlich nebeneinander leben das Vorhergehende und das Nachfolgende. So ist die vierte Unterrasse, die wesentlich aus dem romanisch-lateinischen Element besteht, auch während des Zeitraumes der fünften Unterrasse, die mit dem Beginne des 15. Jahrhunderts ihren Anfang nahm, in ihren Nachzüglern - eben in den romanisch-lateinischen Völkerschaften — bestehen geblieben.

Die fünfte Unterrasse stellen [nach jener Lehre] diejenigen Völker in der Welt dar, welche berufen sind, Englisch zu sprechen - die englischsprechenden Völker stellen die fünfte Unterrasse dar. Und die ganze Aufgabe des fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraums besteht darin, die Welt für die englischsprechenden Völker zu erobern. Es wird so sein, daß die Überbleibsel der vierten Unterrasse, die lateinisch angehauchten Völker, augenscheinlich immer mehr und mehr in einen gewissen Materialismus verfallen werden. Diese Völker enthalten in sich das Element der inneren Auflösung, und sie tragen auch in physischer Beziehung das Element der Dekadenz in sich - wie gesagt, ich referiere nur, ich stelle nicht irgend etwas dar, was eine Behauptung von mir ist, sondern ich referiere bloß. [Und es wird dann noch gesagt], daß das [führende] Element der fünften Unterrasse die Anlage zum Spiritualismus, zum Erfassen der geistigen Welt enthalte.

Nun müsse man verstehen, wie die vierte Unterrasse auf die fünfte gewirkt hat. Man müsse - so wird gelehrt - den Blick zunächst zurückwenden bis dahin - wenn man ihn nicht weiter zurückgehen lassen wolle-, wo diejenigen Völkerschaften im Norden, die dann zu den Britanniern, Galliern, Germanen geworden sind, ans Römische Reich herangekommen sind. Man warf die Frage auf: Was waren eigentlich diese Völkerschaften, die da vom Norden herankamen zu der Zeit, als sie vom Römischen Reich bekriegt wurden, als also gewissermaßen der Kampf ausbrach zwischen der vierten und fünften Unterrasse - was waren denn diese Völkerschaften? Als Völker waren sie dem Lebensalter nach sozusagen Kleinkinder - «Säuglinge». Also, wichtig ist gerade das festzuhalten, daß die Römer - das romanische Element, die Angehörigen der vierten Unterrasse - kamen, um diese Völkerschaften wie eine «Amme» zu pflegen. Man braucht diese Ausdrücke, um eben die Analogien zwischen dem Volkselemente und dem Elemente des individuellen Menschen darzustellen. Also, die Römer wurden sozusagen zu Ammen, [zu Kindermädchen], und diese Ammenschaft dauerte so lange, wie sich die Herrschaft der Römer über die mehr oder weniger im Säuglingsalter befindlichen Völker im Norden erstreckte.

Vom Kleinkind wird man zum Schulkind - das ist die Zeit, in der das Papsttum in Rom gegründet wurde und der Papst mit seiner Herrschaft zum [«Erzieher» und] «Vormund» des Kindes wird, so wie das romanische Element, der frühere Romanismus, die «Amme» dieser Völker war - wie gesagt, ich referiere nur, ich behaupte nichts. Dann haben wir die ganze Wechselwirkung zwischen dem Papsttum und den nördlichen Verhältnissen, alles das, was sich entwickelte durch Mitteleuropa bis nach Britannien hinein: Das ist die Erziehung unter dem päpstlichen Vormund, in dem noch das romanische Element aus der vierten nachatlantischen Zeit herüberwirkt. Es beginnt — so um das 12. Jahrhundert herum, als das Papsttum anfängt, sich zu verändern — das Jünglingsalter und die Entwicklung der eigenen Intelligenz dieser verschiedenen Völkerschaften. Der [Erzieher und] Vormund tritt immer mehr zurück. Und dieses Jünglingsalter, das dauert ungefähr bis zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts.

Nun läßt man in der Regel, indem man solche Dinge lehrt, die Gegenwart weg, weil man dies aus bestimmten Gründen für sehr gut befindet. Die Leute sollen nicht zu deutlich hören, wie man über die Gegenwart denkt - das will man ihnen mehr auf suggestive Weise beibringen. Und so hat sich denn aus dem, was sich im Norden da unter Ammenschaft, Vormundschaft und so weiter entwickelt hat, dasjenige zu dem gegenwärtigen Reifezustand herangebildet, was nun die Anlage enthält, um eben die Bewohner von «Britannia» allmählich so zum herrschenden Volke im fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum zu machen, wie es nicht nur die Römer waren, sondern wie es auch der Romanismus war, als aus ihm das Papsttum hervorging. Indem also vom Menschheitsstamm die Überbleibsel des lateinischen Elements abbröckeln, bereitet sich nach dieser Anschauung das «britannische», das britische Element als das fruchtbare aus. Und es wird nun angedeutet, daß alle äußeren Vornahmen, alle äußeren Maßnahmen, die einen Sinn haben sollen, die fruchtbar sein sollen, so getroffen werden müssen, daß sie gewissermaßen influenziert sind von diesen Anschauungen, denn was ohne diese Anschauungen geschieht, was etwa in dem Glauben geschieht, daß das lateinische Element nicht in der Dekadenz ist oder daß das britische Element nicht im Aufsteigen ist, das ist dazu verurteilt abzudorren. Man kann natürlich - so sagen diese Leute - trotzdem solche Dinge machen, aber sie sind dazu verurteilt, nichts zu bedeuten; sie wachsen sozusagen nicht. Es ist, wie wenn man einen Samen in ein unrichtiges Erdreich wirft.

Wir haben, meine lieben Freunde, gewissermaßen eine Grundlage in dem, was ich Ihnen so als Lehre skizziert habe - eine Grundlage, die auch in alle mehr exoterisch ausgerichteten okkulten Bruderschaften hineinsickerte und dann als sogenannte Hochgradmaurerei und dergleichen in westlichen Gegenden wirkte. Dieses wurde dann durch jene Menschen, die in fernerem oder näherem Zusammenhange standen mit diesen Bruderschaften, hineingetragen in die öffentlichen Angelegenheiten - oftmals in einer Weise, daß die Leute, die dann draußen wirkten, gar keine Ahnung hatten, wie ihnen die Dinge übertragen wurden. So leben - gerade vom Westen hereingetragen — hinter vielen Dingen, die wir in der Evolution namentlich seit dem 16. Jahrhundert bemerken, diese Lehren.

Nun gehen diese Lehren noch weiter. Man sagt, so wie diejenigen Menschen, welche sich nördlich des romanischen Elementes zur fünften Unterrasse vorbereiteten - sich entwickelt haben, wie es jetzt geschildert worden ist —, so kommen vom Osten her die slawischen Menschen; sie kommen heute als die werdende sechste Unterrasse vom Osten her dem Westen in ähnlicher Weise entgegen, wie damals vom Norden her die germanischen Völkerschaften dem romanischen Elemente entgegengekommen sind. Man sieht, sagt man, da im Osten unter einer dem Untergange zutreibenden despotischen Regierung eine Anzahl einzelner Völkerstämme, die vorerst nur Völkerstämme sind, ebenso wie damals, als die Römer nach Norden stürmten, die nördlichen Völker noch nicht wirkliche Völker waren, sondern erst Völkerstämme. Und in diesen Völkerstämmen im Osten sieht man die einzelnen Elemente des sogenannten slawischen Volkes. Allein, man sagt, das sind eben Volksstämme, die nur in äußerlicher Weise heute zusammengehalten werden durch eine wegzufegende - ich verwende die Ausdrücke, die in diesen okkulten Bruderschaften durchaus gebraucht werden —, durch eine wegzufegende despotische Regierung. Daß man es [im Osten] mit Völkerstämmen zu tun hat — das sage ich nur in Parenthese nach allem Guten, was ich über die Slawen gesagt habe —, geht zum Beispiel auch daraus hervor, daß, als im Jahre 1848 in Prag die Slawenstämme sich versammelten, jeder Slawenstamm in seiner eigenen Sprache sprechen wollte. Aber sie konnten sich nicht verstehen und wählten dann Deutsch als Verhandlungssprache. Das ist nicht zum Lachen, sondern nur um zu charakterisieren, daß es doch eine gewisse Bedeutung hat, was da im Westen über die Slawen gelehrt wird.

Nun ragen da, sagt man im Westen - also in diesen englischen Bruderschaften -, vor allen Dingen die Polen heraus, die den übrigen Slawen das voraus haben, daß sie auf einer verhältnismäßig hohen Stufe einheitlich ein religiöses und sonstiges Kulturleben ausgebildet haben. Man schildert dann ein wenig die Schicksale der Polen, behauptet aber, daß sie eigentlich zum Russischen Reiche gehören. Dann weist man vor allem auf die Balkanslawen hin, von denen man sagt; sie hätten sich von den Bedrücklingen der Türken gelöst und einzelne Slawenstaaten konstituiert, welche aber in dieser Form nur bestehen sollten - und das war ein immer wiederholter Satz - bis zum nächsten großen europäischen Kriege. Dieser wurde - insbesondere in den neunziger Jahren - von den Bruderschaften als in nächster Zukunft bevorstehend hingestellt und in Zusammenhang gebracht mit jenen Evolutionsimpulsen, die von den Balkanslawen auszugehen hätten. Diese Impulse charakterisierten sie so, daß das, was sich nach der Loslösung aus dem Türkenreich [als staatliche Formen] gebildet habe, in andere Formen überzugehen hätte. Nur bis der große europäische Krieg kommt - sagte man -, werden diese Balkanslawen ihre Selbständigkeit bewahren können; in diesem großen europäischen Kriege werden sie zu ganz anderen Schicksalen überzugehen haben.

Diese Völkerschaften sind jetzt, so lehrt man, im Säuglings-, [im Kleinkindes]alter. Und damit deutet man schon darauf hin - indem man sie zur beginnenden sechsten Unterrasse erklärt und die Briten für die fünfte Unterrasse —, daß die Briten ihnen gegenüber denselben Rang einzunehmen haben, wie ihn einstmals die Römer gegenüber den nördlichen germanischen Völkerschaften einnahmen, also zunächst Amme zu sein haben. In einer solchen Ammenschaft liegt die allererste Aufgabe, und diese Ammenschaft wird, sagt man, in dem Augenblicke endigen, wo diese Völker so weit gekommen sind, daß das Russische Reich nicht mehr bestehen wird und sie aus ihren eigenen intelligenten Anlagen heraus sich besondere Formen schaffen werden. Aber es muß selbstverständlich anstelle der Amme, [des Kindermädchens] nach und nach der Vormund, [der Erzieher] treten, das heißt, es muß sich im Westen aus dem, was die eigentliche fünfte Unterrasse bildet, eine Art von Papsttum entwickeln; es muß sich da im Westen ja die Spiritualität in einem besonderen Maße entwickeln. Und so, wie sich das Papsttum zu Mitteleuropa verhalten hat, muß nun eine Konfiguration gebildet werden vom Westen aus nach dem Osten hinüber, um ihn ganz zu umfassen. Und das muß dazu führen, daß der Osten benützt wird, um gewisse Einrichtungen zu treffen - in ähnlicher Weise, wie das Papsttum in Europa seine Einrichtungen getroffen hat. Nur ist man selbstverständlich um eine Unterrasse vorgeschritten, und während das Papsttum Kirchen, kirchliche Gemeinden gegründet hat in der verschiedensten Weise, so hat das westliche Papsttum, das sich aus dem westlichen «Britannismus» herausentwickeln wird, die Aufgabe, im Osten ganz bestimmte ökonomische Experimente durchzuführen. Das heißt, es hat die Aufgabe, eine gewisse Form des ökonomischen Zusammenlebens in einer möglichst sozialen Weise einzurichten, von der man annimmt, daß sie im Westen, weil dort die fünfte und nicht die sechste Unterrasse ist, noch nicht durchführbar ist, aber den Osten kann man zunächst experimentell zu solchen Zukunftsexperimenten benützen - politische, geistige, ökonomische Experimente müssen

dort ausgeführt werden. Natürlich ist man nicht so töricht zu sagen, daß die Herrschaft des Westens ewig dauern werde, denn das würde ja kein ernsthafter Schüler des Okkultismus glauben. Aber man ist sich durchaus klar darüber, daß so, wie man eben zunächst den «Ammendienst» versieht, sich aus diesem Ammendienst der «Vormundsdienst», das heißt eine Art zukünftigen Papsttums der westlichen Kultur ergeben muß.

Ich habe referiert, meine lieben Freunde! Diese Dinge stecken in den Lehren der westlichen Freimaurerei ganz tief darinnen, und es handelt sich nur darum zu erkennen, ob diese Lehren - die einflußreichen Lehren, von denen ich Ihnen jetzt gesprochen habe -, gerade solche sind, welche nun wirklich zum allgemeinen Heile in der Menschheitsevolution begründet sind oder ob man sie sich in einer gewissen Weise korrigiert zu denken hat. Darum handelt es sich. Wir werden auf alle diese Dinge noch zurückkommen.

Nun möchte ich noch bemerken, daß gewisse Stufen der Entwicklung wirklich nicht bloß ausphantasiert sind, sondern daß man, je weiter man auf die realen Tatsachen eingeht, auch im Äußeren nachweisen kann, was man zuerst okkultistisch gefunden hat. Und es ist durchaus die äußere Wissenschaft auch heute schon dabei - man muß diese Dinge nur ganz ernsthaft betrachten -, gewisse Tatsachen zu finden, welche bezeugen, daß man es mit solchen aufeinanderfolgenden Stufen der Entwicklung zu tun hat, daß wirklich etwas Richtiges drinnensteckt in dem, was der Okkultist sagt. Das kann heute schon aus einzelnen Symptomen der äußeren Wissenschaft konstatiert werden - man muß nur den guten Willen dazu haben.

Dafür möchte ich etwas anführen, worauf ich schon wiederholt aufmerksam gemacht habe. In dem, was sich der äußeren Verstandeskultur entzieht, aber doch Geistesentwicklung ist, drücken sich wirklich ebenso bestimmte Gesetze aus wie die Naturgesetze. Und da habe ich Sie schon einmal aufmerksam gemacht auf ein sprachliches Gesetz. Wenn man nämlich vom vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum herauf die sprachliche Entwicklung verfolgt, so findet man, daß das Griechische, das Lateinische in der Sprachentwicklung auf einer bestimmten Stufe steht; das geht hinauf ins Gotische, und dann finden wir als nächste Stufe das Neuhochdeutsche. Das ist wirklich so, daß die Entwicklung in ganz regelmäßiger Weise vor sich geht.

Ein D im Romanischen, im Griechischen oder Lateinischen - ich kann Ihnen das nur ganz skizzenhaft zum Ausdruck bringen, aber die Dinge sind so absolut gesetzmäßig, wie Naturgesetze Gesetze sind, und Ausnahmen sind nur scheinbare Ausnahmen -, ein D geht über in ein T, und ein T geht über in ein TH, das aber durch gewisse Sprachgesetze auch ein Z sein kann. Also ein griechisches TH oder Z wird ein gotisches D, und ein gotisches D wird im Neuhochdeutschen zum T, ein gotisches TH oder Z wird ein neuhochdeutsches D. Und das geht im Kreislauf so weiter.

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Ebenso geht ein griechisch-römisches B in ein gotisches P über, dieses in ein neuhochdeutsches F respektive PF. Ein griechisches F oder PF würde ein gotisches B und ein neuhochdeutsches P sein.

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Und genauso findet ein Kreislauf statt von G in das K zu CH.

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Nehmen Sie zum Beispiel «treis», «three», «drei»: T = griechisch, TH = gotisch, D = neuhochdeutsch. So ist es in allen Fällen, und, wie gesagt, Ausnahmen lassen sich immer wieder auf besondere Gesetze, auf Spezialgesetze zurückführen, die die Hauptgesetze ergänzen.

Nun, so haben wir drei übereinander gelagerte Stufen: im Griechisch-Lateinischen, im Gotischen, das da war, als das Römertum mit dem Germanentum zusammenstieß, und dann in der Weiterentwicklung bis zum Neuhochdeutschen herauf. Das Eigentümliche ist nur, wie ich schon früher einmal ausgeführt habe, daß das Englische auf der gotischen Stufe stehengeblieben ist. Sie müssen also überall, wo Sie ein Wort in der neuhochdeutschen Gestalt haben, eine Stufe zurückgehen, um das englische Wort zu finden. Nehmen Sie «Tag»: Sie müssen, um zum Englischen zu kommen, nicht vorwärts-, sondern zurückgehen - «day». Nehmen Sie «tief»: Sie müssen wiederum zurückgehen zu «deep». Nehmen Sie neuhochdeutsch «zehn»: Sie müssen zurückgehen, wenn Sie das Englische haben wollen - «ten». Nehmen Sie «Zahn»: Sie müssen zurückgehen, wenn Sie das englische Wort haben wollen - «tooth». Nehmen Sie «Dieb»: Auch hier müssen Sie wiederum zurückgehen - «thief». Nehmen Sie das neuhochdeutsche Wort «dick» - beim Zurückgehen erhalten Sie «thick». [Vom Neuhochdeutschen zum Englischen] geht es also in einer dem Zeiger entgegengesetzten Richtung.

Wir können daher sagen - ganz objektiv: Wenn wir in der Entwicklung der Sprache das Volkselement für das Englische suchen wollen, so müssen wir auf die Stufe des Gotischen zurückgehen. Und das Neuhochdeutsche hat sich herausgehoben in der Evolution zu einem besonderen Elemente. Das ist also nicht etwas, was man aus irgendwelchen patriotischen oder völkischen Gründen zu sagen nötig hat, denn es ist eine Wahrheit wie die, daß der Eisbär weiß ist - was man auch nicht aus Antipathie oder Sympathie für den Eisbären zu sagen braucht.

Nun, dieses Gesetz, das ich Ihnen hier angeführt habe, ist ein gut bekanntes Sprachgesetz, das sogenannte Gesetz der Lautverschiebung. Ich habe es Ihnen nur für die «mediae», «tenues» und «aspiratae» angeführt, aber man kann es für das gesamte Lautsystem durchführen. Die Entwicklung der Sprache ist eine streng geregelte, und sie entspricht den Impulsen, die in der Menschheitsevolution herrschen; sie steckt darinnen. Nach und nach bringt doch auch die äußere Wissenschaft die Dinge zum Vorschein, wenn auch nur sporadisch; im Okkultismus haben Sie die tieferen Hintergründe für alles das, um was es sich da handelt.

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Wir werden nun auf mancherlei im Geistesleben noch zurückkommen, was zeigen wird, daß es sich wirklich auch auf andern Gebieten so verhält, wie es sich mit der Sprache verhält. Das Unbewußte bezeugt die objektiven Gesetze, wenn man es enthüllt; das läßt sich nicht nach Sympathien und Antipathien drehen und wenden. Nun glauben Sie nicht, daß dieses Grimm’sche Gesetz von der Lautverschiebung jenen Bruderschaften etwa unbekannt wäre, von denen da die Rede ist. Wir werden morgen hören, wie sie sich mit solchen Dingen abfinden, wie sie für solche Dinge ihre entsprechenden Auskünfte haben - Auskünfte, die durchaus nicht töricht sind, sondern in gewisser Bezichung auch im Sinne eines Okkultismus liegen, in bezug auf den Sie, wenn Sie die Dinge genauer kennenlernen, die Entscheidung zu treffen haben werden, ob Sie ihn für rechtmäßig oder unrechtmäßig halten. Nun, das Karma der Menschheitsevolution wird dazu führen, daß gewisse Dinge auch der exoterischen Öffentlichkeit mehr zugänglich sein werden. Namentlich dadurch, daß eine gewisse Verwirrung in den Freimaurerorden eingetreten ist unter den gegenwärtigen Verhältnissen, kommt heute manches an den Tag - auch für die äußere Welt.

Aber wir wollen die tieferen Grundlagen von alledem kennenlernen. Es kommt da heute schon zu ganz merkwürdigen Verhältnissen. So gibt es zum Beispiel eine interessante Abhandlung, geschrieben von einem Manne, der während dieses Krieges - auch wiederum ein merkwürdiges karmisches Verhältnis - seinen Tod auf dem Schlachtfelde gefunden hat. Sie handelt von dem Parallelismus zwischen der französischen Politik und den französischen Geheimorden, und sie zeigt, wie die beiden Dinge wirklich parallel gehen, wie in dem einen dieselben Kräfte leben wie in dem anderen.

Viel intimer, viel verborgener liegen die Dinge bei der englischen Politik, die ja ganz beeinflußt ist von dem, was in solcher Weise hinter ihr steckt. Da handelt es sich dann darum, daß man die Wege findet, um die entsprechenden Menschen an die richtigen Plätze zu befördern. Okkultistische Menschen, im Hintergrunde stehend, sind oftmals - na, verzeihen Sie - Einser, bloße Einser, und bedeuten für sich nichts Besonderes; sie brauchen noch etwas anderes — sie brauchen Nullen. Nullen sind ja nicht Einser, aber [fügt man eine Null zu einer Eins], dann wird gleich eine Zehn daraus. Und wenn man noch mehr Nullen hinzufügt - jede Null ist nur eine Null, aber wenn die Eins irgendwo steckt, dann ist gar mancherlei da, zum Beispiel die Tausend, und wenn man die Eins zudeckt, dann sind [scheinbar] nur die Nullen da; die Nullen brauchen aber nur in der entsprechenden Weise mit den Einsern kombiniert zu sein, und sie brauchen nicht einmal viel zu wissen von der Art, wie sie mit den Einsern kombiniert sind.

So gibt es einen gewissen Menschen, der ein ehrlicher Mensch ist - ein sehr ehrlicher Mensch. Ich habe schon darauf hingewiesen, daß ich ihn durchaus nicht für jenen schwarzen Mann halte, für den ihn viele Leute in Mitteleuropa halten - ich halte ihn für einen ehrlichen, netten Mann, der in seiner Art - ja- das Wahre sagen will, aber das hindert nicht, daß er eine Null ist. Dieser Mann hat in der Public School in Winchester seine allererste Erziehung genossen, seine weitere Erziehung im «Balliol College» in Oxford. Dann hat er etwas sehr Wichtiges errungen, nämlich zunächst den «Marylebone»-Cricket-Preis und dann den «Queen Anne»-TennisPreis. Mit dreiundzwanzig Jahren wurde er Abgeordneter. In solchen Jahren ist man für mancherlei Einflüsse zugänglich. Mit dreißig Jahren wurde er Staatssekretär für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten. Er war längst Minister des Äußeren, als er zum ersten Mal seinen Fuß [auf europäischen Boden] außerhalb Englands setzte, nämlich als er den König von England auf seiner Reise nach Frankreich begleitete. Er hat auch ein Büchlein geschrieben über das Fischen, betitelt «Das Angeln mit der Fliege». Sir Edward Grey ist dann avanciert auf der sozialen Stufenleiter, bis er dann in der Versenkung verschwunden ist - sein Genosse im College in Oxford, mit dem er dort zusammen war, ist der zehn Jahre ältere Asquith. So stellen sich diejenigen dar, die die äußeren Staffagen bilden.

Nun, bis zu diesem Punkte, meine lieben Freunde, haben wir heute unsere Betrachtung gebracht. Wir werden morgen fortfahren und wollen uns um 7 Uhr wiederum hier treffen.

Sixth Lecture

My dear friends! If we now wish to come to a conclusion in our reflections, it is above all necessary that we take the whole essence of the so-called fifth post-Atlantean period in its deepest meaning, for if we do not go into these concrete things, but only remain in general world views, in general views of humanity, without taking any special things into consideration, we cannot come to an understanding, especially not of events that are as profoundly significant as those we are experiencing at present, especially since it must be emphasized again and again that, unfortunately, a deeper understanding of the significance of these events is not really present in the widest circles.

Yesterday, for very specific reasons, which will become clear from further considerations, I mentioned two things: Firstly, that Brooks Adams' book has been thrown, as it were, into the midst of humanity—as a trial balloon, so to speak—to see how much of such things—at least of individual things—can be understood, to see whether the idea expounded in Brooks Adams' book can be understood. There it is explained [on the basis of rich historical material]—I will repeat briefly—that a national organism can truly be understood as an organism, that is, it arises, it goes through a period of youth, a period of growth, a period of maturity, and a period of decline—similar to the individual human being, although of course there is only a similarity, not an identity. And then it is pointed out that in certain phases of their development, peoples develop two related characteristics, namely the imaginative and the warlike in one age of life, and the scientific and the industrial-commercial in another age of life. This side therefore assumes — we are only reporting this — that there are peoples living side by side who are imaginative and warlike by nature, and peoples who are scientific and industrial-commercial by nature; the interaction of these peoples develops the world process of humanity. I told you [yesterday] that this is a one-sided view [in need of correction]. But how do such views come to the surface in the first place? What does it mean that they are brought into the public arena?

You see, with views such as these, which have really made an impression on individual people, which already have some significance and are at the center of the impulses that are at work in the present, it is important that individual parts of the comprehensive spiritual knowledge—let us say, the occult knowledge of human evolution—are torn out of their context and, depending on how they are needed or wanted, are transplanted into the world. By picking out one thing or another from the entire scope of correct occult insights into human development, one can always achieve something specific in the service of a group, in the service of some group egoism. The whole always serves the whole of humanity; the individual parts that are picked out always serve the egoism of individual groups. This is the significant and important thing to bear in mind, because many things that are thrown into the public arena from the occult side are not incorrect, but are half-truths, quarter-truths or eighth-truths, and precisely because they contain a part of the truth, they can be used to achieve this or that in a one-sided way. Therefore, it made a significant impression on those who saw through such things when the 20th century was ushered in from America by these ideas being put into the world, as I said, through book distribution channels serving certain movements that use occult means. We will come back to this matter later.

The other thing I mentioned to you was the remarkable treatise by the noble Thomas More on the best form of public relations in the state and the new island of Utopia. Well, yesterday I read to you from the introduction to Thomas More's treatise on “Utopia,” and you saw that Thomas More puts what he wants to say about this Utopia into the mouth of a stranger, who may have been invented for my sake, that is, who can be called invented—he is not invented, as you will see. This stranger—whom we may be able to introduce in more detail today—explains to him that he has found such an island, namely Utopia, and, based on a certain mood about his time, which I described to you yesterday, he first develops his feelings and then describes this Utopia.

Now, this description of Utopia by Thomas More, who introduces these ideas into human development at the very beginning of the fifth post-Atlantean period, is truly most peculiar. And I must say that I have found many people who have read “Utopia,” but I have not found a single one who has read this “Utopia” so carefully that he has really brought to consciousness all the strange twists and turns, the strange things that are in this book. People take this description of the island of Utopia as the description of a fantasy land and read it page by page—which is understandable in our time, which is devoid of spirituality. But one should at least notice and say to oneself: Either Thomas More is describing a fantasy construct, which one cannot understand if one has only the ordinary materialistic mind, or Thomas More must have been a complete fool, a simpleton. But our age does not draw such consistent conclusions; it much prefers to gloss over all these things with a superficial understanding. Now, of course, I cannot describe all the details to you; you will have to read Utopia yourself if you want to go into the details, but I will at least sketch the content of Thomas More's work for you.

First of all, we must consider it significant that Utopia is described as having attained a certain maturity in its institutions, for it is expressly stated that the state described there did not exist in Utopia from the beginning, but took 1760 years to develop, so that it is, in a sense, a final state.

The first thing that is particularly emphasized is that property is shared, that no one has any special property, and that the whole state is divided into certain families which, if we may so say, elect elders. From among the elders, a prince is elected, and in an assembly convened from time to time, the elected representatives discuss public affairs in accordance with the instructions given to them by the individual members of the people. Here we immediately encounter a highly remarkable institution in Utopia: it is only permitted to discuss public affairs in the prescribed manner. If anyone in Utopia discusses public affairs privately with other people, such conduct is punishable by death.

Furthermore, we find a highly reasonable institution: when a proposal is made in the public assembly, it must never be discussed immediately, but the people must first go home and think about it, and only later is the matter discussed. The person who tells this story says that in this way people can think things over and are not driven to make hasty judgments, which they then, driven by stubbornness and selfishness, naturally stick to, not because they think the matter is good, but because they have once committed themselves to their judgment.

In utopias, everyone must learn agriculture as a child, but later also a trade, usually the one practiced by their parents; however, they can also choose another trade if they are skilled at it. Work is strictly regulated, and no one needs to work more than six hours a day. Everything else is also divided in the best possible way: people work for three hours in the morning, but before that, at sunrise, those who wish to do so gather together and listen to intellectual discussions and the like. There are no games of the kind that take place outside Utopia; instead, there is a fighting game similar to chess, a kind of arithmetic battle, and then there is another fighting game which, again in a chess-like manner, represents the battle between vice and virtue. Under the supervision of publicly elected officials, those who are suitable are made scholars; from among them, the envoys and priests are chosen. The dirtiest work is done by slaves, who are recruited either from the people of conquered peoples or from criminals. Every true Utopian is free. Then there is an institution in Utopia that we non-Utopians are only now beginning to enjoy: one cannot travel without permission from the appropriate authority. A passport must be obtained for every single journey, even the smallest.

There is no money. Whatever is available is brought to the markets, where anyone can take it. Thanks to these institutions, which are so good that no one takes more than they need, no one has to pay for anything, but receives everything. It is simply not necessary to have money or anything like it. The only metal that is really valued is iron – I ask you to pay particular attention to this, because it is very significant. Silver is not highly valued, and gold is valued least of all. Gold is not used to make the things that non-Utopians make from it, but at most all kinds of chains and the like, which criminals have to wear: for example, they are bound with golden chains; they have to wear golden chains as a mark of shame. Then certain vessels are made of gold, which one must not mention in decent company, and other such things. This had the effect that when envoys from a foreign court came to Utopia and thought they would impress the Utopians by coming in gold finery, the Utopians regarded them as very inferior people, because in Utopia only criminals wear gold, or at most the youngest children are given toys made of gold, which they then throw away. When the foreign envoys arrived, the children stood in the streets and said, “Look, there are some old fools who still carry children's toys with them.” In Utopia, it means nothing if someone wears fine clothes, because the Utopians say, “How can anyone be proud of wearing clothes made of this or that wool—sheep wore it first!” You can't be proud of something that sheep wore naturally in the first place.”

Then there is the peculiarity in utopias that good and evil, virtue and vice are judged only in connection with religious ideas. A certain Epicureanism in pleasures is considered what one should strive for in life, and the more pleasurable one makes one's life, the more virtuous one is in utopias. The Utopians believe in the immortal soul of man and have a kind of rational religion, in that they believe that every human being can understand through his own reason that God rules the world like a master craftsman, that man has an immortal soul, and that after death he enters a spiritual world where there are rewards and punishments for virtue and vice. They do not value precious stones, for they say: If anyone buys a precious stone, he makes the seller swear that it is genuine—what significance can this have if one cannot even see with one's eyes whether it is a genuine or a fake precious stone? — This can only be the case with the Utopians. Hunting is frowned upon as unworthy; it may only be practiced by butchers; their trade is not a respectable one.

The man who makes these statements explains that he himself introduced the Utopians to Greek literature and art and that the Utopians proved to be extremely receptive, so much so that even their language has a Greek ring to it, just as their culture in general has the peculiarity of resembling Greek mixed with Persian. I will not describe how husbands and wives are chosen, for reasons that will become clear when you read the book. There are no lawyers in Utopia because they are considered to be the most harmful of people. Contracts are not concluded because the Utopians believe that those who want to keep something will do so even without a contract, and those who do not want to keep something will not do so even if they have made a contract. In war, they avoid bloodshed whenever possible; they consider it the most shameful thing that can happen. They say: If you shed blood in war, you are like animals; wolves and tigers do it, but humans have intelligence. Only in extreme cases, when they cannot manage otherwise, do they shed blood. They send all kinds of people among those they want to fight, either to sow discord among them so that they fight among themselves, or to murder one or the other, or something similar. So, through “love and reason,” as they say, they seek to cause discord and disunity so that the people they want to fight will wear each other down, and only when that fails do they resort to arms to shed blood. But even here they have their own special customs, which show that they want to stop the bloodshed as soon as possible, if only the opportunity arises.

It is further said that a fundamental characteristic of the Utopians is religious tolerance. Anyone who does not break the law can belong to any sect and hold any religious beliefs. This was established by the founder of Utopia, Utopus, but everyone must believe in a supreme being whom they call “Mythra.” The person who tells this story also tried to introduce Christianity there. They showed extraordinary openness to it and truly recognized it as the best religion. Religious tolerance reigns supreme there; everyone can believe what they want—please, I am just telling you how things are described there—everyone can believe what they want. On the other hand, someone who is a materialist, who does not believe in the immortality of the soul, is not allowed to enjoy any civil rights or have the same rights as an ordinary Utopian; he is, so to speak, declared to have no rights. There is a sect there that considers animals to be sentient beings just like humans. There are priests who teach people in special mystery churches and perform cult rituals for them. Festivals are celebrated at the end and beginning of the year. Musical instruments exist, but they are of a different kind than those of the non-utopians. They are particularly suited to expressing in sound what the human soul feels in various moods, and so on.

I have told you everything as it is described in the book itself. You will have noticed that I told you at one point that the Utopians have a religion of reason, and that everyone believes what their reason tells them. Then it is said that Christianity was introduced and that everyone believes in a kind of Mithra. Then it is said again that a kind of tolerance prevails, but that anyone who is a materialist does not have the same rights. In short, you will find contradiction after contradiction in the book. What is this book actually about, what is it supposed to describe?

What is being described here can really only be understood from the foundations of spiritual science. Let us be quite clear about this: Thomas More, like Pico della Mirandola and others, is a person who, with one part of his being, still stands within the aftermath of the fourth post-Atlantean period and, with the other part of his being, already protrudes into the fifth post-Atlantean period. In a certain sense, however, he is also a person who knows this, who brings this to fruition with full consciousness because he has a certain spiritual life. Thomas More spent many hours of the day in meditation, and he achieved very specific results through his meditations. But these successes came about because, as I said, part of his being still lived in the fourth post-Atlantean period, and the atavistic in him was connected with the conscious striving of the soul upward into the spiritual world. However, he was already living a century after the beginning of the fifth post-Atlantean period, and everything that characterizes the fifth post-Atlantean period was present in his soul: intellectuality, the intellect as we know it today, which did not exist in the fourth post-Atlantean period — or only existed, according to those who have a fantastical view of history. All of this worked together and confusedly in his soul. You can study what it was like in such souls in Pico della Mirandola and in his relationship with Savonarola.

So, we are dealing with a person whose soul we have to look into a little if we want to understand what his utopias are all about. You see, such a person knew that occult impulses were at work in human evolution—he knew that very well. And he knew that at the turn of the fourth to the fifth post-Atlantean epoch, it was a matter of giving many people the right impulse. Whether they would make use of it was another question. What did such people know—things were different then, today they are different again, but we have already spoken about that often—what did such people know? They knew that humanity would fall into decadence if it only developed what I would call unspiritual, what is only imagined, what is only the gift of reason. Such people knew that humanity would dry up, dry up physically – not in a few centuries, of course, but over a long period of time – if only the dry intellect, only that which underlies materialistic views, were developed. Such people have a completely different concept of truth than the one that gradually emerged in the fifth post-Atlantean era. Such people know that things must be thought that do not relate to the physical plane, because — quite apart from the truth of such things — if human beings do not want to wither away, they must have thoughts that do not relate to the physical plane. These are the life-giving thoughts, the thoughts that make life possible and bring it forward. This is what comes into consideration alongside the truth value of the spiritual.

Through his meditations, Thomas More had arrived at a semi-atavistic, semi-conscious way of perceiving the higher world, but his perceptions were confused with elements of the dream world. And in such real inner experiences, he arrived at what he recounts in “Utopia.” This is not something he made up, it is not a fantasy, but something he truly experienced as the fruit of his meditations. He presented it as he experienced it in order to say: Look, here is a man who lives in England under King Henry VIII, who is even a servant of Henry VIII, who carries in his soul the feelings, the inner desires, the inner goals of England at that time, who experiences, when his visions stir his inner being, this as a kind of ideal of the state. He wanted to express the desires, goals, and ideas that lurk in the subconscious of those who are dissatisfied with the outside world; that is what he wanted to portray. So one can say that it is the astral self-knowledge of a person of that time.

A wise man like Thomas More does not simply present a fantastical ideal of the future, but rather he presents what he experiences, because in this way, in his own way and in accordance with his age, he wants to present to people the great truth that external, sensory reality is an illusion and that this external, sensory reality must be held together with the supersensible world. 'But if you hold them together in such a way that you allow all the desires and wishes that belong to a particular age and arise from the nature of that age to have an effect, then something arises which, when you look at it, you would certainly not want to present as an ideal. For I must confess that if I myself had been born in a utopia, I would probably consider it my next task to overcome these utopian conditions as quickly as possible and replace them with others. Perhaps I would even consider the conditions that prevail here and there on our earth—apart from the present times—to be much more ideal than those that prevail in utopias. But Thomas More did not want to describe ideal conditions, but rather what he had actually experienced under the circumstances I have described. He wanted, in a sense, to tell people: If you could see your desires, if you could see what you imagine ideal conditions to be, then it would look like this—it would look like this in such a way that you would certainly not agree with it. Now we also know this stranger [who describes Utopia]: this stranger is the astral self of Thomas More.

These things must be taken much more seriously than is usually the case. At certain points, my dear friends, at certain points in human evolution, one must seek out the fundamental facts in order to understand this human evolution. In any case, the judgment should not be formed in such a way that one could derive any valid judgment from the few facts that happen to be in the immediate environment and are still being prepared by the people in that environment. One could only derive a judgment that corresponds to one's sympathies and antipathies, which may be valid in all honor, but that gets us nowhere, and it does not serve humanity. So I wanted to present to you first a person who is particularly characteristic of the turning point of the age—of the transition from the fourth to the fifth post-Atlantean epoch—we will come back to all these things later. I wanted to describe to you a person who really brings the characteristic features of the deeper soul life to the surface, who brings them to self-experience. I will first present this fact to you.

If we are to understand the connections that some of our friends wish us to understand, we also need to truly understand the concrete reality of what the national soul is, because our materialistic age and way of thinking is all too inclined to confuse the national soul with the individual soul, that is, when we speak of a people, to believe that this has something to do in reality with the individual members of a people. For the occultist, it is nonsense — if I may use a comparison that is crude, but which can illustrate what is at stake — for the occultist, it is nonsense to identify someone who calls himself an Englishman or a German with his national soul, just as it is nonsense to identify a son or daughter with their father or mother. As I said, it is a crude comparison, because here we are dealing with two physical entities, and there with a physical and a non-physical entity, but in both cases we have two completely different structures when viewed concretely — two completely different entities.

However, my dear friends, you will only understand what lies at the root of this—which is absolutely necessary if you want to talk about these things with any basis in reality—you will only understand these things from the moment you seriously comprehend the mysteries of repeated earthly lives and the karma associated with them. For there lies an enormously significant truth in the fact that one is only incarnated in a people, but carries within one's own individual being something quite different from what is in the soul of the people — something that is infinitely more and yet infinitely less than the soul of the people. Identifying with the soul of the people makes no sense at all in relation to reality if it is to be anything other than what is meant by the words love of country, love of one's homeland, patriotism, and the like. But one will only see these things correctly when one can seriously and deeply contemplate the truths of reincarnation and karma. I have recently spoken in various places about the connection between the human soul in its existence between death and rebirth and what happens when a person enters earthly existence through birth. I have pointed out that between death and rebirth, a person is connected to the forces that bring people together through generations, that is, that bring about conditions such that, through the succession of generations, through the constant union of parent pairs, through their offspring, between death and birth, human beings are caught up in a very specific stream that ultimately leads to a parent pair through whom they can incarnate. Just as in physical life we are connected with our physical body, between death and birth we are connected with the circumstances that prepare for our birth from a specific parent pair. In other words, in the fact that one has this father, this mother, that this father has that father, this mother has that mother, and so on, in all that branches out in the most diverse ways, in all that interacts in the most diverse ways, one is caught up in this for centuries. I would like to point out that it is already a considerable number of centuries if one is only involved in what spans thirty generations, for from Charlemagne to our time there are about thirty generations. In everything that takes place in loving and finding oneself, in producing offspring and ultimately leading to the parents from whom one is born, one is involved oneself, one prepares this oneself.

I repeat this because it is important to understand, in the case of those personalities whom we call leaders and whom we can recognize as leaders in a certain sense, how it is precisely through the fact I have just demonstrated that they come to mean so much to humanity. I would like to draw your attention to a leading personality, but I would like to let what is to be said about them culminate in a statement made by someone else about this personality — you will see why in a moment. I would like to draw your attention to the personality of Dante.

So here we have a figure at the end of the fourth post-Atlantean epoch — a truly outstanding figure. We can compare such an outstanding personality with those personalities who attained a certain significance after the beginning of the fifth post-Atlantean epoch, such as Thomas More. Let us consider what we have generally recognized in a personality such as Dante. Such a personality has a far-reaching, inspiring effect and is highly significant. It is interesting to at least try to imagine how such a soul, such a personality, before entering physical existence on Earth through a birth that is significant for humanity, puts together, if I may use a somewhat baroque expression, what it needs in order to be born in the right way through the right parents. Of course, these conditions are brought about from the spiritual world, but they are then realized with the help of physical tools, so that, in a sense, this blood is directed from the spiritual world to that blood, and so on. As a rule, a personality like Dante could never come into being from a homogeneous bloodline. It is virtually impossible for such a soul to belong to a single people; a mysterious alchemy must take place, that is, blood from different peoples must flow together. And whatever those who, in their excessive patriotism, want to claim great personalities for a people may say, there is not much reality behind it!

As for Dante, I would first like to let someone else speak about him, so that you can see that I am not biased in any way, for otherwise you might easily believe that I am engaging in politics, which is of course as far from my mind as possible. I will let someone else describe what is clearly visible in his character to those who know how to appreciate it. That is why I have researched Carducci, the great Italian poet of modern times, who was a great expert on Dante. But behind him stands—and this is why I mention him—what is known in Italy as “massoneria,” that is, which is connected with all the occult brotherhoods to which I have drawn your attention, so that Carducci's theoretical discussions about the real things of life are, to a certain extent, supported by such a deeper knowledge. Not that he flaunted this knowledge everywhere, not that he was in any way an occultist – I am not claiming that – but there is something in what he says that came to him through all kinds of mysterious channels. That is what underlies his statements.

Now Carducci says that three elements interact in Dante, and it is only through the interaction of these three elements that Dante came into being. The first is an ancient Etruscan element – it came to him through certain links in his ancestry, for in these past generations there are various things that ultimately led to Dante's parents. And from this ancient Etruscan element, says Carducci, Dante derived what opened up the supernatural worlds to him—this enabled him to speak in such a profound way about the supernatural worlds. Secondly, according to Carducci, there is the Roman element in him. From this he derived his way of everyday life and his approach to certain legal concepts. And thirdly, Carducci says, there is the Germanic element in Dante. From this he derived the boldness and freshness of his views and a certain frankness, a certain firm commitment to what he had set himself. For Carducci, these three elements make up Dante's soul life.

The first points us to ancient Celtic culture, which somehow permeates him – if I may use that word – and connects him directly to the third post-Atlantean period, because Celtic culture in the north leads back to what we have come to know as the third post-Atlantean period. Then we find the fourth post-Atlantean period in the Roman element and the fifth in the Germanic element. For Carducci, these three periods and their influences make up the elements in Dante's soul, so that we really have three layers that are superimposed on top of each other: the third, fourth, and fifth post-Atlantean periods—Celtic, Roman, and Germanic. Good Dante scholars have made many efforts to figure out how Dante was able to mix his blood from the spiritual world in such a way that it became so composite—that is, they did not express it in these words, as I have just said, but they endeavored [in this direction], and some things, these people believe, came about because a good part of Dante's ancestry can be found, for example, in Graubünden. History can confirm this to a certain extent: in all directions, but also in this region, where so much mixing of blood has taken place, Dante's ancestral line can be traced.

Here we see how the remarkable interaction of the three layers in the development of European humanity is revealed in a single personality. And you see that it is a man like Carducci, who did not make this judgment under the influence of today's nationalistic madness, but out of a certain objectivity, who points to what lies at the root of Dante. Now, however, we are touching on conditions that are known everywhere where the development of humanity is discussed from an occult point of view in such a way that one sees the real conditions — one reckons with them and also wants to use them as forces when one does this or that. These conditions are by no means unknown in legitimate occult brotherhoods; they are also, to a certain extent, not unknown to those who place things in the service of some group egoism in one direction or another. For the secret of the interaction of the three successive layers, which is of great importance mainly for Europe, is discussed with great care in all occult brotherhoods worthy of the name — only, of course, sometimes in a way that distracts from what can be called the right direction. So, I ask you to note very carefully that in such matters there is knowledge that is taught—even if the outward, intellectual world often wants to know so little about it—and that this knowledge is taught with particular care and systematicity, especially in Western and American occult brotherhoods.

Now that I have prepared the way in this manner, I would like to point out something that is, in a sense, a secret of evolution and that is taught everywhere, albeit with the most diverse aims. I would now like to point out some special teachings, which I will simply refer to. These teachings formed the content [of the instructions of certain brotherhoods], particularly intensively at the end of the 19th century; they then continued into the 20th century. However, they were particularly taken up at the end of the 19th century, gained a particularly intense influence, and attempts were made to introduce them wherever it was deemed necessary in order to use them for certain purposes, for certain goals. So, without offering any criticism, but merely reporting, I would first like to share with you certain teachings from occult brotherhoods in England—I am thus alluding to what I have prepared you for.

It was and is taught that the evolution of Europe can only be understood if one first looks back at the transition from the Roman, the fourth post-Atlantean period, to the fifth post-Atlantean period. And furthermore, it was taught—please take this strictly as a report—it was taught that one must understand the mystery of the transition from the fourth to the fifth post-Atlantean period or, as they said in these brotherhoods, from the fourth to the fifth subrace. You know that we cannot use the term “subrace” for reasons that have been repeated many times, because it implies a one-sided goal, a certain group goal, whereas we are never concerned with group goals, but always with the general goals of humanity. It was therefore taught that one must understand the transition from the fourth to the fifth subrace. The fourth subrace essentially represents the Romanic, Latin peoples. In human evolution, what develops successively does not simply follow what came before, but rather what came before remains alongside what comes after, so that the former and the latter exist side by side. Thus, the fourth subrace, which consists essentially of the Roman-Latin element, also remained in its remnants — namely, in the Roman-Latin peoples — during the period of the fifth subrace, which began at the start of the 15th century.

According to this doctrine, the fifth sub-race is made up of those peoples in the world who are destined to speak English—the English-speaking peoples represent the fifth sub-race. And the entire task of the fifth post-Atlantean period is to conquer the world for the English-speaking peoples. It will be the case that the remnants of the fourth subrace, the Latin-influenced peoples, will apparently fall more and more into a certain materialism. These peoples contain within themselves the element of inner dissolution, and they also carry within themselves the element of decadence in a physical sense—as I said, I am only reporting, I am not presenting anything that is my own assertion, but merely reporting. [And it is then said] that the [leading] element of the fifth subrace contains the predisposition to spiritualism, to grasping the spiritual world.

Now one must understand how the fourth subrace affected the fifth. One must—so it is taught—first turn one's gaze back to the point—if one does not want to go further back—when those peoples in the north, who then became the Britons, Gauls, and Germanic peoples, approached the Roman Empire. The question was raised: What were these peoples who came from the north at the time when they were at war with the Roman Empire, when the battle between the fourth and fifth sub-races broke out, so to speak? As peoples, they were, in terms of age, infants, “babies.” So, it is important to note that the Romans—the Roman element, the members of the fourth subrace—came to care for these peoples like a “wet nurse.” These expressions are necessary to illustrate the analogies between the elements of a people and the elements of the individual human being. So, the Romans became, so to speak, wet nurses, and this wet nursing lasted as long as the Roman rule over the peoples of the north, who were more or less in infancy.

From infant to schoolchild—this is the period when the papacy was established in Rome and the pope became the [“educator” and] “guardian” of the child, just as the Roman element, the earlier Romanism, was the “wet nurse” of these peoples—as I said, I am only referring to this, I am not asserting anything. Then we have the whole interaction between the papacy and the conditions in the north, everything that developed through Central Europe and into Britain: this is education under the papal guardian, in which the Roman element from the fourth post-Atlantean period still has an effect. Around the 12th century, when the papacy began to change, the age of youth and the development of the intelligence of these different peoples began. The [educator and] guardian increasingly withdrew. And this age of youth lasted until about the end of the 18th century.

Now, as a rule, when teaching such things, the present is left out because, for certain reasons, this is considered very good. People should not hear too clearly what is thought about the present — this is to be taught to them in a more suggestive way. And so, from what developed in the north under guardianship, tutelage, and so on, has developed into its present state of maturity, which now contains the potential to gradually make the inhabitants of “Britannia” the ruling people of the fifth post-Atlantean period, not only as the Romans were, but also as Romanism was when the papacy emerged from it. Thus, as the remnants of the Latin element crumble away from the human race, according to this view, the “British” element emerges as the fertile one. And it is now suggested that all external undertakings, all external measures that are to have meaning, that are to be fruitful, must be taken in such a way in such a way that they are, as it were, influenced by these views, for whatever happens without these views, whatever happens in the belief that the Latin element is not in decline or that the British element is not on the rise, is doomed to wither away. Of course, one can still do such things, these people say, but they are doomed to be meaningless; they do not grow, so to speak. It is like throwing a seed into the wrong soil.

We have, my dear friends, a foundation, so to speak, in what I have outlined to you as a teaching—a foundation that also seeped into all the more exoterically oriented occult brotherhoods and then worked in Western regions as so-called high-degree Masonry and the like. This was then carried into public affairs by people who were in closer or more distant connection with these brotherhoods — often in such a way that the people who then worked outside had no idea how things had been transmitted to them. Thus, these teachings live on behind many things that we have noticed in evolution, especially since the 16th century, having been brought in from the West.

Now these teachings go even further. It is said that just as those people who prepared themselves north of the Roman element to become the fifth sub-race developed as has now been described, so the Slavic people are coming from the East; they are coming today as the sixth sub-race from the East to the West in a similar way as the Germanic peoples came from the North to meet the Roman element. One sees, it is said, that in the East, under a despotic government driving them toward destruction, there are a number of individual tribes, which are for the time being only tribes, just as at that time when the Romans stormed northward, the northern peoples were not yet real peoples, but only tribes. And in these tribes in the East, one sees the individual elements of the so-called Slavic people. But, it is said, these are merely tribes that are held together today only in an external way by a despotic government that is about to be swept away — I am using the expressions that are commonly used in these occult brotherhoods — by a despotic government that is about to be swept away. That we are dealing with tribes [in the East] — I say this only in parentheses after all the good things I have said about the Slavs — is also evident, for example, from the fact that when the Slavic tribes gathered in Prague in 1848, each Slavic tribe wanted to speak in its own language. But they could not understand each other and then chose German as the language of negotiation. This is not a laughing matter, but only serves to characterize that what is taught in the West about the Slavs does have a certain significance.

Now, according to the West – that is, according to these English brotherhoods – the Poles stand out above all others, having an advantage over the other Slavs in that they have developed a relatively high level of religious and other cultural life. They then describe the fate of the Poles in some detail, but claim that they actually belong to the Russian Empire. Then they point above all to the Balkan Slavs, who they say broke away from Turkish oppression and formed individual Slavic states, which, however, were only supposed to exist in this form—and this was a repeatedly stated fact—until the next great European war. This was presented by the brotherhoods, especially in the 1990s, as imminent in the near future and linked to the evolutionary impulses that were supposed to emanate from the Balkan Slavs. They characterized these impulses in such a way that what had formed after the separation from the Turkish Empire [as state forms] would have to transition into other forms. Only until the great European war comes, it was said, will these Balkan Slavs be able to maintain their independence; in this great European war, they will have to move on to completely different destinies.

These peoples are now, so we are taught, in infancy. And with this, it is already implied – by declaring them to be the beginning of the sixth subrace and the British to be the fifth subrace – that the British are to occupy the same position towards them as the Romans once occupied towards the northern Germanic peoples, that is, to be their nurses. Such nursing is the very first task, and this nursing will, it is said, end at the moment when these peoples have progressed so far that the Russian Empire will no longer exist and they will create special forms for themselves out of their own intelligent dispositions. But of course, the nurse [the nanny] must gradually be replaced by the guardian [the educator], that is, a kind of papacy must develop in the West from what constitutes the actual fifth subrace; spirituality must develop there in the West to a special degree. And just as the papacy has related to Central Europe, a configuration must now be formed from the West towards the East in order to encompass it completely. And this must lead to the East being used to establish certain institutions—in a similar way to how the papacy established its institutions in Europe. But of course we have progressed beyond a subrace, and while the papacy has founded churches and ecclesiastical communities in various ways, the Western papacy, which will develop out of Western “Britannism,” has the task of carrying out very specific economic experiments in the East. That is to say, it has the task of establishing a certain form of economic coexistence in the most social way possible, which is assumed to be unfeasible in the West because it is the fifth and not the sixth subrace, but the East can initially be used experimentally for such future experiments—political, spiritual, and economic experiments must be carried out there.

carried out there. Of course, one is not so foolish as to say that the rule of the West will last forever, for no serious student of the occult would believe that. But it is quite clear that, just as one first performs the “service of the nurse,” this service of the nurse must give rise to the “service of the guardian,” that is, a kind of future papacy of Western culture.

I have spoken, my dear friends! These things are deeply embedded in the teachings of Western Freemasonry, and it is only a matter of recognizing whether these teachings—the influential teachings I have just spoken to you about—are really those that are truly grounded in the general good of human evolution, or whether they must be corrected in a certain way. That is what this is all about. We will come back to all these things later.

Now I would like to add that certain stages of development are not merely fantasies, but that the more one delves into the real facts, the more one can prove externally what one first found in occultism. And even today, external science is already in the process of finding certain facts that testify that we are dealing with such successive stages of development, that there is really something true in what the occultist says. This can already be stated today from individual symptoms of external science—one only needs to have the good will to do so.

I would like to cite something here that I have repeatedly pointed out. In that which eludes the outer culture of the intellect, but is nevertheless spiritual development, certain laws are expressed just as clearly as the laws of nature. And I have already drawn your attention to a linguistic law. If you trace the development of language from the fourth post-Atlantean epoch, you will find that Greek and Latin stand at a certain stage in the development of language; this goes up to Gothic, and then we find New High German as the next stage. It is really the case that development proceeds in a very regular manner.

A D in Romance languages, in Greek or Latin – I can only explain this to you in very sketchy terms, but things are as absolutely lawful as the laws of nature are laws, and exceptions are only apparent exceptions – a D changes to a T, and a T changes to a TH, which, however, can also be a Z due to certain linguistic laws. So a Greek TH or Z becomes a Gothic D, and a Gothic D becomes a T in New High German, a Gothic TH or Z becomes a New High German D. And so the cycle continues.

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Similarly, a Greek-Roman B becomes a Gothic P, which in turn becomes an F or PF in New High German. A Greek F or PF would be a Gothic B and a New High German P.

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And in exactly the same way, there is a cycle from G to K to CH.

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Take, for example, “treis,” “three,” “drei”: T = Greek, TH = Gothic, D = New High German. This is the case in all instances, and, as mentioned, exceptions can always be traced back to special rules that supplement the main rules.

So now we have three layers on top of each other: Greek-Latin, Gothic, which existed when Roman culture collided with Germanic culture, and then the further development up to New High German. The peculiar thing is, as I explained earlier, that English remained at the Gothic stage. So wherever you have a word in the New High German form, you have to go back one stage to find the English word. Take “Tag” (day): to get to the English word, you don't have to go forward, but backward – “day.” Take “tief” (deep): again, you have to go back to “deep.” Take the New High German word “zehn”: you have to go back if you want the English word – “ten.” Take “Zahn”: you have to go back if you want the English word – “tooth.” Take “Dieb”: here, too, you have to go back – “thief.” Take the New High German word “dick” – going back, you get “thick.” [From New High German to English] it therefore goes in the opposite direction to the pointer.

We can therefore say – quite objectively – that if we want to find the folk element for English in the development of language, we have to go back to the stage of Gothic. And New High German has emerged in the evolution as a special element. This is not something that needs to be said for patriotic or nationalistic reasons, because it is a truth like the fact that polar bears are white – which you don't need to say out of antipathy or sympathy for polar bears.

Now, this law that I have cited here is a well-known linguistic law, the so-called law of sound shift. I have only cited it for the “mediae,” “tenues,” and “aspiratae,” but it can be applied to the entire sound system. The development of language is strictly regulated and corresponds to the impulses that prevail in human evolution; it is inherent in it. Little by little, external science is bringing things to light, even if only sporadically; in occultism, you have the deeper background for everything that is involved.

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We will now return to various aspects of spiritual life, which will show that what happens with language also happens in other areas. The unconscious testifies to objective laws when it is revealed; this cannot be twisted and turned according to sympathies and antipathies. Now, do not believe that this Grimm's law of sound shift is unknown to those brotherhoods of which we are speaking. Tomorrow we will hear how they come to terms with such things, how they have their corresponding explanations for such things—explanations that are by no means foolish, but in a certain sense also lie within the realm of occultism, in relation to which you, when you become more familiar with the facts, will have to decide whether you consider it legitimate or illegitimate. Now, the karma of human evolution will lead to certain things becoming more accessible to the exoteric public. Namely, due to a certain confusion that has arisen in the Masonic Order under the present circumstances, many things are coming to light today—even for the outer world.

But we want to get to know the deeper foundations of all this. Very strange circumstances are already arising today. For example, there is an interesting treatise written by a man who, during this war—again a strange karmic relationship—met his death on the battlefield. It deals with the parallelism between French politics and the French secret orders, and it shows how the two things really run parallel, how the same forces are at work in both.

Things are much more intimate and hidden in English politics, which is completely influenced by what lies behind it in this way. It is then a matter of finding ways to promote the right people to the right places. Occultists, standing in the background, are often—well, forgive me—ones, mere ones, and mean nothing special in themselves; they need something else—they need zeros. Zeros are not ones, but [if you add a zero to a one], it immediately becomes a ten. And if you add more zeros—each zero is just a zero, but if the one is somewhere, then there is a lot there, for example a thousand, and if you cover the one, then [apparently] only the zeros are there; but the zeros only need to be combined with the ones in the right way, and they don't even need to know much about how they are combined with the ones.

There is a certain person who is an honest man—a very honest man. I have already pointed out that I do not consider him to be the black man that many people in Central Europe think he is—I consider him to be an honest, nice man who, in his own way, wants to tell the truth, but that does not prevent him from being a zero. This man received his early education at Winchester Public School and continued his education at Balliol College, Oxford. He then achieved something very important, namely the Marylebone Cricket Award and then the Queen Anne Tennis Award. At the age of twenty-three, he became a member of parliament. At that age, one is susceptible to many influences. At the age of thirty, he became Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. He had long been Foreign Secretary when he first set foot outside England, namely when he accompanied the King of England on his trip to France. He also wrote a little book about fishing, entitled “Fly Fishing.” Sir Edward Grey then advanced on the social ladder until he disappeared into obscurity – his college friend in Oxford, with whom he studied there, was Asquith, ten years his senior. Such are those who form the external trappings.

Well, my dear friends, that brings us to the end of our discussion for today. We will continue tomorrow and meet here again at 7 o'clock.