Karma of Untruthfulness II
GA 173b
6 January 1917, Dornach
Lecture XV
In order to arrive at a view of the world fitting for today, we need wider horizons than those available to mankind in this materialistic age. This applies especially in connection with spiritual science, and I have already referred to this necessity repeatedly in the preceding lectures. By wider horizons I mean that to comprehend today's world, and in particular human events, we shall have to have recourse to concepts which originate in spiritual science. The fact that the greater part of humanity has so far rejected such wider conceptual horizons in relation to all fields of life and knowledge is connected with the karma of the present time.
With these wider concepts in the background we can characterize one aspect of our life by saying that, objectively, evolution has outdistanced mankind in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Today's events most thoroughly demonstrate this situation. One of the most prominent events of the age of materialism is material progress, that is, progress involving all the things that can be accomplished in the world by material means. This material progress is served by the sciences of the age of materialism. And it is especially typical of these sciences that they are growing ever less and less interested in the spiritual world; they strive more and more to become a mere summation of concepts and ideas which can be applied to external material phenomena.
The course of this development finds its strongest expression in the most external of all material matters: mechanical procedures. Factories, industry, machines, these things have attained the highest degree of perfection during this age of materialism. And it is in the very nature of these things that progress in these fields has been non-national—you could say, international; it is world progress. For whether a railway or something similar is built in England, Russia, China or Japan, the laws which have to be taken into account, the knowledge needed, are the same everywhere, since everything is accomplished in accordance with mechanical requirements which are detached from man. In these fields an international principle has indeed taken hold in the widest possible manner.
Over the years, during our lectures on spiritual science, we have often said, in connection with one aspect or another, that there is a body on the earth, a body which is spread over the whole earth. This body needs a soul, and this soul should be equally international. Spiritual science was claimed to be this soul, for it comprises knowledge which is not bound up with any particular individual or group on the earth but can be understood by every single person, wherever he may be, just as physical things in external, material culture—such as a railway or a locomotive—can be understood. We have often stressed that a blessing and salvation for human evolution can only come about if the development in the bodily realm is accompanied by a development in the realm of soul and spirit. For this to take place it would be necessary for people to make just as much effort to understand spiritual matters as external circumstances force them to make—they would far rather be forced than use their freedom—to understand the demands of material progress. So far this has not happened, but it will obviously have to come about as human evolution proceeds. However long it is delayed, it must happen in the end. However much disastrous karma is conjured up because human beings do not want to make the effort, it will happen in the end, for what is to happen will indeed happen.
It is because material progress has run ahead of the good will for spiritual knowledge that mankind has been outdistanced by this material progress and everything it contains by way of passions and urges in human souls. Externally this shows most emphatically in the fact that it is not ideas which strive towards harmonious co-existence of human beings on earth—in other words, not Christian ideas—which are uppermost, but those which, in utmost excess, divide mankind and lead back to cultural periods which one might suppose to have been long overcome. The monstrous anomaly lies in the way nationalism was so forcefully able to take hold of the nations as they lived side by side in the nineteenth century. This shows that in their soul development human beings have not kept pace with material progress.
When people at last come to accept spiritual science on a wider scale, not only in theory but as a fulfilment of their total soul need, then they will, of necessity, have to arrive at different concepts. And such different concepts will help them to comprehend things which cannot possibly be comprehended by materialistic thinking as it is at present. Some matters can only be understood on the basis of corresponding ideas. But, like anything else, ideas must live in order to grow, which means they need soil in which they can flourish. And the soil in which ideas can flourish is nothing other than an attitude of soul prepared by spiritual science. Were materialistic progress to continue its development along the lines of the nineteenth century, people would grow ever poorer in ideas. Put simply: No ideas suitable for comprehending the world would occur to people. Any thoughts they might have about the world could only be stimulated by means of experiments, or by what they could see with their own eyes. The modern insistence on experimentation is nothing other than a paucity of ideas. If the present trend were to continue, mankind would grow ever poorer in ideas. But since a certain intensity of spiritual life is necessary, since human beings must develop some degree of intensity in certain impulses, they will have to discover these impulses in other sources if they cannot find them in the substance of ideas.
When was there an age brimming over with ideas, an age when genuine ideas flourished? You could say that a particularly characteristic and fruitful age was the period extending from Lessing to German Romanticism, to Novalis, or even to the philosophical idealists, among whom we can count Schopenhauer in addition to Hegel and Schelling, as well as those I have quoted in my book Vom Menschenrätsel as being the philosophers who sounded a universal resonance which has since died away during the age of materialism. Ideas were truly abundant then. Hence the contempt in which that time is held today! Look at it, so rich and pregnant with ideas, ideas seeking to fathom nature and the evolution of mankind throughout history! Today we gather ideas from the spiritual world about human evolution, about the various post-Atlantean periods and the impulses belonging to them, knowledge which has only become fitting in the present age. Yet just look how close this is to that fertile idea brought forward by Schelling, Hegel, Novalis, Franz von Baader—though it originated with Jakob Böhme. They said that human evolution passed through a period of history—this was as much as they could see without the help of spiritual science—a first period of history in which the principle of God the Father ruled. This was the period characterized in the Bible by the Old Testament and the heathen religions. They called it the Age of the Father. This was followed by the Age of the Son, during which the idea of the Mystery of Golgotha was to become embedded in mankind. Finally, as an ideal for the future, they saw the Age of the Spirit, the Holy Spirit, which they also called the Age of John, for they believed that not until then would the great impulses of the John Gospel be realized.
How infinitely meaningful is such an idea, compared with the desolate, unfruitful talk of human evolution, which is nothing but an abstract idea, in which what follows after is added to what came before as if it were just another link in a chain. How profound by comparison is Schelling's ‘theosophy’ which he developed on from Jakob Böhme! This ‘theosophy’ of Schelling attains such lofty heights that, by comparison, the later thoughts of theologians represent a steep decline. Schelling fights his way through to the realization that what matters in Christianity is not so much its doctrine. This doctrine is seized upon by modern progressive theology as if Christ Jesus were no more than a teacher. What matters for Schelling is not the doctrine, but the fact of the Mystery of Golgotha. We must look up to the fact of the Mystery of Golgotha, the fact of the life, the death, and the resurrection of Christ Jesus.
In similar vein we could quote a great many superior, far-reaching ideas originating at that time. With what is the existence of such far-reaching ideas connected? Those who were inspired by such ideas have something in common: They are not narrow-mindedly nationalistic. Their standpoint is that of someone whom they would have called a ‘citizen of the world’. I do not know whether this can be understood today, when so many expressions have become empty phrases. How far removed from anything narrow-mindedly nationalistic is, for instance, a spirit such as Goethe! How far removed from anything narrow-mindedly nationalistic is such a work as Goethe's Faust! Never mind what its origins were. Of course Faust can only stem from the culture of Central Europe. But in the form it has achieved as a poetical work at the hands of Goethe it would be absurd to ask Faust to show you his birth certificate. Yet this absurdity has become a reality, a fact, in our time. Everything that is happening today is, fundamentally, simply a denial of the heights once reached by mankind in such a work as Goethe's Faust. Yet such a work shows us that mankind could have progressed further than is the case today, or indeed than will be the case in the near future.
I have told you, however, that the human soul needs a certain degree of intensity in its impulses. If it cannot reach up to ideas, it will take this intensity from elsewhere, from obscure, unconscious soul forces, from forces that rush up from the spirit of the blood. Fundamentally, nationalism is nothing other than a consequence of the lack of ideas. Mankind's primary need now is the will to rise up to ideas. But it has to be said: if this is to succeed, something else will be needed, too: namely, an understanding for the element of grace which can come from the spiritual world. For it is not possible to win through to the spiritual world from a starting-point of a limited sum of preconceived opinions. The spiritual world can only be reached by keeping the soul open for whatever wants to enter in, by desiring not merely to judge, but also day by day to enrich one's ability to judge.
So to begin with it is above all necessary that insight should take hold of human beings. We live in the age which is to grasp hold of the consciousness soul. So this age must strive for insight. But insight can only come about in ideas that span the world; for insight to come about, reality must be filled with ideas. Yet, especially with regard to the most recent events, our age is thoroughly disinclined to accept ideas. An abstract concept, however logical, however convincing, is not an idea. An idea must be born of living reality. Nowadays we see hardly any ideas come into being. Instead we are surrounded by an insistence on abstract concepts. Ideas can, however, become slogans—though if they do, not much damage can be done, because human souls cannot work in slogans that are related to ideas; their absurdity becomes too obvious. But abstract concepts are different. Abstract concepts can become slogans in a very intense way, and their meaning is so obvious because they refer basically to things that are close at hand. So human beings, who are so wary of taking in anything far-reaching, seize on them greedily. But abstract concepts do not have a basis in reality. There are great numbers of them all around us today, but those who can see beyond what is immediately obvious know that their powerlessness is all the greater.
One of the many abstract ideas ruling us today is that of eternal peace. In the way this is handled it is an entirely abstract concept which does not spring from a living understanding of reality, and yet it appears to those who do not desire to widen their horizons as something entirely convincing. These people say: The various states—and they do not wonder whether this expression ‘the various states’ has any reality—ought to create an inter-state organization, something that stretches across the entire world and is constructed after the pattern of a single state. Furthermore, something called ‘inter-state law’ is to be established. The idea is beautiful and so everybody finds it convincing. The various states are to commit themselves to keep the peace and they must also create legal norms which can centain their various mutual interests. All very nice! It would be equally nice if, to heat a room, all we needed was the abstract concept of warmth instead of having to light the stove. It is irrelevant whether an idea is nice, or convincing. For what could be more convincing than the thought that our need for stoves and the like really means that nature is a terrible despot!
It is irrelevant whether an idea corresponds to the feeling that it is nice or, perhaps, humane. What matters is whether an idea grows out of reality. But to aim for ideas which grow out of reality it is first of all necessary to study reality. Any narrow-minded brain—excuse the expression—can come up with nice programmes for states to follow in order to achieve peace. But such a brain cannot attain to ideas which correspond to reality and are born out of reality. It does not even feel that the spiritual world is a reality with its own laws, though this is considered a matter of course as far as the material world is concerned. People think the world can be set to rights by means of a few sentences. They have no feeling for the fact that the world is a reality in which all kinds of real impulses work in contrast to one another. And by becoming intoxicated with programmes made up of abstract ideas, they prevent the world from entering into the realities.
Sometimes a fruitful, genuine idea is expressed in the same words as a living idea; what matters is that we should be moved by the way it lives. Today, however, something that is alive appears to people as something utterly paradoxical. Thus, over the course of the nineteenth century, and also in the twentieth century, in various parts of the world the idea of disarmament was born, the idea of limiting militarism. This is a nice idea, but it must not remain abstract if it is to become fruitful! It must take account of reality. For this to happen, reality must be studied. It is all very well to meet somewhere and say: All countries must disarm. This is quite easy, especially as the idea is convincing. But either none of them will actually do so, or some of them will not do so. And even if they all did so, they would very soon start to rearm again if the initial impulse is not truly alive. But if you try to point out only those impulses which are truly fruitful, you are in danger of being considered by most people to be utterly foolish, for these days what is most sensible is considered to be most foolish. When I say ‘sensible’ in this connection I mean that which is most in tune with reality.
As I said, the idea of disarmament, the idea that all militarism should gradually be dismantled, is a good idea. But it will never be possible to realize it by reaching a formal conclusion about it in some committee of representatives from all states. It can only become reality if a corresponding reality takes hold of it. What do I mean? How can disarmament be achieved? Yes, it is necessary to be very concrete in one's expressions. It is indeed a fact that at a number of points during the nineteenth century it could have been possible to draw closer to the thought of disarmament and transform it into a real idea. How, for example?
Supposing someone had had the idea before the year 1870? How could it have been realized? Before 1870 a step could have been taken towards the idea of disarmament, a step which would have been very fruitful for mankind. But now I have to say something that today would be regarded as utterly foolish: No approach to the idea of disarmament could have been made by means of some kind of treaty between the various states! This is totally fruitless, however nice it may sound. It would, however, have been fruitful if a particular state, one that was in a position to do so, had begun to disarm, had made disarmament a reality for itself. To do this, people would have had to be capable of reckoning with realities.
Let us now look at a few states in Europe in order to point to what is a reality. Can Russia disarm? Certainly not just like that, for beyond Russia lies Asia, and if Russia were to disarm she would have no defences against the invading peoples of Asia, who would most certainly not disarm. So for Russia disarmament is out of the question. There was no German Reich before the year 1870, but how about the entity that did exist at that time? Could it have disarmed? On the eastern border there would have been a state that was not in a position to disarm, so it follows that here, too, disarmament would have been impossible. But there is one state which could have disarmed, thus setting a wonderful example and at the same time bringing into reality in modern times what it is always trumpeting forth with words—and that is France. Before 1870, France was in a very good position to disarm, and in consequence the war of 1870 would never have taken place. Even since then, as regards Europe—not the colonies—France would still have been in a position to proceed with disarmament at any time. This would have been a beginning, and attention could then have been turned to the East.
Obviously, those whose thinking is abstract will object: Ought France to have exposed herself to the danger of attack by Germany? There would have been no such danger, because if a country becomes involved in a war, the cause is invariably the fact that it is capable of war, that is, that it practises militarism. It can be forced to practise militarism. But no country which does not practise militarism would be attacked if its neighbours had no interest in attacking it. Switzerland, of course, has never been in a position to do without militarism. You cannot apply the conditions of one situation to those of another. Equally you may not say in the abstract that Germany would in any case have coveted Alsace-Lorraine. This is nonsense. Why should she have coveted Alsace-Lorraine under any circumstances? Bismarck said that to annex Alsace-Lorraine merely because some of the population were German was an impossible and crazy academic theory! The only reason there has ever been is one of military security. For so long as France is a military power in possession of Alsace, you can reach Stuttgart more quickly from France than you can from Berlin. The only reason there has ever been for attaching Alsace to the German Reich is that of achieving military protection on the western frontier. This may seem to be a paradoxical idea at first, but for our abstract thinking, which is the twin brother of materialism, realities do indeed appear to be paradoxes.
If you picture to yourselves that France started to disarm before 1870, you will begin to realize just how much could have been set aside, if only thinking at that time had been based on reality. By considering such ideas, a thinking based on reality could be greatly expanded. Naturally, ideas based on reality do not always come to fruition, for the simple reason that other impulses might be stronger. But this says nothing against reality. A flower will grow entirely in accordance with its own real laws. But if a cartwheel flattens it, it cannot develop. Our thinking must be true, and if an idea fails to come to fruition at some point, this is of itself no proof that it was not based on reality.
This is what I wanted to say about saturating ideas with reality. It is as pointless to have a wonderful idea about some machine, if you lack the mechanical knowledge with which to construct it, as it is to have all sorts of ideas about states and the like if you are incapable of gaining insight into the real impulses, which in this case could be attained through an understanding of the spiritual realm, the spiritual world. This, then, is one of the points to be made: the saturation of ideas with reality.
The other concerns the extent of the horizon, the will to extend one's view to wider horizons. In the last lecture I read to you some of the judgements on the nature of the German people expressed by someone who is, after all, an important personality, judgements which he expressed in a long novel about recent times, which caused a very considerable stir. But all these judgements derive from a narrow horizon, an attitude of not wanting to look further than a few inches beyond the end of one's nose. Living with such narrow horizons brings about disharmony in the world. You can have the most beautiful ideas about the peaceful co-operation of the nations, but if your horizons are narrow, then those beautiful ideas will stand for nothing, or at most will work destructively. For what you really think, has the opposite effect of what you are saying with your beautiful ideas. The important thing is to make for reality. One reality which faces us at the moment is what—in our idle way of expressing ourselves—we call the present war. In reality it is no longer a war, though in some ways it can still be compared with events which in the past were described as wars. This war came about, of course, as a result of the most varied impulses, but to gain insight into them we simply have to form ideas which are based on reality.
The time which should be used for working on ideas based on reality is used today instead to show that the world in most recent times has forgotten everything that took place during human history up to the time when today's tragic events commenced. Of course it is reasonable to talk in connection with such events of all sorts of horrors and atrocities. But these ought to be taken for granted if you consider the experiences of mankind throughout history. Such things really ought not to be used to deafen us in relation to more profound matters with which we are faced and the recognition of which could alone bring people to a point of view that is fruitful.
Let us today turn to something which can easily be recognized by anyone who grasps matters externally, on the physical plane, but which is illuminated more clearly if it is considered in conjunction with ideas put forward in the lecture cycle on the folk souls. Among the various causes which have led to today's tragic events, there are a number which could become increasingly clear – to those also who consider the external world by itself – if only people would be willing to extend their horizons. The British Empire possesses one quarter of the entire land surface of the globe. The British Empire and France and Russia together possess one half. A coalition between Russia, France, the British Empire and America would account for approximately three quarters of the earth's land surface. So there would be one quarter left over. This figure ought of itself to speak volumes to those who work with reality. Let us, however, look at that quarter which is contained in the British Empire.
Here we have, to start with, the quite small territory covered by England, Scotland and Ireland. England, Scotland and Ireland by themselves in no way constitute the British Empire. To speak of these three territories is to speak of a region of the world which gave birth to that great man Shakespeare and also to incomparable thinkers and, in earlier times, great statesmen. Only good aspects are to be found. All that we find here is supremely suited to play a great role in the fifth post-Atlantean period. What we do not find is the British Empire: namely, those three island regions attached to Europe, together with all that can be called their colonies in the widest sense. Especially in recent decades the impetus for the whole development of this British Empire comes from the relationship of the motherland to the colonies. You can discover what endeavours are being made thus to shape the relationship between the motherland and the colonies.
What the British Empire is striving for is a close-knit relationship between the motherland and the colonies. I have told you about the application of occult forces, and it is these forces that are being used to achieve this goal. If these forces were allowed to work in their own region, no possible harm could come of them. But if the goal is something egoistic, whether for an individual or a group, then their effects cannot but be harmful. It is not at all easy to achieve this relationship between motherland and colonies. Those who imagine that world peace can be achieved by means of programmes and an interstate organization obviously have no idea what forces have to be used in reality to achieve a welding of the British motherland to her colonies in a way that will create the kind of totality which suits the British Empire. At the basis of this endeavour is what they there call imperialism. This is what has always been striven for in recent times, though out of entirely materialistic impulses—but this is what has been striven for. Every means that might serve this idea has been found acceptable from a certain point of view. It was necessary for the British Empire to achieve closer links with its colonies. To make this possible an impulse was needed that would steal into people's hearts and turn their minds towards something they would not otherwise have found acceptable. It is with this that the war in Europe is connected, for out of the mood of this war certain impulses will arise which the British Empire needs in order to create a uniformity between the motherland and her colonies. For those who study the processes of the physical plane it is not only interesting but extremely important to note how all those who think along abstract lines have been mistaken with regard to what I am saying.
Read what these ‘clever’ people wrote while this war was approaching—I mean clever in the sense in which I frequently use this word. They all reckoned with a defection here and a revolt there and another there, if war were to break out. But nothing of the kind has happened—indeed, the exact opposite has come about. If people's thoughts had been based on reality they would have said: If the British Empire wants to draw its colonies closer together, if it wants to generate impulses there which will tend towards going along with the motherland, then it needs a war, and this war is the means to that higher, so-called end desired by the state. And wherever such thoughts are thought, the end sanctifies the means.
Now is the moment when this fact should become particularly obvious to people. Speaking at present about the evolution of the British Empire, we should always take two significant streams into consideration. The one is the more or less puritanical stream—this word only describes one element of it, though probably correctly—which comes into its own in all that is excellent in the British nation. This puritanical stream was to a great extent dominant in British politics right up to the nineties of the nineteenth century. But during the nineties a change came about, when the imperialistic stream became stronger and more important than the puritanical stream.
Certain people had a good feel for the approach of imperialism—indeed, it is remarkable how good this instinct was. Let me draw your attention to a curious incident which shows rather clearly how these things are linked. While we were in London, shortly before the founding of the German Section of the Theosophical Society, Mrs Besant was then by no means the person she later became. As you know, she always had the tendency to be whoever she had to be, depending on which influences had a hold over her. She was extremely popular in the circle of those who were called the theosophists in London at that time. Anyway, there were various sides to her. At that time—it was the beginning of the century—she gave a lecture on theosophy and imperialism. The imperialistic impulses were developing rapidly. Mrs Besant's line of argument was rather against imperialism. And we could see how, from that moment onwards, she was finished in London, even among those who were then theosophists. A few personal friends stood by her, but everybody else was through with her because she had dared to say something against imperialism. In such things are revealed the forces which, if you can penetrate them, bring you to the point at which you can see how things are interconnected at a higher level.
Until quite recently a remnant of the puritanical element was still at work in England. Though politics were being led by puppets, marionettes, there was nevertheless something puritanical about these marionettes, about Asquith and Grey. This had to be removed so that the impulses I was speaking about could come into their own; and what now came was the most willing marionette of all with regard to everything I have described to you. But there is nothing puritanical left. Let us look first at the negative side: the cynical rejection of the idea of peace with the hypocritical justification that it is being rejected because what is wanted is peace. Nowadays the craziest things can be said with impunity and without being taken amiss. That is the negative side. On the positive side we have an event of the greatest imaginable importance: the gathering of colonial ministers, which is one of the first actions of this man who has been placed by a negative miracle in one of the highest positions in the world. At last the public is beginning to notice what is going on. But the public did not notice until it had had its nose rubbed in it, whereas those who live in ideas based in reality have seen it clearly for some time.
It is impossible to find your way about in the realm of reality if you have no inclination to accept genuine ideas. Only then can you look at the world in such a way: You see something which you consider is insignificant; then you see it again, and yet again and still consider it insignificant; but on the fourth and fifth occasion you realize that it is important because it is a significant symptom of future events. Not everything is equally important, but you have to have a sense for what is important, and this sense can only be gained if you take into your soul those impulses which can only come about on the basis of spiritual science.
In the last few days somebody handed me a most interesting essay by a very popular British writer who is now a journalist. He is connected with the military, and in everything he writes he reveals how he is linked with the threads that are being spun. The essay he wrote recently in The London Magazine is significant enough. It was handed to me, as they say, by chance. But there is no chance in such occurrences. It is most interesting what this military author, linked as he is with the threads that are guiding events, has to say about the current situation:
‘Our people had, and have, the will to conquer ... In that grand spirit the war has been fought, and the memory of our unquenchable determination to conquer will be the noblest heritage that we shall bequeath to our successors, the sons and daughters of England and of her glorious Dominions ... We shall have a million square miles of German colonial territory in our hands. We shall have many million veteran officers and men. We shall have greater naval predominance than before. The world will possess indubitable proofs that our Empire is one and indivisible, that its spirit is unconquerable, and that the martial qualities of the race are worthy of its glorious past ... We have all the moral and material attributes of power on a scale hitherto undreamed of ... But the war will end one day, and then how shall we stand? Taking Army, Navy, and resources together, we shall be the first military Power in the world.’
Is not a peculiar impression given when someone believes so urgently that he must fight against ‘militarism’ and then states what a lofty ideal it is to be the predominant military force in the world!
‘We shall be recognised as the mainstay of the Alliance.’
This ought to be read in France.
‘We have taken the leading part in the Alliance, and the leadership of Europe belongs to us of right.’
Now he takes Kipling's words, ‘We have the ships, the money and the men’, and makes them his own.
‘... and if Parliament would vote supplies for a couple of years and then adjourn sine die, most of us would be content.’
Such things are an expression of those impulses and instincts which are connected with the strings that are being pulled. They may be observed entirely objectively, without taking sides in the way in which no doubt well-meaning, though short-sighted, patriots tend to take sides. Why should such things not be observed? They are objective facts! The impulses that live in mankind are objective facts which historical events bring to the fore.
While it is essential for us here to avoid taking sides at all costs, it is equally important, especially in lectures, to strive to speak with the utmost objectivity. As you will see, as soon as you speak with the utmost objectivity, the facts themselves provide you with proof.
It is impossible to gain an understanding of the world without being willing to take note of facts. This so-called answering note from the Entente, this New Year's Eve gift to the world—my dear friends, it is unlikely that a document composed as this one is will be found again however far you search in history, and this applies both to the basis on which it is written and to the way it is set out and composed. What is written there will have the direst consequences, yet the best way to read it is to skip every single sentence and to realize: Nothing that appears in writing in this document matters! What matters is that behind it there stands what I have been describing to you, and that it is this that is the aim. Of course nobody would dream of saying so in a note. And if you ask whether it can be achieved by means of negotiations, the answer is, obviously, No. Of course such a thing cannot be achieved by means of peace negotiations. It can only be achieved by creating guarantees, and guarantees are contained in dominance. Guarantees mean that the one who wants the guarantees is the only one who can decree what they shall be and that all the others no longer have any say in the matter, and all this is brought about by the interrelationships of power. At present there is a long way to go before this can be achieved. But to live under the illusion that this is not the goal would mean a great lack of responsibility towards the sense for truth that human beings ought to have.
Let nobody suppose that what I have said is directed against the British people, for I make a distinction between this British people and those who pull the strings—if I may use this expression—those who stand behind the events in the way I have frequently described. Neither is it necessary to identify oneself with such impulses, though obviously it cannot be my task to prevent someone from doing so. Also, I shall not prohibit, either in thought or feeling, anyone within our Movement from identifying with such impulses. But let such a one say what is true and not that he is identifying himself with the ideal of the rights of small nations and the like. Let him be clear that he desires to dominate the world. Then we shall be understanding one another in the realm of truth, and that is what matters. We shall make progress if human beings are true. If they say what is really true, we shall make progress. However terrible the truth may be, it will get us further than what is untrue. This is what we should inscribe on our hearts. We make better progress with this than with what is untrue.
Obviously, it would be foolish to imagine that a world power could be moved by all kinds of persuasion or by all manner of propositions to give up its aims. Obviously, it would be foolish to adopt an attitude of high-handed morality and apply all kinds of moral yardsticks. I told you the story of the Opium Wars expressly to turn you away from moral yardsticks. What matters is to speak the truth, to say what is true. It would be far better for the world—though not for those who pull the strings—if we could all say baldly and cynically: This is what is wanted.
This, then, is the meaning in this particular field, of our guiding line and goal: ‘Wisdom lies solely in truth’.
Fünfzehnter Vortrag
Ich habe in den letzten Betrachtungen wiederholt darauf hingewiesen, daß man gerade im Zusammenhang mit den Bestrebungen der anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft erkennen muß, daß für eine heutige Weltenbetrachtung, überhaupt für eine heutige Weltanschauung weitere Horizonte notwendig sind, als sie der Menschheit in dem von uns von verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten aus charakterisierten materialistischen Zeitalter zugänglich waren. Weitere Horizonte, das heißt, man muß, will man heute die Welt, insbesondere das Menschengeschehen, verstehen, seine Zuflucht nehmen zu Begriffen, die aus der geistigen Wissenschaft stammen. Und es hängt mit dem ganzen Karma unserer Zeit zusammen, daß der größte Teil der Menschheit bis heute solche weiteren Begriffshorizonte für alle Gebiete des Lebens und des Erkennens ablehnte.
Will man mit diesen Gesichtspunkten im Hintergrunde eine Seite unseres Lebens besonders charakterisieren, so kann man sagen, die objektive Entwickelung ist den Menschen des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts, so weit dieses bisher gekommen ist, über den Kopf gewachsen. Und die Zeiterscheinungen zeigen dieses Über-den-Kopf-Wachsen in allerintensivster Weise. Zu den hervorstechendsten Ereignissen des materialistischen Zeitalters gehört ja der materialistische Fortschritt, der Fortschritt in bezug auf dasjenige, was durch materielle Mittel in der Welt, man könnte sagen, inszeniert wird. Diesem materialistischen Fortschritt dient ja auch die Wissenschaft des materialistischen Zeitalters. Und besonders charakteristisch für diese Wissenschaft ist es, daß sie immer weniger und weniger Interesse entwickelt für die geistige Welt, daß sie mehr und mehr nur sein will eine Summe von Begriffen und Ideen, welche anwendbar sind im äußeren materiellen Geschehen.
Dieser Gang der Entwickelung drückt sich ja insbesondere im alleräußersten materiellen Geschehen aus: im mechanischen Geschehen. Dasjenige, was wir Fabrikwesen, Industriewesen, Maschinenwesen nennen können, hat ja in diesem materialistischen Zeitalter bisher seine größte Vollkommenheit erlangt. Und ganz naturgemäß ist der Fortschritt auf diesem Gebiete ein anationaler, man könnte auch sagen ein internationaler, ein Weltfortschritt. Denn ob eine Eisenbahn oder eine ähnliche Einrichtung in England, in Rußland, in China oder in Japan gebaut wird, die Gesetze, nach denen dies geschieht, die Kenntnisse, die man dazu braucht, sind überall dieselben, weil alles dies nur nach mechanischen, vom Menschen losgelösten Gesichtspunkten bewerkstelligt wird; so daß in der Tat ein internationales Prinzip auf diesem Gebiete in allerumfänglichster Weise Platz gegriffen hat. Und es wurde oftmals in bezug auf diesen oder jenen Gesichtspunkt im Laufe unserer geisteswissenschaftlichen Betrachtungen gesagt: Damit, daß dies geschehen ist, haben wir auf der Erde gewissermaßen einen Körper vor uns, einen über die ganze Erde sich hinziehenden Leib. Dieser Leib braucht eine Seele, und diese Seele sollte ebenso international sein. Und als solche Seele wurde gerade die Geisteswissenschaft in Anspruch genommen, weil sie in der Tat, so wie sie es sein muß, eine Erkenntnis ist, die nicht mit irgendeinem Individuellen oder Gruppenhaften auf der Erde zusammenhängt, und die die Möglichkeit bietet, von jedem, wo er auch sei, so verstanden zu werden, wie das Körperhafte in der äußeren materiellen Kultur im Bau einer Eisenbahn, einer Lokomotive oder dergleichen von ihm verstanden werden kann. Und es wurde oftmals betont, daß ein Segen, ein Heil für die menschliche Entwickelung nur eintreten kann, wenn zu der Entwickelung des Körperhaften im angedeuteten Sinne die Entwickelung des Seelisch-Geistigen hinzukommt. Aber dazu wäre notwendig, daß die Menschen sich ebensoviel Mühe geben würden, geistige Zusammenhänge zu verstehen, wie sie sich durch den Zwang der äußeren Verhältnisse, durch die sie sich ja viel lieber zwingen lassen als durch das, was in ihre Freiheit gestellt ist, dazu bequemen, auf die Erfordernisse des materiellen Fortschritts einzugehen. Das ist bis jetzt nicht geschehen, muß sich aber selbstverständlich im Laufe der Menschheitsentwickelung ergeben; auch wenn es noch so lange verzögert wird, so muß es sich doch ergeben. Wenn auch noch so viel Unheilkarma heraufbeschworen wird dadurch, daß die Menschen sich zu so etwas nicht bequemen wollen, so muß es sich dennoch ergeben. Denn was geschehen soll, das wird auch geschehen.
Weil der materielle Fortschritt gewissermaßen vorausgeeilt ist dem guten Willen zur geistigen Erkenntnis, so ist dem Menschen dieser materielle Fortschritt, und namentlich alles, was aus diesem Fortschritt an Leidenschaften, an Impulsen in den Seelen sich ergibt, über den Kopf gewachsen. Es zeigt sich dies ja äußerlich am eindringlichsten dadurch, daß nicht diejenigen Ideen, welche auf harmonisches Zusammenleben der Menschen auf Erden hinzielen, daß mit andern Worten nicht die christlichen Ideen die Oberhand gewonnen haben, sondern, bis zur Exaltation, solche, welche die Menschheit spalten und sie in Kulturepochen zurückführen, von denen man glauben konnte, daß sie längst überwunden seien. Daß im 19. Jahrhundert innerhalb der miteinander lebenden Nationalitäten der Nationalismus solche Blüten treiben konnte, wie er sie getrieben hat, das ist die starke, große Anomalie, und sie zeigt, daß die Menschen mit ihrer Seelenentwickelung der materiellen Entwickelung nicht nachgekommen sind.
Wenn die Menschen im weiteren Umfange Geisteswissenschaft annehmen werden, Geisteswissenschaft nicht bloß als Theorie, sondern als Erfüllung des Gesamtseelischen, dann werden sie notwendigerweise andere Begriffe bekommen müssen. Und durch solche andern Begriffe werden sie Zusammenhänge überschauen, die für das materialistische Denken der Gegenwart ganz unmöglich zu durchschauen sind. Gewisse Zusammenhänge überschaut man nur, wenn man die rechten Ideen dafür hat. Aber Ideen müssen ebenso lebendig wachsen wie irgend etwas anderes, das heißt, sie müssen einen Boden haben, auf dem sie gedeihen können. Der Boden, auf dem Ideen gedeihen, kann aber nur jene Gesinnung der Seele sein, die von Geisteswissenschaft zubereitet wird. Würde die materialistische Entwickelung weitergehen, so wie sie sich im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts ergeben hat, so würden die Menschen immer ideenärmer werden. Trivial ausgedrückt: den Menschen würde nichts einfallen, das geeignet ist, die Welt zu begreifen. Sie würden darauf angewiesen sein, sich alles, was sie über die Welt denken, nur vom Experiment, von dem anregen zu lassen, was sich vor ihren Augen entwickelt. Das Pochen auf das Experiment in neuerer Zeit ist nur ein Ergebnis der Ideenarmut. So würde, wenn die Entwickelung so fortginge, die Menschheit immer ideenärmer werden. Da aber eine gewisse Intensität des Geisteslebens doch notwendig ist, da der Mensch gewisse Impulse bis zu einer gewissen Stärke entwickeln muß, so muß er diese Impulse anderswoher nehmen, wenn sie ihm nicht aus dem Material der Ideen zufließen.
Wenn Sie ein Zeitalter aufsuchen wollen, wo die Ideen nur so sprudelten, wo die wirklichen Ideen wuchsen, so ist ein solches besonders charakteristisches, fruchtbares Zeitalter dasjenige, das etwa die Zeit von Lessing bis zur deutschen Romantik, bis zu Novalis, oder auch weiter bis zur idealistischen Philosophie umfaßt, zu der wir neben Hegel, Schelling auch Schopenhauer rechnen können, sowie diejenigen, die ich in meinem Buch «Vom Menschenrätsel» als die Philosophen eines heute im materialistischen Zeitalter verklungenen Weltentones angeführt habe. Da ist wirklicher Reichtum an Ideen vorhanden. Daher die große Verachtung, die man gerade diesem Zeitalter in der Gegenwart angedeihen läßt! Aber sehen Sie sich dieses Zeitalter an, das so reich ist und fruchtbar an Ideen, die darauf ausgehen, die Natur und die menschliche geschichtliche Entwickelung zu begreifen! Ich will nur erinnern daran, wie nahe kommt demjenigen, was wir heute aus der geistigen Welt herausholen können über die Menschheitsevolution, über die verschiedenen nachatlantischen Epochen mit ihren charakteristischen Impulsen — was ja allerdings erst für unser heutiges Zeitalter das Angemessene ist —, wie nahe dem kommt jene fruchtbare Idee, die bei Schelling, Hegel, Novalis, bei Franz von Baader hervorgetreten ist, die aber ihren Ursprung eigentlich schon hatte in Jakob Böhme: daß die Menschheitsevolution in dem Zeitabschnitt, den man ohne die geisteswissenschaftlichen Mittel übersehen kann, eine erste Epoche durchmachte, in welcher gewissermaßen das Gottvaterprinzip herrschte, die Epoche, die in der Bibel durch das Alte Testament und die heidnischen Religionen charakterisiert wird. Diejenigen, die ich eben angeführt habe, nannten es das Vater-Zeitalter. Es wurde abgelöst von dem Zeitalter des Sohnes, in welchem sich die Idee des Mysteriums von Golgatha in die Menschheit einleben sollte. Und sie schauten wie ein Ideal für die Zukunft das Zeitalter des Geistes, des Heiligen Geistes, das sie auch das Johanneische Zeitalter nannten. Sie glaubten, daß sich erst dann die großen Impulse des Johannes-Evangeliums verwirklichen können.
Wie unendlich bedeutsam ist solch eine Idee gegenüber der öden, unfruchtbaren Rederei von einer allgemeinen Evolution der Menschheit, was ja nur eine abstrakte Idee ist, die nur dasjenige, was nachkommt, wie ein nächstes Kettenglied an das Vorangegangene angliedert. Wie unendlich tief ist doch, was Schelling, wiederum anknüpfend an Jakob Böhme, als seine «Theosophie» entwickelt hat! Diese «Theosophie» Schellings ringt sich hinauf zu einer Höhe, demgegenüber das später von der Theologie Gedachte einen tiefen Abstieg darstellt. Schelling ringt sich durch zu der Anschauung, daß es im Christentum nicht so sehr ankommt auf die Lehre, die ja gerade von der neuesten, fortschrittlichen Theologie in Anspruch genommen wird, als ob der Christus Jesus bloß ein Lehrer gewesen wäre, sondern daß das Mysterium von Golgatha vor allen Dingen als eine Tatsache aufzufassen ist, daß man hinaufzuschauen hat zu dem, was geschehen ist, hinzuschauen hat darauf, daß sich mit dem Leben, dem Sterben, dem Auferstehen des Christus Jesus eine Tatsache vollzogen hat.
Und so könnte man eine ganze Summe von überragenden, weitreichenden Ideen für jenes Zeitalter anführen. Aber womit ist dieses Vorhandensein von weitreichenden Ideen verbunden? Bei denjenigen, bei denen solche Ideen auftreten, finden Sie eines nicht: nationale Beschränktheit. Sie finden überall dasjenige, was man dazumal in jenen Kreisen nannte - ob das Wort heute noch verstanden werden kann, nachdem so viele Worte zu Phrasen geworden sind, ist eine andere Frage - den «weltbürgerlichen» Standpunkt. Wie fern von aller nationalen Beschränktheit ist zum Beispiel ein Geist wie Goethe! Wie fern jeder nationalen Beschränktheit ist eine Dichtung wie der «Faust». Da kommt es nicht auf den Ursprung an. Selbstverständlich kann der «Faust» nur gedacht werden aus der Kultur Mitteleuropas heraus, aber gegenüber dem, was «Faust» in der Goetheschen Dichtung geworden ist, nach dem Geburtsscheine Fausts zu fragen, wäre selbstverständlich eine Absurdität. Aber diese Absurdität ist ja in unserer Zeit Realität, ist Tatsache geworden. Im Grunde genommen ist alles, was in der Gegenwart geschieht, einfach eine Verleugnung dessen, wozu die Menschheit zum Beispiel durch die Faust-Dichtung emporgestiegen ist. Daraus aber sehen wir schon, daß in der Menschheit alle Anlagen vorhanden sind, weiter zu sein, als sie heute ist, und erst recht als sie in der nächsten Zeit sein wird.
Aber ich sagte, die menschliche Seele braucht eine gewisse Intensität in ihren Impulsen. Wenn sie sich nicht zu Ideen erheben kann, so nimmt sie diese Intensität anderswo her; sie nimmt sie aus den dunklen, unterbewußten Kräften der Seele, aus dem, was aus dem Geiste des Blutes heraufpulsiert. Und im Grunde genommen ist der Nationalismus nichts anderes als ein Ergebnis der Ideenlosigkeit. Das erste, was die Menschheit brauchte, wäre eben der Wille, sich zu den Ideen zu erheben. Aber man kann schon sagen: Es gehört zum Gelingen des eben Angedeuteten ein Verständnis für das, was man, gegenüber der geistigen Welt, die Gnade nennen kann. Denn die geistige Welt läßt sich nicht erringen, wenn man von einer gewissen engumgrenzten Summe vorgefaßter Meinungen ausgeht, sondern sie läßt sich nur erringen, wenn man die Seele offen hält für dasjenige, was in sie eindringen kann, wenn man nicht nur urteilen will, sondern seine Urteilsfähigkeit jeden Tag bereichern will.
Und so ist es notwendig, daß zunächst vor allen Dingen Einsicht die Menschen ergreift. Wir sind nun einmal in dem Zeitalter, das die Bewußtseinsseele ergreifen soll. Dieses Zeitalter muß nach Einsicht streben. Einsicht wird aber nur in weltumspannenden Ideen, in dem Durchdringen der Wirklichkeit mit Ideen. Gerade mit Bezug auf die allernächsten Ereignisse ist unsere Zeit nun ganz und gar nicht geneigt, Ideen aufzufassen. Ein abstrakter Begriff, er mag noch so logisch, noch so einleuchtend sein, ist keine Idee. Eine Idee muß herausgeboren sein aus der lebendigen Wirklichkeit. Ideen sehen wir in unserer Zeit kaum entstehen, desto mehr aber finden wir das Pochen auf abstrakte Begriffe. Ideen können ja allerdings auch zu Schlagworten werden, aber in diesem Falle werden sie keinen besonderen Schaden anrichten, weil die Menschenseele in Schlagworten, wenn sie das Korrelat für Ideen sind, sich nicht besonders gut betätigen kann; die Absurdität wird klar hervortreten. Nicht so ist es bei abstrakten Begriffen. Abstrakte Begriffe können mit großer Intensität zu Schlagworten werden, und sie sind so einleuchtend, weil sie im Grunde genommen aufs Allernächste gehen und von den Menschen bei ihrer Scheu, Weiteres zu umfassen, mit Begierde ergriffen werden. Aber abstrakte Begriffe fußen nicht in der Wirklichkeit. Wir sehen zwar heute die abstrakten Begriffe überall in großer Zahl, aber für den, der die Dinge durchschaut, mit um so größerer Ohnmächtigkeit hervortreten.
Nehmen wir irgendeine der vielen abstrakten Ideen, die heute herrschen, heraus. Eine solche abstrakte Idee ist zum Beispiel die Idee des ewigen Friedens. So, wie man das heute behandelt, ist es ein ganz abstrakter Begriff, der nicht dem lebendigen Ergreifen der Wirklichkeit entspringt, jedoch denjenigen Menschen, die nicht weitere Horizonte wollen, wie eine Selbstverständlichkeit einleuchtet. Es wird gesagt: Die verschiedenen Staaten — man denkt dabei nicht nach, ob dieses Wort «die verschiedenen Staaten» überhaupt eine Realität hat - sollen eine zwischenstaatliche Organisation bilden, etwas, das über die ganze Welt reicht und nach dem Müster des einzelnen Staates aufgebaut ist, und es soll ein, wie man sagt, «zwischenstaatliches Recht» organisiert werden. — Die Idee ist schön, daher leuchtet sie jedem ein. Die verschiedenen Staaten sollen sich verpflichten, Frieden zu halten, sollen ihre gegenseitigen Interessen auf gewisse Rechtsnormen begründen. Alles sehr schön! Aber zweifellos wäre es auch schön, wenn wir, um ein warmes Zimmer zu haben, nicht einzuheizen brauchten, sondern nur den abstrakten Begriff der Wärme zu entwickeln brauchten. Es handelt sich bei einer Idee nicht darum, ob sie schön ist, nicht darum, ob sie einleuchtend ist; denn was könnte einleuchtender sein als der Gedanke, daß es doch eigentlich eine furchtbare Despotie der Natur bedeutet, daß man Ofen oder Ähnliches benötigt!
Nicht darauf kommt es an, daß eine Idee dem Gefühle entspricht, welches die Leute mit Worten bezeichnen wie: Es ist eine schöne, eine humane Idee —, oder wie man dann schon sagt, sondern darauf, ob eine Idee aus der Wirklichkeit herauswächst. Würde man auf Ideen ausgehen, die aus der Wirklichkeit herauswachsen, dann würde man allerdings erst die Wirklichkeit studieren müssen. Schöne Programme aufstellen, wie es die Staaten in der Zukunft machen sollen, damit Frieden herrscht, kann jeder beschränkte Kopf - verzeihen Sie den Ausdruck -; ein solcher kann aber nicht zu Ideen kommen, die der lebendigen Wirklichkeit entsprechen, die aus der Wirklichkeit herausgeboren sind. Man hat der geistigen Welt gegenüber nicht einmal das Gefühl, daß da eine Wirklichkeit mit ihren Gesetzen vorliegt, wie man es der materiellen Welt gegenüber selbstverständlich hat; sondern man glaubt, mit ein paar Sätzen die ganze Welt regeln zu können, ohne ein Gefühl dafür, daß die Welt eine Realität ist, in der lauter reale Impulse sich gegenseitig kontrastieren. Dadurch aber, daß man sich berauscht an Programmen, die in abstrakten Ideen bestehen, hält man die Welt davon ab, auf die Wirklichkeiten einzugehen.
Manchmal ist die fruchtbare, die wirkliche Idee den Worten nach ganz gleichlautend mit der lebendigen Idee, es handelt sich nur darum, daß man von der Lebendigkeit ergriffen werde. Aber heute ist es so, daß die Lebendigkeit den Menschen oftmals als das Allerparadoxeste erscheint. So kam man im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts und im 20. Jahrhundert an verschiedenen Stellen der Welt auf die sogenannte Abrüstungsidee, auf die Idee, den Militarismus einzuschränken. Das ist eine schöne Idee, aber sie darf nicht abstrakt bleiben, wenn sie fruchtbar werden soll! Sie muß mit den Wirklichkeiten rechnen. Dazu muß man aber die Wirklichkeiten studieren. Sich irgendwo zusammensetzen und bestimmen: Die Staaten sollen abrüsten -, das kann man; es ist auch eine einleuchtende Idee. Aber entweder werden sie es alle nicht tun, oder einzelne von ihnen werden es nicht tun; aber selbst wenn es alle täten, so würden sie bald wieder anfangen zu rüsten, wenn die Sache nicht von einem wirklich fruchtbaren Impulse ausgeht. Weist man aber heute nur auf die fruchtbaren Impulse hin, dann setzt man sich schon der Gefahr aus, etwas für die meisten Menschen furchtbar Törichtes zu sagen, denn das Vernünftige wird heute geradezu für das Törichteste gehalten. — Mit «vernünftig» meine ich in diesem Zusammenhange dasjenige, was wirklichkeitsgemäß ist.
Ich sagte: Gewiß ist der Abrüstungsgedanke, der Gedanke des allmählichen Abbauens desMilitarismus eine schöne Idee. Aber sie könnte niemals dadurch verwirklicht werden, daß man die Abrüstung in irgendeinem Ausschuß der Staaten beschließt. Wirklich werden kann sie nur, wenn sie von irgendeiner entsprechenden Wirklichkeit ergriffen wird. Was heißt das aber? Wie kann man zur Abrüstung kommen? Ja, da muß man schon sehr konkret sprechen. Es hätte in der Tat im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts zu den verschiedensten Zeiten die Möglichkeit gegeben, dem Abrüstungsgedanken näherzutreten, ihn zu einer wirklichen Idee zu machen. Wie zum Beispiel?
Nun, sagen wir, es hätte jemand die Idee vor dem Jahre 1870 gehabt. Wie hätte sie verwirklicht werden können? Es hätte nämlich vor dem Jahre 1870 ein Schritt gemacht werden können im Abrüstungsgedanken, der sehr fruchtbar gewesen wäre für die Menschheit. Aber jetzt kommt eben dasjenige, was selbstverständlich der heutigen Zeit als das Törichteste gelten muß: Niemals hätte man durch eine Übereinkunft unter den Staaten dem Abrüstungsgedanken nähertreten können! Das ist ganz unfruchtbar, so schön es auch ist. Aber fruchtbar wäre es gewesen, wenn ein Staat, und zwar gerade derjenige, der es gekonnt hätte, mit der Abrüstung angefangen hätte, wenn er für sich die Abrüstung verwirklicht hätte. Da hätte man aber imstande sein müssen, mit Wirklichkeiten zu rechnen.
Nehmen wir nun ein paar Staaten in Europa, nur um auf die Wirklichkeit hinzudeuten. Rußland — kann es abrüsten? Sicherlich nicht ohne weiteres, denn hinter ihm ist Asien, und würde es abrüsten, so würde es niemals einen Wall haben gegen die anstürmenden Völkerschaften Asiens, die ganz gewiß nicht mitabrüsten würden; davon kann also keine Rede sein. — Dasjenige, was in Mitteleuropa damals vorhanden war — ein Deutsches Reich gab es ja noch nicht vor dem Jahre 1870 -, konnte es abrüsten? Nun, es wäre mindestens im Osten von einem Staat, der nicht abrüsten konnte, begrenzt gewesen; folglich konnte es nicht abrüsten, es ist ausgeschlossen gewesen. — Aber ein Staat, der hätte abrüsten können, der ein schönes Beispiel hätte geben und dadurch in der neueren Zeit im wesentlichen dasjenige hätte verwirklichen können, was er mit Worten immer in die Welt hinausposaunt, das ist Frankreich. Frankreich hätte vor dem Jahre 1870 ganz gut abrüsten können, und die Folge davon wäre gewesen, daß der Krieg von 1870 niemals stattgefunden hätte. Und Frankreich war seither mit Bezug auf europäische Angelegenheiten — nicht koloniale Angelegenheiten - jederzeit in der Lage, voranzugehen mit der Abrüstung. Dann wäre ein Anfang gemacht gewesen, und die Sache hätte gegen Osten fortschreiten können.
Selbstverständlich wird jeder, der abstrakt denkt, einwenden: Ja, hätte sich Frankreich der Gefahr aussetzen sollen, von Deutschland überfallen zu werden? Dieser Gefahr hätte es sich niemals ausgesetzt; denn die Ursache, wegen der ein Land in einen Krieg gerät, ist immer nur diese, daß es Krieg haben kann, das heißt, daß es einen Militarismus hat. Es kann ihn haben müssen; aber kein Land, welches keinen Militarismus hätte, würde überfallen werden, wenn die Verhältnisse so sind, daß die Nachbarländer nicht das geringste Interesse haben, das betreffende Land zu überfallen. Selbstverständlich ist zum Beispiel die Schweiz in keinem Augenblick noch in der Lage gewesen, sich den Militarismus zu ersparen. Es darf also nicht das eine auf das andere übertragen werden. Man darf auch nicht abstrakt einwenden, Deutschland hätte unter allen Umständen Elsaß-Lothringen gewollt. Das ist ein Unsinn. Warum hätte es denn Elsaß-Lothringen unter allen Umständen wollen sollen? Deswegen Elsaß-Lothringen zu erwerben, weil im Elsaß Deutsche wohnen, das hat der Bismarck eine vertrackte Professorenwahnidee genannt! — Es handelte sich immer bloß darum, militärische Sicherheit zu schaffen; denn solange Frankreich Militärmacht ist und das Elsaß hat, kann man jederzeit eher von Frankreich aus in Stuttgart sein, als von Berlin aus. Keinen andern Grund gab es, Elsaß dem Deutschen Reiche anzufügen, als diesen: einen militärischen Schutz zu haben nach Westen. Das erscheint zunächst als eine ganz paradoxe Idee, aber die Realitäten sind eben heute für unser abstraktes Denken, das ein Zwillingsbruder ist des Materialismus, paradox.
Wenn Sie sich das ausmalen, daß Frankreich schon vor dem Jahre 1870 vorangegangen wäre mit der Abrüstung, dann werden Sie zu einem Begriff kommen, was alles hätte hintangehalten werden können, wenn man da wirklichkeitsgemäß gedacht hätte, und so könnte mit Bezug auf solche Ideen das wirklichkeitsgemäße Denken sehr, sehr ausgedehnt werden. Gewiß, wirklichkeitsgemäße Ideen verwirklichen sich nicht immer, aus dem einfachen Grunde, weil ihnen andere Impulse entgegenstehen. Aber das spricht nicht gegen die Wirklichkeit. Wenn ein Blümchen ganz nach den Gesetzen seiner Wirklichkeit wächst, so sind das seine wahren Gesetze, nach denen es wächst; aber wenn ein Wagenrad darüber hinweggeht, so entwickelt es sich nicht. Das Wahr AS heitsgemäße muß in unserem Denken vorhanden sein, und es ist kein Beweis gegen die Wirklichkeit einer Idee, daß sie sich in irgendeinem Zeitalter nicht verwirklicht hat.
Das in bezug auf die Sättigung der Idee mit Wirklichkeit. So wie es keinen Sinn hat, eine schöne Idee zu haben von irgendeiner Maschine, wenn man nicht mechanische Kenntnisse besitzt und die Maschine auch konstruieren kann, so hat es keinen Sinn, allerlei Staats- und sonstige Ideen aufzustellen, wenn man nicht die realen Impulse ins Auge zu fassen vermag, die in diesem Fall nur durch die Beherrschung des Geistigen, der geistigen Welt, zu erhalten sind. Und so haben wir zunächst das eine, auf das wir haben aufmerksam machen können: die Sättigung der Idee mit Wirklichkeit.
Das andere ist die Weite des Horizontes, der Wille, größere Horizonte zu überschauen. Ich habe Ihnen das letzte Mal einige Urteile eines ja allerdings bedeutenden Menschen vorgelesen über deutsches Volkswesen, aus einem umfangreichen Roman der Gegenwart, der viel, viel Aufsehen gemacht hat. Aber alle diese Urteile entspringen den engen Horizonten, entspringen der Gesinnung, die nicht weitersehen will als ein paar Dezimeter über die Nase hinaus. Mit solchen engen Horizonten zu leben, erzeugt aber Disharmonie in der Welt. Und man kann dann die schönsten Ideen von friedlichem Zusammenwirken der Völker verbreiten, — wenn man so denkt, so hat es nur zur Folge, daß die schönen Ideen nichts sind, höchstens zerstörerisch wirken; denn das, was man wirklich denkt, das bewirkt das Gegenteil von dem, was man mit seinen schönen Ideen sagt. Auf die Wirklichkeit losgehen, darauf kommt es an. Eine Wirklichkeit, die wir bis jetzt vor uns haben, ist das, was man aus einer gewissen Lässigkeit der Wortbezeichnung heraus den gegenwärtigen Krieg nennt. Denn ein Krieg ist es ja in Wirklichkeit nicht mehr, aber es läßt sich in einer gewissen Weise noch vergleichen mit Ereignissen, die man in der Vergangenheit als Kriege bezeichnet hat. Es gibt selbstverständlich die verschiedensten Impulse, aus denen heraus sich dieser Krieg entwickelt hat, aber auch da muß man, wenn man Einsichten gewinnen will, zu wirklichkeitsgemäßen Begriffen kommen.
Die Welt vertreibt sich heute die Zeit, die sie anwenden sollte, um zu wirklichkeitsgemäßen Ideen zu kommen, damit, zu zeigen, daß sie alles, was in der Menschheitsgeschichte vorgekommen ist, bevor diese traurigen Ereignisse der Gegenwart eingetreten sind, auch in der allerletzten Zeit vergessen hat. Denn das ist selbstverständlich billig, wenn solch ein Ereignis da ist, von allen möglichen Greueln, Grausamkeiten und dergleichen zu sprechen. Das sollte eine Selbstverständlichkeit sein nach den Erfahrungen, die man in der Menschheitsgeschichte machen kann. Damit sollte man sich wirklich nicht gegenüber den tieferen Dingen betäuben, die vorliegen, und deren Erkenntnis allein die Menschen heute einigermaßen auf einen Stand bringen könnte, der fruchtbar ist.
Lassen Sie uns heute etwas herausheben, was schon von jedem erkannt werden kann, der die Zusammenhänge auf dem physischen Plan äußerlich erfaßt, jedoch in ein noch helleres Licht tritt, wenn man es zusammenhält mit den Ideen, die wir in dem Zyklus über die Volksseelen haben. Unter den mancherlei Ursachen, die zu diesen schmerzlichen Ereignissen geführt haben, gehören Dinge, die jetzt immer mehr und mehr auch der äußeren Welt klarwerden könnten, wenn man nur wirklich weitere Horizonte gewinnen wollte. Von der gesamten trockenen, bewohnbaren Erde besitzt das Britische Reich ein Viertel, das Britische Reich mit Frankreich und Rußland zusammen die Hälfte. Käme eine Koalition zustande zwischen Rußland, Frankreich, dem Britischen Reich und Amerika, so wären das ungefähr Dreiviertel der bewohnten Erde; es bliebe noch ein Viertel übrig. Diese Zahl an sich muß schon für denjenigen, der auf Wirklichkeiten sieht, etwas Vielsagendes sein. Doch betrachten wir nun das eine Viertel Erde, das im britischen Weltreich vereinigt ist.
Da haben wir zunächst — verhältnismäßig klein — die drei Gebiete: England, Schottland, Irland. Nun, sobald man von England, Schottland, Irland als solchen spricht, trifft man heute überhaupt nicht dasjenige, was Britisches Reich ist. Man trifft vielmehr, wenn man von England, Schottland, Irland spricht, jenes Gebiet der Welt, das den großen Shakespeare hervorgebracht hat, das unvergleichliche Denker und in früheren Zeiten große Staatsmänner hervorgebracht hat. Man trifft nur Gutes. Man trifft auf dasjenige, was wirklich in hervorragendem Maße bestimmt ist, eine große Rolle zu spielen in der fünften nachatlantischen Zeit. Aber man trifft nicht dasjenige, was heute Britisches Reich ist, denn dieses Britische Reich heute ist: diese drei Inselgebiete, die Europa angegliedert sind, und dasjenige, was im weitesten Umfange seine Kolonien genannt werden kann. Und insbesondere in jüngster Zeit steht die ganze Entwickelung dieses britischen Reiches unter dem Impuls, der bestimmt wird durch das Verhältnis des Mutterlandes zu den Kolonien. Man kann verfolgen, wie in der jüngsten Zeit versucht wird, das Verhältnis zwischen dem Mutterlande und den Kolonien in entsprechender Weise herzustellen.
Wonach das Britische Reich strebt, das ist: In engerem Verbande das Mutterland und die Kolonien zusammenzuhalten. Und wenn ich Ihnen von der Anwendung okkulter Kräfte gesprochen habe, so besteht das gerade darin, daß man solche Kräfte dazu benutzt, um dieses Ziel zu erreichen. Würde man diese okkulten Kräfte in ihrem eigenen Gebiet wirken lassen, so könnten sie niemals schädlich werden. Wird aber etwas Egoistisches, sei es für einen einzelnen, sei es für Gruppen, angestrebt, können diese Kräfte nur schädlich wirken. Dieses Verhältnis zwischen dem Mutterlande und den Kolonien läßt sich eben nicht leicht herstellen. Wer heute glaubt, man könne mit Programmen den Weltfrieden durch eine zwischenstaatliche Organisation herstellen, der hat natürlich gar keinen Begriff davon, wie die Wirklichkeit gehandhabt werden muß, wenn so etwas zustande kommen soll, wie: das britische Mutterland mit den Kolonien zu einem für das Britische Reich selber wünschenswerten Ganzen zusammenzuschweißen. Dieses Bestreben liegt zugrunde dem, was man dort Imperialismus nennt. Das ist das, was in der jüngsten Zeit immer angestrebt worden ist, allerdings aus durch und durch materiellen Impulsen heraus; aber es ist angestrebt worden. Und alle Mittel, die in den Dienst dieser Idee gestellt werden konnten, fand man von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus richtig. Das Britische Reich mußte dazu kommen, ein engeres Verhältnis zu seinen Kolonien zu gewinnen. Dazu brauchte es einen Impuls, der gewissermaßen in die Menschenherzen sich hineinstahl, damit sie auf das, was sie sonst nicht zugeben würden, eingingen. Und damit hängt nun zusammen, daß in Europa Krieg geführt werden muß, damit aus der Stimmung dieses Krieges dasjenige herauskommt, was an Impulsen notwendig ist für das Britische Reich, um seine Kolonien mit dem Mutterlande zu vereinheitlichen. Es ist für das Studium der Vorgänge auf dem physischen Plan nicht bloß interessant, sondern im höchsten Grade bedeutsam, zu studieren, wie sich alle Abstraktlinge gerade in bezug auf dasjenige, was ich jetzt sage, geirrt haben.
Lesen Sie bitte die Literatur, welche die «gescheiten» Leute — gescheit in dem Sinne, wie ich das Wort oftmals gebrauche — geschrieben haben, besonders als dieser Krieg herannahte. Alle haben sie gerechnet: Das wird abfallen, das wird abfallen, das wird abfallen, wenn ein Krieg kommt. — Nichts davon, sondern das genaue Gegenteil ist eingetreten. Hätte man wirklichkeitsgemäß gedacht, so hätte man sagen müssen: Will das Britische Reich seine Kolonien näher an sich bringen, will es dort Impulse erzeugen, die geeignet sind, mit dem Mutterlande zusammenzugehen, dann braucht es den Krieg, dann ist dieser Krieg das Mittel zu dem höheren, sogenannten Staatszweck. Und überall, wo man so denkt, heiligen die Zwecke die Mittel.
Jetzt ist ein Zeitpunkt, wo die Menschen ganz besonders auf diese Tatsache gestoßen werden. Wenn wir die Evolution des Britischen Reiches ins Auge fassen, so müssen wir immer auf zwei Strömungen - ich rede für die Gegenwart — Rücksicht nehmen, die bedeutsam sind: Die eine ist die mehr oder weniger puritanische — es wird nur eine gewisse Seite derselben damit bezeichnet, aber vielleicht doch richtig bezeichnet —, die in alledem zur Geltung kommt, was das Vortreffliche des britischen Volkstums ist. Diese puritanische Strömung beherrschte auch bis in die neunziger Jahre des 19. Jahrhunderts weitgehend die britische Politik. In den neunziger Jahren wurde das anders; da wurde größer und bedeutender als die puritanische Strömung die imperialistische Strömung.
Für das Herankommen des Imperialismus hatte man einen guten Instinkt. Es ist merkwürdig, wie gut dieser Instinkt war. Ich will Sie, weil sie so recht zeigt, wie die Dinge zusammenhängen, auf eine kuriose Erscheinung aufmerksam machen. Als wir, etwas vor der Begründung der Deutschen Sektion der Theosophischen Gesellschaft, in London waren, war Mrs. Besant noch lange nicht diejenige, die sie später geworden ist. Sie ist ja immer diejenige gewesen, die sie sein mußte je nach den Einflüssen, die auf sie stattfanden. Sie war außerordentlich beliebt in den Kreisen, die man dazumal in London die Theosophen nannte. Nun, sie hat verschiedene Seiten. Damals, es war am Anfang des Jahrhunderts, hat sie einen Vortrag gehalten über Theosophie und Imperialismus. Die imperialistischen Instinkte haben sich ja sehr rasch dort entwickelt. Mrs. Besant sprach eigentlich gegen den Imperialismus, und man konnte sehen: von da ab war sie unten durch in London, selbst bei denen, die dazumal Theosophen waren. Einige persönliche Freunde hielten zu ihr, aber sie war unten durch, weil sie wagte, etwas gegen den Imperialismus zu sagen. In solchen Dingen zeigen sich die Kräfte, die, wenn man sie durchdringt, einen wirklich dahin bringen, die großen Zusammenhänge zu erkennen.
Bis vor ganz kurzer Zeit war noch etwas Puritanisches in England wirksam. Zwar führten Hampelmänner, Marionetten, die Politik, es war aber in diesen Marionetten - in Asquith, in Grey — noch etwas Puritanisches. Das mußte fort, um den Impulsen gerecht zu werden, von denen ich ja gesprochen habe, und was nun nachkam, ist für all das, was ich Ihnen charakterisiert habe, die allerwilligste Marionette. Aber alles Puritanische ist fort. Nun sehen wir auf der einen Seite das Negative: die zynische Ablehnung des Friedensgedankens mit der heuchlerischen Motivierung, daß man ihn deswegen ablehne, weil man den Frieden wolle. Aber heute darf man ja ungestraft die närrischsten Dinge sagen, ohne daß es weiter übelgenommen wird. Das ist das Negative. Das Positive ist ein Ereignis von der denkbar größten Wichtigkeit: die Zusammenrufung der Minister der Kolonien, die zu den ersten Taten dieses Mannes gehört, der durch ein negatives Wunder auf einen ersten Posten der Welt kommen konnte. Jetzt merkt man es schon in der Öffentlichkeit. Aber die Öffentlichkeit mußte eben erst auf das, was zugrunde liegt, mit der Nase gestoßen werden, während es dem, der in wirklichen Ideen lebt, schon lange klar sein konnte. Aber man kann sich nicht in der Wirklichkeit zurechtfinden, wenn man nicht die Neigung hat, wirkliche Ideen zu ergreifen. Denn dann nur wird man auch die Außenwelt so ansehen: Man sieht etwas, man hält es für bedeutungslos; man sieht es nochmal und nochmal, man hält es noch immer nicht für wichtig; beim vierten, beim fünften Mal hält man es für wichtig, weil es ein bedeutungsvolles Symptom ist, das kommende Dinge ankündigt. Nicht alles ist von gleicher Wichtigkeit, aber für dasjenige, was wichtig ist, muß man einen Sinn haben, und den erwirbt man sich nur dadurch, daß man jene Impulse in die Seele bekommt, die nur auf geisteswissenschaftlicher Grundlage sich ergeben.
Übrigens wurde mir in diesen Tagen ein sehr interessanter Aufsatz eines vielbeliebten britischen Schriftstellers, der jetzt Journalist ist, gegeben, der auch im Militär ist, und nach alledem, was er schreibt, zeigt, wie er zusammenhängt mit den Fäden, die gesponnen werden. Dasjenige, was er vor kurzem im «London Magazine» geschrieben hat, ist bedeutend genug. Es wurde mir eben, wie man sagt, durch Zufall, übergeben. Darinnen liegt kein Zufall. Es ist immerhin interessant, was dieser Militärschriftsteller, der aber, wie gesagt, mit den Fäden zusammenhängt, die die Ereignisse lenken, über die jetzige Lage schreibt:
«Das englische Volk hat immer den Willen zum Erobern gehabt (the will to conquer) und hat ihn auch jetzt noch. In dieser hohen Auffassung wird der Krieg von uns zu Ende gekämpft. Der Gedanke an unsere unerschütterliche Entschlossenheit, zu siegen, ist das Edelste, was wir unseren Nachkommen, den Söhnen und Töchtern Englands und seinen ruhmreichen überseeischen Gebieten hinterlassen können... Wir werden bei Friedensschluß eine Million Quadratmeilen deutsches Kolonialgebiet in Händen haben. Wir werden dann über Millionen im Kriege geübte Männer verfügen. Unsere Übermacht zur See wird größer sein denn je. Wir liefern der Welt unwiderlegliche Beweise, daß unser Weltreich einig und unteilbar, unser Geist unbezähmbar ist, und daß die kriegerischen Eigenschaften unseres Landes denjenigen unserer ruhmreichen Vergangenheit würdig sind. Auf England ist gegenwärtig in einem bis jetzt niemals geträumten Maße der moralische und materielle Stempel der Macht gedrückt. Wie werden wir beim Friedensschlusse dastehen? Nimmt man Armee, Flotte und Hilfsquellen zusammen, so werden wir die erste militärische Macht der Welt sein.»
Es wirkt etwas eigentümlich, wenn man den «Militarismus» so dringend bekämpfen zu müssen glaubt, und nun als hohes Ideal aufstellt, die erste militärische Macht der Welt zu sein!
«Man wird uns als das Rückgrat der Alliierten anerkennen.»
Das ist etwas, was in Frankreich wohl gelesen werden sollte.
«Uns ist die führende Rolle bei den Alliierten zugeteilt, und die Führung von Europa kommt uns von Rechts wegen zu.»
Nun macht er die Worte Kiplings zu seinen eigenen, die da heißen: «Wir haben die Menschen, die Schiffe und das Geld.»
«Das Parlament müßte jetzt den Bedarf der militärischen Maschine für eine Anzahl von Jahren im Vorhinein bewilligen, und dann für unbestimmte Zeit vertagt werden.»
In solchen Dingen sprechen sich allerdings die Impulse, die Instinkte aus, die zusammenhängen mit den Drähten, die gezogen werden. Diese Dinge kann man mit voller Objektivität ansehen, ohne Partei zu nehmen in dem Sinne, wie gewiß gutwillige, aber wenig weitsichtige Patrioten Partei nehmen. Warum soll man denn solche Dinge nicht sehen? Sie sind ja objektive Tatsachen! Denn das, was in den Impulsen der Menschheit lebt, sind eben objektive Tatsachen, welche die geschichtlichen Ereignisse hervorbringen.
So weit entfernt wir hier sein müssen von der Parteinahme für das eine oder das andere, so wichtig ist es, wenn wir schon in Vorträgen sprechen, daß wir mit voller Objektivität über die Dinge zu sprechen versuchen. Und Sie werden sehen, sobald man mit voller Objektivität spricht, liefern die Tatsachen selber Beweise.
Ein Weltverständnis kann man ja nicht erwerben, wenn man nicht willig ist, auf die Tatsachen einzugehen. Denn diese sogenannte Antwortnote der Entente, dieses Silvestergeschenk an die Erde — ja, meine lieben Freunde, ein Schriftstück, das so verfaßt wurde, wird es wohl kaum geben, wie weit man auch in der geschichtlichen Entwickelung sich umschaut, sowohl seiner Grundlage wie auch der ganzen Zusammensetzung, der ganzen Komposition nach. Und man muß sagen, was da geschrieben ist und was die allerschwerwiegendsten Folgen haben wird, das liest man am besten, wenn man über jeden einzelnen Satz hinweggeht und sich klar darüber ist: Auf das, was da geschrieben ist, kommt es überhaupt nicht an! — Es kommt darauf an, daß das von mir Charakterisierte dahintersteht, daß man das will. Das in einer Note zu sagen, wird man sich selbstverständlich hüten. Wenn man aber frägt: Ist das durch Verhandlungen zu erreichen? — so muß man natürlich mit Nein antworten. Das läßt sich selbstverständlich nicht erreichen durch Friedensverhandlungen. Das läßt sich nur erreichen, indem man sich wirklich Garantien schafft, und Garantien liegen in der Herrschaft; die Garantien bestehen darin, daß derjenige, der die Garantien haben will, allein zu bestimmen hat, und alle andern nichts mehr, und daß dies durch die Machtverhältnisse herbeigeführt wird. Das ist natürlich noch lange nicht erreicht. Aber sich Illusionen darüber hinzugeben, daß dies angestrebt werde, wäre gegenüber dem, was der Mensch als Wahrheitsgefühl haben muß, recht unverantwortlich.
Niemand wird voraussetzen, daß das, was ich sage, gegen das britische Volk gerichtet ist, denn ich wollte unterscheiden zwischen diesem britischen Volke und denen, die ich mit einem trivialen Ausdrucke «Drahtzieher» nenne, und die hinter dem, was geschieht, stehen, wie ja genügend charakterisiert worden ist. Es ist auch nicht notwendig, daß man sich mit solchen Impulsen identifiziert, obwohl es selbstverständlich nicht meine Aufgabe sein kann, jemanden von der Identifizierung mit solchen Impulsen abzuhalten. Ich werde auch niemandem, auch nicht in Gedanken und in der Empfindung, verwehren, sich innerhalb unserer Bewegung mit diesen Impulsen zu identifizieren. Nur soll er sagen, was wahr ist, und nicht sagen, daß er sich identifiziert mit dem Ideale vom Recht der kleinen Nationen und dergleichen; sondern er soll sich klar sein, daß sein Wille ist, die Welt zu beherrschen. Dann versteht man sich in der Wahrheit, und das ist es, worauf es ankommt. Dann kommen wir schon weiter, wenn die Menschen wahr sind. Wenn sie sagen, was wirklich ist, dann kommen wir schon weiter. Dann mag dieses, was wahr ist, noch so schlimm sein - man kommt weiter als mit dem Unwahren. Und das ist es, was wir uns besonders ins Herz schreiben sollen: Man kommt damit weiter als mit dem Unwahren.
Gewiß wäre es töricht, zu glauben, daß man durch allerlei gutes Zureden oder durch allerlei Propositionen irgendein Weltreich davon abhalten kann, seine Ziele zu verfolgen. Gewiß wäre es töricht, moralinsauer zu werden und allerlei moralische Maßstäbe anzulegen. Ich habe Ihnen deshalb gerade die Geschichte des Opiumkrieges vorgetragen, um Sie von diesen moralischen Maßstäben abzulenken. Aber darauf kommt es an: das Wahre zu sagen, die Wahrheit zu sagen. Und viel besser wäre für die Welt - wenn auch nicht für diejenigen, die da in Betracht kommen als die Drahtzieher -, wenn trocken und zynisch gesagt würde: Das wird gewollt.
Nun, so nimmt sich auf diesem speziellen Gebiete dasjenige aus, was uns Richtschnur und Ziel sein muß: «Die Weisheit liegt nur in der Wahrheit.»
Fifteenth Lecture
In my recent reflections, I have repeatedly pointed out that, particularly in connection with the endeavors of anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, we must recognize that a contemporary view of the world, indeed any contemporary worldview, requires broader horizons than those accessible to humanity in the materialistic age we have characterized from various perspectives. Broader horizons means that if we want to understand the world today, especially human events, we must resort to concepts that originate in spiritual science. And it is connected with the whole karma of our time that the majority of humanity has rejected such broader conceptual horizons for all areas of life and knowledge until now.
If we want to characterize one aspect of our life with these points of view in mind, we can say that objective development has grown over the heads of the people of the 19th and 20th centuries, as far as it has come so far. And the phenomena of the times show this growth over the head in the most intense way. One of the most striking events of the materialistic age is materialistic progress, progress in relation to what is, so to speak, staged in the world by material means. The science of the materialistic age also serves this materialistic progress. And it is particularly characteristic of this science that it is developing less and less interest in the spiritual world, that it increasingly wants to be nothing more than a sum of concepts and ideas that can be applied to external material events.
This course of development is expressed particularly in the most external material events: in mechanical events. What we call factory life, industry, and machinery has reached its greatest perfection in this materialistic age. And quite naturally, progress in this field is an anational, one might even say international, a world progress. For whether a railroad or a similar facility is built in England, Russia, China, or Japan, the laws according to which this is done, the knowledge required for it, are the same everywhere, because all this is accomplished solely from mechanical points of view, detached from human beings; so that in fact an international principle has taken hold in this field in the most comprehensive way. And it has often been said in relation to this or that aspect in the course of our spiritual scientific considerations: With this happening, we have, as it were, a body before us on Earth, a body extending across the whole Earth. This body needs a soul, and this soul should also be international. And spiritual science was called upon to be this soul because it is, as it must be, a form of knowledge that is not connected with any individual or group on earth, and which offers the possibility of being understood by everyone, wherever they may be, in the same way that the physical aspect of the outer material culture can be understood by them in the construction of a railroad, a locomotive, or the like. And it has often been emphasized that a blessing, a salvation for human development, can only come about if the development of the physical in the sense indicated is accompanied by the development of the soul and spirit. But this would require that people make just as much effort to understand spiritual connections as they do to comply with the demands of material progress, which they are much more willing to accept through the constraints of external circumstances than through their own free will. This has not happened so far, but it must of course come about in the course of human development; even if it is delayed for a long time, it must still come about. Even if a great deal of evil karma is brought upon us by the fact that people do not want to accept this, it must still come about. For what is to happen will happen.
Because material progress has, in a sense, outrun the good will toward spiritual knowledge, this material progress, and especially everything that arises from this progress in the form of passions and impulses in the souls, has grown over the heads of human beings. This is most clearly evident in the fact that it is not those ideas that aim at harmonious coexistence among people on earth, in other words, not Christian ideas, that have gained the upper hand, but rather, to the point of exaltation, those ideas that divide humanity and lead it back to cultural epochs that one might have thought long since overcome. The fact that nationalism was able to flourish as it did in the 19th century among nationalities living together is a great and powerful anomaly, and it shows that human beings have not kept pace with material development in their soul development.
When people accept spiritual science on a wider scale, not merely as a theory but as the fulfillment of the whole soul, they will necessarily have to acquire different concepts. And through these different concepts they will be able to see connections that are completely impossible to see with the materialistic thinking of the present. Certain connections can only be seen if one has the right ideas about them. But ideas must grow as vividly as anything else, that is, they must have a soil in which they can flourish. The soil in which ideas flourish can only be that attitude of the soul which is prepared by spiritual science. If materialistic development were to continue as it has in the course of the 19th century, people would become increasingly devoid of ideas. To put it trivially, people would not be able to come up with anything suitable for understanding the world. They would be dependent on experiment and on being inspired by what develops before their eyes for everything they think about the world. The insistence on experiment in recent times is only a result of this poverty of ideas. If development were to continue in this way, humanity would become increasingly devoid of ideas. However, since a certain intensity of mental life is necessary, since humans must develop certain impulses to a certain strength, they must take these impulses from elsewhere if they do not flow to them from the material of ideas.
If you want to find an age when ideas were bubbling up, when real ideas were growing, then a particularly characteristic, fruitful age is the period from Lessing to German Romanticism, to Novalis, or even further to idealistic philosophy, which includes Hegel, Schelling, and Schopenhauer, as well as those whom I have cited in my book “Vom Menschenrätsel” (The Riddle of Man) as philosophers of a worldview that has faded away in today's materialistic age. There is a real wealth of ideas there. Hence the great contempt with which this age is regarded in the present day! But look at this age, which is so rich and fertile in ideas aimed at understanding nature and human historical development! I would just like to remind you how close what we can glean today from the spiritual world about human evolution, about the various post-Atlantean epochs with their characteristic impulses — which is, of course, only appropriate for our present age — comes to that fruitful idea that emerged in Schelling, Hegel, Novalis, and Franz von Baader, but which actually had its origin in Jakob Böhme: that human evolution, in the period that can be overlooked without the means of spiritual science, went through a first epoch in which, so to speak, the God-Father principle reigned, the epoch characterized in the Bible by the Old Testament and the pagan religions. Those I have just mentioned called it the Father Age. It was followed by the Age of the Son, in which the idea of the mystery of Golgotha was to take root in humanity. And they saw the Age of the Spirit, the Holy Spirit, which they also called the Johannine Age, as an ideal for the future. They believed that only then could the great impulses of the Gospel of John be realized.
How infinitely significant is such an idea compared to the barren, fruitless talk of a general evolution of humanity, which is only an abstract idea that merely links what comes after to what came before, like a link in a chain. How infinitely profound is what Schelling, again following Jakob Böhme, developed as his “theosophy”! Schelling's “theosophy” struggles its way up to a height in comparison to which later theological thinking represents a deep descent. Schelling struggles to arrive at the view that what matters in Christianity is not so much the doctrine, which is claimed by the latest progressive theology, as if Christ Jesus had been merely a teacher, but that the mystery of Golgotha must above all be understood as a fact, that one must look up to what has happened, look at the fact that with the life, death, and resurrection of Christ Jesus a fact has been accomplished.
And so one could cite a whole host of outstanding, far-reaching ideas for that era. But what is this abundance of far-reaching ideas connected with? In those who have such ideas, you will not find one thing: national narrow-mindedness. Everywhere you find what was called at that time in those circles – whether the word can still be understood today, after so many words have become mere phrases, is another question – the “cosmopolitan” point of view. How far removed from all national narrow-mindedness is a mind like Goethe's, for example! How far removed from all national narrow-mindedness is a work of poetry like Faust. The origin is irrelevant. Of course, Faust can only be conceived within the culture of Central Europe, but to ask about Faust's birth certificate in relation to what Faust has become in Goethe's poetry would obviously be absurd. But this absurdity is a reality in our time; it has become fact. Basically, everything that happens in the present is simply a denial of what humanity has achieved, for example through the Faust poetry. But from this we can already see that humanity has all the potential to be further than it is today, and certainly further than it will be in the near future.
But I said that the human soul needs a certain intensity in its impulses. If it cannot rise to ideas, it takes this intensity from elsewhere; it takes it from the dark, subconscious forces of the soul, from what pulsates up from the spirit of the blood. And basically, nationalism is nothing more than a result of a lack of ideas. The first thing humanity needed was the will to rise to ideas. But it can already be said that understanding what can be called grace in relation to the spiritual world is part of the success of what has just been hinted at. For the spiritual world cannot be attained by starting from a certain narrowly defined set of preconceived opinions, but only by keeping the soul open to what can penetrate it, by not merely wanting to judge, but by wanting to enrich one's capacity for judgment every day.
And so it is necessary that insight first and foremost take hold of people. We are now in the age when the consciousness soul is to take hold. This age must strive for insight. But insight can only be gained in ideas that encompass the whole world, in the penetration of reality with ideas. Particularly with regard to the events that are about to unfold, our age is not at all inclined to accept ideas. An abstract concept, however logical or plausible it may be, is not an idea. An idea must be born out of living reality. We hardly see any ideas emerging in our time, but we find all the more insistence on abstract concepts. Ideas can, of course, also become slogans, but in this case they will not cause any particular harm, because the human soul cannot function particularly well in slogans, if they are the correlate of ideas; the absurdity will become clearly apparent. This is not the case with abstract concepts. Abstract concepts can become slogans with great intensity, and they are so plausible because they basically go to the very heart of the matter and are eagerly seized upon by people in their reluctance to embrace anything more. But abstract concepts are not based in reality. Although we see abstract concepts everywhere in large numbers today, they appear all the more powerless to those who see through them.
Let us take any one of the many abstract ideas that prevail today. One such abstract idea is, for example, the idea of eternal peace. As it is treated today, it is a completely abstract concept that does not spring from a living grasp of reality, but seems self-evident to those who do not want to see beyond their own horizons. It is said: The various states—without considering whether the term “various states” has any reality at all—should form an intergovernmental organization, something that extends across the whole world and is structured according to the model of the individual state, and there should be, as they say, “intergovernmental law.” The idea is beautiful, so it seems obvious to everyone. The various states are to commit themselves to maintaining peace and to basing their mutual interests on certain legal norms. All very well! But it would undoubtedly also be wonderful if, in order to have a warm room, we did not need to heat it, but only needed to develop the abstract concept of warmth. An idea is not about whether it is beautiful or whether it is plausible; for what could be more plausible than the thought that it is actually a terrible despotism of nature that we need stoves or similar things!
It does not matter whether an idea corresponds to the feelings that people express with words such as “It is a beautiful, humane idea” — or whatever else they may say — but whether an idea grows out of reality. If one were to start from ideas that grow out of reality, then one would first have to study reality. Any limited mind—forgive the expression—can draw up beautiful programs for how states should act in the future so that peace may reign, but such a mind cannot arrive at ideas that correspond to living reality, that are born out of reality. One does not even have the feeling that there is a reality with its own laws in the spiritual world, as one naturally has in the material world; instead, one believes that the whole world can be regulated with a few sentences, without any sense that the world is a reality in which real impulses contrast with one another. But by becoming intoxicated with programs that consist of abstract ideas, one prevents the world from responding to realities.
Sometimes the fruitful, real idea is identical in words to the living idea; it is only a matter of being seized by its liveliness. But today, liveliness often seems to people to be the most paradoxical thing of all. Thus, in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, the idea of disarmament, of restricting militarism, arose in various parts of the world. This is a beautiful idea, but it must not remain abstract if it is to be fruitful! It must take reality into account. To do this, however, one must study the realities. It is possible to sit down somewhere and decide that states should disarm—that is a reasonable idea. But either they will not all do so, or some of them will not do so; and even if they all did, they would soon start arming themselves again if the initiative did not come from a truly fruitful impulse. But if one points only to the fruitful impulses today, one runs the risk of saying something that is terribly foolish to most people, because what is reasonable is considered downright foolish today. By “reasonable” I mean in this context that which is in accordance with reality.
I said: Certainly, the idea of disarmament, the idea of gradually dismantling militarism, is a beautiful idea. But it could never be realized by deciding on disarmament in some committee of states. It can only become reality if it is seized by some corresponding reality. But what does that mean? How can disarmament be achieved? Yes, we have to be very specific here. In fact, there were various opportunities during the 19th century to move closer to the idea of disarmament and turn it into a real idea. How, for example?
Well, let's say someone had had the idea before 1870. How could it have been realized? Before 1870, a step could have been taken toward disarmament that would have been very fruitful for humanity. But now comes what must of course be considered the most foolish thing in today's world: it would never have been possible to move closer to disarmament through an agreement between states! That is completely fruitless, however beautiful it may be. But it would have been fruitful if one state, and precisely the one that could have done so, had begun disarmament, if it had realized disarmament for itself. But then it would have been necessary to reckon with realities.
Let us now take a few states in Europe, just to point to reality. Russia—can it disarm? Certainly not without further ado, for behind it lies Asia, and if it were to disarm, it would never have a wall against the rushing peoples of Asia, who would certainly not disarm with it; so that is out of the question. — Could what existed in Central Europe at that time — there was no German Empire before 1870 — disarm? Well, it would have been limited at least in the east by a state that could not disarm; consequently, it could not disarm, it was out of the question. — But there was one state that could have disarmed, that could have set a fine example and thereby, in modern times, essentially achieved what it has always trumpeted to the world with words, and that is France. France could have disarmed quite well before 1870, and the result would have been that the war of 1870 would never have taken place. And since then, France has always been in a position to take the lead in disarmament with regard to European affairs—not colonial affairs. Then a start would have been made, and the matter could have progressed toward the East.
Of course, anyone who thinks abstractly will object: Yes, should France have exposed itself to the danger of being invaded by Germany? It would never have exposed itself to that danger, because the reason a country goes to war is always that it can have war, that is, that it has militarism. It may have to have it, but no country that did not have militarism would be invaded if the circumstances were such that its neighbors had not the slightest interest in invading it. Of course, Switzerland, for example, has never been in a position to dispense with militarism. So one thing cannot be transferred to the other. Nor can it be argued in the abstract that Germany would have wanted Alsace-Lorraine under any circumstances. That is nonsense. Why should it have wanted Alsace-Lorraine under any circumstances? To acquire Alsace-Lorraine because Germans live in Alsace was what Bismarck called a “convoluted professorial delusion”! It was always merely a matter of creating military security; for as long as France is a military power and has Alsace, it is easier to reach Stuttgart from France than from Berlin. There was no other reason to annex Alsace to the German Empire than this: to have military protection to the west. At first glance, this seems like a completely paradoxical idea, but the realities are paradoxical to our abstract thinking, which is the twin brother of materialism.
If you imagine that France had taken the lead in disarmament before 1870, you will come to understand what could have been prevented if people had thought realistically, and with reference to such ideas, realistic thinking could be expanded greatly. Certainly, realistic ideas do not always come to fruition, for the simple reason that other impulses oppose them. But that does not speak against reality. When a flower grows entirely according to the laws of its reality, those are the true laws according to which it grows; but when a cartwheel runs over it, it does not develop. The true must be present in our thinking, and the fact that an idea has not been realized in any age is no proof against its reality.
That is with regard to the saturation of the idea with reality. Just as it makes no sense to have a beautiful idea of some machine if one does not possess mechanical knowledge and is also unable to construct the machine, so it makes no sense to put forward all kinds of political and other ideas if one is unable to grasp the real impulses, which in this case can only be obtained through mastery of the spiritual, the spiritual world. And so we have, first of all, the one thing we have been able to draw attention to: the saturation of the idea with reality.
The other is the breadth of the horizon, the will to see greater horizons. Last time, I read you some judgments about the German national character by a man who is certainly important, from a voluminous contemporary novel that caused quite a stir. But all these judgments spring from narrow horizons, from a mindset that cannot see further than a few inches beyond its nose. Living with such narrow horizons creates disharmony in the world. And then you can spread the most beautiful ideas of peaceful coexistence among peoples—if you think that way, the only result is that the beautiful ideas are nothing, at best destructive; because what you really think has the opposite effect of what you say with your beautiful ideas. What matters is to tackle reality. The reality we have before us at present is what, out of a certain carelessness of language, we call the present war. For in reality it is no longer a war, but in a certain sense it can still be compared to events that were called wars in the past. There are, of course, a wide variety of impulses that have led to the development of this war, but here too, if we want to gain insight, we must arrive at concepts that correspond to reality.
The world today is wasting the time it should be using to arrive at realistic ideas by showing that it has forgotten everything that happened in human history before these sad events of the present occurred, even in the very recent past. For it is, of course, cheap to speak of all kinds of atrocities, cruelties, and the like when such an event occurs. That should be self-evident after the experiences that can be gained in human history. One should not allow oneself to be numbed by the deeper things that are at hand, the recognition of which alone could bring people today to a level that is fruitful.
Let us highlight something today that can already be recognized by anyone who grasps the connections on the physical plane externally, but which comes into even clearer light when held together with the ideas we have in the cycle on the souls of peoples. Among the various causes that have led to these painful events are things that could now become clearer and clearer to the outer world, if only people really wanted to gain broader horizons. Of the entire dry, habitable earth, the British Empire possesses a quarter, and the British Empire together with France and Russia possesses half. If a coalition were to come about between Russia, France, the British Empire, and America, that would be about three-quarters of the inhabited earth; one-quarter would remain. This figure in itself must be significant for anyone who sees reality. But let us now consider the one-quarter of the earth that is united in the British Empire.
First, we have the three relatively small territories of England, Scotland, and Ireland. However, when one speaks of England, Scotland, and Ireland as such, one does not refer to the British Empire as it exists today. Rather, when we speak of England, Scotland, and Ireland, we encounter that region of the world that produced the great Shakespeare, that produced incomparable thinkers and, in earlier times, great statesmen. We encounter only good things. We encounter that which is truly destined to play a great role in the fifth post-Atlantean epoch. But one does not encounter what is today the British Empire, for this British Empire today consists of these three island territories that are annexed to Europe and what can be called, in the broadest sense, its colonies. And especially in recent times, the entire development of this British Empire has been driven by the relationship between the mother country and the colonies. One can observe how attempts have been made in recent times to establish the relationship between the mother country and the colonies in an appropriate manner.
What the British Empire strives for is to keep the mother country and the colonies together in a close union. And when I spoke to you about the use of occult forces, I meant precisely that such forces are being used to achieve this goal. If these occult forces were allowed to work in their own sphere, they could never be harmful. But if something selfish is sought, whether for an individual or for groups, these forces can only have a harmful effect. This relationship between the mother country and the colonies is not easy to establish. Anyone who believes today that world peace can be achieved through programs and an intergovernmental organization has, of course, no idea of how reality must be handled if something like this is to come about, such as welding the British mother country and the colonies together into a whole that is desirable for the British Empire itself. This aspiration underlies what is called imperialism. This is what has always been strived for in recent times, albeit out of thoroughly material impulses; but it has been strived for. And all the means that could be put at the service of this idea were considered right from a certain point of view. The British Empire had to develop a closer relationship with its colonies. To do this, it needed an impulse that would, so to speak, steal its way into people's hearts so that they would agree to what they would otherwise not admit. And this is connected with the fact that war must be waged in Europe so that the mood of this war will produce the impulses necessary for the British Empire to unify its colonies with the mother country. It is not only interesting for the study of events on the physical plane, but also highly significant to study how all abstract thinkers have been mistaken in relation to what I am now saying.
Please read the literature written by the “clever” people — clever in the sense in which I often use the word — especially as this war was approaching. They all calculated: This will fall away, that will fall away, that will fall away when war comes. None of this has happened; instead, the exact opposite has occurred. If one had thought realistically, one would have had to say: If the British Empire wants to bring its colonies closer to itself, if it wants to generate impulses there that are suitable for uniting with the mother country, then it needs war; then this war is the means to the higher, so-called state purpose. And everywhere where people think this way, the ends justify the means.
Now is a time when people are particularly aware of this fact. When we consider the evolution of the British Empire, we must always take into account two significant currents—I am speaking for the present—which are significant: One is the more or less Puritan current — this term only describes a certain aspect of it, but perhaps it is the right term — which comes to the fore in everything that is excellent about British culture. This Puritan current largely dominated British politics until the 1890s. In the 1890s, this changed; the imperialist trend became greater and more significant than the Puritan trend.
There was a good instinct for the advent of imperialism. It is remarkable how good this instinct was. I would like to draw your attention to a curious phenomenon because it shows so clearly how things are connected. When we were in London shortly before the founding of the German section of the Theosophical Society, Mrs. Besant was still far from being the person she later became. She was always the person she had to be, depending on the influences that acted upon her. She was extremely popular in the circles that were then called theosophists in London. Well, she has different sides. Back then, at the beginning of the century, she gave a lecture on theosophy and imperialism. Imperialist instincts developed very quickly there. Mrs. Besant actually spoke against imperialism, and you could see that from then on she was finished in London, even among those who were theosophists at the time. Some personal friends stood by her, but she was finished because she dared to speak out against imperialism. It is in such matters that the forces become apparent which, when you penetrate them, really enable you to recognize the big picture.
Until very recently, there was still something Puritanical at work in England. Although puppets, marionettes, ran the government, there was still something Puritan in these marionettes—in Asquith, in Grey. That had to go in order to do justice to the impulses I have spoken of, and what has now come to replace it is, for everything I have characterized to you, the most willing puppet. But everything Puritan is gone. Now we see the negative side: the cynical rejection of the idea of peace with the hypocritical justification that it is rejected because peace is desired. But today one can say the most foolish things with impunity without anyone taking offense. That is the negative. The positive is an event of the greatest importance imaginable: the convening of the ministers of the colonies, one of the first acts of this man who, through a negative miracle, was able to rise to a position of world leadership. Now you can already see it in public. But the public first had to be confronted with what lies beneath, while those who live with real ideas could have seen it clearly for a long time. But you cannot find your way in reality if you do not have a tendency to grasp real ideas. Only then will one see the outside world in this way: one sees something, one considers it meaningless; one sees it again and again, one still does not consider it important; the fourth or fifth time, one considers it important because it is a meaningful symptom that heralds things to come. Not everything is of equal importance, but you have to have a sense of what is important, and you can only acquire that by receiving those impulses in your soul that can only arise on a spiritual basis.
Incidentally, I was recently given a very interesting essay by a much-loved British writer who is now a journalist and also in the military, and from everything he writes, it is clear how he is connected to the threads that are being spun. What he recently wrote in the London Magazine is significant enough. It was handed to me, as they say, by chance. But there is no chance in it. It is interesting, after all, what this military writer, who, as I said, is connected with the threads that guide events, writes about the current situation:
"The English people have always had the will to conquer, and they still have it now. With this high opinion of ourselves, we will fight the war to the end. The thought of our unshakeable determination to win is the noblest thing we can leave to our descendants, the sons and daughters of England and its glorious overseas territories... When peace is concluded, we will have a million square miles of German colonial territory in our hands. We will then have millions of men trained in war at our disposal. Our superiority at sea will be greater than ever. We are providing the world with irrefutable proof that our empire is united and indivisible, that our spirit is indomitable, and that the warlike qualities of our country are worthy of our glorious past. England is currently bearing the moral and material stamp of power to an extent never before dreamed of. How will we stand when peace is concluded? If we take the army, the navy, and the auxiliary resources together, we will be the first military power in the world."
It seems somewhat peculiar to believe that “militarism” must be fought so urgently, and then to set as a high ideal that of being the world's leading military power!
“We will be recognized as the backbone of the Allies.”
This is something that should be read in France.
"We have been assigned the leading role among the Allies, and the leadership of Europe is our right.”
Now he makes Kipling's words his own: ”We have the people, the ships, and the money.”
“Parliament should now approve the requirements of the military machine for a number of years in advance, and then be adjourned indefinitely.”
In such matters, however, it is the impulses and instincts associated with the strings that are being pulled that come to the fore. These things can be viewed with complete objectivity, without taking sides in the sense that well-meaning but short-sighted patriots take sides. Why should we not see such things? They are objective facts! For what lives in the impulses of humanity are precisely objective facts that give rise to historical events.
As far as we must be from taking sides for one or the other, it is important, when we speak in lectures, that we try to speak about things with complete objectivity. And you will see that as soon as one speaks with complete objectivity, the facts themselves provide the evidence.
One cannot acquire an understanding of the world if one is not willing to engage with the facts. For this so-called reply note from the Entente, this New Year's Eve gift to the world — yes, my dear friends, a document that has been written in this way can hardly exist, no matter how far back one looks in historical development, both in terms of its basis and its entire composition. And it must be said that what is written there, and what will have the most serious consequences, is best read by going over each individual sentence and being clear about this: what is written there is completely irrelevant! What matters is that what I have characterized lies behind it, that this is what is wanted. Of course, one will be careful not to say this in a note. But if one asks: Can this be achieved through negotiations? — then one must of course answer no. This cannot, of course, be achieved through peace negotiations. It can only be achieved by really securing guarantees, and guarantees lie in power; the guarantees consist in the fact that the one who wants the guarantees has sole power of decision, and all others have none, and that this is brought about by the balance of power. This is, of course, still a long way from being achieved. But to indulge in illusions that this is being strived for would be quite irresponsible in view of what man must have as a sense of truth.
No one will assume that what I am saying is directed against the British people, for I wanted to distinguish between the British people and those whom I call, in a trivial expression, the “puppet masters” who are behind what is happening, as has been sufficiently characterized. Nor is it necessary to identify with such impulses, although it is of course not my task to prevent anyone from identifying with them. I will not deny anyone, even in thought or feeling, the right to identify with these impulses within our movement. Only let them say what is true, and not say that they identify with the ideal of the right of small nations and the like; but let them be clear that their will is to rule the world. Then we understand each other in truth, and that is what matters. Then we will make progress if people are truthful. If they say what is really the case, then we will make progress. Then, no matter how bad the truth may be, we will get further than with falsehood. And that is what we should take particularly to heart: we get further with the truth than with falsehood.
It would certainly be foolish to believe that all kinds of persuasion or propositions can prevent any world empire from pursuing its goals. It would certainly be foolish to become moralistic and apply all kinds of moral standards. That is why I have just told you the story of the Opium War, to distract you from these moral standards. But what matters is to tell the truth, to speak the truth. And it would be much better for the world—though not for those who are considered the puppet masters—if it were said dryly and cynically: This is what is wanted.
Well, in this particular area, what must be our guiding principle and goal is this: “Wisdom lies only in truth.”