Mysteries of the Sun and of the Threefold Man
GA 183
25 August 1918, Dornach
Lecture II
Yesterday I showed you threefold man diagrammatically. It is indeed true that in our present life of spirit very little feeling exists for the understanding of man's being as it must be grasped from the standpoint of spiritual science. Nevertheless, we must bestir ourselves to get a clearer understanding of man's being. For it is out of the understanding bound up with threefold man that we are able to master also the most significant conceptions that must be gained concerning the whole of human life, including man's development between death and a new birth.
Today let me just consider in detail this threefold man. Yesterday indeed we saw how first of all we have to point to man's head. In a certain sense this human head is really a kind of independent form of being. You can picture to yourselves the human skeleton and how easily the head can be detached; it can be lifted off like a ball. It is true that in reality the separation between the three members of man's nature is not so simple that we can describe what can thus easily be lifted off like a ball as the head part. Things are not so definitely separated. We have gradually to work ourselves away from the purely diagrammatic away too, from what nature herself suggests, to a living feeling, a living experience And, as you saw, I had yesterday to draw not indeed three circles lying next each other, but one circle for the head, a second circle that overlapped the head, and a third circle that overlapped both the others. So that if we would draw threefold man diagrammatically in accordance with his physical nature, we should have to show him thus: Head part (see circle A in diagram 1; body (oval); and the limb-system; really three balls even if these balls have to be drawn out longwise. With the head part, with what is here shown as the red circle A, is connected the spiritual which is, as you saw yesterday, a young formation (see small yellow circle) This spiritual part of the head is a young spiritual formation whereas the head itself is an old physical formation, a physical form-being. For the head, what is applied to man in general is pre-eminently right; it is not right when applied thus in general but for the head it is right. What with regard to the head, I have shown here as white, spiritual, is outside the head when you are asleep. When you are awake it is united with the head and then for the most part inside the physical head. It is therefore separated most easily from the physical head, going out and coming back inside again.

That is certainly not so as soon as we come to the middle man, the breast man, shall we call him? What is enclosed by the thorax, by the breast cavity, enclosed by the ribs and the backbone, is bound up with the spiritual, and when you sleep the spiritual is not so pronouncedly outside; for this breast man during sleep it remains in close connection with the physical.
And for the third man of the limb-system, to which sex man belongs, there is practically no real separation between the sleeping and waking conditions. One definitely cannot say that the soul-spiritual actually disconnects itself in sleep; it remains more or less united. So that one can well draw this other diagram of waking man saying: when physical man is awake (see a in diagram 1) then the spiritual man would be thus (yellow with circle a) And this would be sleeping man (see b diagram 1); the spiritual remains you see more or less connected with the body, and only this goes outside. From a certain standpoint this would be the actual drawing for the contrast between waking and sleeping man.
Now if you are to understand the important things now to be described, you will only do so by crossing this membering of threefold man with another membering of man that is linked with what I was describing here recently.
And if once more we go over head, breast man, man of the limb system, we can say that in the truest sense man is only breast-man. He it is into whom the Elohim breathed the breath of life. He is the breathing man. The division here is not so simple as in the skeleton; the breathing process through nose and mouth belongs to the breast man. Thus the partition in reality is not so easy, to show diagrammatically as one would wish. However these are the difficulties to be expected in understanding a matter of this kind.
Thus the actual man, man on earth, is in a sense breast-man. And head-man, as physical form, is something that is not man through and through. It cannot be said that it is man all through. It even has in it much that is ahrimanic. In effect, it is organized as it is because certain formative principles are particularly present in it that have remained there since the old Sun—the second stage of earth-evolution. Our head, in all its complicated formation, would not be as it is had it not received its first form in those primeval days of the old Sun-evolution. Thus they are actually old, primeval formative principles today projected into the earth-sphere, and for this reason we must call them ahrimanic. Survivals of old principles are always to be looked upon according to the point of view as either ahrimanic or luciferic. The middle-man, the breast-man is what makes man of the earth, and where the principles of becoming earthly are mainly in play.
Neither is the man of the limb-system wholly man, but is permeated by the luciferic; its formative principles are not yet complete in their development, and will not be so until the earth has reached its Venus stage, or till the Jupiter age is passing over into the Venus age. By the time the Venus age has come these formative principles will be working at their full intensity, in their correct form. (He might say that today they are still developing mere shadows of the real being of this third part of man's nature, the extremities-man.) Thus we presuppose what will only be in existence at the time of Venus, and make an incomplete picture of it in seed form, not letting it go beyond the seed form.
This is how the matter stands when considered cosmically. To look cosmically at our formation, in our heats-forces we are repeating the old Sun-period, in our breast we carry the earth evolution, and in so far as we are extremity man we bear in us the seed of the Venus evolution. This is regarded from the cosmic point of view.
Considered humanly—it is rather different. There we must look upon the human individuality as it progresses from incarnation to incarnation. Then we have to say: what in this incarnation we carry as our head, shows itself to be connected with our previous incarnation; what we now bear in us as breast-man is really only related to our present incarnation; what we have in us as as extremity man will become head in our next incarnation, is already related to our next incarnation. I have said previously: there is something revealing in the head especially in its negative. If you were to take an impression of the physiognomy of your head and consider it, you would recognise in this negative much of what had its origin in your previous incarnation.1See Lecture Z 104. 12.VIII.1916 The Twelve Senses and the Seven Life-Processes.
It is just the other way round with the extremities man. You cannot here take an impression but must proceed differently. Think away in man the head and the breast-system. But imagine all that your hands and legs do now—make a picture of what they do. Here you have to make a kind of map. You see, every time you do anything with your hands this is done at another place. They go around outside, they come into relation with other beings. If you would paint all that your hands and legs do, if you would draw a picture of what your hands and feet, arms and legs do in the course of your life—and this would be a very animated picture!—in this drawing you would discover a complicated map, where you would find revealed what is stored up in you karmically for your next incarnation. In this map you would be able to read a great deal of the karma of your next incarnation. This is of profound significance. As the negative impression of the physiognomy when at rest, reveals in the firm outlines of the drawing, what in the previous incarnation has already happened, so what one can jot down of the movements of arms, hands, legs and feet are extraordinarily instructive about what the man will do in his next incarnation. This is particularly instructive about what he will carry out, where he will go, where his legs will take him. If you simply follow in his track to all the places where his legs will carry him, you could make a map of it. You would get remarkable patterns on which men's secret inclinations are not without their influence. Much of man's secret inclinations are not without their influence. Much of man's secret inclination is expressed in these patterns. These traces that are there are most revealing for what his next incarnation will bring to a man. Now we have been considering this from the human point of view, whereas the other was a cosmic view.
This membering of man that has the present in view signifies, however, a connection with the secrets of the old Mysteries, in which the matter was recognized in a more atavistic way, but where the secrets I have just been disclosing to you were already known. There is a beautiful saga concerning King Solomon about the certainty with which man sets his foot on the place where he is destined to meet his death. The meaning of the saga is that a definite place exists on earth where man will die, and thither man directs his footsteps.2See Lecture Z 243. A Fragment of the Jewish Haggada This is connected with the old Mystery-Knowledge.
Now when man is living his ordinary life he has actually only his ordinary consciousness; but as we have seen this man is a highly complicated being. When he is awake, when he has his head, his most recent spiritual member, in his physical head, he knows nothing of this head. You will be right in saying: Thank God we do not know anything of our head for knowing of our head means to have a headache. Men only know about their head when it aches; then they are conscious of having a head, otherwise they are unconscious of it—unconscious to a most remarkable degree, far more so than in the case of any other member of the human physical body. Man may count himself lucky when in normal consciousness he knows nothing of his head. But beneath this consciousness of the head that ordinarily takes notice only of the outer world, that only gets as far as knowing what is around it—beneath this consciousness lies another, a kind of dream consciousness, dream-knowing. Your head, my dear friends, is always dreaming. And while you are conscious of the outer world in the way familiar to you, under the threshold of consciousness, in the subconscious, you are actually perpetually dreaming. And what you are dreaming, if you were able to bring this head dreaming into your consciousness and fully grasp it, would give you a picture, a correct comprehensive picture, of your previous incarnation. For in your head unconsciously, you are dreaming of your former incarnation. That is indeed so. There is always a slight consciousness of your previous incarnation going on, a dreaming consciousness, only it is overpowered by the strong light of of ordinary consciousness.
By the year 747 before the Mystery of Golgotha, the external consciousness had become so strong that gradually this subconsciousness of the previous incarnation was completely extinguished. Before that year, however, man knew a great deal about this dream consciousness of the head. For this reason you find everywhere at the basis of the ancient cultures repeated lives on earth treated as a fact. This is due simply to the sub-consciousness of the head not then having receded so completely into the background as it did in the course of the fourth, but principally the fifth post-Atlantean age. Even in ordinary consciousness very little is known of what is connected in a soul-spiritual way with the thorax and the middleman. It is in itself of a dream nature. This middle, thorax consciousness sometimes pushes up into man's dream consciousness, but only very chaotically and irregularly. If a man is able to breathe regularly, when his heart beat even is when in fact all the functions of man's thorax, his middle part, are in order, the consciousness of this part is not so clear as that of the head; it too in ordinary life runs its course dream fashion. We dream in our feeling, as I have stated here during past years, in feeling we dream of this middle man. But when we bring to light through consciousness, that becomes more clairvoyant, what lies in the feeling, what man experiences only in his feeling, or to put it differently, when man learns to look at what is going on in his thorax, as otherwise he can only look at what is in his head consciousness, then the consciousness of the thorax, the middle-body splits definitely into two parts. One part dreams itself back into the whole time between the previous death and the most recent birth or conception. Therefore while in your head consciousness in a dream way, in deep dreaming, you have unconsciously what was in your previous incarnation, in the dreams of your thorax you have what has meantime been passing since that incarnation up to your present birth. And in the dreams that belong more to the lower part of the thorax you have a definite consciousness of what there will be between your coming death and next earth life. Thus the consciousness concentrated in the breast, which, however, for modern man remains more or less subconscious, is in reality a dream consciousness of both the time before this birth and the time after the next death. For this subconsciousness in the middle man the riddle is solved of what lies between our last earthly death and the following earthly conception, with the exception of or even including what we are now experiencing between birth and death.
Out of the third man, out of the subconsciousness of the extremities man, the tableau of the next incarnation on earth can be developed in what during the whole of life remains strictly subconscious. This can only be brought to the surface when a man is able to draw it up through ceaseless activity in the study and exercises of spiritual science, so that certain moments of sleep-life that otherwise would pass in unconscious sleep, are lifted to the surface and the man then becomes conscious during sleep. What today man has as waking consciousness is really a kind of collateral impulse of his which rays into the head from outside. Behind this consciousness, however, lies another that stretches itself over the former incarnation, over the life of that incarnation to this one, over the life of this incarnation to the next, and then over the next again. But man sleeps away this consciousness.
In the head it is the consciousness of the previous incarnation. In all the organs that principally serve the out-breathing there works a strong consciousness of the life between the previous incarnation and this one. In all the principle functions that serve the in-breathing works a consciousness of the present incarnation up to the next incarnation on earth. And in the limb-system, in all its most secret processes, works a consciousness of the next human incarnation, which remains pre-eminently subconscious.
These states of consciousness have become more less veiled since the beginning of the fourth post-Atlantean period, 747 years before the Mystery of Golgotha. And the cry of our age is for the definite consciousness of the concrete events of cosmic and human evolution to be brought back out of the general chaos of human consciousness.
We must meet all that I have just been developing with another aspect of what is part of the being of man. You see it is really necessary that we should enter into these difficult details, otherwise we cannot arrive at an exact understanding. I should very much welcome it if such knotty points were met not only by a certain passive acceptance, but—and this is so necessary for present day man—that even for these difficult matters a little enthusiasm were aroused, a little keen participation, which is exactly what is so hard in any society today.

Now, you turn your senses outward. There by means of your senses you find the external world spread out as something perceptible. I will draw diagrammatically what lies around us outside as something spread out for the senses. Allow this (see blue in diagram 2) to be what is lying outside. When you direct your eyes, your ears, your sense of smell, or whichever sense you like, to the external world, the inner side of this outside turns towards you, turns towards your senses Thus this is the inner side of the outside (see left of diagram). Suppose you turn your senses here to what I have drawn (see arrows). These are the senses directed towards the outer world and you see what here inside inclines within. Now follows the difficult conception to which, however, I have to come. Everything you look at there presents itself to you from inside. Imagine it must also have an outside. So I will call it up diagrammatically before your souls saying: When you look out thus you see the permanent as the limit of your vision; that is approximately so, only I have drawn it small. But now imagine you could quickly fly out there, fly beyond there and take a peep through from the other side and from the other side see your sense impressions. You could look out thus (see upper arrows in diagram). No, naturally you do not see this but, could you thus look at it, it would be the other aspect. You would have to go outside yourself, you would have to look from the other side at your whole perceptible world. You would see the reverse side of what meets you as color, what meets you as sound, and so on. You would see the reverse of what comes to you as smell, you would receive the smell in your nose from behind. Thus, imagine your view of the world from the other side; imagine the perceptible things spread out like a carpet, and now the carpet viewed from the other side. You see only a little bit of this reverse side, a very little bit indeed. I can only represent this little bit by doing it like this. Imagine now that I am drawing in red what you would see from the other side, so that I can say, one sees the perceptible diagrammatically thus. To one's ordinary view it appears blue; seen from the other side it appears red (but naturally one does not see it.) In what you would see red, is hidden first that is experienced between death and a new birth; secondly, everything described in Occult Science as the evolutions of Saturn, Sun, Moon, Earth and so forth. Everything hidden from sense perception lies there stored up. There it is, on the other side of the sphere, but you see only a little bit. I can indicate this best by saying: take this small bit of red; this goes over (see below in diagram) and crosses the blue, so that the blue instead of being, as now, in front, is behind. (were I to draw in accordance with reality, I should have to do so in four dimensions, so I can only keep to what is quite diagrammatic.) Thus the senses here are now turned to the blue (left); there they do not turn to the blue but to the red which moreover you do not see. Behind the red, however, there crosses what otherwise would be seen and that is now underneath. And this little bit that crosses the other there, you see continually with your ordinary consciousness. It is indeed your stored up memories. What arises as memory does not arise in accordance with the laws of the outer world of the senses but according to laws suitable to this world that is behind. What is within as your memories is what is suited to the other side (right). As you look within on all your memories you are actually looking at a bit of the world on the other side; the other projects inwards a little and then you see the world from the other side. And if now you could slip through your memories thus received (I spoke of this a week ago,)3See lecture of 18.VIII.1918; Occult Psychology. if you could get underneath and see below your memories, look at them from the other aide from down there (see right in diagram), you would see them as your aura, There you would see man as a being with a soul-spiritual aura just as ordinarily you look at the external world of sense perceptions. But as I showed you a week ago this would be hardly pleasant because man on this other side is not yet beautiful.
Thus these are the interesting features of what must work across the other knowledge we have of threefold man. This crossing takes place here in the middle man, the breast-man. You remember the drawing I made a week ago where I had the lemniscates with one loop reversed, turned inside out; I must draw those here I must draw here the breast man with the leminscates described. (see below on left of diagram.) That would coincide with the sphere of memory. So that in his middle part the threefold man has this turnabout where the inner becomes outer and the outer inner. Here you now have in your own small microcosmic memory a tableau, what otherwise you would see as the cosmic tableau—as the great cosmic memory. In your ordinary consciousness you see what you have been collecting since about your third year until now; this is an inner record, a little bit of what is of the same kind as the other record for the whole world-evolution and lies on the other side.

It was not without reason that I once told you that man actually has twelve senses. Most of you know this quite well and I have mentioned it also in the notes at the end of my last book Riddles of the Soul. We must think of the senses in this way: that a number of them are turned towards what is sense-perceptible, whereas others are directed backwards. Below they are directed towards what is turned back. Those directed towards what is perceptible to the senses are: the ego sense, and the senses of thinking, speech, hearing, seeing, taste and smell; they go towards what is sense perceptible. The other senses do not come into man's consciousness because they are first of all directed toward what is within him and then to what in the world is reversed. These are the senses of warmth, life, balance, movement and touch. We can therefore say that for the ordinary consciousness seven senses lie in the light (above in diagram 3) and five in the dark (below). And the five senses lying in the dark are turned to the other side of the cosmos, turned also to the reverse side in man (see diagram 2).
You therefore have a complete parallel between the senses and something else of which we are going to speak. (see diagram 3) Let us suppose we have to note down as senses: hearing, speaking, thinking, the ego-sense, and the senses of warmth, balance, movement, touch, smell, taste, sight; then you will have essentially all of them from ego-sense to sense of smell lying in the light, in what is accessible to the ordinary consciousness (see shading in diagram 3). And all that is turned away from ordinary consciousness, as night turns away from day, belongs to the other senses.
Naturally the boundary is also diagrammatic, there is an overlapping—reality is not always accommodating. But this membering of man according to his senses is so that, even in the diagram, you only need draw in place of the senses the signs of the Zodiac, and you have Ram, Bull, Twins, Cancer, Lion, Virgin, Scales, seven signs for the light side and five for the dark: Scorpion, Archer, Goat, Waterman, Fishes; day, night: night,day, Here you have a perfect parallel between microcosmic man—what is turned towards his senses and what is turned away but really turned towards the senses—and what in the cosmos signifies the change from day to night. In a way the same thing happens to man, as in the cosmic edifice. In the cosmic edifice there is an interchange between day and night, in man there is also the interchange of day and night in his waking and sleeping, even though both may have emancipated themselves from each other for the present cycle of man's consciousness. During the day man is turned towards his day-senses, or we might say to Ram, Bull, Twins, Cancer, Lion, Virgin, Scales, as we might say ego-sense, sense of thinking, speech and so on. Every ego can see that of another man, you can understand the thoughts of another man, you can hear, see, taste, smell—those are day-senses. In the night it is the same with man as when the earth is turned towards the other side; man is turned in the night to his other senses, only these are not yet fully developed. Not until the Venus age will they be so fully developed that they can perceive what is on the other side. They are not yet sufficiently developed to perceive what is towards the other side. This is shrouded by night just as the earth is shrouded when passing by night through the other heavenly bodies, the other pictures of the zodiac. The passage of man through his senses is a perfect parallel with the course—whether you say the course of the sun round the earth or the earth round the sun is immaterial for our purpose; but those things are connected. And with these connections, the wise men of the Old Mysteries were very well acquainted.
In the fourth post-Atlantean period this gradually vanished from consciousness but it must be brought back in spite of the resistance put up against this; it must be reinstated in the cultural life of mankind. For in these concepts that man makes his own there lies what lets us see quite clearly all that is happening now in the social, historical life. So long as you separate the life of nature from that of the spirit, as modern man loves to do, you do not arrive at concepts that can play a part in historical evolution; you are overpowered by the concepts that are working in historical life. Overpowered: There are indeed many instances of this.
Now you will agree that men believe that, shall we say, for two hundred years they have been thinking a tremendous deal. We can gather up what they have been thinking for two hundred years, what they have developed as ideals, what they have talked of still talk of, as great ideals. We can do this from the time of the ideals of the age of enlightenment to that of the great would-be Caesar, Woodrow Wilson. All that is talked of about the various ideals, men have been thinking during these centuries, these last two centuries; this has formed men's thoughts. World history, however, is very little affected by these thoughts, world history has been affected by something quite different, by the thoughts that have been working and weaving in things. And in reality never were the thoughts filling men's heads farther removed from the great cosmic thoughts living in things than at the present time. What for the last hundred and fifty years, shall we say, has prompted man to work for a definite fashioning of the world is not thoughts of freedom, equality, brotherhood, justice, and so on and so forth, it is the thoughts interwoven with the coming of the machine loom. That the machine loom arose in modern development in the second half of the eighteenth century; that this significant invention took the place in mankind's evolution of the old hand-weaving; that from the machine loom came the whole machine civilisation of modern times; in all this there weave the objective thoughts the real thoughts, that have given the world its present form, out of which has arisen the present chaotic catastrophe. Should we wish to write a history of this catastrophe, we have not to turn to the thoughts teeming in human consciousness; we must turn to the objective thoughts of the founding, the invention, of the machine loom up to the development of big industry with its shadow, socialism. for even if these two things, big industry and socialism, appear as opposites they are polaric opposites belonging to one another, and as such inseparable.
We must put our questions to these objective thoughts and observe history in its becoming. Then we find that during the eighteenth century, all through the nineteenth, and especially so far as we have gone in this our twentieth century, men have given themselves up to many illusions. They are given over to illusion in their thoughts; but the objective, historic-cosmic thoughts have completely overwhelmed them. These are weaving in things. And an interest—though terribly one-sided—for these objectively weaving thoughts has really been gradually developed only by those who have built up socialism as a world-conception. That is something tremendously characteristic. If you follow the course of the nineteenth century you will see that the bourgeoisie increasingly loses interest in the great questions of world outlook. These great questions are indeed becoming most distasteful to the bourgeoisie; where possible they relegate them to aesthetics. A perfectly average bourgeois will listen in the theatre to all kinds of discussions about whether there are spiritual beings or not, when there is no need to believe in them, and when it is not a question of the truth of anything. Then the most varied matters can be put forward by Björnsen and people of that ilk. And what concerns the conception of the world is today for the bourgeoisie transferred into the realm of aesthetics, into all manner of dabbling with so-called art. In recent years people have been breaking each others heads over questions concerning conceptions of the world in the sphere of socialism. (I don't look on this as an ideal in a physical sense but in a spiritual sense in a certain way it is so. You know how I have hinted emphatically that I like a little warmth even in the treatment of anthroposophical truths.) The other people have not troubled themselves about this head-breaking but have left those alone who have looked at the world from what is really a very narrow point of view, those who have only seen the world from the aspect of the factory, from the inside of factories, from the inside of printing works, and so on. And it is extremely interesting what kind of world outlook has been produced out of the point of view of the factory—for that is socialism, my dear friends. It is the factory aspect, the aspect of men who know nothing beyond the inside of their factories. And in all that has developed in this sphere, little interest has been really shown by the bourgeoisie with their abstract ideas; the bourgeoisie who even concern themselves with aesthetics in an abstract way to avoid the breaking of heads. Thus in a curious way the bourgeoisie have found themselves between the old completely moribund world-conception bereft of the spiritual that would prefer to relegate all great questions to the realm of aesthetics, and what has newly arisen as socialism. This socialism has so far no concepts at all; it is a system founded entirely on words. This is because as yet it has no view of the world whatever and can only see the factory, and even so only the most external part of the mechanism. Just imagine what it really means when a man has no inner knowledge of the kingdoms of the minerals, the plants, the animals, and only knows of the way in which a certain cock is moved mechanically up or down in a machine, this or that filed or planed, and things of that kind: Socialism is a world-outlook founded on the perception of a purely mechanical world. It is the bit of the world cut out by the socialist—the bit that is mechanical, and on this he builds his concepts.
This has been allowed to arise through men adopting the principle of only troubling themselves about things aesthetically. When the Theosophical Society was first formed it had as its basis principle the mutual love of all mankind. How this was breached: But I have said enough on that point; its easiness equals its fruitlessness. But this also arises from the desire whenever possible to push what has actual content into the realm of what has none. So there could be no genuine interest in the real course of things. Individual people however have found pleasure in the peculiar—we should say conventional—way of considering history.
Now let us take an example of this; let me take whatever example you like from the time of the Caesars; try to learn about this time from the text books, or any books written by the great historical authorities. I fancy you will gain very little knowledge in this way about a certain personality who in the reign of Nero played an important political part (so even under Nero you could have political aspirations!) This personality aroused quite special notice and gained considerable influence on Roman politics under Vespasian and Titus, so much so that it may be said that he was the soul of the Government under these two emperors. Then this personality went over to the other side in the reign of Domitian considering him as a disaster for the Roman Empire. He turned to the other side and a lawsuit was brought against him, a lawsuit that made a great deal of stir in Rome and was of much interest. During this case Domitian changed suddenly from the tyrant into one who did not know how to proceed in the lawsuit and was therefore unable to pass sentence on the man. Then again, as Nero succeeded Domitian, we see this personality actively connected with the Emperor, the Caesar. We watch him creating out of the whole world-conception of that day what was great in politics, and at the same time see how he once more sought to implant for the last time during the Roman Empire into the political events really vast concepts brought down from the cosmos. Strangely enough in no current history book do you find any accurate account of this personality, not even in Seutonius or Tacitus, only in Philostratus. And Philostratus describes him in such a way that one does not know whether he is giving a picture of any Roman or of a real man—he paints the life of Apollonius of Tyana. For it is Apollonius of Tyana of whom I have been speaking as having had so great an influence on politics from the time of Nero to that of Nerva, and especially under Vespasian and Titus; and Philostratus describes him. Bauer the theologian and historian of Tübingen was absolutely astounded that one should thus find nothing about such a personality as Apollonius who played a part of the utmost importance in what is historically represented. Naturally Bauer did not see into the real reason for this; for it is a question of our having in Apollonius a historical personality wielding indeed this great influence but drawing down his principles straight from the cosmos above. That was in the highest degree fatal for the Christianity then arising in Rome. And now I shall ask you to take notice that everything in history is there by grace of the Church. There is nothing in history except what the Church has allowed man to have. Not without justification has an old and by no means foolish man maintained that there was never a Plato nor a Sophocles, but that monks in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries wrote their plays—for there is no proof, no strict proof of their existence. Even though the assertion is untenable, is indeed nonsense, nevertheless, as we have often emphasised, all that is conventional history is most uncertain. And we should be quite clear about it. We must indeed bring the present into connection with the past, for we are now coming to a great and pregnant question.
We have once more this time from the modern point of view, referred to threefold man, his connection with cosmic truths and the necessity for all this again to be disclosed. Now, my dear friends, in what has consisted the main activity of the Church, especially since the eighth Ecumenical Council in Constantinople in 869? What has been its chief activity? Its chief activity has been to wipe out, to blot out from man's consciousness, what in those ancient times even Christianity still understood as the connection of man with the cosmos, with the great spiritual world. Everything betraying this connection has been suppressed in real alarm. And only because not everything can be suppressed, because Karma is working against this suppression, have such works remained as those of Philostratus. Therefore you can understand when now you bring the present into connection with the past that certain churchman are made terribly uneasy by the growing tendency to foster the connection between what makes roan a cosmic being, this man himself, and his task.
It is important that we do not merely pursue half-asleep what should be the will of the Anthroposophical Movement. We must pursue it as indeed is necessary with our consciousness full of life and force.
With this I have indicated what is to be continued and enlarged upon tomorrow.
Fünfter Vortrag
Auf den dreigeteilten Menschen habe ich gestern schematisch hingewiesen. Es ist ja durchaus so, daß aus unserem gegenwärtigen Geistesleben heraus wenig Empfindungen vorhanden sind für das Verständnis des Wesens des Menschen, so wie es erfaßt werden muß vom geisteswissenschaftlichen Standpunkte. Allein, wir müssen uns doch bemühen, an dieses Menschenwesen heranzukommen. Die wichtigsten Vorstellungen, die man auch über das Gesamtleben des Menschen gewinnen muß, über die Entwickelung des Menschen zwischen dem Tode und einer neuen Geburt, auch sie sind nur zu beherrschen, wenn man ausgeht von einem solchen Verständnisse, das an diesen dreigeteilten Menschen anknüpft. Betrachten wir für heute einmal im einzelnen diesen dreigeteilten Menschen.
Es wurde ja gestern schon darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß wir da zunächst auf das Haupt des Menschen hinweisen können. In einem gewissen Sinne ist dieses Haupt des Menschen wirklich eine Art selbständige Formwesenheit. Sie können sich ja selber hinstellen vor ein Menschenskelett, und Sie können leicht das Haupt abheben. Wie eine Kugel können Sie es abheben. In Wirklichkeit ist allerdings die Trennung zwischen den drei Gliedern der menschlichen Natur nicht so einfach, daß man sagen könnte: Dasjenige, was man da vom übrigen Skelett so bequem abhebt wie eine Kugel, das ist dieser Hauptesteil. -— So streng sind die Dinge nicht geschieden. Aber man muß sich ja allmählich herausarbeiten aus dem bloßen Schematismus, auch aus dem, den einem die Natur selbst nahelegt, zu einer lebendigen Empfindung. Und ich mußte ja gestern schon, wie Sie gesehen haben, nicht etwa drei nebeneinanderliegende Kreise aufzeichnen, sondern einen Kreis für das Haupt, einen zweiten Kreis, der dieses Haupt übergriff, und einen dritten Kreis, der wiederum beide übergriff. So daß, wenn man schematisch den dreigeteilten Menschen zeichnen würde nach seiner physischen Wesenheit, man eben ihn so zu zeichnen haben würde, daß man sagt: Der Hauptesteil (siehe Zeichnung roter Kreis A), der Rumpfteil (oval, gelb), und dann der Gliedmaßenteil (orange) -, eigentlich drei Kugeln, wenn auch diese Kugeln in die Länge gezogen werden müssen. Mit dem Hauptesteil, also mit dem, was hier als roter Kreis A bezeichnet worden ist, mit diesem Hauptesteil steht das Geistige, das, wie Sie gestern gesehen haben, eine junge Bildung ist, im Zusammenhange (hellschraffhierter kleiner Kreis, weiß). Dieses Geistige des Hauptes, das ist eine junge geistige Bildung, während das Haupt selbst eine alte physische Bildung, eine physische Formwesenheit ist. Bei dem Haupte ist daher vor allen Dingen richtig, was man sonst im allgemeinen für den Menschen anführt, was aber in dieser Allgemeinheit, wie man es anführt, nicht ganz richtig ist; für das Haupt ist es richtig. Was ich hier als Weißes, Geistiges bezeichnet habe in bezug auf das Haupt, das ist, wenn Sie schlafen, heraußen aus dem Haupte. Wenn Sie wachen, ist es mit dem Haupt vereinigt, ist zum größten Teile im physischen Haupte drinnen. Es kann sich also am leichtesten vom physischen Haupte trennen; es geht heraus und geht wiederum zurück, hinein.

Das ist schon durchaus nicht so für den mittleren Menschen, nennen wir ihn meinetwillen den Brustmenschen. Alles dasjenige, was vom Thorax, vom Brustkorbe eingeschlossen ist, von den Rippen und vom Rückgrat, das ist mit dem Geistigen verbunden, aber es ist nicht so ausgesprochen das Geistige heraußen, wenn Sie schlafen. Das Geistige steht schon auch während des Schlafens für diesen mittleren Menschen in einer starken Verbindung mit dem Physischen. Und für den dritten Menschen, für den Gliedmaßenmenschen, wozu auch der sexuelle Mensch gehört, da ist eigentlich praktisch eine Trennung zwischen Schlafen und Wachen in Wirklichkeit doch nicht vorhanden. Da kann man gar nicht sagen, daß wirklich das Geistig-Seelische im Schlafe sich trennt; die bleiben mehr oder weniger auch im Schlafe vereint. So daß man nach einem andern Schema den wachenden Menschen gut so zeichnen könnte, daß man sagte: Wenn das der physische Mensch ist, wachend (siehe Zeichnung a, dunkel schraffiert, rot), so würde dieses der geistige Mensch sein (hell schraffiert, weiß). Das würde der schlafende Mensch sein (siehe Zeichnung b, rot und weiß); es bliebe also dieses mehr oder weniger mit dem Leiblichen vereint, und nur das geht eigentlich heraus (siehe Zeichnung b). Das würde von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus die eigentliche Zeichnung sein für den Gegensatz des wachenden und schlafenden Menschen.

Nun werden Sie die wichtigen Dinge, die wir zu besprechen haben, nur dann verstehen, wenn Sie diese Gliederung des dreigeteilten Menschen, die wir eben besprochen haben, für sich durchkreuzen mit einer andern Gliederung des Menschen, die anknüpft an dasjenige, was ich die vorige Woche hier auseinandergesetzt habe.
Wenn wir so noch einmal das Haupt, den Rumpfmenschen, den Gliedmaßenmenschen durchsprechen, so können wir ja sagen: Im eigentlichsten Sinne Mensch ist nur der Rumpfmensch. Der ist daher auch derjenige, dem der lebendige Odem eingehaucht ist durch die Elohim. Er ist der atmende Mensch. Da ist die Teilung nicht so ganz bequem wie beim Skelett; der Atmungsvorgang durch Nase und Mund gehört schon zum Rumpfmenschen. Also, nicht wahr, es ist die Teilung in Wirklichkeit nicht so schematisch bequem zu machen, wie man es sich gern aufzeichnen möchte, aber das sind ja natürlich die Schwierigkeiten des Verständnisses für eine solche Sache.
Also der eigentliche Mensch, der Erdenmensch, ist der Rumpfmensch. Und der Kopfmensch, als physische Gestaltung, das ist eigentlich nicht etwas durch und durch Menschliches. Man kann nicht sagen, daß der Menschenkopf etwas durch und durch Menschliches ist. Der Menschenkopf hat eben sehr viel Ahrimanisches in sich. Er ist im wesentlichen so gegliedert, wie er gegliedert ist, aus dem Grunde, weil gewisse Bildungsprinzipien in ihm namentlich diejenigen sind, die noch von der alten Sonne, also von diesem zweiten Erdenstadium - Saturn, Sonne -, zurückgeblieben sind. Unser Haupt mit seiner ganzen komplizierten Bildung wäre nicht so, wie es ist, wenn es nicht seine erste Bildung bekommen hätte in diesen uralten Zeiten der alten Sonne. Und es sind also eigentlich alte, uralte Bildungsprinzipien, die heute hereinragen in die Erdensphäre, und die wir aus diesem Grunde als ahrimanische bezeichnen müssen. Zurückgebliebene Prinzipien müssen wir ja immer als luziferische oder ahrimanische, je nach den Gesichtspunkten, ansehen. Dasjenige, was den Menschen als Erdenmenschen ausmacht, wo die Prinzipien des Erdenwerdens hauptsächlich spielen, das ist der Brust-, der Rumpfmensch.
Der Gliedmaßenmensch ist auch nicht rein der Mensch, sondern der hat sehr viel Luziferisches in sich, und seine Bildungsprinzipien sind eigentlich noch nicht volle Bildungsprinzipien, sondern sie sind solche, welche ihre volle Ausgestaltung erst haben werden, wenn die Erde ins Venusstadium gekommen sein wird, wenn also das Jupiterstadium vorausgegangen und im Übergange sein wird in das Venusstadium. Dann werden die Bildungsprinzipien, die heute, ich möchte sagen, noch diesen Schatten von einem Wesen ausbilden, der der Extremitätenmensch ist, dieses dritte menschliche Wesen, in ihrer vollen Intensität, in ihrer richtigen Gestalt wirken: wenn die Venuszeit da sein wird. Also das nimmt der Mensch voraus, was in der Venuszeit erst da sein wird und bildet es heute unvollkommen, keimhaft, läßt es nicht über das Keimhafte hinauskommen.
So ist die Sache kosmisch betrachtet. Kosmisch betrachtet also sind wir in unserer Gestaltung so, daß wir in unserem Haupte gewissermaßen nach den Kräften die alte Sonnenzeit wiederholen, in unserer Brust das Erdenwerden tragen; indem wir Extremitätenmenschen sind, tragen wir die Keime zum Venuswerden in uns. Das ist kosmisch betrachtet.
Humanistisch betrachtet ist es etwas anderes. Da müssen wir auf die menschliche Individualität sehen, wie diese menschliche Individualität von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation schreitet. Da müssen wir sagen: Was wir heute in dieser Inkarnation als Haupt an uns tragen, das hat sich verwandt erwiesen unserer vorigen Inkarnation; dasjenige, was wir jetzt als Brustmenschen in uns tragen, das ist eigentlich rein verwandt unserer gegenwärtigen Inkarnation; und dasjenige, was wir als Extremitätenmensch in uns tragen, das wird ja Haupt in der nächsten Inkarnation, das ist verwandt schon mit der nächsten Inkarnation. Ich habe Ihnen in der vorigen Woche gesagt: Das Haupt hat etwas Verräterisches, insbesondere in seinem Negativ. Wenn Sie einen Abdruck nehmen würden von der Physiognomie des Hauptes und diese Physiognomie anschauen würden, so würden Sie in dieser negativen Physiognomie Ihres Hauptes viel von dem erkennen, was Sie in einer vorigen Inkarnation angestellt haben.
Umgekehrt ist es mit dem Extremitätenmenschen. Da können Sie aber nicht einen Abdruck nehmen, sondern da müssen Sie anders vorgehen. Denken Sie sich vom Menschen das Haupt und den Rumpfmenschen weg, aber denken Sie sich alles das, was nun Ihre Hände und Beine tun, machen Sie sich ein Bild von dem, was Ihre Hände und Beine tun. Sie müssen sich da eine Art Landkarte machen. Nicht wahr, jedesmal, wenn Sie mit Ihren Händen das oder jenes tun, geschieht es ja an einem andern Orte. Sie gehen ja außerdem herum, Sie kommen in Beziehung zu andern Wesen. Wenn Sie das alles malen würden, was Ihre Hände und Beine tun, und ein Bild im Laufe Ihres Lebens entwerfen würden — es würde ein sehr bewegtes Bild werden - von dem, was Ihre Hände und Füße, Arme und Beine tun, dann würden Sie in dieser Zeichnung eine komplizierte Landkarte erblicken; aus der würden Sie viel von dem verraten bekommen, was Ihnen karmisch aufbewahrt ist für Ihre nächste Inkarnation. Darinnen würden Sie viel ablesen können von dem Karma der nächsten Inkarnation. Es ist durchaus bedeutsam: So wie der Negativabdruck der Physiognomie in seiner Ruhe, in seiner festen, konturierten Zeichnung verräterisch ist für das, was in der vorigen Inkarnation schon geschehen ist, so würde dasjenige, was man abpunktieren könnte von dem, wie sich Arme, Hände, Beine, Füße verhalten, außerordentlich instruktiv sein für das, was der Mensch in der nächsten Inkarnation ausführen wird. Namentlich ist es auch instruktiv für das, was der Mensch in der nächsten Inkarnation ausführt, wohin er geht, wohin ihn seine Beine tragen. Wenn Sie alle die Orte, wenn Sie einfach den Weg verfolgen würden, wohin Sie Ihre Beine tragen, so würde da eine Landkarte daraus werden. Sie würden merkwürdige Figuren bekonimen. Nicht ganz ohne Einfluß sind die Neigungen der Menschen auf diese Figuren. Es spricht sich viel von den geheimen Neigungen in diesen Figuren aus. Die sind sehr verräterisch, diese Spuren, die da bleiben, für dasjenige, was die nächste Inkarnation dem Menschen bringt. Also das wäre humanistisch betrachtet. Das andere war kosmisch betrachtet.
Diese Gliederung des Menschen, die, ich möchte sagen, abzielt auf die Gegenwart, bedeutet aber wiederum eine Verbindung mit den Geheimnissen der alten Mysterien, in denen man mehr atavistisch die Sache gewußt hat, aber in denen man solche Geheimnisse, wie sie jetzt eben angeführt worden sind, schon gekannt hat. Es gibt eine schöne Sage, anknüpfend an den König Salomo, über die Bestimmtheit, mit welcher der Mensch seine Füße dorthin setzt, wo er seinen Tod finden soll. Gleichsam ist der Sinn dieser Sage, daß ein bestimmter Ort auf der Erde ist, wo der Mensch seinen Tod finden soll — Sie werden einen Zweigvortrag finden, wo ich gerade über diese SalomoSage vorgetragen habe -, dahin setzt der Mensch dann seine Füße. Das hängt zusammen mit dem alten Mysterienwissen von diesen Dingen.
Nun, der Mensch hat ja eigentlich, wenn er so im allgemeinen lebt, nur sein gewöhnliches Bewußtsein; aber er ist, wie Sie sehen, ein recht kompliziertes Wesen, der Mensch. Wenn er wachend ist, wenn er sein jüngstes geistiges Glied, das Haupt, in seinem physischen Haupte drinnen hat, dann weiß er ja nichts von seinem Haupte. Sie werden mit Recht sagen: Gott sei Dank, daß man nichts vom Haupte weiß; denn weiß man vom Haupte, so ist es nur der Kopfschmerz. - Auf eine andere Weise wird sich der Mensch seines Hauptes nicht bewußt, als wenn er Kopfschmerz kriegt; dann weiß er, daß er ein Haupt hat. Sonst bleibt das unbewußt, im eminentesten Sinne unbewußt, viel unbewußter, als ein übriges Glied des menschlichen physischen Leibes. Der Mensch darf ganz froh sein, wenn er im normalen Bewußtsein von seinem Haupte nichts weiß. Aber unter diesem Bewußtsein des Hauptes, das gewöhnlich eigentlich nur von der Außenwelt Kenntnis nimmt, das nur darauf ausgeht, zu wissen von dem, was in der Umgebung ist, unter diesem Wissen ruht ein anderes, eine Art Traumbewußtsein, ein Traumeswissen. Ihr Haupt träumt fortwährend. Und während Sie von der Außenwelt wissen in der Art, wie Ihnen das wohl bekannt ist, träumen Sie eigentlich unter der Schwelle des Bewußtseins, im Unterbewußtsein, fortwährend. Und was Sie da träumen, dieses Träumen im Haupte, wenn Sie es voll auffassen könnten, wenn Sie es ganz in das Bewußtsein hereinbringen könnten, so würde Ihnen das ein Bild geben, ein richtiges, zusammenfassendes Bild Ihrer vorigen Inkarnation. Denn Ihre vorige Inkarnation träumen Sie unterbewußt in Ihrem Haupte. Das ist schon so. Es ist immer ein leises Bewußtsein vorhanden, das nur übertäubt ist von dem stärkeren Lichte des gewöhnlichen Bewußtseins, ein träumendes Bewußtsein von der vorigen Inkarnation.
Mit dem Jahre 747 vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha ist das äußere Bewußtsein so stark geworden, daß nach und nach dieses Unterbewußtsein der vorigen Inkarnation völlig ausgelöscht worden ist. Aber vor diesem Jahre 747 hat man vielgewußt von diesem Traumesbewußtsein des Hauptes. Daher finden Sie auch überall auf dem Grunde der alten Kulturen die wiederholten Erdenleben als eine Tatsache angeführt. Das rührt einfach davon her, daß dazumal dieses Unterbewußtsein des Hauptes noch nicht so völlig in den Hintergrund getreten war wie jetzt, wie das geschehen ist durch den vierten, namentlich durch den fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum.
Von dem, was seelisch-geistig mit dem Brustkorb und dem Rumpf des Menschen zusammenhängt, wissen Sie ja auch im gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein sehr wenig. Das ist schon an sich ein Traumhaftes. Es schlägt nur manchmal, und dann sehr chaotisch, unregelmäßig, dieses Rumpf- und Brustkorbbewußtsein in das Bewußtsein des Menschen im 'Traume herauf. Wenn der Mensch regelmäßig atmen kann, wenn sein Herzschlag regelmäßig ist, also wenn alle seine Funktionen des Brustkorbes und Rumpfes regelmäßig sind, so verläuft das Bewußtsein des Rumpfes nicht so hell wie das Kopfbewußtsein, sondern es verläuft auch im gewöhnlichen Leben traumhaft. Man träumt im Gefühle — ich habe das im vorigen Jahre hier ausgeführt - von diesem mittleren Menschen. Aber dieses, was da im Gefühle liegt, was der Mensch nur im Gefühle erlebt, wenn es heraufgeholt wird durch ein mehr hellseherisch werdendes Bewußtsein, wenn mit andern Worten der Mensch das, was in seinem Brustkorb sich abspielt, ebenso bewußt zu überschauen lernt, wie er sonst im wachen Zustande nur das überschaut, was in seinem Hauptesbewußtsein ist, ja, dann teilt sich dieses Rumpf- und Brustkorbbewußtsein deutlich in zwei Teile. Der eine Teil träumt zurück in die ganze Zeit zwischen dem vorigen Tod und der jetzigen Geburt oder Empfängnis. Also während Sie traumhaft, in sehr tiefen Träumen in Ihrem Hauptesbewußtsein unterbewußt haben dasjenige, was in der vorigen Inkarnation war, haben Sie das, was seit der vorigen Inkarnation bis zu der jetzigen Geburt in der Zwischenzeit verflossen ist, in den Träumen des Brustkorbes. Und in den Träumen, die mehr nach den unteren Partien des Brustkorbes gelegen sind, haben Sie ein starkes Bewußtsein von dem, was zwischen Ihrem kommenden Tode und dem nächsten Erdenleben ist. Also das Bewußtsein, das im Brustkorb konzentriert ist, das aber mehr oder weniger unterbewußt bleibt für den gegenwärtigen Menschen, das ist eigentlich ein traumhaftes Bewußtsein sowohl für die Zeit vor dieser Geburt wie für die Zeit nach diesem Tode. Was zwischen unserem letzten Erdentode und unserer nächsten Erdenempfängnis liegt, mit Ausnahme desjenigen oder auch mit Einschluß desjenigen, was wir jetzt erleben zwischen Geburt und Tod, das enträtselt sich für dieses Unterbewußtsein des mittleren Menschen.
Und in demjenigen, was recht sehr stark durch das ganze Leben hindurch unterbewußt bleibt, was nur heraufgezogen werden kann, wenn der Mensch imstande ist, es durch immerwährendes Sich-Beschäftigen mit geisteswissenschaftlichen Studien und Übungen heraufzuziehen, so daß gewisse Momente des Schlaflebens, die sonst eben schlafend, unbewußt vor sich gehen, heraufgehoben werden und der Mensch mitten aus dem Schlaf heraus bewußt wird, da kann sich das Tableau von der nächsten Erdeninkarnation aus diesem dritten Menschen, aus dem Unterbewußtsein des Extremitätenmenschen heraus entwickeln. Dasjenige, was der Mensch als sein gewöhnliches, heute wachendes Bewußtsein hat, ist eigentlich eine Art Seitentrieb des Menschen; das strahlt in das Haupt herein von außen. Aber hinter diesem Bewußtsein liegt ein anderes Bewußtsein, das sich verbreitet über die vorige Inkarnation, über das Leben von der vorigen Inkarnation bis zu dieser, über das Leben von dieser Inkarnation bis zur nächsten, und dann wiederum über die nächste Inkarnation. Nur verschläft der Mensch dieses Bewußtsein.
Es ist das Bewußtsein der vorigen Inkarnation im Haupte. In allden Organen, die vorzugsweise dem Ausatmen dienen, wirkt ein starkes Bewußtsein für das Leben zwischen der vorigen Inkarnation und dieser. In all den Funktionen, die vorzugsweise dem Einatmen dienen, wirkt ein Bewußtsein von der jetzigen Inkarnation bis zur nächsten Erdeninkarnation. Und in dem Gliedmaßenmenschen, in all den geheimnisvollen Vorgängen des Gliedmaßenmenschen wirkt ein sehr, sehr unterbewußt bleibendes Bewußtsein der nächsten menschlichen Inkarnation.
Diese Bewußtseine sind mehr oder weniger verdeckt worden seit dem Beginn der vierten nachatlantischen Zeit, seit 747 vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha. Und der Beruf unserer Zeit ist wiederum, aus dem allgemeinen chaotischen Menschenbewußtsein heraus die bestimmten Bewußtseine von diesen konkreten Vorgängen der kosmischen und der Menschheitsevolution herauszuholen.
Mit alldem, was ich jetzt entwickelt habe, muß sich eine andere Einsicht in die Menschenwesenheit, ich möchte sagen, kreuzen. Ja, es ist schon notwendig, daß wir uns in so schwierige Erörterungen einlassen, wir kommen sonst nicht zum genaueren Verständnisse. Ich hätte ja so gerne, wenn für diese schwierigen Erörterungen nicht nur ein gewisses Über-sich-ergehen-Lassen waltete, sondern wenn gerade für diese schwierigen Dinge — weil das der gegenwärtigen Menschheit so notwendig wäre — ein bißchen Enthusiasmus, ein bißchen temperamentvolles Eingehen aufzubringen wäre, was ja in einer Gesellschaft der heutigen Zeit so unendlich schwierig ist.

Sehen Sie, Sie richten Ihre Sinne nach außen. Da finden Sie durch Ihre Sinne die Außenwelt als eine sinnenfällige ausgebreitet. Ich zeichne das schematisch, was da nach außen als sinnenfällig ausgebreitet um uns herum liegt. Bitte, es soll das, was da außen herum liegt, dieses (siehe Zeichnung, blau) sein. Wenn Sie Ihre Augen, Ihre Ohren, wenn Sie Ihren Geruchssinn, was Sie wollen, auf die Außenwelt richten, so wendet sich Ihnen gewissermaßen entgegen, es wendet sich diesen Sinnen entgegen dasjenige, was die Innenseite dieses Außen ist also bitte: die Innenseite dieses Außen (links). Nehmen Sie an, Sie wenden Ihre Sinne dem zu, was ich da gezeichnet habe (siehe Zeichnung, Pfeile), so sind diese Sinne auf diese Außenwelt gerichtet und Sie sehen das, was sich innen hier hineinneigt. Nun folgt die schwierige Vorstellung, auf die ich aber schon kommen muß. Alles das, was Sie da anschauen, zeigt sich Ihnen von innen. Denken Sie sich, daß das auch eine Außenseite haben muß. Nun, ich will es schematisch dadurch vor Ihre Seele rufen, daß ich sage: Wenn Sie so hinausschauen, sehen Sie als Grenze Ihres Schauens das Firmament: das hier ist ja fast so, nur daß ich es klein gezeichnet habe. Aber jetzt denken Sie sich, Sie könnten flugs da hinausfliegen und könnten da durchfliegen und von der andern Seite gucken, Ihre sinnenfälligen Eindrücke von der andern Seite angucken. Also Sie könnten so hinschauen (siehe Zeichnung, Pfeile oben). Bitte, das sehen Sie natürlich nicht; aber könnten Sie so hinschauen, so würde das der andere Aspekt sein. Sie würden aus sich heraus müssen und würden von der andern Seite Ihre ganze sinnenfällige Welt anschauen müssen. Sie würden also das, was sich Ihnen als Farbe zuwendet, von der Rückseite betrachten, das, was sich Ihnen als Ton zuwendet, von der Rückseite betrachten und so weiter; was sich Ihnen als Geruch zuwendet, würden Sie von der Rückseite betrachten, Sie würden von der Rückseite den Geruch in die Nase fassen. Also von der andern Seite denken Sie sich die Weltbetrachtung: wie einen Teppich ausgebreitet die sinnenfälligen Dinge, und nun den Teppich von der andern Seite einmal angesehen. Ein kleines Stück sehen Sie nur, ein sehr, sehr kleines Stück von dieser Rückseite. Dieses sehr kleine Stück, das kann ich hier nur dadurch zur Darstellung bringen, daß ich die Sache so mache: Denken Sie sich jetzt, ich zeichne das, was Sie da von der andern Seite sehen würden, rot ein; so daß ich sagen kann, schematisch sieht man das Sinnenfällige so: Wie man es gewöhnlich sieht, so sieht es blau aus; sieht man es von der andern Seite, so sieht es rot aus, aber das sieht man natürlich nicht. In diesem, was man da rot sehen würde, steckt erstens alles das drin, was erlebt werden kann zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, zweitens alles das, was beschrieben ist in der «Geheimwissenschaft im Umriß» als Saturn-, Sonnen-, Monden-, Erdenentwickelung und so weiter. Dasjenige liegt da aufgespeichert, was eben verborgen ist für die sinnenfällige Anschauung. Das ist da auf der andern Seite der Kugel. Aber ein kleines Stück sehen Sie davon; das kann ich nur so zeichnen, daß ich jetzt sage: Nehmen Sie dieses kleine Stück von dem Roten, das ginge da herüber (siehe Zeichnung, unten) und durchkreuzt sich mit dem Blauen, so daß das Blaue, statt daß es jetzt vorne ist, dahinter ist. Ich müßte eigentlich hier vierdimensional zeichnen, wenn ich es wirklich zeichnen würde, ich kann es daher nur ganz schematisch zeichnen. Also da (links) sind die Sinne jetzt hier dem Blauen zugewendet; da sind sie nicht zugewendet dem Blauen, sondern dem Roten, das Sie sonst nicht sehen. Aber hinter dem Rot hat sich jetzt gekreuzt das, was sonst gesehen wird, und das ist jetzt darunter. Und dieses kleine Stück, das da sich kreuzt mit dem andern, das sehen Sie fortwährend im gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein. Das sind nämlich Ihre aufgespeicherten Erinnerungen. Alles, was als Erinnerung entsteht, entsteht nicht nach Gesetzen dieser äußeren Wahrnehmungswelt, sondern es entsteht nach den Gesetzen, die dieser hinteren Welt da entsprechen. Dieses Innere, das Sie als Ihre Erinnerungen haben, das entspricht wirklich dem, was da auf der andern Seite ist (rechts). Indem Sie in sich hineinblicken, in alles das, was Ihre Erinnerungen sind, sehen Sie tatsächlich die Welt auf einem Stück von der andern Seite; da ragt das andere ein wenig herein, da sehen Sie die Welt von der andern Seite. Und wenn Sie jetzt durch Ihre Erinnerungen, wie sie so aufgeschrieben sind, durchschlüpfen könnten - ich habe vor acht Tagen davon gesprochen --, wenn Sie da hinunter könnten, unter Ihre Erinnerungen sehen und sie von der andern Seite anschauen könnten, von da drüben (siehe Zeichnung, links), da würden Sie die Erinnerungen als Ihre Aura sehen. Da würden Sie den Menschen sehen als ein geistig-seelisches aurisches Wesen, wie Sie sonst die äußere Welt sinnenfällig in den Wahrnehmungen sehen. Nur wäre es ebensowenig angenehm — wie ich das vor acht Tagen hier charakterisiert habe -, weil da der Mensch noch nicht schön ist von dieser andern Seite.
Also das ist das Interessante, was man kreuzen muß mit dem andern Verständnis des dreigliedrigen Menschen. Diese Kreuzung hier, die liegt nun im mittleren Menschen, im Brustmenschen. Sie erinnern sich an die Zeichnung, die ich vor acht Tagen gemacht habe, wo ich ja die in sich gewundenen Lemniskaten mit den zurückgeschlagenen Schleifen hatte: die müßte ich hier zeichnen. Hier müßte ich diesen Brustmenschen zeichnen mit den zurückgeschlagenen Lemniskaten (siehe Zeichnung Seite 85, links unten): das würde zusammenfallen mit der Erinnerungssphäre. So daß dieser dreigliedrige Mensch hier in seinem mittleren Teil diese Umwendung des Menschen hat, wo das Innere äußerlich und das Äußere innerlich wird, wo Sie ein Tableau, das Sie sonst als Welttableau, als die große Welterinnerung schen würden, nun als Ihre eigene kleine mikrokosmische Erinnerung sehen. Sie sehen in Ihrem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein dasjenige, was sich zugetragen hat von Ihrem dritten Jahre an bis jetzt: das ist eine innere Aufzeichnung, ein kleines Stück für das, was gleichartig mit dem ist, was sonst Aufzeichnung für die ganze Weltenevolution ist, was auf der andern Seite liegt.
Nicht ohne Grund habe ich seinerzeit, wie den meisten von Ihnen wohl bekannt sein wird, davon gesprochen - und ich habe es ja wiederum ausgeführt in meinem letzten Buche «Von Seelenrätselm am Schluß in der Anmerkung -, nicht ohne Grund habe ich davon gesprochen, daß der Mensch eigentlich zwölf Sinne hat. Diese Sinne müssen wir uns so denken, daß eine Anzahl von diesen zwölf Sinnen nach dem Sinnenfälligen zugewendet sind, eine andere Anzahl von diesen zwölf Sinnen sind aber nach rückwärts gerichtet. Sie sind auch da unten (siehe Zeichnung Seite 85) nach dem gerichtet, was schon das Gewendete ist. Und zwar sind nach dem äußeren Sinnenfälligen gerichtet: Ichsinn, Denksinn, Sprachsinn, Hörsinn, Sehsinn, Geschmackssinn, Geruchssinn. Diese Sinne sind gerichtet nach dem Sinnenfälligen. Die andern Sinne kommen ja eigentlich dem Menschen deshalb nicht zum Bewußtsein, weil sie zunächst nach seinem eigenen Inneren und dann nach dem Umgekehrten der Welt gerichtet sind. Das sind vorzugsweise: Wärmesinn, Lebenssinn, Gleichgewichtssinn, Bewegungssinn, Tastsinn. So daß wir sagen können: Für das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein liegen sieben Sinne im Hellen (oben) und fünf Sinne im Dunkeln (unten). Und diese fünf Sinne, die im Dunkeln liegen, die sind der andern Seite der Welt zugewendet, auch im Menschen der andern Seite (siehe Zeichnung Seite 85).
Sie können daher einen vollständigen Parallelismus haben zwischen den Sinnen und zwischen etwas anderem, wovon wir gleich sprechen werden (siehe Zeichnung, Kreis). Also nehmen wir an, wir hätten als Sinne zu verzeichnen den Hörsinn, den Sprachsinn, den Denksinn, den Ichsinn, den Wärmesinn, den Lebenssinn, den Gleichgewichtssinn, den Bewegungssinn, den Tastsinn, den Geruchssinn, den Geschmackssinn, den Sehsinn, so haben Sie im wesentlichen alles dasjenige, was vom Ichsinn geht bis zum Geruchssinn, im Hellen liegend, in dem, was dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein zugänglich ist (siehe Zeichnung, schraffiert). Und alles dasjenige, was abgewendet ist vom gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein, so wie die Nacht vom Tag abgekehtt ist, das gehört den andern Sinnen an.
Es ist natürlich die Grenze auch wiederum nur schematisiert; es fällt etwas ineinander; es sind die Wirklichkeiten nicht so bequem. Aber diese Gliederung des Menschen nach den Sinnen ist so, daß Sie schon im Schema an die Stelle der Sinne nur zu zeichnen brauchen die Himmelszeichen, so haben Sie: Widder, Stier, Zwillinge, Krebs, Löwe, Jungfrau, Waage — sieben Himmelszeichen für die helle Seite; fünf für die dunkle Seite: Skorpion, Schütze, Steinbock, Wassermann, Fische: Tag, Nacht; Nacht, Tag. Und Sie haben einen vollständigen Parallelismus zwischen dem mikrokosmischen Menschen — dem, was zugewendet ist seinen Sinnen, und dem, was abgewendet ist, aber eigentlich zugewendet ist seinen unteren Sinnen - und zwischen dem, was im äußeren Kosmos den Wechsel bedeutet von Tag und Nacht. Es geht gewissermaßen im Menschen dasselbe vor, was im Weltengebäude vorgeht. Im Weltengebäude wechseln Tag und Nacht, im Menschen wechselt auch Tag und Nacht, nämlich Wachen und Schlafen, wenn sich auch beide voneinander emanzipiert haben für den gegenwärtigen Bewußtseinszyklus des Menschen. Während des Tages ist der Mensch zugewendet den Tagessinnen; wir können ebensogut sagen: Widder, Stier, Zwillinge, Krebs, Löwe, Jungfrau, Waage, wie wir sagen könnten: Ichsinn, Denksinn, Sprachsinn und so weiter. Sie können jedes Ich eines andern Menschen sehen, Sie können die Gedanken des andern Menschen verstehen, Sie können hören, sehen, schmecken, riechen: das sind die Tagessinne. In der Nacht ist der Mensch so, wie sonst die Erde nach der andern Seite gewendet ist, den andern Sinnen zugewendet, nur sind diese noch nicht vollentwickelt. Sie werden erst nach der Venuszeit so voll entwickelt sein, daß sie wahrnehmen können, was da nach der andern Seite ist. Sie sind noch nicht so voll entwickelt, daß sie das wahrnehmen können, was da nach der andern Seite ist. Sie sind in Nacht gehüllt, wie beim Durchgang durch die andern Himmelsregionen, durch die andern Bilder des Tierkreises, die Erde in der Nacht ist. Das Durchschreiten des Menschen durch seine Sinne ist ganz zu parallelisieren mit dem Gang - ob Sie nun sagen der Sonne um die Erde oder der Erde um die Sonne, das ist ja schließlich für diesen Zweck gleichgültig; aber diese Dinge hängen zusammen. Und diese Zusammenhänge kannten die Weisen der alten Mysterien sehr gut.

Das verschwand für das Bewußtsein eben allmählich in der vierten nachatlantischen Zeit, aber es muß wieder heraufgeholt werden, muß auch gegen die Widerstände, die sich dagegen erheben, wiederum heraufgeholt werden für die Menschheitskultur. Denn in den Begriffen, die man sich da aneignet, liegt dasjenige, was einem auch verständlich erscheinen läßt, was nun im sozialen, im geschichtlichen Leben vor sich geht. Solange Sie Naturleben und geistiges Leben in der Art trennen, wie das die moderne Menschheit heute liebt, so lange kommen Sie nicht zu solchen Begriffen, die im geschichtlichen Werden eine Rolle spielen könnten, sondern Sie werden überwältigt von den Begriffen, die im geschichtlichen Leben eine Rolle spielen. Überwältigt werden Sie. Dafür gibt es ja viele Beispiele.
Nicht wahr, die Menschen haben seit, nun, sagen wir zweihundert Jahren, wie sie glauben, furchtbar viel gedacht. Man kann zusammenstellen, was die Menschen seit zweihundert Jahren gedacht haben, was sie an Idealen ausgebildet haben, wovon sie als den großen Idealen gesprochen haben und immer wieder sprechen: von dem Ideal der Aufklärungszeit bis jetzt zu dem Ideal des großen Cäsar-Ersatzes Woodrow Wilson. All dasjenige, was da über die verschiedenen Ideale gesprochen worden ist, das haben die Menschen durch die Jahrhunderte, durch zwei Jahrhunderte hindurch gedacht; das bildete die Gedanken der Menschen. Aber die Weltgeschichte ist wenig bewegt worden von diesen Gedanken. Die Weltgeschichte ist von etwas ganz anderem bewegt worden: von jenen Gedanken, die in den Dingen gewirkt und gewebt haben. Und niemals waren eigentlich die Gedanken, die in den Menschenköpfen wimmeln, weiter entfernt von den großen kosmischen Gedanken, die in den Dingen leben, als in unserer Zeit. Dasjenige, was seit, man kann sagen, hundertfünfzig Jahren die Menschen dazu getrieben hat, eine gewisse Gestaltung der Welt zu bewirken, das sind nicht die Gedanken von Freiheit, Gleichheit, Brüderlichkeit, Gerechtigkeit und so weiter, sondern das sind die Gedanken, welche verwoben waren zum Beispiel mit dem Aufkommen des mechanischen Webstuhls. Daß der mechanische Webstuhl hereingekommen ist in die moderne Entwickelung in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts, daß sich diese bedeutsame Erfindung des mechanischen Webstuhls an die Stelle der alten Handweberei hineingefunden hat in die Menschheitsentwickelung, und daß von diesem mechanischen Webstuhl die ganze Maschinenkultur der neueren Zeit ausgegangen ist, darinnen weben die objektiven Gedanken, die wirklichen Gedanken, welche der Welt die Gestaltung gegeben haben, die sie bis heute hat, und aus der das gegenwärtige katastrophale Chaos entstanden ist. Man muß nicht, wenn man eine Geschichte schreiben will des gegenwärtigen katastrophalen Chaos, an die Gedanken, die in dem Menschenbewußtsein gewirnmelt haben, sich wenden, sondern an diese objektiven Gedanken von der Begründung, von der Erfindung des mechanischen Webstuhls bis zu dem Werden der Großindustrie und ihres Schattens, des Sozialismus. Denn wenn das auch scheinbare Gegensätze sind, Großindustrie und Sozialismus, so sind sie polarische Gegensätze, die zueinander gehören, sie sind nicht voneinander zu trennen. Bei diesen objektiven Gedanken muß man anfragen und das geschichtliche Werden betrachten.
Da findet man dann, daß die Menschen sich vielen Illusionen hingegeben haben in der Zeit des 18. Jahrhunderts, das 19. Jahrhundert hindurch, und namentlich in dem Teil des 20. Jahrhunderts, in dem wir jetzt leben. Sie haben sich vielen Illusionen hingegeben in ihren Gedanken; aber überwältigt sind sie worden von den objektiven, historisch-kosmischen Gedanken. Die weben in den Dingen. Und ein Interesse für diese objektiv webenden Gedanken, wenn auch ein furchtbar einseitiges Interesse, haben eigentlich doch nur diejenigen Menschen allmählich entwickelt, welche den Sozialismus als Weltanschauung ausgebildet haben. Und das ist etwas ungeheuer Charakteristisches. Wenn Sie das 19. Jahrhundert verfolgen: das Bourgeoistum verliert immer mehr und mehr das Interesse für große Weltanschauungsfragen. Große Weltanschauungsfragen werden sogar dem Bourgeoistum höchst unangenehm, sie werden womöglich in die Ästhetik hinein abgeschoben. Ob es geistige Wesen gibt oder nicht, darüber mag man, wenn man ein richtiger Durchschnittsbourgeois ist, von der Bühne herunter allerlei vernehmen, wo man nicht daran zu glauben braucht, wo es nicht darauf ankommt, ob die Dinge Wahrheiten sind oder nicht: da läßt man sich von Björnson und ähnlichen Leuten das Mannigfaltigste vormachen. So in das Ästhetische hinein, in das Spielen mit allerlei sogenannten Künstlerischem, dahin wird das Weltanschauungsgemäße für das Bourgeoistum in der neueren Zeit abgeschoben. Wirklich für Weltanschauungsfragen die Köpfe gegenseitig zerschlagen — womit ich das nicht als ein Ideal betrachten will im physischen Sinne, aber im geistigen Sinne ist es in gewissem Sinne ein Ideal: Sie wissen, ich habe mit einem sehr starken Aplomb darauf hingewiesen, daß ich gerne Temperament haben würde auch beim Vertteten anthroposophischer Wahrheiten -, die Köpfe eingeschlagen hat man sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten auf sozialistischem Gebiete. Und darum haben sich die andern nicht gekümmert. Sie haben, möchte ich sagen, diejenigen Leute allein gelassen, welche die Welt eigentlich von einem sehr engen Aspekt aus gesehen haben, welche die Welt nur gesehen haben von dem Aspekt der Fabrik aus, von dem Inneren der Fabrik aus, von dem Inneren der Buchdruckerwerkstätte und so weiter. Und es ist ja im höchsten Maße interessant, was für eine sogenannte Weltanschauung herausgekommen ist von dem Aspekte der Fabrik aus: denn das ist der Sozialismus! Das ist vom Aspekt des Inneren der Fabrik, das ist vom Aspekt der Menschen aus, die gar nichts anderes kennen als das Innere der Fabrik. Und für das, was da sich heranentwickelte, hat sich das Bourgeoistum, das sich mit allerlei abstrakten Ideen, aber auch im Abstrakten mit Ästhetisieren befaßt, so daß man nicht sehr sich die Köpfe zu zerschlagen brauchte, für das, was da unten sich entwickelt hat, hat sich das Bourgeoistum eigentlich wenig interessiert. Und so ist das Bourgeoistum kurioserweise in die Mitte hineingekommen zwischen der absterbenden, der ganz absterbenden alten Weltanschauung, die alles Geistige verloren hat, die alle großen Fragen überhaupt in den Ästhetizismus hinein abschieben möchte, und dem, was da neu heraufkommt, dem Sozialismus, der überhaupt noch keine Begriffe hat, der noch lediglich mit Worten allerlei Systeme bereitet, weil er die Welt überhaupt noch nicht sehen kann, sondern nur die Fabrik sehen kann, nur das alleräußerste Mechanische sehen kann. Denken Sie sich doch, was es eigentlich zu bedeuten hat, wenn der Mensch innerlich nichts weiß von Mineralreich, Pflanzenreich und Tierreich, sondern nur weiß von der Art und Weise, wie in der Maschine mechanisch sich dieser oder jener Zapfen auf und ab bewegt, das oder jenes zugefeilt und zugehobelt wird und dergleichen! Der Sozialismus ist eine Weltanschauung, die da fußt auf der Anschauung einer Welt, die rein mechanisch ist. Es ist für den Sozialisten das Stück der Welt herausgeschnitten, das mechanisch ist; danach formt er sich seine Begriffe.
Das hat man entstehen lassen, weil man das Prinzip hatte, sich eigentlich nur ästhetisch um die Dinge zu bekümmern. Als die 'Theosophische Gesellschaft zuerst begründet worden ist, hat man ja auch ihren Hauptgrundsatz gesehen in der Liebe aller Menschen untereinander. Wieviel ist darüber deklamiert worden! Nun, ich habe mich ja über diesen Punkt genügend ausgesprochen. Er ist ebenso bequem wie unfruchtbar. Aber er rührt auch davon her, daß man möglichst abschieben will dasjenige, was wirklich konkreten Inhalt hat, in das Inhaltlose hinein. Und so konnte man auch nicht ein eigentliches Interesse fassen für den wirklichen Hergang der Dinge. Einzelnen Menschen fiel das Absonderliche herkömmlicher, sagen wir Geschichtsbetrachtung auf. Nehmen wir einen Fall.
Nehmen Sie eine beliebte Darstellung der römischen Kaiserzeit; versuchen Sie in den Schulbüchern oder in den Büchern auch, die die großen autoritativen Historiker geschrieben haben, über die römische Kaiserzeit sich zu unterrichten. Ich glaube, Sie werden aus diesen Darstellungen außerordentlich wenig vernehmen über eine gewisse Persönlichkeit, die schon unter Nero eine bedeutende politische Rolle gespielt hat — so unter Nero kommen bereits die politischen Aspirationen durch -, dann ganz besonderes Aufsehen erregte und bedeutenden Einfluß auf die Politik Roms erlangte unter Vespasian und Tilus, so daß man sagen kann, daß diese Persönlichkeit die Seele der Regierung des Vespasianus und Titus war. Dann wendete sich diese Persönlichkeit der andern Seite zu unter der Regierung des Domitianus, den sie für einen Schädling des Römertums hielt. Sie wendete sich der andern Seite zu. Es wird ihr der Prozeß gemacht, ein sehr aufsehenerregender Prozeß in Rom, der sehr interessant verlaufen ist, in welchem Domitianus geradezu umgeschlagen hat vom Tyrannen zu einem, der sich gegenüber diesem Prozeß nicht zu helfen wußte, daher den Mann nicht verurteilen konnte. Dann wiederum, als an Stelle des Domitianus Nerva kam, sehen wir diese Persönlichkeit wieder energisch verbunden mit dem Kaiser, dem Cäsar. Da schen wir aber diese Persönlichkeit große Politik machen aus der gesamten Weltanschauung der damaligen Zeit heraus, und wir schen zu gleicher Zeit diese Persönlichkeit versuchen, wirklich weitgehende, aus dem Kosmos heruntergeholte Begriffe noch einmal, zum letzten Male während der römischen Kaiserzeit, den politischen Ereignissen einzuimpfen. Und kurioserweise finden Sie ja eine richtige Beschreibung dieser Persönlichkeit in gar keinem gebräuchlichen Geschichtsbuche, nicht einmal bei SzeZon und Tacitus, sondern nur bei Philostratus. Und Philostratus schildert auch nur so, daß man nicht wußte, schildert er einen Roman oder eine Wirklichkeit. Er schildert das Leben des Apollonius von Iyana. Denn Apollonius von Tyana ist der, von dem ich Ihnen gesagt habe, daß er von Nero an bis zu Nerva und namentlich unter Vespasian und Titus einen so großen Einfluß auf die Politik hatte, und den Philostratus beschrieb. Und der Tübinger Theologe Baur, der Historiker Baur war im höchsten Grade erstaunt, daß man so gar nichts findet über eine Persönlichkeit wie den Apollonius, der eine erste Rolle spielen müßte in der Geschichtsdarstellung. Natürlich sah Baur nicht ein, worauf es ankommt. Es kommt darauf an, daß in Apollonius eine Persönlichkeit dasteht in der Geschichte, die schon diesen großen Einfluß hatte, aber die aus dem überragenden Kosmischen die Prinzipien herunterholte. Das war dem ins Römische hineinmündenden Christentum im höchsten Grade fatal. Und nun bitte ich Sie zu berücksichtigen, daß alles dasjenige, was historisch da ist, von der Kirche Gnaden da ist. Es ist ja sonst nichts da, als was die Kirche aus Gnade den Menschen gelassen hat. Nicht mit Unrecht hat ein alter, gar nicht dummer Mensch behauptet, daß es überhaupt einen Plato, einen Sophokles gar nicht gegeben hatte, sondern daß Mönche vom 14. und 15. Jahrhundert des Sophokles’ Dramen geschrieben hatten; denn ein strikter Beweis dafür, daß Sophokles gelebt hat, ist nicht da. Wenn auch die Behauptung nicht haltbar ist, selbstverständlich Unsinn ist, aber wie unsicher alles dasjenige ist, was geschichtliche Fable convenue ist, wir haben es ja schon oft betont. Und wir müssen uns darüber klar sein. Wir müssen ja die Gegenwart mit der Vergangenheit in Zusammenhang bringen, denn wir nähern uns jetzt einer großen, bedeutungsvollen Frage.
Wir haben wiederum, vom modernen Standpunkte jetzt, hingewiesen auf den dreigeteilten Menschen, auf diesen Zusammenhang mit kosmischen Wahrheiten, auf die Notwendigkeit, daß das wieder enthüllt werde. Ja, worin bestand denn eigentlich die Haupttätigkeit der Kirche, namentlich seit dem achten ökumenischen Konzil in Konstantinopel, das 869 stattfand? Sie bestand darinnen, auszulöschen, auszutilgen vom menschlichen Bewußtsein dasjenige, was in jenen alten Zeiten auch das Christentum an Verständnis für den. Zusammenhang des Menschen mit dem Kosmos, mit der großen geistigen Welt hatte. Mit einer wahren Ängstlichkeit hat man alles dasjenige beseitigt, was diesen Zusammenhang verrät. Und nur, weil nicht alles beseitigt werden kann, weil das Karma dem schon entgegenwirkt, sind solche Werke wie das des Philostratus geblieben. Und daher können Sie es begreifen, wenn Sie jetzt die Vergangenheit mit der Gegenwart zusammenbringen, daß gewisse Menschen von kirchlicher Seite heillose Angst bekommen, wenn in der Gegenwart wiederum die Anknüpfung gepflogen werden soll zwischen dem, was den Menschen zu einem Wesen des Kosmos macht, und diesem Menschen selber und seiner Aufgabe.
Es geht eben nicht an, daß man nur schläfrig dasjenige verfolgt, was durch die anthroposophische Bewegung gewollt sein sollte. Man muß es in lebendigem, kraftvollem Bewußtsein verfolgen. Das ist schon notwendig. Damit habe ich hingewiesen auf dasjenige, was wir nun weiter ausführen wollen. Morgen werde ich den Vortrag hier halten, in dem ich diese Betrachtungen fortsetzen werde.
Fifth Lecture
Yesterday I outlined the threefold nature of the human being. It is certainly true that our present spiritual life provides us with little feeling for understanding the nature of the human being as it must be grasped from the standpoint of spiritual science. Nevertheless, we must strive to approach this human being. The most important ideas that we must gain about the whole of human life, about the development of the human being between death and a new birth, can only be grasped if we start from an understanding that ties in with this threefold human being. Let us consider this threefold human being in detail for today.
Yesterday, it was pointed out that we can first refer to the head of the human being. In a certain sense, the head of the human being is really a kind of independent form. You can stand in front of a human skeleton and easily remove the head. You can lift it off like a ball. In reality, however, the separation between the three members of human nature is not so simple that one could say: That which can be so easily removed from the rest of the skeleton like a ball is the head. Things are not so strictly divided. But we must gradually work our way out of mere schematism, even that suggested by nature itself, toward a living perception. And yesterday, as you saw, I did not have to draw three circles next to each other, but rather one circle for the head, a second circle that encompassed this head, and a third circle that encompassed both. So that if one were to draw schematically the three-part human being according to his physical essence, one would have to draw him in such a way that one says: the head part (see drawing, red circle A), the trunk part (oval, yellow), and then the limb part (orange) — actually three spheres, even if these spheres have to be elongated. The spiritual element, which, as you saw yesterday, is a young formation, is connected with the head, that is, with what has been designated here as the red circle A (lightly shaded small circle, white). This spiritual element of the head is a young spiritual formation, while the head itself is an old physical formation, a physical form-being. In the case of the head, therefore, what is generally said about human beings is correct, but in this generality, as it is stated, it is not entirely correct; it is correct for the head. What I have referred to here as white, spiritual, in relation to the head, is outside the head when you are asleep. When you are awake, it is united with the head and is for the most part inside the physical head. It can therefore most easily separate itself from the physical head; it goes out and then returns again, going back inside.

This is certainly not the case for the average human being, whom we will call, for the sake of argument, the chest human being. Everything that is enclosed by the thorax, the rib cage, the ribs, and the spine is connected to the spiritual, but it is not so distinctly spiritual when you are asleep. Even during sleep, the spiritual is still strongly connected to the physical for this middle human being. And for the third human being, the limb human, which also includes the sexual human, there is actually no practical separation between sleeping and waking. One cannot really say that the spiritual-soul aspect separates during sleep; it remains more or less united even during sleep. So that, according to another scheme, one could well draw the waking human being in such a way that one would say: If this is the physical human being, awake (see drawing a, darkly hatched, red), then this would be the spiritual human being (lightly hatched, white). That would be the sleeping human being (see drawing b, red and white); this would therefore remain more or less united with the physical body, and only that actually goes out (see drawing b). From a certain point of view, this would be the actual drawing for the contrast between the waking and sleeping human being.

Now you will only understand the important things we have to discuss if you cross this division of the threefold human being, which we have just discussed, with another division of the human being, which ties in with what I explained here last week.
If we go through the head, the trunk, and the limbs again, we can say that in the truest sense, only the trunk is human. It is therefore also the part into which the living breath was breathed by the Elohim. He is the breathing human being. The division is not as convenient as with the skeleton; the breathing process through the nose and mouth already belongs to the torso. So, you see, in reality the division cannot be made as conveniently schematic as one would like to draw it, but these are, of course, the difficulties of understanding such a thing.
So the actual human being, the earthly human being, is the torso human being. And the head human being, as a physical form, is not actually something thoroughly human. One cannot say that the human head is something thoroughly human. The human head has a great deal of Ahrimanic in it. It is essentially structured as it is because certain formative principles remain in it, namely those that date back to the old Sun, that is, to the second stage of the Earth's evolution — Saturn and Sun. Our head, with all its complex formation, would not be as it is if it had not received its initial formation in those ancient times of the old Sun. And so it is actually ancient, ancient principles of formation that today protrude into the Earth sphere, and which we must therefore describe as Ahrimanic. We must always regard principles that have remained behind as Luciferic or Ahrimanic, depending on our point of view. What constitutes the human being as an earthly human being, where the principles of becoming earthly play the main role, is the chest, the trunk of the human being.
The limb-human being is also not purely human, but has a great deal of Luciferic in him, and his formative principles are not yet fully developed, but will only reach their full development when the earth has reached the Venus stage, that is, when the Jupiter stage has preceded it and is in transition to the Venus stage. Then the principles of education, which today, I would say, still form the shadow of a being that is the extremity human being, this third human being, will work in their full intensity, in their correct form: when the Venus period arrives. So, human beings anticipate what will only be there in the Venus period and form it today in an imperfect, embryonic state, not allowing it to develop beyond the embryonic stage.
This is how things are from a cosmic point of view. From a cosmic point of view, we are so constituted that in our heads we repeat, as it were, the old Sun era according to the forces, while in our chests we carry the becoming of the Earth; as people of extremities, we carry within us the seeds of becoming Venus. That is how it is from a cosmic point of view.
From a humanistic point of view, it is something else. We must look at human individuality, how this human individuality progresses from incarnation to incarnation. We must say: what we carry in this incarnation as our head has proven to be related to our previous incarnation; what we now carry within us as chest beings is actually purely related to our present incarnation; and what we carry within us as extremity beings will become the head in the next incarnation, which is already related to the next incarnation. I told you last week that the head has something treacherous about it, especially in its negative aspect. If you were to take an impression of the physiognomy of the head and look at this physiognomy, you would recognize in the negative physiognomy of your head much of what you did in a previous incarnation.
It is the opposite with the extremity person. But you cannot take an impression of this; you have to proceed differently. Imagine the head and torso of a person, but think of everything that your hands and legs do, and form a picture of what your hands and legs do. You have to make a kind of map. Isn't it true that every time you do something with your hands, it happens in a different place? You also walk around and come into contact with other beings. If you were to paint everything your hands and legs do and create a picture of your life—it would be a very lively picture—of what your hands and feet, arms and legs do, then you would see a complicated map in this drawing; from it you would learn a lot about what is karmically stored for you in your next incarnation. In it, you would be able to read much about the karma of your next incarnation. It is quite significant: Just as the negative imprint of the physiognomy in its calm, fixed, contoured drawing is revealing of what has already happened in the previous incarnation, so what one could mark down from the behavior of the arms, hands, legs, and feet would be extremely instructive for what the person will do in the next incarnation. In particular, it is also instructive for what a person will do in their next incarnation, where they will go, where their legs will carry them. If you were to trace all the places where your legs carry you, you would end up with a map. You would discover strange figures. The inclinations of human beings are not entirely without influence on these figures. Much is said about the secret inclinations expressed in these figures. These traces that remain are very revealing of what the next incarnation will bring to the human being. That would be the humanistic view. The other was the cosmic view.
This division of the human being, which, I would say, is aimed at the present, but in turn signifies a connection with the secrets of the ancient mysteries, in which people knew things more atavistically, but in which they already knew such secrets as have just been mentioned. There is a beautiful legend, connected with King Solomon, about the certainty with which man sets his feet where he is to find his death. The meaning of this legend is that there is a specific place on earth where a person will meet their death — you will find a branch lecture where I have spoken about this legend of Solomon — and that is where a person will set their feet. This is connected with the ancient mystery knowledge of these things.
Now, when living in the ordinary way, human beings actually have only their ordinary consciousness; but, as you can see, human beings are quite complicated beings. When they are awake, when they have their youngest spiritual member, the head, inside their physical head, they know nothing about their head. You will rightly say: thank God we know nothing about the head, for if we did, it would only give us headaches. There is no other way for human beings to become aware of their head than when they have a headache; then they know they have a head. Otherwise it remains unconscious, in the most eminent sense unconscious, much more unconscious than any other member of the human physical body. Man may be quite happy if he knows nothing of his head in normal consciousness. But beneath this consciousness of the head, which usually only takes cognizance of the external world, which is only concerned with knowing what is in the environment, beneath this knowledge lies another, a kind of dream consciousness, a dream knowledge. Your head is constantly dreaming. And while you are aware of the external world in the way that is familiar to you, you are actually dreaming continuously below the threshold of consciousness, in your subconscious. And what you dream there, this dreaming in your head, if you could fully comprehend it, if you could bring it completely into your consciousness, it would give you a picture, a true, comprehensive picture of your previous incarnation. For you dream your previous incarnation subconsciously in your head. That is how it is. There is always a faint consciousness present, which is only drowned out by the stronger light of ordinary consciousness, a dreaming consciousness of the previous incarnation.
By the year 747 before the Mystery of Golgotha, the outer consciousness had become so strong that this subconsciousness of the previous incarnation was gradually completely erased. But before this year 747, people knew a great deal about this dream consciousness of the head. That is why you find repeated earthly lives cited as a fact everywhere in ancient cultures. This simply stems from the fact that at that time this subconsciousness of the head had not yet receded so completely into the background as it has now, as happened during the fourth, and especially the fifth, post-Atlantean epoch.
You know very little in your ordinary consciousness about what is spiritually connected with the chest and trunk of the human being. That is in itself something dreamlike. Only sometimes, and then very chaotically and irregularly, does this trunk and chest consciousness rise up into the consciousness of the human being in dreams. When a person can breathe regularly, when their heartbeat is regular, that is, when all the functions of their chest and torso are regular, the consciousness of the torso does not proceed as clearly as the consciousness of the head, but proceeds in a dreamlike manner even in ordinary life. One dreams in feelings — I explained this here last year — of this middle human being. But this, which lies in the feelings, which the human being experiences only in the feelings, when it is brought up by a more clairvoyant consciousness, when, in other words, the human being learns to survey what is going on in his chest just as consciously as he otherwise surveys only what is in his head consciousness in the waking state, then this trunk and chest consciousness clearly divides into two parts. One part dreams back into the entire time between the previous death and the present birth or conception. So while you are dreaming, in very deep dreams, you have in your head consciousness, subconsciously, what was in your previous incarnation, and you have what has passed since your previous incarnation until your present birth in the dreams of your chest. And in the dreams that are located more toward the lower parts of the chest, you have a strong awareness of what is between your coming death and your next earthly life. So the consciousness that is concentrated in the chest, but remains more or less subconscious for the present human being, is actually a dreamlike consciousness both for the time before this birth and for the time after this death. What lies between our last death on earth and our next earthly conception, with the exception of or including what we now experience between birth and death, is revealed to the subconscious of the average human being.
And in that which remains quite strongly subconscious throughout life, which can only be brought up when the human being is able to bring it up through constant engagement in spiritual scientific studies and exercises, so that certain moments of sleep life, which otherwise take place unconsciously while sleeping, are brought to the surface and the person becomes conscious in the midst of sleep, the tableau of the next earthly incarnation can develop from this third human being, from the subconscious of the extremity human being. What the human being has as his ordinary, waking consciousness today is actually a kind of side shoot of the human being; it radiates into the head from outside. But behind this consciousness lies another consciousness that extends over the previous incarnation, over the life from the previous incarnation to this one, over the life from this incarnation to the next, and then again over the next incarnation. Only, human beings sleep through this consciousness.
It is the consciousness of the previous incarnation in the head. In all the organs that primarily serve exhalation, there is a strong consciousness of the life between the previous incarnation and this one. In all the functions that primarily serve inhalation, there is a consciousness of the present incarnation until the next earthly incarnation. And in the limb-human, in all the mysterious processes of the limb-human, there is a very, very subconscious consciousness of the next human incarnation.
These consciousnesses have been more or less obscured since the beginning of the fourth post-Atlantean epoch, since 747 before the Mystery of Golgotha. And the task of our time is once again to extract from the general chaotic human consciousness the specific consciousnesses of these concrete processes of cosmic and human evolution.
With everything I have now developed, a different insight into human nature must, I would say, intersect. Yes, it is indeed necessary that we engage in such difficult discussions, otherwise we will not arrive at a more precise understanding. I would so much like it if these difficult discussions were not just a matter of letting things wash over us, but if, precisely because these difficult things are so necessary for the present human race, we could muster a little enthusiasm, a little spirited engagement, which is so infinitely difficult in today's society.

You see, you direct your senses outward. Through your senses, you find the external world spread out before you as something perceptible to the senses. I will draw a diagram of what lies around us, spread out as something perceptible to the senses. Please imagine that what lies around us is this (see drawing, blue). When you turn your eyes, your ears, your sense of smell, whatever you want, toward the outside world, then, in a sense, what turns toward you, what turns toward these senses, is what is inside this outside, so please: the inside of this outside (left). Suppose you turn your senses to what I have drawn here (see drawing, arrows), then these senses are directed toward this external world and you see what is leaning inward here. Now comes the difficult idea, but I must get to it. Everything you see there shows itself to you from within. Think that this must also have an outside. Now, I will try to bring this before your mind in a schematic way by saying: When you look out like this, you see the firmament as the boundary of your vision: this is almost the same, only that I have drawn it small. But now imagine that you could fly out there quickly and fly through it and look from the other side, looking at your sensory impressions from the other side. So you could look like this (see drawing, arrows above). Of course, you cannot see this, but if you could look like this, that would be the other aspect. You would have to step outside yourself and look at your entire sensory world from the other side. So you would look at what appears to you as color from the back, what appears to you as sound from the back, and so on; what appears to you as smell, you would look at from the back, you would take the smell into your nose from the back. So from the other side, you imagine the world as a carpet spread out with all the things you can sense, and now you look at the carpet from the other side. You only see a small piece, a very, very small piece of this other side. I can only illustrate this very small piece by doing the following: Imagine that I draw what you would see from the other side in red, so that I can say that, schematically, you see the sensory object as follows: As you usually see it, it looks blue; if you look at it from the other side, it looks red, but of course you cannot see that. In what you would see in red, there is, first of all, everything that can be experienced between death and a new birth, and secondly, everything that is described in “The Secret Science in Outline” as Saturn, Sun, Moon, Earth development, and so on. What is stored there is what is hidden from sensory perception. That is on the other side of the sphere. But you can see a small piece of it; I can only draw it by saying: Take this small piece of the red, which would go over there (see drawing below) and cross the blue, so that the blue, instead of being in front, is behind. I would actually have to draw in four dimensions if I were to draw it realistically, so I can only draw it schematically. So there (on the left) the senses are now turned toward the blue; there they are not turned toward the blue, but toward the red, which you cannot see otherwise. But behind the red, what is otherwise seen has now crossed over, and that is now underneath. And this little piece that crosses over with the other one is what you see all the time in your ordinary consciousness. These are your stored memories. Everything that arises as a memory does not arise according to the laws of this external world of perception, but according to the laws that correspond to this world behind it. This inner world that you have as your memories really corresponds to what is on the other side (right). By looking inside yourself, into everything that your memories are, you actually see the world on a piece of the other side; the other side protrudes a little, and you see the world from the other side. And if you could now slip through your memories as they are written down—I spoke about this eight days ago—if you could go down there, look beneath your memories and see them from the other side, from over there (see drawing, left), you would see your memories as your aura. You would see human beings as spiritual-soul auric beings, just as you otherwise see the outer world in your perceptions. Only it would be just as unpleasant — as I characterized it here eight days ago — because human beings are not yet beautiful from this other side.
So that is the interesting thing that has to be crossed with the other understanding of the threefold human being. This crossing here now lies in the middle human being, in the chest human being. You remember the drawing I made eight days ago, where I had the lemniscates twisted in on themselves with the loops turned back: I would have to draw that here. Here I would have to draw this chest human with the lemniscates turned back (see drawing on page 85, bottom left): that would coincide with the sphere of memory. So that this threefold human being here in his middle part has this reversal of the human being, where the inner becomes outer and the outer becomes inner, where you see a tableau that you would otherwise see as a world tableau, as the great world memory, now as your own little microcosmic memory. In your ordinary consciousness, you see what has happened from your third year until now: this is an inner record, a small piece of what is similar to what is otherwise the record of the entire world evolution, which lies on the other side.
It was not without reason that I spoke of this at the time, as most of you will know, and I have explained it again in my last book, “Von Seelenrätselm am Schluss” (The Mystery of the Soul at the End, in the notes). It was not without reason that I spoke of the fact that human beings actually have twelve senses. We must think of these senses in such a way that a number of these twelve senses are directed toward what is apparent to the senses, while another number of these twelve senses are directed backward. They are also directed down there (see drawing on page 85) toward what is already turned around. The following are directed toward the external senses: the sense of self, the sense of thinking, the sense of speech, the sense of hearing, the sense of sight, the sense of taste, and the sense of smell. These senses are directed toward the senses. The other senses do not actually come to human consciousness because they are directed first toward the human being's own inner world and then toward the reverse of the world. These are primarily: the sense of warmth, the sense of life, the sense of balance, the sense of movement, and the sense of touch. So we can say that for ordinary consciousness, seven senses lie in the light (above) and five senses in the dark (below). And these five senses that lie in darkness are directed toward the other side of the world, also in the other side of the human being (see drawing on page 85).
You can therefore have a complete parallelism between the senses and between something else, which we will discuss in a moment (see drawing, circle). So let us assume that we have as senses the sense of hearing, the sense of speech, the sense of thinking, the sense of the ego, the sense of warmth, the sense of life, the sense of balance, the sense of movement, the sense of touch, the sense of smell, the sense of taste, and the sense of sight. Then you have essentially everything that goes from the sense of the ego to the sense of smell in the light, in what is accessible to ordinary consciousness (see drawing, hatched area). And everything that is turned away from ordinary consciousness, just as night is turned away from day, belongs to the other senses.
Of course, this boundary is only a schematic representation; there is some overlap; realities are not so convenient. But this division of the human being according to the senses is such that you only need to draw the signs of the zodiac in place of the senses in the diagram, and you have: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra — seven signs of the heavens for the light side; five for the dark side: Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces: day, night; night, day. And you have a complete parallelism between the microcosmic human being — that which is turned toward its senses, and that which is turned away, but is actually turned toward its lower senses — and between that which in the outer cosmos signifies the change from day to night. In a sense, the same thing happens in the human being as happens in the structure of the world. In the structure of the world, day and night alternate; in human beings, day and night also alternate, namely waking and sleeping, even though the two have become emancipated from each other for the present cycle of human consciousness. During the day, human beings are turned toward the senses of the day; we might just as well say: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, as we might say: the sense of the I, the sense of thinking, the sense of speech, and so on. You can see every ego of another human being, you can understand the thoughts of another human being, you can hear, see, taste, smell: these are the daytime senses. At night, human beings are like the earth when it is turned to the other side, turned toward the other senses, only these are not yet fully developed. Only after the Venus period will they be so fully developed that they can perceive what is on the other side. They are not yet so fully developed that they can perceive what is on the other side. They are shrouded in night, as when passing through the other regions of heaven, through the other images of the zodiac, which is the earth at night. The passage of human beings through their senses can be completely paralleled with the movement—whether you say of the sun around the earth or of the earth around the sun, that is ultimately irrelevant for this purpose; but these things are connected. And the wise men of the ancient mysteries knew these connections very well.

This gradually disappeared from consciousness in the fourth post-Atlantean epoch, but it must be brought back again, must be brought back again for the sake of human culture, even against the resistance that arises against it. For in the concepts that one acquires there lies that which makes it possible to understand what is happening in social and historical life. As long as you separate natural life and spiritual life in the way that modern humanity loves to do today, you will not arrive at concepts that could play a role in historical development, but you will be overwhelmed by the concepts that play a role in historical life. You will be overwhelmed. There are many examples of this.
Isn't it true that people have thought terribly much, as they believe, for, say, two hundred years? One can compile what people have thought for two hundred years, what ideals they have formed, what they have spoken of as the great ideals and continue to speak of: from the ideal of the Age of Enlightenment to the ideal of the great Caesar replacement, Woodrow Wilson. All that has been said about the various ideals is what people have thought throughout the centuries, throughout two centuries; that formed the thoughts of the people. But world history has been little moved by these thoughts. World history has been moved by something quite different: by those thoughts that have worked and woven in things. And never have the thoughts that swarm in human heads been further removed from the great cosmic thoughts that live in things than in our time. What has driven people for, one might say, a hundred and fifty years to bring about a certain shaping of the world is not the ideas of freedom, equality, brotherhood, justice, and so on, but rather the ideas that were interwoven, for example, with the advent of the mechanical loom. The fact that the mechanical loom entered modern development in the second half of the 18th century, that this significant invention of the mechanical loom replaced the old hand loom in human development, and that the entire machine culture of modern times originated from this mechanical loom, in which the objective thoughts weave, the real thoughts that have given the world the form it has today and from which the present catastrophic chaos has arisen. If one wants to write a history of the present catastrophic chaos, one must not turn to the thoughts that have swirled in human consciousness, but to these objective thoughts, from the invention of the mechanical loom to the emergence of large-scale industry and its shadow, socialism. For even if large-scale industry and socialism are apparent opposites, they are polar opposites that belong together; they cannot be separated from each other. One must examine these objective ideas and consider historical development.
One then finds that people indulged in many illusions in the 18th century, throughout the 19th century, and especially in the part of the 20th century in which we now live. They indulged in many illusions in their thoughts; but they have been overwhelmed by objective, historical-cosmic thoughts. These thoughts weave themselves into things. And only those people who have developed socialism as a worldview have gradually developed an interest in these objectively weaving thoughts, even if it is a terribly one-sided interest. And that is something tremendously characteristic. If you follow the 19th century, you will see that the bourgeoisie is losing more and more interest in great questions of worldview. Great questions of worldview are even becoming highly unpleasant for the bourgeoisie; they are possibly being relegated to the realm of aesthetics. Whether spiritual beings exist or not, if you are a typical average bourgeois, you can hear all sorts of things said from the stage, where you don't have to believe in them, where it doesn't matter whether things are true or not: there you allow Björnson and people like him to present you with the most diverse ideas. Thus, into the realm of aesthetics, into playing with all kinds of so-called artistic things, the bourgeoisie of recent times has relegated its worldview. Really smashing each other's heads in over questions of worldview — by which I do not mean this in a physical sense, but in a spiritual sense, it is in a certain sense an ideal: You know that I have pointed out with great aplomb that I would like to have temperament, even when defending anthroposophical truths — people have been smashing each other's heads in over the last few decades in the socialist sphere. And that is why the others have not bothered. They have, I would say, left alone those people who have actually viewed the world from a very narrow perspective, who have only seen the world from the perspective of the factory, from inside the factory, from inside the printing workshop, and so on. And it is extremely interesting to see what kind of worldview has emerged from the perspective of the factory: for that is socialism! That is from the perspective of the inside of the factory, that is from the perspective of people who know nothing else but the inside of the factory. And for what developed there, the bourgeoisie, which is concerned with all kinds of abstract ideas, but also with aestheticization in the abstract, so that one did not need to rack one's brains very much, for what developed down there, the bourgeoisie was actually not very interested. And so, curiously, the bourgeoisie found itself caught between the dying, completely moribund old worldview, which had lost all spirituality and wanted to relegate all the big questions to aestheticism, and the new thing that was emerging, socialism, which had no concepts at all, which was merely using words to construct all kinds of systems, because it cannot yet see the world at all, but can only see the factory, can only see the most extreme mechanics. Just think what it actually means when people know nothing about the mineral, plant, and animal kingdoms, but only know about the way in which this or that pin moves up and down mechanically in a machine, how this or that is filed and planed, and so on! Socialism is a worldview based on the view of a world that is purely mechanical. The socialist cuts out the part of the world that is mechanical and then forms his concepts accordingly.
This came about because the principle was to concern oneself only with the aesthetic aspects of things. When the Theosophical Society was first founded, its main principle was seen as the love of all people for one another. How much has been said about this! Well, I have already said enough on this point. It is as convenient as it is fruitless. But it also stems from the desire to push anything that has real concrete content into the realm of the meaningless. And so it was impossible to take a genuine interest in the actual course of events. Individual people noticed the peculiarity of conventional, let us say, historical interpretation. Let us take a case in point.
Take a popular account of the Roman Empire; try to learn about the Roman Empire from school textbooks or from books written by the great authoritative historians. I believe you will learn very little from these accounts about a certain personality who already played an important political role under Nero—political aspirations were already emerging under Nero— then caused quite a stir and gained significant influence in Roman politics under Vespasian and Titus, so that one can say that this personality was the soul of the government of Vespasian and Titus. Then this personality turned to the other side under the rule of Domitian, whom she considered a pest of Romanism. He turned to the other side. He was put on trial, a very sensational trial in Rome, which was very interesting, in which Domitianus changed completely from a tyrant to someone who did not know how to deal with this trial and therefore could not condemn the man. Then again, when Nerva came to power in place of Domitian, we see this personality once more energetically connected with the emperor, the Caesar. But here we see this personality engaging in high politics based on the entire worldview of the time, and at the same time we see this personality attempting, for the last time during the Roman Empire, to inject political events with truly far-reaching concepts drawn from the cosmos. Curiously enough, you will not find a proper description of this personality in any conventional history book, not even in SzeZon and Tacitus, but only in Philostratus. And Philostratus only describes him in such a way that one does not know whether he is describing a novel or reality. He describes the life of Apollonius of Tyana. For Apollonius of Tyana is the one I told you about, who had such a great influence on politics from Nero to Nerva, and especially under Vespasian and Titus, and whom Philostratus described. And the Tübingen theologian Baur, the historian Baur, was extremely astonished that one finds nothing at all about a personality such as Apollonius, who should play a leading role in the presentation of history. Of course, Baur did not understand what was important. What matters is that Apollonius stands in history as a personality who already had this great influence, but who brought down the principles from the transcendent cosmic realm. This was extremely fatal for Christianity as it merged with Roman culture. And now I ask you to consider that everything that is historically there is there by the grace of the Church. There is nothing else there but what the Church has graciously left to humanity. It was not without reason that an old, not at all stupid man claimed that there had never been a Plato or a Sophocles, but that monks of the 14th and 15th centuries had written Sophocles' dramas; for there is no strict proof that Sophocles ever lived. Even if the claim is untenable, even if it is nonsense, of course, we have often emphasized how uncertain everything that is historical fable convenue is. And we must be clear about this. We must relate the present to the past, for we are now approaching a great and significant question.From a modern point of view, we have again pointed to the tripartite nature of man, to this connection with cosmic truths, to the necessity of revealing this again. Yes, what was the main activity of the Church, especially since the Eighth Ecumenical Council in Constantinople, which took place in 869? It consisted in eradicating from human consciousness that which in those ancient times Christianity also had in terms of understanding the connection between man and the cosmos, with the great spiritual world. With real anxiety, everything that revealed this connection was eliminated. And only because not everything could be eliminated, because karma already counteracts this, have works such as those of Philostratus remained. And so you can understand, when you bring the past together with the present, that certain people in the Church are seized with a terrible fear when, in the present, an attempt is made to reestablish the connection between what makes human beings beings of the cosmos and human beings themselves and their task.
It is simply not acceptable to sleepily pursue what the anthroposophical movement is supposed to stand for. It must be pursued with a living, powerful consciousness. That is absolutely necessary. With that, I have pointed to what we now want to elaborate further. Tomorrow I will give a lecture here in which I will continue these reflections.