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The Challenge of the Times
GA 186

30 November 1918, Dornach

2. The Present from the Viewpoint of the Present

When you consider the fundamental basis of our anthroposophically oriented science of the spirit in comparison with other so-called world views—and there are many now appearing—you will note especially one characteristic. This is the fact that spiritual science as a view of the world and of life endeavors actually to apply to the whole of human life, to everything that the human being encounters in life, what it seeks to establish through research in the spiritual worlds. Whoever has a feeling for what is essential in the urgent problems and impelling forces of our present time will probably be able to achieve for himself an understanding of the fact that the tremendous need of the present and of the immediate future is to be found just here, that is, in connecting directly with life itself the comprehensive ideas constituting world conceptions. Among the causes that have brought about the present catastrophic situation of humanity, not the least significant is the fact that the world views held by human beings, whether rooted in religion, science, or aesthetics, have all gradually lost their connection with life in the course of time. There has existed a tendency—we might call it a perverse tendency—to separate the so-called daily practical life, in the most comprehensive sense of the word, from what men seek in their effort to satisfy their needs in the realm of religion and world conceptions. Just reflect how life during the last centuries has gradually taken on such form that people have carried on their external activities, were practical men as the saying goes, and conducted their lives according to practical principles, and then applied half an hour each day more or less, or no time at all, or Sunday, to the satisfaction of those needs of the heart and soul that impel them to seek for a connection with the divine spiritual element permeating the world.

All this will be utterly changed if an anthroposophically oriented science of the spirit can take possession of the minds and hearts of men. This will take on such a character that thoughts will stream forth from this world view that will be applicable to life itself in all its aspects, thus enabling us to judge life with true insight. The principle of the Sunday vesper sermon shall by no means be that of our anthroposophically directed world conception, but the whole of life shall be permeated on all days of the week and on Sunday forenoon as well with what can be given to humanity by the anthroposophical comprehension of the world. Because such has not been the case up to the present time, the world has gradually drifted into chaos. People have neglected to direct their attention to what has really been happening in their immediate vicinity and they are now surprised because the results of this oversight are clearly manifest. They will be still more surprised in the future as these results become more clearly manifest.

Under no circumstances should we fail to pay attention today to what is spreading among people over the entire earth. With the powers of judgment that enable us to see into the great impulses at work in world events, we must endeavor to find our way into what confronts human hearts and minds today, in part in such an enigmatic way; that is, into what is threatening to transform the social structure into a chaos. It will not do to continue further in such a way that we decide simply to let come what may without endeavoring to penetrate into things with a sound power of judgment.

It is necessary to abandon the basic maxim that says,“This is an everyday matter, this is secular, it belongs to the external life; we turn our backs on this and direct our attention toward the spiritual and divine.” This must come to an end. The time must begin in which even the most trivial everyday matter must be brought into connection with the spiritual and divine; that is, the time in which what is derived from the spiritual life shall no longer be viewed only from the most extremely abstract point of view.

In the course of these reflections, I have stated that a favorable change in the social movement cannot come about in any other way than through an increase in the interest that a person feels in another human being. A social structure is something men create in company with one another. Its ills cannot be healed unless the person knows that he is really within this order, unless he is within the social structure in his attitude of mind. The unsound element in the present epoch, which has brought about this catastrophe, lies in the neglect of people to acquire any sort of attitude of mind toward the way in which a person belongs to a social community. The interest that binds us as human beings to other human beings has come to an end in spite of the belief frequently manifested by people that they do have such an interest. Most certainly the past theosophical maxim, “I love all human beings; I have an interest in all human beings,” is not effective; it is abstract; it does not lay hold upon real life and laying hold upon real life is what really matters. This must be understood in a deeper sense. A lack of understanding of real life has been the characteristic of recent centuries. Now, these recent centuries have brought about the present situation without a realization of this process on the pap of humanity, and they will cause future situations. In the historic life of humanity, conditions cannot be what they should be unless people accompany what is happening, what occurs among them in the social life, with their thinking. But the events that have occurred over a relatively long time cannot be accompanied thus unless we acquire a sound sense for certain phenomena.

To an objective observer it has been all too obvious that administrations and governments have been conducted and are being conducted according to fundamental principles that were really out of date centuries ago, whereas life has naturally moved forward during recent centuries. An essential element that has entered into the evolution of humanity is modern industrialism, which has created the whole modern proletariat. But this genesis of the modern proletariat has not been accompanied by thinking. The leading classes have continued to live in the old manner, administering their positions of leadership as they have been accustomed to do for centuries. Without their doing anything about it, without their having even accompanied the process of world history with their thinking, the modern proletariat has evolved out of the existing facts, actual occurrences, and the rise of modern industrialism. This began essentially with the invention of the mechanical loom and spinning machine in the eighteenth century. Thus the destiny of world history for the present and the immediate future depends upon what is going on in the world in the heads of the modern proletariat—what haunts them, you may say, like a specter. This proletariat is striving for power through majority control and it is to be considered in its actions just as we consider the results of natural events and elemental occurrences. It should not be looked upon as something to be criticized that may please or displease us. The proletariat must be judged in its actions somewhat as we judge an earthquake or a tidal wave of the sea, or anything else of the kind.

We are now seeing the preliminary stages of what takes its rise from the modern proletariat—or, better expressed, from the tendencies and feelings of the modern proletariat. Like the action of an advance guard we observe what is known to us in a certain aspect in Russian bolshevism. This Russian bolshevism as I have often declared, is not in harmony with the original disposition of the Russian people. It has been introduced from without. But this is not a matter of any consequence if we wish to face the facts since it actually exists within the regions that formerly constituted the Empire of the Czar. It has taken root there, and it must be observed like a phenomenon of nature that has the tendency to spread. In observing such a thing as Russian bolshevism it is most important of all to disregard secondary phenomena. We must pay attention to the matter of main importance. The fact that bolshevism had its beginning in 1917, and that it was accompanied by certain external phenomena, may have been determined by certain obvious causes. I have said to you that even the incompetence of Ludendorff and also various other things have not been free of responsibility for the actual outbreak of bolshevism. But all this must be eliminated if we wish to view things in a fruitful way, and we must pay attention to the active forces that are alive in this Russian bolshevism. We must simply ask ourselves as a mere matter of fact what the objective of Russian bolshevism is and how it is related to the whole evolution of humanity. Beyond question, it is not something ephemeral and transitory. Rather, it is a phenomenon of far-reaching consequences in world history. It is exceedingly important that we should examine the basic structure as visualized by Russian bolshevism in order to be able to reflect upon it in a certain way as it emerges from deeper impelling forces of the world.

If we consider the fundamental characteristics of Russian bolshevism, we must conclude that its first endeavor aims at the destruction of what we have characterized in the marxian sense as the bourgeoisie. It is a fundamental maxim, so to speak, to destroy, root and branch, as something harmful in the evolution of humanity according to their point of view, everything that has taken its rise in the evolution of history as the bourgeois class. Bolshevism is to arrive at this objective in various ways. First, it aims at the removal of all class distinctions. Bolshevism does not direct its efforts toward such factual removal of the distinctions into classes and ranks as I have presented them to you. Bolshevism itself thinks in a wholly bourgeois manner, and what I have introduced to you is not conceived in a bourgeois but a human manner. Bolshevism intends to overcome the differentiation among classes and ranks in its own way. It says to itself that the contemporary states are constructed on the basis of the bourgeois conception of life, so the forms of the contemporary states must disappear. Everything that is a subordinate outgrowth of the bourgeois social class in the contemporary states such as the police system, the military system, the system of justice must disappear. In other words, what has been created by the bourgeoisie for its security and its administration of justice must disappear with the bourgeois class. The whole administration and organization of the social structure must pass into the hands of the proletariat. Through this process the state, as it has existed until now, will die away and the proletariat will administer the whole human structure, the whole community life of society.

This cannot be achieved by means of the old system of arrangements that the bourgeois class had created for itself. It cannot be achieved by the election of a Reichstag or any other sort of body of representatives of the people, chosen on the basis of any sort of suffrage, as this has been done under the conception of life characteristic of the bourgeois class.

If such representative bodies continued to be elected, only the bourgeois class would perpetuate itself in these bodies. In other words, such representative bodies, under whatever system of suffrage chosen, would not render possible the attainment of the goals that are there striven for. Therefore, the matter of importance is that such measures shall now really be applied as have their origin in the proletariat itself, such as cannot come to birth in any middle class head, since a middle class head inevitably conceives only such regulations as must be abolished. Nothing whatever can be expected, therefore, from any kind of national or state assembly, but something is to be expected solely from a dictatorship of the proletariat. This means that the entire social structure must be handed over to a dictatorship of the proletariat. Only the proletariat will have the inclination actually to eliminate the bourgeois class from the world because, should persons of the bourgeois class be members of representative bodies, they would have no inclination to eliminate themselves from the world. That is what is really necessary, that the whole bourgeois class shall be deprived of its rights. Thus, the only persons who can exercise an influence upon the social structure must be those who belong to the proletariat in the true sense, that is, only those who perform labor, who are useful to the community.

Consequently, according to this proletariat world conception, a person who causes others to perform any sort of service for him, and remunerates them for this, cannot have the right to vote. That is, whoever employs persons, engages persons to serve him and remunerates them for their service, has no right to participate in any way in the social structure, and has no right, therefore, to a vote. Neither does anyone possess the right to vote who lives on income from his property or who profits from income. Nor does a person who is engaged in trade have the right to vote or one who is a distributor and does not perform any practical labor. In other words, all who live by means of income, who employ other persons and remunerate them, who are engaged in trade or are middle men, are excluded from being representatives of the government when the dictatorship of the proletariat takes control. During the continuance of this dictatorship of the proletariat, there is no general freedom of speech, no freedom of assembly, no freedom to organize, but only those who are engaged in actual labor can hold meetings or form organizations. All others are deprived of freedom of speech, the right to assembly, and the right to organize societies or unions. Likewise, only those enjoy the freedom of the press who perform practical labor. The press of the bourgeois class is suppressed, and not tolerated.

These are, in a general way, the guiding principles, we may say, during the transitional stage. After these principles have been dominant for a certain length of time the proletariat world conception expects from their operation that only men engaged in practical labor will exist. Only the proletariat will continue to exist. The bourgeois class will have been exterminated.

To these things, which have primary importance for the transitional period, will then be added those that have permanent significance. To these belongs, for example, the universal obligation to work. Every person is under obligation to produce by labor something useful to the community.

A decisive principle of a permanent character is the termination of the right to private ownership of real estate. Larger estates are handed over to agricultural communes. According to this proletariat world view, there will exist in future no private ownership of land. Industrial establishments, establishments of entrepreneurs are confiscated and passed under the control of society, being administered by the centralized administration of the workers, at the head of which is the Supreme Soviet for the national economy. This is simply bolshevism in Russia. Ranks are taken over by the state. A universal system of bookkeeping is instituted, embracing the entire community and comprising all production. All foreign trade of this single communal entity is made communal, that is, the establishments are taken over by the state.
These are, in a general way, the fundamental principles constituting the ideal of Trotsky and Lenin, and you will see clearly in them the cardinal points of what is willed by the modern proletariat.

It does not suffice, of course, to be informed each day by the newspapers that a certain number of bloody deeds have been done by bolshevism. If we compare the bloody deeds done by bolshevism with the immense number of those done by reason of this war, the deeds of bolshevism obviously become an insignificant affair. The really important thing is to see what has been hitherto overlooked and neglected in order that the evolution of humanity may in the future be followed with our thinking. It is really necessary that we fix our attention, first in our hearts and then with our minds, upon these things that are so intimately connected with the progressive evolution of humanity. It is precisely the mission of the science of the spirit to fix our attention upon these things with our minds and hearts. The time must come to an end in which lazy pastors and priests preach to the people from the pulpit every Sunday theoretical stuff having no connection with life for the so-called warming of their souls. On the contrary, a condition must begin in which everyone who desires to participate in spiritual life shall be in duty bound to look into life, to establish an immediate connection with life. No small share in the responsibility for the misfortune of the present time rests upon the fact that those who have been custodians of the religious feelings of humanity for a long time past have preached to people from their pulpits such things as actually have no relationship whatever with life. They have directed discourses for the sole purpose of providing the people with insipid stuff for their hearts and souls that affected them in a pleasant way but never grasped life. It is for this reason that life has remained without spirit and has finally fallen into chaos. You may seek for much of the responsibility, for which recompense is required at present, precisely in the stupid discourses of those who have been the custodians of the religious feelings of people and who have had no relationship with life. What have they achieved of all that must take place in the epoch during which a whole new humanity in the form of the proletariat has evolved? What have these people achieved who have proclaimed useless stuff from their pulpits, such stuff that it has been desired by people only because they wished to delude themselves with all sorts of illusions regarding the realities of life? This is a serious time and things must be viewed in a serious light.

What has been said regarding the necessity for individuals to acquire an interest in one another must not be regarded only in a manner harmonizing with the mood presented in the Sunday vesper sermon. It must be considered according to the profound indication it gives in regard to the social structure of the present age.

Consider a concrete example. How many people there are today who have an abstract and confused conception of their own personal lives! If they ask themselves, for example, “What do I live on?”—for the most part, they do not do this, but if they did it once, they would say to themselves, “Why, on my money.” Among those who say to themselves, “I live on my money,” there are many who have inherited this money from their parents. They suppose they live on their money, inherited from their fathers, but we cannot live on money. Money is not something on which we can live. Here it is necessary at last to begin to reflect. This question is intimately connected with the real interest that one individual has in another. Anyone who thinks he lives on the money he has inherited, for example, or has acquired in any way whatever except by receiving money for work, as is the custom today—whoever lives in this way and supposes that he can live on money has no interest in his fellow men because no one can live on money. We must eat, and what we eat has been produced by a human being. We must have clothing. What we wear must be made through the labor of people. In order that I may put on a coat or a pair of trousers, human beings must expend their strength in labor for hours. They work for me. It is on this labor that I live, not on my money. My money has no value other than that of giving me the power to make use of the labor of others. Under the social conditions of the present time, we do not begin to have an interest in our fellow men until we answer that question in the proper way, until we hold the picture in our minds of a certain number of persons working for a certain number of hours in order that I may live within the social structure. It is of no importance to give ourselves a comfortable feeling by saying, “I love people.” No one loves people if he supposes that he is living on his money and does not in the least conceive how people work for him in order to produce even the minimum necessary for his life.

But the thought that a certain number of persons labor in order that we may possess the minimum necessities of life is inseparable from another. It is the thought that we must recompense society, not with money but with work in exchange for the work that has been done for us. We feel an interest in our fellow men only when we are led to feel obligated to recompense in some form of labor the amount of labor that has been performed for us. To give our money to our fellow men only signifies that we are able to hold our fellow men on a leash as bound slaves and that we can compel them to labor for us.

Permit me to ask whether you cannot answer out of your experience the question how many men realize that money is only a claim upon human strength employed in labor, that money is only a means for gaining power. How many persons really see clearly that they could not even exist in this physical world but for the labor of other persons upon which they depend for what they demand for their lives? The feeling of obligation to the society in which we live is the beginning of the interest that is required for a sound social order.

It is necessary to reflect about these things, otherwise we ascend in an unwholesome way into spiritual abstractions and do not rise in a wholesome way from physical reality to spiritual reality. The lack of interest in the social structure has characterized precisely these last centuries. During recent centuries, men have gradually formed the habit of developing a real interest in the matter of social impulses only with regard to their own respected persons. In greater or lesser degree everything has borne in a roundabout way only upon one's personality. A wholesome social life is possible only when interest in one's own respected personality is broadened into a genuine social interest. In this connection the bourgeoisie may well ask themselves what they have neglected.

Just consider the following fact. There is such a thing as a spiritual culture. There are cultural objects. To select one example, there are works of art. Now, ask yourselves to how many people these works of art are accessible. Or, rather ask yourselves to how many persons these works of art are utterly inaccessible. For how many persons do these works of art actually not exist. But just calculate how many persons must labor in order that these works of art may exist. One or another work of art is in Rome. One or another bourgeois can travel to Rome. Just add up the total of how much labor must be performed by creative workers, etc., etc.,—these etceteras will never come to an end—in order that this bourgeois, when he travels to Rome, may see something that is there for him because he is a bourgeois, but is not there for all those persons who are now beginning to give expression to their proletariat conception of life. This very habit has taken form among the bourgeois of looking upon enjoyment as something self-evident. But enjoyment should really never be accepted without repaying its equivalent to the whole of society. It is not because of any element in the natural or spiritual order that some part of society should be deprived. Time and space are only artificial hindrances. The fact that the Sistine Madonna remains forever in Dresden, and can be seen only by those persons who are able to go to Dresden, is only a by-product of the bourgeois world conception. The Sistine Madonna is movable, and can be taken to all parts of the world. This is only one example, but the necessary steps can be taken to make sure that whatever is enjoyed by one may also be enjoyed by others.

Although I have given only one example, I always choose them to exemplify and clarify everything else. We need only to strike such a note, as you see, in order to touch upon many matters that people have really not thought of at all, but have simply taken as something self-evident. Even within our own circle, where this could so easily be understood, people do not always reflect that everything we receive obligates us to return an equivalent to society and not simply enjoy.

Now, from all that I have presented to you as examples, which could be multiplied not only a hundredfold but a thousandfold, this question will be obvious to you. “How can the situation be otherwise if money is really only a means for acquiring power?” This is already answered in that fundamental social principle I introduced last week because that is a peculiarity of what I introduced to you as a sort of social science taken from the spiritual world. It is just as certain as mathematics. In connection with the things I have presented to you, there is no question of anyone's looking into practical life and saying, “Now then, we must first investigate whether things really are so.” No; what I introduced to you as a social science derived from spiritual science is much like the theorem of Pythagoras. If you consider Pythagoras's theorem, if you know that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides of a right angle triangle, it is impossible that anything should exist within the world of experience to contradict this. On the contrary, you must apply this fundamental principle everywhere. So it is with the fundamental principle I introduced to you as underlying social science and social life. Everything that a person acquires in such a way that it is received in exchange for his work within the social system has an unwholesome effect. A wholesome condition results within the social system only when the human being has to support his life, not by his own work, but from other sources within society. This seemingly contradicts what I have just said, but only seemingly. What will render work valuable will be the fact that it will no longer be remunerated.

The goal toward which we must work—of course, in a rational and not a bolshevistic way—must be that of separating work from the provision of the means of existence. I have recently explained this. When no one is any longer recompensed for his work, then money will lose its value as a means for acquiring power over work. There is no other means for overcoming the misuse that has been perpetuated with mere money than by forming the social structure in such a way that no one be recompensed for his work, and that the provision of the means of existence shall be achieved from an entirely different source. It will then naturally be impossible to use money for the purpose of compelling anyone to work.

Most of the questions that now arise appear in such a form that they are confusedly understood. If they are to be lifted into a clear light, this can happen only by means of spiritual science. Money must never in future be the equivalent for human labor, but only for inanimate commodities. Only inanimate commodities will be acquired in future by means of money, not human labor.

This is of the utmost importance. Now, just consider the fact that in the proletariat world conception the idea that labor is a commodity stares us in the face in all sorts of forms. Indeed, the fact that labor in modern industrialism has become in the most conspicuous way a commodity is one of the fundamental principles of marxism, one of those fundamental principles by means of which Marx was most successful in winning followers among the proletariat. Here you see that a demand appears from an entirely different quarter and in a confused and chaotic fashion, that must, nevertheless, be fulfilled, but from an entirely different direction. This is characteristic of social demands of the present, that, to the extent that they appear instinctively, they are due to entirely justified and sound instincts. They arise, however, from a chaotic social structure. For this reason they are in a confused form that necessarily leads to confusion. So it is in many fields. It is necessary for this reason really to lay hold upon a spiritual-scientific view of the world because only this can result in true social healing.

Now, you will ask whether this will bring about a change. For example, if a person inherits his money, he will still continue to purchase commodities with the money he inherited, and the labor of other persons is surely concealed in these commodities. So nothing is changed, you will say. Certainly, if you think abstractly, nothing is changed. But, if you will look into the whole effect that comes about when the provision of the means of existence is separated from labor, you will form a different opinion. In the sphere of reality, the situation is not such that we simply draw abstract conclusions, but there things produce their actual results. If it actually comes about that the provision of the means of existence is separated from the performance of labor, inheritances will no longer exist. This will produce such a modification of the social structure that people will not come into possession of money in any other way than for the acquisition of commodities. When something is conceived as a reality, it has all sorts of effects. Among other things this separation of the provision of the means of existence from labor has one quite peculiar effect. Indeed, when we speak of realities, we cannot so express ourselves as to say, “But I do not see why this should be so.” You might just as well say, “But I do not see why morphine should cause sleep.” This also does not come to you as a conclusion out of a mere interrelationship of concepts. It becomes manifest only when you actually trace the effect.

There is something extremely unnatural today in the social order. This consists in the fact that money increases when a person simply possesses it. It is put in a bank and interest is paid on it. This is the most unnatural thing that could possibly exist. It is really utterly nonsensical. The person does nothing whatever. He simply banks the money, which he may not even have acquired by labor but may have inherited, and he receives interest on it. This is utter nonsense. But it will become a matter of necessity when the provision of the means of existence is separated from labor that money shall be used when it exists, when it is produced as the equivalent of commodities that exist. It must be used. It must be put into circulation and the actual effect will be that money does not increase but that it diminishes. If at the present time a person possesses a certain sum of money, he will have approximately twice that amount in fourteen years under a normal rate of interest, and he will have done nothing except merely to wait. If you think thus of the transformation of the social order, as this must occur under the influence of this one fundamental principle that I have presented to you, then money will not increase but will diminish. After a certain number of years, the bank notes I acquired before the beginning of those years will no longer have any value. They will have matured and become valueless.

In this way the trend will become natural in the social structure toward bringing about such conditions that mere money, which is nothing more than a note, an indication that a person possesses a certain power over the labor of human beings, will lose its value after a certain length of time if it has not been put into circulation. In other words, it will not increase, but will progressively diminish and, after fourteen years or perhaps a somewhat longer time, will reach the zero point. If you are millionaires today, you will not be double millionaires after fourteen years but you will be broke unless you have earned something additional in the meantime.

Of course, I am aware that people wriggle as if they had been bitten by fleas when this is mentioned at the present time—if you will permit such a comparison. I know this, and I would not have employed this comparison but for the extraordinary movements I observed in the audience!

Since, however, the situation is such that this matter causes people to feel as if fleas had bitten them, we have bolshevism. Just search for the true causes and there they are. You will never be able to free the world of what is coming to the surface unless you determine really to penetrate into the truth.

The fact that the truth is unpleasant makes no difference. An essential part of the education of humanity today and in the immediate future will consist in putting an end to the belief that truths can be controlled according to subjective estimates, subjective sympathies and antipathies. But spiritual science, if it is grasped with a sound human intelligence, can solve this problem of money because it can also be considered spiritually.

Nothing is accomplished by that vague way of talking I have heard even among anthroposophists who hold money in their hands and say, “This is Ahriman.” At present money signifies an equivalent for commodities and labor. It constitutes a claim upon something that actually occurs. If we pass over from mere abstractions to realities, if we reflect, then, when a person has ten one hundred mark notes and pays these to someone, he causes the labor of a certain number of persons to pass as an equivalent from hand to hand. Because these notes possess the power to cause a certain number of persons to work, he then actually stands within life with all its branches and impulses. He will no longer continue to be satisfied with the mere abstraction, the unthinking abstraction, of the payment of money, but he will ask himself, “What is the significance of the fact that I cause ten one hundred mark notes to pass from hand to hand, thus bringing it about that a certain number of persons endowed with head, heart and mind must perform labor? What is the significance of that?”

The answer to such a question can be afforded, in the last analysis, only by a spiritual observation of the matter. Let us take the most extreme example. Suppose someone who has never put forth an effort in behalf of humanity has money. There are such cases. I will consider this extreme instance. Someone who has never put forth an effort in behalf of humanity has money. He buys something for himself with this money. Indeed, he is enabled to fashion for himself an altogether pleasant life by reason of the fact that he possesses this money, which is a claim upon human labor. Fine! This person is not necessarily a bad human being. He may even be a good man; indeed, he may be an industrious person. People frequently simply fail to see into the social structure. They do not possess an interest in their fellow men, that is, in the real social structure. People suppose that they love human beings when they buy something for themselves with their inherited money, for example, or when they even give it away. When it is given away, the only result is that we cause a certain number of persons to work for those to whom the money is given. It is simply a means for acquiring power. The fact that it is a claim upon labor makes it the means for acquiring power.

But this situation has simply come into existence and developed to this stage. This is a reflection of something else. It is a reflection of what I mentioned in the preceding lecture. I there called your attention to the fact that the Jehovah divinity has controlled the world for a certain length of time through the fact that he won a complete victory over the other Elohim, and that he can no longer save himself from the spirits thus aroused. He drove his companions, the other six Elohim, from the field. Because of this, what the human being experiences even in the embryo has acquired complete dominance in human consciousness. The six other forces, which are not experienced by man in the embryo, have thereby been rendered inactive. They have thereby come under the influence of lower spiritual entities. In the fifth decade of the last century, as I have said, Jehovah could no longer save himself. Since the Jehovah wisdom acquired in the embryonic state renders it possible to grasp the conception of providence only in external nature, crass atheistic natural science has invaded the world. The reflection of this, the fact that money simply passes from one person to another without any transfer of commodities, consists in the circulation of money apart from the circulation of commodities.

No matter with what energy a person may exert himself in any field, the ahrimanic power lives in what seems to be produced by money as money. You cannot inherit without having a certain amount of ahrimanic power transferred with the money. There is no other possibility of possessing money within the social structure in a wholesome way than by possessing it in a Christian way; that is, by acquiring money only by means of what one develops between birth and death. In other words, the way in which a person comes into possession of money must not be a reflection of what is related to Jehovah even though the fact that we are born, that we pass from the embryo into the external life, is something that pertains to him. The reflection of this, I say, is the fact that we inherit money. Those characteristics that we inherit with the blood are inherited through the laws of nature. Money that we inherit and do not earn would be a reflection of this.

The fact that Christian consciousness has not yet taken its place in the world, that the social structure is still brought about by means of the ancient Jehovah wisdom or its specter, the Roman conception of the state, has brought about everything that has led to one aspect of the present unfortunate situation.

I said that the matter must not be considered so abstractly when money produces money, but we must view it in its reality. Whenever money produces money it is something that occurs only on the physical plane, whereas what constitutes the human being is always connected with the spiritual world.

What are you doing, then, when you perform no labor but you have money that people must work to get? The human being then has to bring to market what constitutes his heavenly share and you give him only what is earthly. You pay him with the merely earthly, the purely ahrimanic. You see, this is the spiritual aspect of the matter. Wherever Ahriman is at work, only destruction can come about.

This, again, is an unpleasant truth. But it does not help at all when a person says to himself, “Now, really, I am otherwise a respectable individual and I am doing nothing wrong, therefore, when I use my income to pay for this or that.” The actual fact is that you give Ahriman in exchange for God. Of course, we are frequently compelled to do this within the present social structure, but we should not play the ostrich game and conceal this fact from ourselves. Rather should we face the truth because what the future is to bring depends upon our doing so. Much of what has broken in upon humanity with such calamitous results has occurred for the reason that people close their eyes and the eyes of their souls in the presence of the truth. They have fabricated for themselves abstract concepts of right and wrong, and have been unwilling to deal with the real and the concrete. In regard to this we shall speak further tomorrow, when we shall lift our discussion into spiritual heights.

Zweiter Vortrag

Wenn Sie die Grundlage unserer anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft im Verhältnis zu anderen jetzt auftretenden - es sind ja ihrer sehr zahlreiche — sogenannten Weltanschauungen betrachten, so werden Sie unter anderem eines charakteristisch finden müssen, das ist, daß sich diese anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft als Welt- und Lebensanschauung bemüht, dasjenige, was sie aus der Erforschung der geistigen Welten heraus zu ergründen sucht, auf das Gesamtleben, auf alles das, was dem Menschen im Leben begegnen kann, anzuwenden. Und wer einen Sinn hat für das Wesentliche, worauf es gerade in den drängenden und brennenden Fragen und Impulsen unserer Gegenwart ankommt, der wird sich vielleicht auch ein Verständnis dafür erringen können, daß gerade auf dem Felde der Verbindung der großen Weltanschauungsideen mit dem unmittelbaren Leben dasjenige liegt, was der Gegenwart und der nächsten Zukunft so ungeheuer nottut. Denn unter den Gründen, welche die heutige katastrophale Lage der Menschheit herbeigeführt haben, ist ja einer der nicht geringsten der, daß die Weltanschauungen der Menschen - sei es, daß sie im Religiösen, sei es, daß sie im Wissenschaftlichen oder im Ästhetischen wurzeln — alle im Laufe der Zeiten allmählich den Zusammenhang mit dem Leben verloren haben. Es war gewissermaßen ein Trieb, man möchte sagen ein perverser Trieb vorhanden, welcher trennen wollte das sogenannte alltägliche praktische Leben in seinem weitesten Umfange von dem, was man zur Befriedigung seiner Bedürfnisse auf religiösen, auf Weltanschauungsgebieten suchte. Bedenken Sie nur einmal, wie das Leben in den letzten Jahrhunderten allmählich die Gestalt angenommen hat, daß die Menschen im Äußerlichen sich gehen ließen, sozusagen «praktische» Menschen waren, das Leben nach «praktischen» Grundsätzen einrichteten, und dann jeden Tag etwa eine halbe Stunde, mehr oder weniger, oder gar nicht, oder den Sonntag dazu verwendeten, um die Bedürfnisse des Herzens, der Seele zu befriedigen, die dahin gingen, mit dem die Welt durchdringenden Göttlich-Geistigen einen Zusammenhang zu finden.

Das wird, wenn anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft von den Gemütern der Menschen Besitz ergreifen kann, durchaus anders werden. Das wird so werden, daß aus dieser Weltanschauung Gedanken quellen, welche anwendbar sind im unmittelbarsten Leben, welche uns in die Lage versetzen werden, das Leben auf allen Gebieten einsichtsvoll zu beurteilen. Das Prinzip der Sonntagnachmittagspredigt soll ja durchaus nicht das unserer anthroposophisch orientierten Weltanschauung sein, sondern das ganze Leben an allen Wochentagen und auch am Sonntagvormittag soll durchdrungen sein von dem, was anthroposophische Weltauffassung dem Menschen geben kann. Weil es nicht so war bis in unsere Tage herein, ist ja die Welt nach und nach in ein Chaos hineingesegelt. Man hat außer acht gelassen, den Blick hinzuwenden auf das, was in der unmittelbaren Umgebung wirklich geschieht, und ist heute überrascht, daß die Folgen dieses Übersehens sich deutlich zeigen. Man wird in der Zukunft noch mehr überrascht sein, weil sich diese Folgen noch deutlicher zeigen werden.

Man sollte eben heute auf keinen Fall den Blick hinwegwenden von dem, was sich da über die ganze Erde hin in der Menschheit vorbereitet. Man sollte mit den Urteilen, die uns in die Lage versetzen, zu durchschauen die großen Impulse, welche durch das Weltengeschehen gehen, versuchen, in das einzudringen, was heute zum Teil so rätselhaft vor den Menschengemütern steht, und was die soziale Struktur in ein Chaos zu verwandeln droht. Man sollte nicht weiter in der Weise fortfahren, daß man alles kommen läßt, wie es eben kommen will, ohne daß man mit seinem gesunden Urteil die Dinge zu durchdringen versucht.

Der Grundsatz muß aufhören, der da sagt: Das ist alltäglich, das ist profan, das gehört dem äußeren Leben an, von dem wendet man sich ab und wendet den Blick hin zum Göttlich-Geistigen. - Das muß aufhören! Anfangen muß die Zeit, in welcher auch das Alleralltäglichste in Zusammenhang gebracht wird mit dem Göttlich-Geistigen, und in welcher nicht nur vom allerabstraktesten Standpunkte aus die Dinge ins Auge gefaßt werden, die aus dem geistigen Leben heraus geholt werden.

Ich habe im Laufe dieser Betrachtungen gesagt, daß eine günstige Wendung in der sozialen Bewegung doch nur dadurch eintreten kann, daß das Interesse wächst, das der einzelne Mensch an dem andern Menschen hat. Soziale Struktur ist ja eben die Struktur, die die Menschen gesellschaftlich verbindet. Sie kann nur dadurch gesunden, daß der Mensch sich wirklich drinnen weiß, mit Besinnung drinnen ist in der sozialen Struktur. Und das ist das Ungesunde der Gegenwart und hat die Katastrophe herbeigeführt, daß die Menschen außer acht gelassen haben, irgendeine Gesinnung sich zu erwerben über das Wie des Drinnenstehns in der sozialen Gemeinschaft. Das Interesse, das uns als Mensch mit andern Menschen verbindet, hat aufgehört, trotzdem die Menschen oftmals glauben, ein solches Interesse zu haben. Der billige theosophische Grundsatz: Ich liebe alle Menschen, ich habe schon Interesse an allen Menschen, — der tut es nicht, denn der ist abstrakt und greift nicht ein in das reale Leben. Und um dieses Eingreifen in das reale Leben handelt es sich; das muß eben tiefer verstanden werden. Nichtverständnis des realen Lebens war ja ein Charakteristikon der letzten Jahrhunderte. Nun haben diese letzten Jahrhunderte, ohne daß die Menschen den Prozeß verfolgt haben, die heutige Lage herbeigeführt und werden die zukünftige Lage herbeiführen. Es geht nicht anders im geschichtlichen Leben der Menschheit, als daß die Menschen das, was geschieht, was unter ihnen im sozialen Leben geschieht, auch denkend begleiten. Aber die Ereignisse, die sich seit einer verhältnismäßig längeren Zeit schon abspielen, lassen sich nicht anders begleiten, als wenn man für gewisse Erscheinungen sich einen gesunden Sinn erwirbt. Dem objektiven Beobachter kündigte sich ja nur zu deutlich an, daß fast über die ganze Welt hin nach Grundsätzen verwaltet, regiert und so weiter wurde und wird, die eigentlich schon vor Jahrhunderten veraltet waren, während das Leben in den letzten Jahrhunderten natürlich fortgeschritten ist. Und ein Wesentliches, was eingetreten ist in die Entwickelung der Menschheit, ist der moderne Industrialismus, der das ganze moderne Proletariat geschaffen hat. Aber diese Entstehung des modernen Proletariats — sie wurde nicht mit Gedanken begleitet. Die führenden Stände haben fortgelebt in der alten Weise, haben ihre Führerposten so versehen, wie sie sie seit Jahrhunderten zu versehen gewöhnt waren, und ohne daß sie irgend etwas getan haben, ohne daß sie nur den Prozeß der Weltgeschichte mit Gedanken begleitet hätten, hat sich aus den Tatsachen, aus dem Tatsachengeschehen heraus, aus der Entstehung des modernen Industrialismus, der im wesentlichen begonnen hat mit dem mechanischen Webstuhl und der Spinnmaschine im achtzehnten Jahrhundert, das moderne Proletariat entwickelt. Und von dem, was durch die Welt in den Köpfen des modernen Proletariats — meinetwillen nennen Sie es «spukt», hängt das welthistorische Schicksal von heute und der nächsten Zukunft ab. Denn dieses Proletariat strebt nach der Macht, nach der Mehrheit, und es wird zu betrachten sein in seinen Taten wie die Ergebnisse von Naturnotwendigkeiten, wie Elementarereignisse, nicht wie etwas, was man kritisieren kann, was einem gefällt oder nicht gefällt, was man bespricht, je nachdem das oder jenes den einen oder den anderen Eindruck macht; sondern es muß beurteilt werden wie etwa ein Erdbeben oder eine Springflut des Meeres oder dergleichen.

Nun sehen wir zunächst sich vorbereiten dasjenige, was aus dem modernen Proletariat, oder vielleicht besser gesagt, was aus den Tendenzen und Empfindungen des modernen Proletariats hervorgeht; wie ein Vorpostengefecht, möchte ich sagen, sehen wir das, was Ihnen ja von einer gewissen Seite her entgegentritt im russischen Bolschewismus. Dieser russische Bolschewismus — ich habe das öfter schon gesagt — paßt auf die Ureigentümlichkeit des russischen Volkes natürlich nicht. Er ist von außen hineingetragen. Aber darauf kommt es ja auch nicht an, wenn man die Tatsachen ins Auge fassen will; denn er ist einmal innerhalb des Gebietes, das das frühere Zarenreich war, in einem großen Umfange da, und er muß eben wie eine Naturerscheinung beobachtet werden, wie eine Naturerscheinung, die in sich den Trieb hat, sich immer weiter und weiter auszudehnen. Man muß vor allen Dingen, wenn man so etwas betrachtet wie den russischen Bolschewismus, absehen von den Begleiterscheinungen. Man muß auf die Hauptsache sehen. Daß er gerade 1917 seinen Anfang genommen hat, daß er diese oder jene äußere Erscheinung zeigt, dazu sind vielleicht naheliegende Gründe maßgebend gewesen. Ich habe Ihnen gesagt, daß nicht unbeteiligt an dem unmittelbaren Ausbruch des Bolschewismus sogar die Ludendorftsche Hilflosigkeit war und verschiedenes andere noch. Allein, das alles muß man abstreifen, wenn man die Dinge fruchtbar betrachten will, und muß auf die Impulse sehen, die in diesem russischen Bolschewismus leben. Man muß sich einmal ganz trokken fragen: Was will dieser russische Bolschewismus und wie stellt er sich hinein in die ganze Entwickelung der Menschheit? — Denn das ist ja zweifellos, er ist eine nicht etwa ephemerisch vorübergehende, er ist eine tiefgehende, welthistorische Erscheinung. Und es ist außerordentlich wichtig, die soziale Grundstruktur, wie sie sich als Bild dieser russische Bolschewismus macht, einmal vor sich hinzustellen, um ihn gewissermaßen in seinem Hervorgehen aus den tieferen Weltimpulsen dann betrachten zu können.

Nun, wenn man die Grundeigenschaften dieses russischen Bolschewismus betrachtet, so muß man sagen, sein erstes Bestreben geht dahin, dasjenige, was wir im Sinne des Marxismus charakterisiert haben als die Bourgeoisie, zu vernichten, aus der Welt zu schaffen. Das ist sozusagen Grundmaxime. Alles, was als Bourgeoistum, als Bourgeoisie heraufgekommen ist im Laufe der geschichtlichen Entwickelung, mit Stumpf und Stiel als der Menschheitsentwickelung nach seiner Ansicht schädlich auszurotten. Dazu sollen ihn verschiedene Wege führen. Erstens die Überwindung aller Klassenunterschiede beim Menschen. Auf solche sachliche Überwindung der Klassen- und Ständeunterschiede, wie ich sie Ihnen gestern wieder vorgeführt habe, läßt sich der Bolschewismus nicht ein. Er denkt ja durchaus selber bürgerlich. Und das, was ich Ihnen gestern vorgeführt habe, ist nicht bürgerlich gedacht, sondern ist menschlich gedacht. Er will in seiner Art die Klassenunterschiede, die Ständeunterschiede überwinden. Nun sagt er sich: Die gegenwärtigen Staaten sind aufgebaut in ihrer Struktur von der bürgerlichen Lebensauffassung. Daher müssen die Formen der gegenwärtigen Staaten verschwinden. Es muß alles das, was in den gegenwärtigen Staaten Anhängsel des Bürgertums ist, wie die Polizeiordnung, die Militärordnung, die Justizordnung, alles das muß verschwinden. Was also das Bürgertum zu seiner Sicherheit, zu seiner Rechtsprechung geschaffen hat, das muß verschwinden, mit dem Bürgertum selbst verschwinden. Übergehen muß die gesamte Verwaltung, die gesamte Organisation der sozialen Struktur in die Hände des Proletariats. Dadurch wird der Staat, wie er bis jetzt bestanden hat, absterben, und das Proletariat wird die gesamte menschliche Struktur, das gesamte gesellschaftliche Zusammenleben verwalten. Das kann nicht erreicht werden durch die alten Einrichtungen, die eben das Bürgertum sich geschaffen hat, das kann nicht erreicht werden etwa dadurch, daß man Reichstage oder sonstige Volksvertretungen nach diesem oder jenem Wahlrecht wählt, wie das in der bürgerlichen Lebensauffassung gemacht worden ist; denn würde man solche Vertretungskörper weiter wählen, so würde nur das Bürgertum sich darinnen fortsetzen. Also mit allen solchen Vertretungskörpern, seien sie mit diesem oder jenem Wahlrecht, kommt man nicht zu den Zielen, welche da angestrebt werden. Daher handelt es sich darum, daß zunächst wirklich diejenigen Maßregeln Platz greifen, welche aus dem Proletariat selber herauskommen, welche in keinem Bürgerkopfe wachsen können, weil der Bürgerkopf notwendigerweise nur solche Maßregeln treffen kann, die überwunden werden sollen, sondern die nur aus einem Proletarierkopf kommen können. Daher kann nicht von irgendeiner National- oder Staatsversammlung irgend etwas verwaltet werden, sondern einzig und allein von der Diktatur des Proletariats; das heißt, es muß übergeführt werden die gesamte soziale Struktur in die Diktatur des Proletariats. Nur das Proletariat wird einen Sinn dafür haben, wirklich das Bürgertum aus der Welt zu schaffen. Denn das Bürgertum, wenn es in Vertretungskörpern sitzen würde, würde ja keinen Sinn dafür haben, sich selber aus der Welt zu schaffen, während es doch darauf ankommt, daß das Bürgertum, daß die Bourgeoisie entrechtet werde. Daher können Einfluß auf die soziale Struktur nur diejenigen Menschen haben, welche im echten Sinne Proletarier sind, das heißt nur diejenigen, welche Arbeit verrichten, die der Allgemeinheit nützen. Kein Recht zu wählen hat daher derjenige im Sinne dieser proletarischen Weltanschauung, welcher in irgendeiner Form sich von anderen Menschen, die er dafür bezahlt, Dienste leisten läßt. Also, wer immer Leute anstellt, Leute für sich verdingt, die er für ihre Dienste bezahlt, hat kein Recht, irgendwie teilzunehmen an der sozialen Struktur, hat also auch kein Wahlrecht. Ebensowenig hat ein Wahlrecht derjenige, welcher von den Zinsen etwa seines Vermögens lebt, der also Zinsgenießer ist. Ebensowenig hat ein Recht zu wählen derjenige, der ein Händler ist, der also nicht werktätige Arbeit verrichtet, oder der ein Zwischenhändler ist. Alle diese Menschen also, die von Zinsen leben, die andere Leute anstellen und sie bezahlen, die Händler sind oder Zwischenhändler, können auch nicht Regierungsorgane sein, während die Diktatur des Proletariats waltet. Während dieser Diktatur des Proletariats gibt es keine allgemeine Redefreiheit, keine Versammlungsfreiheit, keine Organisationsfreiheit; sondern Versammlungen abhalten, sich organisieren können allein diejenigen, die werktätige Arbeit verrichten. Allen anderen ist die freie Rede, ist das Versammlungsrecht, ist das Recht, sich in Gesellschaften oder Vereinen zu organisieren, verboten. Ebenso genießen nur diejenigen Menschen Pressefreiheit, welche werktätige Arbeit verrichten. Die Presse der Bourgeoisie wird unterdrückt, wird nicht geduldet. - Dies sind ungefähr solche Maximen, welche leiten sollen, ich möchte sagen, die Übergangszeit. Denn wenn diese Maximen eine Zeitlang - das verspricht sich die proletarische Weltanschauung von ihrem Vorgehen - gewaltet haben werden, wird eben nur noch werktätige Menschheit da sein. Es wird nur noch Proletariat da sein. Das Bürgertum wird ausgerottet sein.

Zu diesen Dingen, die vor allem für die Übergangszeit Bedeutung haben, kommen dann diejenigen Dinge, die dauernde Bedeutung haben. Zu denen gehört zum Beispiel die allgemeine Arbeitspflicht. Jeder Mensch ist verpflichtet, irgend etwas zu arbeiten, das der Allgemeinheit nützt. Ein einschneidender Grundsatz, der ebenfalls dauernd gilt, ist die Aufhebung des Privateigentums an Grund und Boden. Größere Güter werden landwirtschaftlichen Kommunen übergeben. Privateigentum an Grund und Boden soll es nach dieser proletarischen Weltanschauung in der Zukunft nicht geben. Industrielle Betriebe, Unternehmerbetriebe werden enteignet, gehen über in die Verwaltung der Gesellschaft, werden von der zentralisierten Arbeiterverwaltung verwaltet; an deren Spitze steht dann der oberste Rat für Volkswirtschaft; das ist eben gerade der Bolschewismus in Rußland. Banken werden verstaatlicht, eine allgemeine, das ganze Gemeinwesen umfassende Buchhalterei wird eingerichtet, welche alle Produktion zu umfassen hat. Aller Außenhandel eines Gemeinwesens wird gemeinschaftlich; die Betriebe werden also verstaatlicht.

Das sind ungefähr die Grundsätze, welche das Ideal von Trotzki und Lenin bilden, und aus denen Sie hervorspringen sehen, ich möchte sagen, die Angelpunkte dessen, was vom modernen Proletariat gewollt wird.

Damit ist es natürlich nicht getan, daß man sich täglich von seiner Zeitung erzählen läßt, daß soundso viel Bluttaten getan werden durch den Bolschewismus. Wenn man vergleicht die Bluttaten durch den Bolschewismus mit der ungeheuren Anzahl der Bluttaten, die durch diesen Krieg getan worden sind, dann sind die Bluttaten des Bolschewismus selbstverständlich eine Kleinigkeit. Es kommt darauf an, zu sehen, was übersehen worden ist, was versäumt worden ist, damit in der Zukunft die Entwickelung der Menschheit denkend verfolgt werde. Man muß doch zuerst seelisch und dann geistig diese Sache, die so innig zusammenhängt mit der ganzen Fortentwickelung der Menschheit, ins Auge fassen. Das soll ja gerade die Aufgabe der Geisteswissenschaft sein, auch diese Dinge wirklich geistig und seelisch ins Auge zu fassen. Die Zeit muß aufhören, wo faule Pastoren- und Pfarrerwirtschaft den Leuten von den Kanzeln theoretisches, mit dem Leben nicht zusammenhängendes Zeug zur sogenannten Erwärmung der Seelen an jedem Sonntag vorgeredet haben. Das dagegen muß beginnen, daß jeder, der an dem geistigen Leben teilnehmen will, verpflichtet ist, in das Leben auch hineinzuschauen, mit dem Leben in unmittelbarer Verbindung zu stehen. Das ist nicht zum geringen Teil an dem Unglücke der Gegenwart schuld, daß seit langer Zeit gerade diejenigen, die die religiösen Gefühle der Menschheit verwaltet haben, von ihrem Orte, von ihren Kanzeln herunter Dinge geredet haben, die eigentlich mit gar keinem Leben in irgendeinem Zusammenhange standen, Reden gehalten haben, die nur gehalten worden sind, um den Leuten für ihre Herzen oder ihre Seelen lahmes Zeug zu bieten, das sie doch nur angenehm berührt hat, das aber nicht eingegriffen hat in das Leben. Daher ist das Leben gottlos, daher ist es geistlos geblieben und ist endlich in das Chaos gekommen. Suchen Sie die Ursache vieler Schulden, die heute bezahlt werden müssen, gerade in der törichten Rederei derjenigen, die zum Beispiel die religiösen Gefühle zu verwalten hatten und die mit dem Leben in gar keinem Zusammenhang standen. Was haben sie erreicht von dem, was zu geschehen hat in dem Zeitalter, in dem eine ganz neue Menschheit in Form des Proletariats sich heraufentwickelt hat, was haben sie erreicht, diese Leute, die unnötiges Zeug von den Kanzeln verkündet haben, solches Zeug, das die Leute nur begehrt haben, weil sie sich hinwegtäuschen wollten durch allerlei Illusionen über die wahren Realitäten des Lebens? Die Zeiten sind ernst, und die Dinge müssen ernst betrachtet werden.

Wenn gesagt wird, daß die Menschen Interesse gewinnen müssen, der einzelne für den andern, so darf das nicht nur im Sinne der Gesinnung betrachtet werden, wie es in den Sonntagnachmittagspredigten angegeben wird, sondern das muß so betrachtet werden, wie es tief hineinweist in die soziale Struktur der Gegenwart. Nehmen Sie einen konkreten Fall. Wie viele Menschen gibt es heute, die eine ganz abstrakte, konfuse Vorstellung von dem Leben, von ihrem eigenen, persönlichen Leben haben! Wenn sie sich zum Beispiel fragen: Wie lebe ich? - sie tun es ja meistens nicht, aber wenn sie es schon einmal täten -, dann sagen sie sich: Nun, von meinem Gelde. - Unter denen, die sich sagen: Von meinem Gelde - sind sehr viele, die haben dieses Geld zum Beispiel ererbt von ihren Eltern und glauben nun, sie leben von ihrem Gelde, das sie ererbt von ihren Vätern haben. Aber, meine lieben Freunde, von Geld kann man nicht leben! Geld ist nicht irgend etwas, wovon man leben kann. Da muß erst angefangen werden, nachzudenken. Und diese Frage hängt innig zusammen mit dem wirklichen Interesse, das man von Mensch zu Mensch hat. Wer da glaubt, daß er von dem Gelde lebt, das er ererbt oder das er aufirgendeine andere Weise bekommen hat, außer, wie es heute normalerweise der Fall ist, daß man Geld durch Arbeit bekommt, wer so lebt und glaubt, daß er vom Gelde leben kann, der hat kein Interesse für seine Mitmenschen, weil vom Gelde niemand leben kann. Der Mensch muß essen, und was gegessen wird, das muß von irgendwelchen Menschen erarbeitet werden. Der Mensch muß sich kleiden. Dasjenige, was er anzieht, müssen Leute erarbeiten. Damit ich einen Rock anziehen kann oder ein Beinkleid, müssen Menschen stundenlang ihre Arbeitskraft verwenden, um das zustandezubringen. Die arbeiten für mich. Davon lebe ich, nicht von meinem Gelde. Mein Geld hat keinen andern Wert, als daß es mir die Macht gibt, das andern Arbeit zu benützen. Und so wie die sozialen Verhältnisse heute liegen, fängt man erst an, Interesse für seine Mitmenschen zu haben, wenn man sich diese Frage in der entsprechenden Weise beantwortet, wenn man im Geiste sieht: Soundso viele Menschen müssen soundso viele Stunden arbeiten, damit ich in der sozialen Struktur drinnen leben kann, Nicht darum handelt es sich, daß man sich selber wohltut, indem man sich sagt: Ich liebe die Menschen. Man liebt nicht die Menschen, wenn man glaubt, man lebe von seinem Gelde, und sich nicht im geringsten vorstellt, wie die Menschen für einen arbeiten, damit man nur des Lebens Minimum überhaupt hat.

Aber dieser Gedanke: Soundso viel Leute arbeiten, damit man des Lebens Minimum hat -, der ist ja untrennbar von dem anderen Gedanken, daß man das wiederum der Sozietät zurückgeben muß, nicht durch Geld, sondern wiederum durch Arbeit, was für einen gearbeitet wird. Und erst, wenn man sich verpflichtet fühlt, das Quantum von Arbeit, das für einen geleistet wird, auch wiederum zurückzuarbeiten in irgendeiner Form, erst dann hat man Interesse für seine Mitmenschen. Daß man seinen Mitmenschen sein Geld gibt, das bedeutet “nur, daß man die Mitmenschen am Gängelbande, am Sklavenbande führen kann, sie zwingen kann, daß sie für einen arbeiten. Können Sie sich aus Ihrer Erfahrung nicht selbst die Antwort geben auf die Frage: Wie viele Menschen bedenken, daß Geld nur eine Anweisung auf menschliche Arbeitskraft, daß Geld nur ein Machtmittel ist? Wie viele Menschen sehen im Geiste, daß sie gar nicht da sein könnten in dieser physischen Welt, ohne daß sie der Arbeit der anderen Menschen das, was sie selbst beanspruchen für ihr Leben, verdanken? — Sich verschuldet fühlen der Gesellschaft, in der man drinnen lebt, das ist der Beginn jenes Interesses, das verlangt werden muß für eine gesunde soziale Gestaltung.

Diese Dinge muß man sich schon einmal überlegen, sonst steigt man in ungesunder Weise in spirituelle Abstraktionen auf und nicht in einer gesunden Weise von der physischen Wirklichkeit zur geistigen Wirklichkeit. Der Mangel an Interesse für die soziale Struktur, der charakterisiert gerade die letzten Jahrhunderte. Denn in den letzten Jahrhunderten hat sich allmählich als menschliche Gewohnheit herausgebildet, daß die Menschen eigentlich nur für ihre eigene werte Persönlichkeit in bezug auf soziale Impulse Interesse entwickeln. Mehr oder weniger war alles auf Umwegen nur für ihre eigene Persönlichkeit. Gesundes soziales Leben ist nur möglich, wenn dieses Interesse für die eigene werte Persönlichkeit erweitert wird zum wirklichen sozialen Interesse. Und in dieser Beziehung darf schon die Bourgeoisie sich fragen: Was haben wir versäumt? — Man bedenke einmal folgendes: Es gibt eine geistige Kultur, es gibt Kulturwerke; ich will eine Sache herausgreifen: Fragen Sie sich: Wie vielen Menschen sind diese Kunstwerke zugänglich? — Oder fragen Sie sich besser: Wie vielen Menschen sind diese Kunstwerke ganz und gar nicht zugänglich? Für wie viele Menschen sind sie gar nicht da, diese Kunstwerke? — Aber rechnen Sie sich nun aus, wie viele Menschen arbeiten müssen, damit diese Kunstwerke da sein können. Irgendein Kunstwerk ist in Rom. Irgendein Bourgeois kann nach Rom fahren. Zählen Sie sich bloß zusammen, wieviel gearbeitet werden muß von Schaffenden etc., etc., etc. — das «etc.» hört gar nicht auf -—, damit dieser Bourgeois nach Rom fahren und etwas ansehen kann, was für ihn da ist, weil er Bourgeois ist, was für alle diejenigen Leute nicht da ist, die jetzt anfangen, ihre proletarische Lebensauffassung geltend zu machen. Das hat sich gerade innerhalb der Bourgeoisie herausgebildet, daß der Genuß als etwas Selbstverständliches angesehen wird. Aber der Genuß sollte eigentlich gar niemals wie etwas Selbstverständliches angesehen werden. Man sollte es geradezu als eine soziale Sünde ansehen, irgend etwas zu genießen, ohne das Äquivalent dafür der Allgemeinheit zurückzugeben in der Form, in der man es kann, aber in irgendeiner Form. Nichts sollte ungenützt bleiben für die Allgemeinheit. In der Natur- und Geistesordnung liegt es nicht, daß irgend etwas der Allgemeinheit vorenthalten werden soll. Zeit und Raum sind nur künstliche Hindernisse, sind nicht wirkliche Hindernisse. Diejenigen Dinge, die an den Ort gebunden sind, die können überall nachgemacht werden, die können allen Menschen zugänglich sein. Und diejenigen Dinge, die vervielfältigt werden können, sind nicht an den Ort gebunden, sie können — das ist ganz allgemeines Gesetz — überallhin gebracht werden. Das ist doch nur ein Anhängsel der Bourgeois-Weltanschauung, daß die Sixtinische Madonna immer unausgesetzt in Dresden hängt und nur von denjenigen Leuten gesehen werden kann, die nach Dresden kommen können; denn sie ist beweglich, sie kann in der ganzen Welt herumgebracht werden. Und gesorgt werden kann dafür - ich greife nur eines als Beispiel heraus -, daß dasjenige, was der eine genießt, auch der andere genießen kann.

Ich greife ein Beispiel heraus, aber ich wähle immer solche Beispiele, die für alles andere eben Beispiele sind, das heißt, die die andern Dinge auch durchaus erklären. Sie sehen, man braucht nur solche Töne anzuschlagen, dann rührt man an eine ganze Fülle von Dingen, über die die Leute eigentlich gar nicht weiter nachgedacht haben, sondern die sie als etwas Selbstverständliches hingenommen haben. Selbst in unserem Kreise, wo die Dinge so nahe liegen, wird nicht immer bedacht, daß jedes, was man aufnimmt, bedingt, daß man ein Äquivalent an die Sozietät dafür abgibt, daß man nicht bloß genießt.

Nun werden Sie eine Frage herausspringen sehen aus alledem, was ich jetzt aus einzelnen Beispielen, die nicht verhundertfacht, sondern vertausendfacht werden könnten, angeführt habe, die Frage: Ja, wie kann denn das anders werden, wenn das Geld eigentlich nur ein Machtmittel ist? — Das liegt schon beantwortet in jenem sozialen Ur-Grundsatz, über den ich letzte Woche hier gesprochen habe; denn das ist das Eigentümliche desjenigen, was ich Ihnen als eine Art Sozialwissenschaft, die aus der geistigen Welt heraus geschöpft ist, angeführt habe, daß sie so sicher ist wie die Mathematik. Bei diesen Dingen handelt es sich nicht darum, daß irgend jemand nun ins praktische Leben hineinschauen und sagen kann: Na, wir müssen erst nachsehen, ob die Dinge so richtig sind. — Nein, die Dinge, die ich Ihnen als eine soziale Wissenschaft aus der Geisteswissenschaft heraus angeführt habe, die sind ungefähr so wie der pythagoräische Lehrsatz. Wenn. Sie den pythagoräischen Lehrsatz nehmen, wenn Sie wissen, daß der Inhalt des Quadrats der Hypotenuse gleich ist der Summe der Quadrate der beiden Katheten, so kann es keine Erfahrung geben, die dem widerspricht, sondern Sie müssen überall diesen Grundsatz anwenden. So ist es mit dem Grundsatz, den ich Ihnen als den Grundsatz der sozialen Wissenschaft und des sozialen Lebens angeführt habe. Alles, was der Mensch so erwirbt, daß er es für seine Arbeit im sozialen Zusammenhange erhält, das wird zum Unheil. Heilsamkeit ergibt sich im sozialen Zusammenhange nur, wenn der Mensch nicht von seiner Arbeit, sondern aus anderen Quellen der Sozietät sein Leben zu fristen hat. Scheinbar widerspricht das dem, was ich soeben gesagt habe, aber eben nur scheinbar. Das gerade wird die Arbeit wertvoll machen, daß sie nicht mehr entlohnt wird. Denn worauf hingearbeitet werden muß, selbstverständlich vernünftig, nicht bolschewistisch, das ist: die Arbeit zu trennen von der Beschaffung der Existenzmittel. Das habe ich ja neulich ausgeführt. Wenn jemand nicht mehr für seine Arbeit entlohnt wird, dann verliert das Geld als Machtmittel für die Arbeit seinen Wert. Es gibt kein anderes Mittel für jenen Mißbrauch, der getrieben wird mit dem bloßen Gelde, als wenn überhaupt die soziale Struktur so geschaffen wird, daß niemand für seine Arbeit entlohnt werden kann, daß die Beschaffung der Existenzmittel von ganz anderer Seite her bewirkt wird. Dann können Sie natürlich nirgends erreichen, daß jemand durch das Geld in die Arbeit gezwungen werden kann.

Die meisten von den Fragen, die jetzt auftauchen, tauchen eben so auf, daß sie konfus angefaßt werden. Sollen sie in die Klarheit gehoben werden, so kann das nur durch die Geisteswissenschaft geschehen. Geld darf in der Zukunft kein Äquivalent sein für menschliche Arbeitskraft, sondern nur für tote Ware. Nur tote Ware wird man in Zukunft bekommen für Geld, nicht menschliche Arbeitskraft. Das ist von ungeheurer Wichtigkeit, meine lieben Freunde. Und jetzt bedenken Sie einmal, daß gerade aus der proletarischen Weltanschauung das in der verschiedensten Gestalt herausspringt, daß Arbeitskraft im modernen Industrialismus in erster Linie eine Ware ist. Das ist ja einer der Grundsätze des Marxismus, einer derjenigen Grundsätze, mit denen er am meisten Proselyten gemacht hat unter den Proletariern. Da sehen Sie, daß von einer ganz anderen Ecke konfus und verworren eine Forderung auftaucht, die allerdings von ganz anderer Seite her erfüllt werden muß. Und das ist das Eigentümliche bei den sozialen Forderungen der Gegenwart, daß sie, insoferne sie instinktiv auftreten, aus durchaus richtigen und gesunden Instinkten hervorgehen, nur daß sie auftauchen aus einer chaotischen sozialen Struktur und daher konfus auftauchen und daher auch zu Konfusionen führen. So ist es auf vielen Gebieten. Deshalb ist es so notwendig, wirklich eine geisteswissenschaftliche soziale Weltanschauung zu erfassen, weil die allein das wirkliche Heil bringen kann.

Nun werden Sie fragen: Ja, aber wird denn das eine Änderung hervorrufen? Wenn zum Beispiel einer ein bloßer Erbe ist, dann wird er ja auch sich weiter Ware kaufen für das Geld, das er hat oder ererbte, und in den Waren steckt ja schon die Arbeitskraft der andern Leute. Also das ändert sich nicht, werden Sie sagen. Ja, wenn Sie abstrakt denken, so ändert sich nichts. Aber wenn Sie hineinschauen würden in die ganze Wirkung dessen, was da geschieht, wenn abgesondert wird die Beschaffung der Existenzmittel von der Arbeit, so werden Sie anders urteilen. Denn in der Wirklichkeit ist es nicht so, daß man bloß abstrakte Konsequenzen zieht, sondern da haben die Dinge auch ihre realen Wirkungen. Wenn es wirklich so sein wird, daß die Existenzmittelbeschaffung abgetrennt wird von der Arbeitsleistung, dann gibt es nämlich keine Erbschaften mehr. Das bewirkt eine solche Änderung der Struktur, daß man kein Geld hat anders als zur Warenbeschaffung. Denn wenn eine Sache real gedacht wird, so hat sie nämlich allerlei Wirkungen. Unter anderem hat diese Trennung der Beschaffung der Existenzmittel von der Arbeit eine sehr eigentümliche Wirkung. Wenn man von Realitäten spricht, so kann man nicht so sprechen, daß Sie dann vielleicht sagen: Das sehe ich nicht ein. - Da könnten Sie auch sagen: Ich sehe nicht ein, warum Morphium schlaferzeugend ist. - Das folgt ja auch nicht aus einem bloßen Begriffszusammenhange, das zeigt sich Ihnen nur, wenn Sie die Wirkungen verfolgen.

Es gibt heute etwas höchst Unnatürliches in der sozialen Ordnung, das besteht darin, daß das Geld sich vermehrt, wenn man es bloß hat. Man legt es auf eine Bank und bekommt Zinsen. Das ist das Unnatürlichste, was es geben kann. Es ist eigentlich ein bloßer Unsinn. Man tut gar nichts; man legt sein Geld, das man vielleicht auch nicht erarbeitet, sondern ererbt hat, auf die Bank und bekommt Zinsen dafür. Das ist ein völliger Unsinn. Die Notwendigkeit wird aber eintreten, wenn die Existenzmittelbeschaffung getrennt wird von der Arbeit, daß Geld verwendet wird, wenn es da ist, wenn es erzeugt wird als Äguivalent der Waren, die da sind. Es muß verwendet werden, es muß zirkulieren. Denn die reale Wirkung wird eintreten, daß Geld sich nicht vermehrt, sondern daß es sich vermindert. Wenn heute einer eine bestimmte Summe Vermögen hat, so hat er in ungefähr vierzehn Jahren bei einer normalen Verzinsung fast das Doppelte, er hat nichts getan, hat nur gewartet. Wenn Sie sich so denken die Umänderung der sozialen Struktur, wie sie unter dem Einfluß dieses einen Grundsatzes, den ich Ihnen angeführt habe, geschehen muß, so vermehrt sich das Geld nicht, sondern vermindert sich, und nach einer bestimmten Anzahl von Jahren hat der Geldschein, den ich eben vor diesen Jahren erworben habe, keinen Wert mehr; er ist entwertet, er hört auf, einen Wert zu haben.

Dadurch wird die Bewegung eine natürliche in der sozialen Struktur, daß solche Verhältnisse eintreten, daß das bloße Geld, das ja nichts weiter ist als ein Schein, eine Anweisung, daß man eine gewisse Macht hat über die Arbeitskräfte der Menschen, nach einer bestimmten Zeit entwertet ist, wenn es nicht in die Zirkulation geführt wird. Also nicht vermehren wird es sich, sondern es wird sich progressiv vermindern und wird nach vierzehn Jahren oder vielleicht nach einer etwas längeren Zeit absolut gleich Null sein. Sie werden, wenn Sie heute Millionär sind, nach vierzehn Jahren nicht ein doppelter Millionär sein, sondern Sie werden ein armer Schlucker sein, wenn Sie in der Zeit nichts Neues erworben haben.

Wenn man das in der Gegenwart ausspricht, so wird das zuweilen noch so empfunden, als ob einen gewisse Tiere juckten, wenn ich den Vergleich gebrauchen darf. Ich weiß das, ich würde den Vergleich nicht gebraucht haben, wenn ich nicht die merkwürdigen Bewegungen im Auditorium wahrgenommen hätte. Aber weil das so ist heute, daß man die Sache so empfindet, als wenn einen gewisse Tiere juckten, daher der Bolschewismus. Suchen Sie nur die richtigen Gründe. Da liegen die richtigen Gründe! Und Sie schaffen das, was da heraufkommt, gar nicht anders aus der Welt, als daß Sie auf die Wahrheit wirklich eingehen wollen. Da nützt es nichts, daß die Wahrheit unangenehm ist. Und das wird zur Erziehung der Menschheit der Gegenwart und der nächsten Zukunft im wesentlichen gehören, daß man nicht mehr glauben wird, daß Wahrheiten nach subjektivem Ermessen, nach subjektiven Sympathien und Antipathien sich regen dürfen. Dafür kann aber Geisteswissenschaft schon sorgen, wenn sie mit dem gesunden Menschenverstand aufgefaßt wird. Denn die Sache läßt sich auch geistig betrachten. Mit der vagen Redensart, die ich auch schon gehört habe, selbst von Anthroposophen, die Geld in die Hand nehmen und sagen: Das ist Ahriman! — mit dieser vagen Redensart ist nichts getan. Geld bedeutet ein Äquivalent für Ware und Arbeitskraft heute. Es ist eine Anweisung auf etwas, was geschieht. Geht man über von der bloßen Abstraktion zur Wirklichkeit, überlegt man sich, wenn man hier zehn Hundertmarkscheine hat und man bezahlt sie jemandem, daß man mit diesen zehn Hundertmarkscheinen soundso vieler Leute Arbeit als Äquivalent von Hand zu Hand gehen läßt, daß in diesen Scheinen die Macht liegt, daß soundso viele Leute arbeiten müssen, dann steht man schon im Leben drinnen. Dann steht man im Leben mit allen seinen Verzweigungen und Impulsen drinnen, und dann wird man nicht mehr an der bloßen Abstraktion, an der gedankenlosen Abstraktion des Geldzahlens haltmachen, sondern man wird sich fragen: Was bedeutet das, daß ich zehn Hundertmarkscheine von Hand zu Hand gehen lasse, die aufrufen, daß soundso viele Menschen, die Kopf und Herz und Sinn haben, arbeiten müssen? Was bedeutet das?

Antwort auf eine solche Frage gibt letzten Endes nur eine geistige Betrachtung der Sache. Nehmen wir den extremsten Fall, meine lieben Freunde. Nehmen wir an, jemand hat, ohne daß er selbst sich für die Menschheit anstrengt, Geld. Es gibt ja den Fall. Ich will diesen extremen Fall betrachten. Also jemand hat, ohne daß er sich für die Menschheit anstrengt, Geld. Er kauft sich für das Geld etwas. Er ist sogar in der Lage, sich ein ganz angenehmes Leben zu zimmern dadurch, daß er dieses Geld hat, welches Anweisung auf menschliche Arbeitskraft ist. Schön. Dieser Mensch braucht ja kein schlechter Mensch zu sein, kann ein ganz guter Mensch sein, kann sogar ein sehr strebsamer Mensch sein. Die soziale Struktur durchschaut man ja oftmals nicht. Man hat nicht das Interesse an seinen Mitmenschen, das heißt, an der wirklichen sozialen Struktur. Man denkt, man liebe schon die Menschen, wenn 'man sich für sein ererbtes Geld zum Beispiel irgend etwas kauft, oder wenn man es selbst schenkt. Wenn man es schenkt, tut man ja auch gar nichts anderes, als daß man für denjenigen, dem man das Geld schenkt, soundso viele Leute arbeiten läßt. Es ist nur ein Machtmittel. Dadurch, daß es Anweisung auf Arbeitskraft ist, ist es ein Machtmittel.

Aber, meine lieben Freunde, das ist ja so geworden, das hat sich so herausgebildet, und das ist das Spiegelbild von etwas anderem. Das ist das Spiegelbild von dem, was ich im vorigen Vortrag erwähnt habe. Ich habe Sie darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß der Jahve-Gott die Welt dadurch für eine gewisse Zeit beherrscht hat, daß er die anderen Elohim aus dem Felde geschlagen hat, und daß er sich nun nicht mehr retten kann vor den Geistern, die er dadurch wachgerufen hat. Er hat seine Genossen, seine anderen sechs Elohim aus dem Felde geschlagen. Dadurch ist nur dasjenige, was der Mensch schon im embryonalen Zustand erlebt, im menschlichen Bewußtsein herrschend geworden. Die sechs anderen Kräfte, die der Mensch als Embryo nicht erlebt, sind dadurch unwirksam geworden, sind dadurch unter den Einfluß niederer geistiger Wesen gekommen. Und in den vierziger Jahren, sagte ich Ihnen, konnte Jahve sich nicht mehr retten. Da brach, weil mit der Jahve-Weisheit, die im Embryonalen erworben wird, nur die Vorsehung der äußeren Natur begriffen werden kann, und die Vorsehung aufhörte, begriffen zu werden, die bloße atheistische Naturwissenschaft herein. Das Spiegelbild davon ist die Zirkulation des Geldes, ohne daß mit dem Gelde Ware zirkuliert, daß das Geld einfach von einem Menschen auf den andern übergeht, ohne daß Ware zirkuliert. Denn mag der Mensch noch so sehr sich bestreben auf irgendeinem Gebiete: in dem, was Geld als Geld scheinbar produziert, lebt die ahrimanische Kraft. Sie können nicht erben, ohne daß soundso viel ahrimanische Kraft mit dem Gelde übergeht. Es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, Geld in heilsamer Weise innerhalb der sozialen Struktur zu haben, als es christlich zu haben, das heißt, zu erwerben so, daß man mit dem, was man zwischen Geburt und Tod entwickelt, das Geld erwirbt. Also nicht darf die Art, wie man das Geld bekommt, ein Spiegelbild sein desjenigen, was jahvistisch ist. Jahvistisch ist, daß wir geboren werden, das heißt aus einem Embryo ins äußere Leben übergehen. Davon ist das Spiegelbild, daß wir Geld ererben. Die Eigenschaften, die wir mit dem Blute erben, sind durch die Natur ererbt. Das Geld, das wir ererben und nicht erwerben, wäre das Spiegelbild davon.

Dadurch, daß das christliche Bewußtsein noch nicht Platz gegriffen hat, daß eigentlich noch immer mit der alten Jahve-Weisheit oder mit ihrem Gespenst, dem romanischen Staatsdenken, die soziale Struktur bewirkt wird, dadurch sind alle die Dinge hereingekommen, welche das heutige Unheil von der einen Seite her bewirkt haben. Ich sagte: Man darf die Sache nicht so abstrakt betrachten, wenn Geld Geld hervorbringt, sondern man muß sie in ihrer Wirklichkeit betrachten. Jedesmal, wenn Geld Geld hervorbringt, ist dies etwas, was nur auf dem physischen Plan hier vorgeht, während dasjenige, was der Mensch ist, immer zusammenhängt mit der geistigen Welt. Was tun Sie also, wenn Sie selbst nicht arbeiten, aber Geld haben und dieses Geld hingeben und der andere Mensch dafür arbeiten muß? Dann muß der Mensch das zu Markte tragen, was sein himmlischer Anteil ist, und Sie geben ihm nur Irdisches, Sie bezahlen mit nur Irdischem, mit rein Ahrimanischem. Sehen Sie, das ist die geistige Seite der Sache. Und wo Ahriman im Spiel ist, kann nur Untergang entstehen.

Auch das ist wieder eine unangenehme Wahrheit; aber es hilft nichts, wenn sich etwa jemand sagt: Na, ich bin ja sonst ein anständiger Kerl oder eine anständige Kerlin, also tu’ ich doch nichts Unrechtes, wenn ich von meiner Rente dies oder jenes bezahle. — Sie tun tatsächlich doch das, daß Sie Ahriman für Gott geben. Dazu ist man gewiß in der gegenwärtigen sozialen Struktur vielfach gezwungen. Aber man soll nicht Vogel-Strauß-Politik spielen und die Sache sich verdecken, sondern man soll der Wahrheit ins Auge schauen. Denn davon hängt es gerade ab, was die Zukunft bringen soll, daß man der Wahrheit ins Auge schaut. Vieles von dem, was so katastrophal über die Menschheit hereingebrochen ist, ist eben dadurch hereingebrochen, daß die Leute die Augen und die Seelenaugen zugedrückt haben vor der Wahrheit, daß sie sich abstrakte Begriffe für Recht und Unrecht gezimmert haben und nicht auf das Wirkliche, Konkrete eingehen wollten. Und davon wollen wir dann morgen weitersprechen und die Sache dann morgen zu geistigen Höhen hinaufheben.

Second Lecture

If you consider the basis of our anthroposophically oriented spiritual science in relation to other so-called worldviews that are now emerging—and there are many of them— you will find, among other things, that this anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, as a worldview and outlook on life, strives to apply what it seeks to discover through research into the spiritual worlds to the whole of life, to everything that human beings encounter in life. And anyone who has a sense of what is essential, of what is important in the pressing and burning questions and impulses of our time, will perhaps also be able to understand that it is precisely in the field of connecting the great worldview ideas with immediate life that lies what is so desperately needed in the present and in the near future. For among the reasons that have brought about the catastrophic situation of humanity today, one of the most significant is that people's worldviews — whether rooted in religion, science, or aesthetics — have gradually lost their connection with life over the course of time. There was, so to speak, an impulse, one might say a perverse impulse, which sought to separate so-called everyday practical life in its broadest sense from what people sought in the religious and ideological realms to satisfy their needs. Just consider how life in recent centuries has gradually taken on the form of people allowing themselves to go their own way in outward appearances, being, so to speak, “practical” people, organizing their lives according to “practical” principles, and then spending about half an hour every day, more or less, or not at all, or using Sunday for this purpose, in order to satisfy the needs of the heart and soul that had been lost in the process. principles, and then used about half an hour each day, more or less, or not at all, or used Sunday to satisfy the needs of the heart and soul, which sought to find a connection with the divine-spiritual that permeates the world.

This will change completely when anthroposophically oriented spiritual science takes hold in people's minds. Thoughts will spring from this worldview that are applicable in the most immediate life and will enable us to judge life in all areas with insight. The principle of the Sunday afternoon sermon should by no means be that of our anthroposophically oriented worldview, but rather the whole of life on all weekdays and also on Sunday mornings should be permeated by what the anthroposophical worldview can give to human beings. Because this has not been the case until now, the world has gradually sailed into chaos. People have neglected to look at what is really happening in their immediate surroundings, and today they are surprised that the consequences of this oversight are becoming apparent. They will be even more surprised in the future, because these consequences will become even clearer.

Today, we should not turn our gaze away from what is happening throughout humanity across the whole earth. With the judgments that enable us to see through the great impulses that are passing through world events, we should try to penetrate what today stands so enigmatically before the minds of human beings and threatens to turn the social structure into chaos. We should not continue in the same way, letting everything happen as it will, without trying to penetrate things with our healthy judgment.

The principle that says, “That is everyday, that is profane, that belongs to the outer life, turn away from that and turn your gaze to the divine-spiritual,” must cease. This must stop! The time must begin when even the most everyday things are brought into connection with the divine-spiritual, and when things are not viewed from the most abstract standpoint, taken out of spiritual life.

In the course of these reflections, I have said that a favorable turn in the social movement can only come about through a growth in the interest that individual human beings take in one another. Social structure is precisely the structure that connects human beings socially. It can only be healthy if human beings truly know that they belong within it, if they are consciously within the social structure. And that is what is unhealthy about the present and has brought about the catastrophe, that people have neglected to acquire any attitude toward how to stand within the social community. The interest that connects us as human beings with other human beings has ceased, even though people often believe they have such an interest. The cheap theosophical principle: I love all people, I am already interested in all people — that does not work, because it is abstract and does not intervene in real life. And it is this intervention in real life that is at stake; this must be understood more deeply. A lack of understanding of real life has been a characteristic feature of the last few centuries. Now, without people having followed the process, these last few centuries have brought about the present situation and will bring about the future situation. In the historical life of humanity, there is no other way than for people to accompany what is happening, what is happening among them in social life, with their thinking. But the events that have been taking place for a relatively long time cannot be accompanied in any other way than by acquiring a healthy sense of certain phenomena. It was only too clear to the objective observer that almost the entire world was being administered, governed, and so on, according to principles that had actually become obsolete centuries ago, while life had naturally progressed in the last few centuries. And one essential thing that has entered into the development of humanity is modern industrialism, which has created the entire modern proletariat. But this emergence of the modern proletariat was not accompanied by thought. The ruling classes continued to live in the old way, filling their leadership positions as they had been accustomed to doing for centuries, and without doing anything, without even accompanying the process of world history with thought, the modern proletariat developed out of the facts, out of the actual events, from the emergence of modern industrialism, which essentially began with the mechanical loom and the spinning machine in the eighteenth century, the modern proletariat developed. And what is happening in the minds of the modern proletariat—call it “haunting,” if you will—determines the world-historical fate of today and the immediate future. For this proletariat strives for power, for the majority, and it must be regarded in its actions as the result of natural necessities, as elementary events, not as something that can be criticized, that one likes or dislikes, that one discusses, depending on whether it makes one impression or another; but must be judged like an earthquake or a spring tide of the sea or the like.

Now we see, first of all, the preparation of that which is emerging from the modern proletariat, or perhaps I should say, from the tendencies and sentiments of the modern proletariat; like a skirmish, I would say, we see that which is confronting you from a certain quarter in Russian Bolshevism. This Russian Bolshevism—I have said this often—does not, of course, fit the original character of the Russian people. It has been brought in from outside. But that is not important if one wants to look at the facts; for it is now present on a large scale within the territory that was formerly the Tsarist Empire, and it must be observed like a natural phenomenon, like a natural phenomenon that has an inherent tendency to spread further and further. When considering something like Russian Bolshevism, one must above all disregard the accompanying phenomena. One must look at the main thing. That it began in 1917, that it displays this or that external phenomenon, may have been due to obvious reasons. I have told you that even Ludendorff's helplessness and various other factors were not uninvolved in the immediate outbreak of Bolshevism. But all that must be set aside if one wants to look at things fruitfully, and one must look at the impulses that live in this Russian Bolshevism. One must ask oneself quite dryly: What does this Russian Bolshevism want, and how does it fit into the overall development of humanity? For there is no doubt that it is not a passing phenomenon, but a profound, world-historical phenomenon. And it is extremely important to first examine the basic social structure as it is reflected in this Russian Bolshevism, in order to be able to observe it, as it were, in its emergence from the deeper world impulses.

Now, if we consider the fundamental characteristics of this Russian Bolshevism, we must say that its primary aim is to destroy, to wipe out, what we have characterized in Marxism as the bourgeoisie. That is, so to speak, its basic maxim. Everything that has emerged as bourgeoisie in the course of historical development must be eradicated root and branch as harmful to human development in its view. Various paths are supposed to lead to this. First, the overcoming of all class differences among human beings. Bolshevism cannot accept such an objective overcoming of class and estate differences as I demonstrated to you again yesterday. It thinks in a thoroughly bourgeois way itself. And what I demonstrated to you yesterday is not bourgeois thinking, but human thinking. It wants to overcome class differences and estate differences in its own way. Now it says to itself: The present states are built on the structure of the bourgeois conception of life. Therefore, the forms of the present states must disappear. Everything that is an appendage of the bourgeoisie in the present states, such as the police, the military, the judiciary, must disappear. So everything that the bourgeoisie has created for its security and for its administration of justice must disappear, along with the bourgeoisie itself. The entire administration, the entire organization of the social structure, must pass into the hands of the proletariat. As a result, the state as it has existed until now will die out, and the proletariat will administer the entire human structure, the entire social life. This cannot be achieved through the old institutions that the bourgeoisie has created for itself; it cannot be achieved by electing Reichstag or other representative bodies according to this or that electoral law, as has been done in the bourgeois conception of life; for if such representative bodies were to continue to be elected, only the bourgeoisie would continue to exist within them. Therefore, with all such representative bodies, whether they are elected by this or that electoral law, the goals that are being strived for cannot be achieved. Therefore, it is essential that the measures that come from the proletariat itself take effect first, measures that cannot grow in the mind of the bourgeois, because the bourgeois mind can only conceive of measures that are to be overcome, measures that can only come from the mind of a proletarian. Therefore, nothing can be administered by any national or state assembly, but solely by the dictatorship of the proletariat; that is, the entire social structure must be transformed into the dictatorship of the proletariat. Only the proletariat will have a sense of the need to really get rid of the bourgeoisie. Because if the bourgeoisie were in representative bodies, it would have no sense of the need to get rid of itself, when what matters is that the bourgeoisie, the bourgeoisie, be disenfranchised. Therefore, only those people who are proletarians in the true sense of the word, that is, only those who perform work that benefits the community, can have any influence on the social structure. According to this proletarian worldview, anyone who in any way allows other people to perform services for them in return for payment has no right to vote. So, whoever hires people, employs people for themselves, whom they pay for their services, has no right to participate in any way in the social structure and therefore also has no right to vote. Nor does anyone who lives off the interest on their assets, i.e., who is a rentier, have the right to vote. Nor does a merchant, who does not perform manual labor, or a middleman have the right to vote. All these people who live off interest, who employ and pay other people, who are merchants or middlemen, cannot be government officials while the dictatorship of the proletariat is in power. During this dictatorship of the proletariat, there is no general freedom of speech, no freedom of assembly, no freedom of organization; only those who perform laboring work may hold assemblies and organize themselves. All others are prohibited from free speech, from the right of assembly, from the right to organize themselves into societies or associations. Likewise, only those people who perform manual labor enjoy freedom of the press. The press of the bourgeoisie is suppressed and not tolerated. These are roughly the maxims that should guide, I would say, the transitional period. For when these maxims have prevailed for a time—and this is what the proletarian worldview expects from its actions—only the working people will remain. Only the proletariat will remain. The bourgeoisie will be exterminated.

In addition to these things, which are of particular importance for the transitional period, there are those things that are of lasting importance. These include, for example, the general obligation to work. Every person is obliged to do some work that benefits the community. A radical principle that will also apply permanently is the abolition of private ownership of land. Larger properties will be transferred to agricultural communes. According to this proletarian worldview, private ownership of land will not exist in the future. Industrial enterprises and businesses are expropriated, transferred to the administration of society, and managed by a centralized workers' administration, headed by the Supreme Council for National Economy; this is precisely what Bolshevism is in Russia. Banks are nationalized, and a general accounting system covering the entire community is established, which must encompass all production. All foreign trade of a community will become communal; the enterprises will thus be nationalized.

These are roughly the principles that form the ideal of Trotsky and Lenin, and from which you can see, I would say, the cornerstones of what the modern proletariat wants.

Of course, it is not enough to read in the newspaper every day about how many bloody deeds are being committed by Bolshevism. If one compares the bloody deeds of Bolshevism with the enormous number of bloody deeds that have been committed in this war, then the bloody deeds of Bolshevism are, of course, a trifle. It is important to see what has been overlooked, what has been neglected, so that in the future the development of humanity can be followed in a thoughtful manner. One must first consider this matter, which is so closely connected with the entire further development of humanity, spiritually and then intellectually. It should be the task of spiritual science to consider these things in a truly spiritual and intellectual manner. The time must come to an end when lazy pastors and priests preach theoretical stuff from the pulpit every Sunday that has nothing to do with life, supposedly to warm people's souls. Instead, everyone who wants to participate in spiritual life must be obliged to look into life and be in direct contact with it. It is not least due to the misfortune of the present that for a long time those who have administered the religious feelings of mankind have spoken from their positions, from their pulpits, about things that had no connection whatsoever with life, have made speeches that were only made to offer people lame stuff for their hearts or souls, which only touched them pleasantly but did not interfere with their lives. That is why life is godless, why it has remained spiritless and has finally descended into chaos. Look for the cause of many debts that must be paid today precisely in the foolish talk of those who, for example, were supposed to administer religious feelings and who had no connection whatsoever with life. What have they achieved of what needs to be done in an age in which a whole new humanity has developed in the form of the proletariat? What have they achieved, these people who have proclaimed useless things from the pulpits, things that people only wanted to hear because they wanted to deceive themselves with all kinds of illusions about the true realities of life? The times are serious, and things must be viewed seriously.

When it is said that people must develop an interest in one another, this must not be viewed merely in terms of attitude, as is indicated in Sunday afternoon sermons, but must be viewed in terms of its profound significance for the social structure of the present. Take a concrete case. How many people today have a completely abstract, confused idea of life, of their own personal life! When they ask themselves, for example, “How do I live?”—which they usually don't, but if they did—they say to themselves, “Well, from my money.” Among those who say, 'From my money,' there are many who have inherited this money from their parents, for example, and now believe that they live from the money they inherited from their fathers. But, my dear friends, you cannot live on money! Money is not something you can live on. That is where we must begin to think. And this question is closely related to the real interest one has in other people. Anyone who believes that they live from the money they have inherited or obtained in some other way, except, as is normally the case today, by working for it, anyone who lives like this and believes that they can live from money, has no interest in their fellow human beings, because no one can live from money. People have to eat, and what they eat has to be produced by other people. People have to clothe themselves. The clothes they wear have to be made by other people. In order for me to wear a skirt or a pair of trousers, people have to work for hours to produce them. They work for me. That is what I live on, not my money. My money has no value other than giving me the power to use other people's labor. And as social conditions are today, one only begins to take an interest in one's fellow human beings when one answers this question in the appropriate way, when one sees in one's mind: So many people have to work so many hours so that I can live within the social structure. It is not a question of doing oneself good by saying: I love people. One does not love people if one believes that one lives from one's money and does not imagine in the least how people work for one so that one has the minimum necessary to live.

But this idea: so many people work so that you can have the minimum necessary to live—this is inseparable from the other idea that you must give back to society, not through money, but through work, through the work that is done for you. And only when you feel obliged to work back in some form the amount of work that has been done for you, only then do you have an interest in your fellow human beings. Giving your fellow human beings your money means only that you can keep them on a leash, in slavery, and force them to work for you. Can't you answer the question yourself, based on your experience: How many people consider that money is only an instruction for human labor, that money is only a means of power? How many people realize that they could not exist in this physical world without the work of other people, without what they themselves claim for their own lives? Feeling indebted to the society in which one lives is the beginning of the interest that must be demanded for a healthy social order.

One must consider these things, otherwise one ascends in an unhealthy way into spiritual abstractions and not in a healthy way from physical reality to spiritual reality. The lack of interest in social structure has characterized the last few centuries. For in the last few centuries, it has gradually become a human habit that people only develop interest in social impulses in relation to their own valuable personality. More or less, everything was indirectly for their own personality. Healthy social life is only possible when this interest in one's own valuable personality is expanded into genuine social interest. And in this regard, the bourgeoisie must ask itself: What have we failed to do? Consider the following: There is a spiritual culture, there are cultural works; I want to pick out one thing: Ask yourself: How many people have access to these works of art? — Or better yet, ask yourself: How many people have absolutely no access to these works of art? For how many people do these works of art not exist at all? — But now calculate how many people have to work so that these works of art can exist. A work of art is in Rome. Some bourgeois can travel to Rome. Just count how much work has to be done by creators, etc., etc., etc. — the “etc.” never ends — so that this bourgeois can travel to Rome and see something that is there for him because he is bourgeois, something that is not there for all those people who are now beginning to assert their proletarian view of life. It has developed within the bourgeoisie that enjoyment is regarded as something self-evident. But enjoyment should never be regarded as something self-evident. It should be regarded as a social sin to enjoy anything without giving back to the community the equivalent in the form in which one can, but in some form. Nothing should remain unused for the community. It is not in the natural and spiritual order that anything should be withheld from the community. Time and space are only artificial obstacles, not real obstacles. Those things that are tied to a place can be reproduced anywhere and made accessible to all people. And those things that can be reproduced are not tied to a place; they can be taken anywhere—that is a universal law. It is merely an appendage of the bourgeois worldview that the Sistine Madonna always hangs in Dresden and can only be seen by those who can come to Dresden; for it is movable, it can be taken all over the world. And it can be ensured—I am taking just one example—that what one person enjoys, another can also enjoy.

I am picking out one example, but I always choose examples that are examples for everything else, that is, that also explain other things. You see, one only needs to strike such a note to touch on a whole host of things that people have not really thought about, but have accepted as something self-evident. Even in our circle, where things are so obvious, it is not always considered that everything one takes in requires that one give something equivalent to society in return, that one does not merely enjoy it.

Now you will see a question emerge from everything I have just said, based on individual examples that could be multiplied not a hundredfold but a thousandfold: Yes, how can things be any different when money is really only a means of power? The answer lies in the fundamental social principle I spoke about here last week, for that is the distinctive feature of what I have presented to you as a kind of social science derived from the spiritual world: it is as certain as mathematics. These things are not a matter of anyone being able to look into practical life and say, “Well, we must first see whether things are really so.” No, the things I have presented to you as a social science derived from spiritual science are roughly like the Pythagorean theorem. If you take the Pythagorean theorem, if you know that the content of the square is equal to the sum of the squares of the two cathetus, there can be no experience that contradicts this, but you must apply this principle everywhere. So it is with the principle that I have presented to you as the principle of social science and social life. Everything that man acquires in such a way that he receives it for his work in a social context becomes a disaster. Salutary effects arise in the social context only when man has to earn his living not from his work but from other sources of society. This seems to contradict what I have just said, but only seemingly. It is precisely this that will make work valuable, that it will no longer be remunerated. For what must be worked toward, reasonably of course, not Bolshevically, is to separate work from the procurement of the means of existence. I explained this recently. When someone is no longer remunerated for their work, money loses its value as a means of power for work. There is no other means for the abuse that is perpetrated with mere money than to create a social structure in which no one can be paid for their work, in which the means of subsistence are provided from a completely different source. Then, of course, you cannot force anyone to work through money.

Most of the questions that arise now arise in such a way that they are dealt with in a confused manner. If they are to be clarified, this can only be done through spiritual science. In the future, money must not be an equivalent for human labor, but only for dead goods. In the future, only dead goods will be obtained for money, not human labor. This is of tremendous importance, my dear friends. And now consider that it is precisely from the proletarian worldview that it emerges in various forms that labor power in modern industrialism is primarily a commodity. This is one of the principles of Marxism, one of the principles with which it has won most converts among the proletariat. You see, then, that from a completely different quarter there arises a demand which is confused and confused, but which must be fulfilled from a completely different quarter. And that is the peculiar thing about the social demands of the present day: insofar as they arise instinctively, they spring from entirely correct and healthy instincts, but they emerge from a chaotic social structure and therefore appear confused and lead to confusion. This is the case in many areas. That is why it is so necessary to really grasp a spiritual-scientific social worldview, because that alone can bring about real salvation.

Now you will ask: Yes, but will that bring about a change? If, for example, someone is a mere heir, then he will continue to buy goods for the money he has or has inherited, and the labor of other people is already contained in those goods. So that doesn't change, you will say. Yes, if you think abstractly, nothing changes. But if you look at the whole effect of what happens when the procurement of the means of existence is separated from work, you will judge differently. For in reality, it is not the case that one merely draws abstract conclusions; things also have real effects. If it really is the case that the procurement of the means of existence is separated from the performance of work, then there will be no more inheritances. This brings about such a change in the structure that people have no money except for the procurement of goods. For when a thing is thought of in real terms, it has all kinds of effects. Among other things, this separation of the procurement of the means of existence from work has a very peculiar effect. When we speak of realities, we cannot say, “I don't see that.” You might as well say, “I don't see why morphine induces sleep.” That does not follow from a mere conceptual connection; it only becomes apparent when you observe the effects.

There is something highly unnatural in the social order today, which is that money increases when you simply have it. You put it in a bank and receive interest. That is the most unnatural thing there can be. It is actually pure nonsense. You do nothing; you put your money, which you may not have earned but inherited, in the bank and receive interest on it. That is complete nonsense. However, when the means of subsistence are separated from work, it will become necessary to use money when it is available, when it is produced as the equivalent of the goods that are available. It must be used, it must circulate. For the real effect will be that money does not increase, but decreases. If someone today has a certain amount of wealth, in about fourteen years, with normal interest rates, they will have almost double that amount without having done anything, just waited. If you think about the change in the social structure as it must occur under the influence of this one principle that I have outlined to you, money does not increase, but decreases, and after a certain number of years, the banknote that I acquired a few years ago has no value anymore; it is devalued, it ceases to have any value.

This makes the movement a natural one in the social structure, in that conditions arise in which mere money, which is nothing more than a note, an instruction that one has a certain power over the labor power of human beings, is devalued after a certain period of time if it is not put into circulation. So it will not increase, but will progressively decrease and after fourteen years, or perhaps after a slightly longer period, it will be absolutely zero. If you are a millionaire today, you will not be twice a millionaire after fourteen years, but you will be a poor beggar if you have not acquired anything new in that time.

When you say that today, it sometimes feels as if certain animals are biting you, if I may use that comparison. I know that I would not have used the comparison if I had not noticed the strange movements in the auditorium. But because that is how it is today, that people feel as if a certain animal is itching them, hence Bolshevism. Just look for the right reasons. There lie the real reasons! And you cannot get rid of what is coming up in any other way than by really wanting to face the truth. It is of no use that the truth is unpleasant. And it will be an essential part of the education of humanity in the present and in the near future that people will no longer believe that truths can be determined by subjective judgment, by subjective sympathies and antipathies. Spiritual science can take care of that, however, if it is understood with common sense. For the matter can also be viewed spiritually. The vague expression I have heard even from anthroposophists who take money in their hands and say, “That is Ahriman!” — this vague expression accomplishes nothing. Money today is an equivalent for goods and labor. It is an instruction for something that happens. If you move from mere abstraction to reality, if you consider that when you have ten hundred-dollar bills and you pay them to someone, you are passing on the equivalent of so many people's work from hand to hand, that these bills have the power to make so many people work, then you are already standing in the midst of life. Then you are in life with all its ramifications and impulses, and then you will no longer stop at mere abstraction, at the thoughtless abstraction of paying money, but you will ask yourself: What does it mean that I pass ten hundred-mark notes from hand to hand, which demand that so many people who have heads and hearts and minds must work? What does that mean?

Ultimately, only a spiritual consideration of the matter can answer such a question. Let us take the most extreme case, my dear friends. Let us assume that someone has money without making any effort for humanity. Such a case does exist. I want to consider this extreme case. So someone has money without making any effort for humanity. He buys something with the money. He is even able to build himself a very comfortable life because he has this money, which is an instruction for human labor. Fine. This person does not have to be a bad person; he can be a very good person, he can even be a very ambitious person. One often does not see through the social structure. One is not interested in one's fellow human beings, that is, in the real social structure. People think they love people when they buy something with the money they have inherited, for example, or when they give it away as a gift. When you give it away, you are doing nothing more than letting a certain number of people work for the person to whom you are giving the money. It is merely a means of power. Because it is a claim on labor power, it is a means of power.

But, my dear friends, that is how it has become, that is how it has developed, and it is the reflection of something else. It is the reflection of what I mentioned in the previous lecture. I drew your attention to the fact that the God Yahweh ruled the world for a certain time by driving the other Elohim out of the field, and that he can now no longer save himself from the spirits he has awakened. He drove his comrades, his six other Elohim, out of the field. As a result, only that which man already experiences in the embryonic state has become dominant in human consciousness. The six other forces, which man does not experience as an embryo, have thereby become ineffective and have come under the influence of lower spiritual beings. And in the 1940s, I told you, Yahweh could no longer save himself. Because the Yahweh wisdom acquired in the embryonic state can only comprehend the providence of external nature, and providence ceased to be comprehended, mere atheistic natural science swept in. The mirror image of this is the circulation of money without goods circulating with the money, money simply passing from one person to another without goods circulating. For no matter how much man may strive in any field, in what money apparently produces as money, the Ahrimanic force lives. You cannot inherit without a certain amount of Ahrimanic power passing over with the money. There is no other way to have money in a healthy way within the social structure than to have it in a Christian way, that is, to acquire it in such a way that you acquire money with what you develop between birth and death. Therefore, the way in which money is obtained must not be a reflection of what is Jahvist. It is Jahvist that we are born, that is, that we pass from an embryo into outer life. The reflection of this is that we inherit money. The qualities we inherit through our blood are inherited through nature. The money we inherit and do not acquire would be the reflection of this.

Because Christian consciousness has not yet taken hold, because the social structure is still based on the old Yahweh wisdom or its specter, Roman state thinking, all the things that have caused today's calamity on the one hand have come about. I said: one must not view the matter so abstractly when money produces money, but must view it in its reality. Every time money produces money, this is something that takes place only on the physical plane, while what man is always has to do with the spiritual world. So what do you do if you yourself do not work but have money and give this money away and another person has to work for it? Then that person has to bring to market what is his heavenly share, and you give him only earthly things; you pay him only with earthly things, with purely Ahrimanic things. You see, that is the spiritual side of the matter. And where Ahriman is at work, only ruin can result.

This, too, is an unpleasant truth; but it does not help if someone says to themselves: Well, I am otherwise a decent fellow or a decent woman, so I am not doing anything wrong if I pay for this or that out of my pension. — In fact, you are giving Ahriman for God. In the current social structure, people are certainly forced to do this in many cases. But we should not play ostrich politics and cover things up; we should look the truth in the eye. For what the future will bring depends precisely on whether we look the truth in the face. Much of what has befallen humanity in such a catastrophic way has come about precisely because people have closed their eyes and the eyes of their souls to the truth, because they have constructed abstract concepts of right and wrong and have not wanted to deal with what is real and concrete. We will continue this discussion tomorrow and then raise the matter to spiritual heights.