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How Can Mankind Find the Christ Again?
GA 187

29 December 1918, Dornach

VI. Transformation of the Human Being in the Course of Evolution

Someone may think that the events described in connection with initiation are conjured up, as it were, by initiation itself. This would be particularly incorrect for our time. What can be described as the process of initiation, especially in our time, takes place in the soul, or in the relation of the soul to the world, for the majority of people in the world today. And they know nothing of it; it occurs unconsciously. The important fact, then, in connection with initiation is this: that some individual notices in himself an increasing consciousness of something that takes place in most other people unconsciously. That is, the difference between the initiate and the non-initiate lies in the perception of processes that most people of the present time experience as a matter of course but unconsciously. Therefore, when speaking of these things we are really speaking of something that concerns everyone more or less, especially in our time.

Now I have said that from the very description of these events—that is, of what may be perceived when they are carefully followed by initiation science—from the description itself can be learnt what transformations man has gone through in the course of his development, even in historic times. We have pointed out a few features of these transformations, especially in relation to the evolution of Christianity. In our external daily life only the outer reflection of these changes is noticed, a reflection that is really hardly comprehended even by one who wants to understand and is developing the impulse in himself toward understanding.

Let us consider this outer reflection, for example, in the development of the Christ concept during nearly two thousand years since the Mystery of Golgotha. If you are trying sincerely to understand, you will surely find much that is incomprehensible and you will have many questions calling for answers, unless you are willing to be superficial or to accept blindly some kind of dogma. But if you persevere, you will learn—it can even be learnt from external history—that when the Christ Impulse entered the world, a certain luminous remnant of the Gnosis still existed; and in the early centuries an effort was made to understand the Christ Impulse and its passage through the Mystery of Golgotha by the help of concepts acquired from gnosticism. These concepts contained much relating to things entirely alien to present-day concepts that come from the external world. They had much to say of the evolution of the world, of the place of Christ in this evolution, of what led to His descent to humanity and His union with the human being. Much was said also about the return of Christ to the spiritual world, which then was the beginning of the spiritual earth-world.15“which then was the beginning of the spiritual earth-world”: original German, “die dann die geistige Erdenwelt ist.” In short, what the Gnosis had to say about the Mystery of Golgotha was contained in illuminating—broadly illuminating—comprehensive conceptions, the heritage of the primeval wisdom of mankind. The Church saw to it in the early centuries that the concepts of the ancient Gnosis should disappear, leaving only meager remnants that tell very little. And I have indicated to you that people are endeavoring today, wherever possible, to declare a certain world conception heretical, because it is becoming inconvenient, by saying that its intention is to warm up the ancient gnosticism—by which they think they are saying something very dreadful!

Then in place of this conception of the Mystery of Golgotha there appeared another one, which recognized the fact that human concepts were becoming more and more primitive, that people were no longer able to bring to life within themselves anything of the comprehensive and illuminating teachings of the Gnosis. I told you that what remained of the Gnosis forms the beginning of the Gospel of Saint John: really nothing more than a suggestion that the Christ has some connection with the supersensibly-perceptible Logos, the Cosmic Word; that the Christ as such is the Creator of all that surrounds man, of all that man experiences. But for the rest, nothing remained but the Gospel narratives; these, to be sure, are found to contain much gnostic wisdom when they are penetrated by spiritual science, but they were not interpreted according to the Gnosis. In fact, in the early centuries they were entirely withheld from believers, reserved for the priesthood only. But from them a sort of world conception was built up that included the Mystery of Golgotha, but that was based upon the increasingly abstract ideas of the so-called cultured world—ideas with little tendency toward the spiritual. People wanted, I might say, more and more simple concepts, whose comprehension required little effort. That is the reason also for the peculiar development that has come about in Gospel interpretation. While in the earliest centuries people were fully aware that the Gospels were to be interpreted out of spiritual depths, the effort was made more and more to regard them as mere narratives of the earthly life of that Being concerning Whose cosmic connection nothing more was to be admitted—at least through human knowledge—than the beginning of the Gospel of Saint John and a few abstractions such as the Trinity abstraction and similar ones. These were culled from abstract forms, from the ancient gnostic concepts, divested of their gnostic impulse, and given to the faithful as dogma. Interpretation of the Gospels became more and more primitive. They were to become increasingly a mere narrative concerning that Being called Christ Jesus Who lived here on earth, but about Whose nature from higher, supersensible points of view people troubled themselves very little.

Then it became more and more urgent to make the Gospels also available to the public; and out of this, Protestantism arose. At first this too held fast to the Gospels. And as long as a connection with the Gospel of John still existed, a connection of knowledge, there was still a sort of bond uniting individual souls with cosmic heights—heights into which one must look if one wishes to speak of the real Christ.

But now not only the understanding for Saint John's Gospel disappeared more and more, but even any inclination toward it. The consequence was that a true relation to the Christ Impulse, to that Being Who lived in the body of Jesus, was altogether lost for later Protestantism, in fact, for all thinking Christendom. The Christ concept gradually faded away, since, to begin with, its interpretation was limited to a human narrative of the earthly destiny of Christ Jesus. The possibility completely vanished of having any concept of the Christ at all, because the subject was brought more and more into a materialistic channel. The human Jesus remained. Thus the Gospels were increasingly taken as mere descriptions of the human life of Jesus; and then the belief in immortality, in the divine nature, and so on, was attached to this description in very abstract form. (I spoke about the concept of belief yesterday.) It is not surprising that it gradually came about that people knew very little when the concept “Christ Jesus” was brought up. Christ was placed on one side, so to speak, and Jesus on the other, as synonyms signifying the same thing.16Rudolf Steiner, 29 Nov. 1921, Jesus oder Christus (Dornach, Rudolf Steiner Verlag, 1980). Not translated. And what was the inevitable consequence? It was this, that finally this description of the mere earthly life of Jesus, from which all consciousness of his connection with the Christ had vanished, also lost the essence of Jesus himself; in fact, it lost all connection with the beginnings of Christianity. For when people gradually reduced everything to the merely material Gospels, to nothing but these material Gospels, they reached the so-called Gospel criticism. And that could lead to no other result than to show that the Mystery of Golgotha and all that is related to it cannot be proved historically, because the Gospels are not historical documents. Finally the connection was lost with Jesus himself. Nothing could be proved, in the way proof is regarded by modern science. And since science was the authority, people—even theologians—gradually lost the Jesus-concept, because there are no external, historical, authenticated records.

Harnack, who is a Christian theologian, even a leading one at the present time, has said: All that can be written historically about Jesus (the Gospels are not historical records) could be written on half a page… But even what can be written on half a page—the passage from Josephus, and so forth—does not hold up before modern historical research; so there is nothing left with which to prove the starting-point of Christianity. Those who have followed the development of Christianity with modern thinking could have taken no other path than that which finally led humanity away from Christ Jesus, even from Jesus.

This emphasizes the necessity for seeking another path, a path of supersensible knowledge such as can be sought only through the modern spiritual life. For modern Gospel criticism and modern historical research can easily be brought forward to oppose all other ways of approaching the Christ Jesus today. They are in accord with the scientific conscience of our time, and cannot support the establishing of any historical event as the starting-point of the evolution of Christianity. Indeed, we have experienced in our time the strangely grotesque fact that Christian pastors (though Protestants, to be sure) such as Pastor Kalthoff in Bremen, have considered it their task to deny the Mystery of Golgotha altogether as historical fact, and to trace back the origin of Christianity to certain ideas that arose from the common social attitude of humanity at the beginning of the Christian era. Although Kalthoff was a Christian pastor, his preaching did not rest upon an historical Christ as the basis of his world conception or his interpretation of life. He believed that an idea had simply developed in people's heads from premises that heads contained at the beginning of the Christian era. Christian pastors without belief in a real Christ Jesus are the inevitable result. This could not have been otherwise, for it is connected with all the evolutionary impulses of which I have been speaking during these days, especially yesterday.

It is absolutely necessary to keep in mind that the way to Christ Jesus in our time must be by a supersensible path, that this can only be pursued by a science which itself seeks supersensible methods, but which employs the scientific conscience of modern natural science.

With regard to the modern method of finding a super-sensible path even to the Christ, it is well to bear in mind that up to our day transformations have occurred and have developed in the science and knowledge of initiation. For this reason I would like to allude once more to something to which I referred here a short time ago, but from a different point of view.

We know very well in connection with these things that there needs to be understanding for the great change that occurred in more recent evolution, toward the beginning of the fifteenth century and particularly in the fifteenth century, although it was in preparation earlier than that. This is actually passed over in silence by external history. For us it marks the beginning of the fifth post-Atlantean period, which replaced the fourth, the Greco-Latin period.

Now the problem has arisen for external science (although only among a few of the more intelligent scholars), to provide an explanation for what is usually spoken of merely as the appearance of the Renaissance—and thereby characterized in a most superficial way—of the Renaissance which played its role with elemental power throughout the cultured world from the twelfth century into the fifteenth. A strange impulse, a strange longing—mentioned even by materialistic scholars—arose in the human beings themselves, that cannot be explained by external causes, but simply showed that some elemental force was heaving and surging in mankind to bring them to a certain state of soul.

It is interesting and important to note the following: In the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries we are still concerned with the expiring Greco-Latin period. Then the change came. At this point, then, something special had to become manifest; and what external science has discovered is exactly what did become manifest. Science took account not so much of the change as of the gradual fading-out during the twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth centuries of the soul-state that had been characteristic of the fourth post-Atlantean epoch. Science considered this very carefully, recognizing various riddles it presented. While the Renaissance was coming into being—the usual description of it stops with the external factors—something of extraordinary significance was taking place in the soul of European humanity. It was noticed that something must be dying out. Certain things were still experienced in the soul which after a time would have to be experienced differently. There was a feeling that humanity had to hurry to experience these things if they wanted to keep step with evolution, for later, after the change, they would no longer be able to experience them.

It is this to which I referred at the beginning of today's lecture. What is occurring now subconsciously—when recognized, it is the process of initiation—is something constantly taking place, as I have said, in the vast majority of people. Through observation of the precept “Know thou thyself!”, a few individuals really succeed in becoming conscious of these things. There is a great difference between this event now and what took place in the human soul as an experience of the Mysteries in the fourth post-Atlantean epoch, a greater difference than there was, for example, between that of the fourth epoch and that of the third epoch. A few days ago I characterized for you approximately what happened in the third post-Atlantean period when a neophyte passed through the "gate of man," then through the second stage, then the "gate of death," then still further until he became a “Christophorus.” These events, as I described them to you, occurred subconsciously, and then through initiation could be brought up into consciousness in the great majority of people in the third post-Atlantean epoch. But for the people of the fourth post-Atlantean epoch the entire process had already become different. Actually it was not yet so very different in the first third of this new epoch, preceding the Mystery of Golgotha. (The fourth period began, as you know, in 747 B.C., and the Mystery of Golgotha occurred at about the end of the first third of it.) But then began a time—the Mystery of Golgotha was now an accomplished fact—a time in which a more significant change occurred in what took place in the subconscious, which could then be raised to consciousness through initiation. Up to the time, approximately, of the Mystery of Golgotha, in order to attain initiation and to pass through all the stages, it was necessary (with only a few exceptions) for a man to be chosen by one of the priest-sages connected with the Mysteries, who could make this choice by virtue of a certain discernment. This necessity gradually disappeared after the Mystery of Golgotha; initiation, although still oriented to the ancient Mysteries, was nevertheless adapted to the new conditions. There have always been Mysteries of this sort, which later passed over into the modern secret societies, where for the most part ancient ceremonies and processes of initiation are imitated, but only in abstract symbols, and they no longer affect people. Real initiation is less and less attained in them, because people do not penetrate to an experience of what is simply displayed symbolically before their eyes. There did occur, however, more and more extensively—and characteristically, just at the end of the fourth post-Atlantean epoch—initiations which were directed, I might say, from the spiritual world itself; that is, initiations in which the choice of the individual to be initiated was not made by a priest, but by the spiritual world itself. Naturally, it then had the appearance of being a self-initiation, because the guiding being was a spirit and not a man. (Of course, a man is a spirit too, but you know what I mean.) Thus, especially toward the end of the fourth post-Atlantian epoch, initiations very often took place under such direct spiritual guidance. I have previously pointed out that the initiation experienced in this way by Brunetto Latini,17Brunetto Latini: 1220–1294 A.D. See Rudolf Steiner, 13 July 1924, Karmic Relationships Vol. III, GA 236 (London, Rudolf Steiner Press, 1977) the teacher and master of Dante, is to be understood as a real initiation.

You see, what Brunetto Latini related as an external occurrence of the greatest importance appears to be a tale of fiction, though a tale with a legendary character. But Brunetto Latini intended it as a description of his initiation. He describes it in somewhat the following way, and you can see how his experiences affected the whole composition and imaginative form of Dante's great poem, "The Divine Comedy." Brunetto Latini was ambassador from his native city, Florence, to the King of Castile. He tells how he was making the return journey from his ambassador's post and learned as he was approaching his native city that his party, the Guelphs, had been defeated; therefore all that had bound him to Florence had in a sense been undermined, and in his external relations he suddenly felt no ground under his feet. When such an experience is described by a man of the Dante period, we must not think of present-day conditions or of contemporary points of view. In this respect our soul-constitution has changed enormously. If in our day someone in Switzerland learns that the city of Cologne, for example, with which he has been connected for a long time, suddenly has entirely new world-relations, is governed on an entirely new basis, he does not feel—at least inwardly—that the ground has been taken from under his feet. But we must not form mental pictures of that time from our present state of mind. For a man like Brunetto Latini it was like the end of the world. His position in the world was conditioned by his connection with the world-relations of his native city. That was gone, as he learned when he approached Florence. The world in which he had worked simply no longer existed. After calling attention to these facts, he relates further that he was led into a wood, that by spiritual guidance he was brought out of the wood and led to a mountaintop which was surrounded by the whole of creation, so far as it was known to him. We perceive immediately what Brunetto Latini wishes to indicate. He had gone through life in such a way that at a certain moment when a shocking event confronted his soul, his soul-spiritual entity separated from his physical body: he went out of his physical body. He had a spiritual experience. You have here the intervention of a spiritual guide who led this man into the spiritual world, according to his karma, at a moment when he was so startled, so spiritually shocked, that the shock was able to separate his soul-spiritual entity from his physical body. Then Brunetto Latini describes how the created universe was spread out around the mountain, and how a gigantic feminine figure appeared to him on the mountain, at whose command and direction the creation round about the mountain changed and assumed other forms. We notice that Brunetto Latini speaks of this feminine figure in the way that Persephone was spoken of in the old Mystery initiations. Now the conception of Persephone had undergone a change between the time of ancient Greece and the end of the Greco-Latin period. Brunetto Latini did not describe her as the ancient Greek poets had described her, but as she existed in human souls at the end of the Greco-Latin age. Nevertheless, we may compare what an ancient Egyptian heard in initiation as the description of Isis, and what a Greek heard as the description of Persephone, with what Latini relates of this feminine figure at whose command the forms of creation transform themselves. Strong similarities are to be found here. In fact, anyone who merely observes superficially will surely assert that what Brunetto Latini says about the feminine figure and what the ancients say about Persephone is exactly the same. But it is not the same. If you look more closely, you will notice that when the ancient Greeks spoke of Persephone, or the Egyptians of Isis, they were more concerned with a description of something permeating all that is at rest, all that is enduring. Brunetto Latini's concern was to describe how a certain force, a certain impulse—the Isis impulse, the Persephone impulse—as the impulse of Natura (for that is what his figure is called) pervades everything, but in a way that sets it in motion, that constantly transforms it. That is the great difference.

When Brunetto Latini saw everything changing, saw creation being transformed at the command of the Goddess Natura, the impulse was given him to practice self-knowledge in the new way—not in the easy way described by modern mystics, but in concrete details. He describes how, after beholding this ever-changing creation, he next saw the world of the human senses. He gradually learned to know the human being from without. There is a difference whether we see and describe the external world which our senses perceive in ordinary consciousness, or describe what happens in the senses, that is, what takes place within the human being. For with our ordinary consciousness we do not enter into the inner life of the senses: we only see the outer world. When we look at the senses within, we cannot describe the outer world, for we no longer see it.

In the paintings of the larger dome here in our building,18Rudolf Steiner, Ways to a New Style of Architecture, GA 161 (New York, Anthroposophic Press, 1927). I have tried in a way adapted to our time—I will say more about this presently—to bring to effective expression this viewing of the inner being of man from the sense-world. The paintings will give you an idea of what is meant by “Know thou thyself!” in the realm of the senses. You will see clearly, for instance, that on the west side of the dome an effort has been made to capture the inner eye, the microcosmic element revealed in the inner eye. It is not what the eye sees outwardly, nor the physical part of the eye, but what is experienced inwardly when we are within the eye with soul-vision. This, of course, is only possible when we refrain from the ordinary use of our eyes as organs of external sense-perception, and perceive what is within them in the same way that at other moments we perceive the outer world through them.

Brunetto Latini experienced this somewhat differently, not as it must be experienced today. He mentions it only briefly. Then he continues to penetrate from without into the essentially human within, and reaches the four temperaments. Here one learns to know man in a different way. One learns how man is affected by the interaction of melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic and sanguine impulses, and how people are differentiated externally when one of these four impulses predominates. Thereby one penetrates more deeply through the realm of the senses into the inner human being. The difference between observation of the sense realm and observation of the temperaments is that when we observe the sense realm the separate regions of the senses are sharply distinguished from one another; but through the temperaments we enter more deeply into the essentially human, where more of the universal nature of man is revealed.

An attempt was made in the painting in the little dome to show at least one part, I might say, of this perception, but only one part of it, with orientation in definite directions, but again adapted to the supersensible perception of our present time.

This is the way man must press forward. You see, Brunetti Latini describes his initiation step by step. Spiritual guidance underlies it. Next he arrived in a region where a man can no longer truly distinguish himself from the outer world. When he observes the realm of his senses and the realm of the temperaments, he can still make the distinction very well; but in this next region he can do so only slightly. There his being mingles with the outer world, so to speak: it is the region of the four elements. Here he experiences his own weaving within earth, water, fire, and air: how he lives with these in the universe. He no longer distinguishes very clearly between his subjective self and the outer objective world. At most he still experiences a distinction with regard to the earthly element, but with the watery, fluid element, he feels already that he is swimming in a sort of All. There was still a difference between subjective and objective, but much less definite in the experience of the temperaments than in that of the physical sense organs. Of the latter he knows that they exist in man only in the physical world, not also outside it.

Brunetto Latini then describes how he went on into the region of the planets and passed through it. Afterward he came to the ocean, reaching a place that various mystics designate as the Pillars of Hercules. Now that the precept “Know thou thyself!” had brought him to the Pillars of Hercules, he went out beyond them. He was now prepared to receive enlightenment about the supersensible world. For the mystic, especially the mystic in that time of which I am now speaking, the Pillars of Hercules are the experience through which a man goes out of himself more completely than through the four elements or the planets. He enters the outer spiritual world, whose concrete beings reveal themselves only at the third stage of initiation. In the first stage, which Brunetto Latini is describing here, he enters the spiritual world as a widely extending ocean, a universal spirituality.

Latini then goes on to tell how a strong temptation came to him—inevitable, of course, at this point. He describes it very concretely: how he was faced with the necessity of forming new conceptions of good and evil, because what had enlightened him about them while he was in the sense world was useless here. He then tells how he reached these new conceptions and thereby became a different man, how he became a participant in the spiritual world from experiencing all these things. We see quite clearly from his description how at that time, the end of the Greco-Latin period, the human being was led by a spiritual being out of the physical world into the supersensible world.

Let us keep this description in mind. Even in the external development of humanity it had the immensely significant effect of inspiring Dante, Latini's pupil, for the Divina Commedia. If we remember that what Latini described was a typical initiation, that he actually described what was taking place in the subconscious of humanity at that particular time, and that it could also be attained through a real initiation, then we will understand what existed as soul-constitution when the fourth post-Atlantean epoch was dying out.

Now it will be important to ask what changes have occurred since, within a rather brief space of time. For what I have described is not very far in the past, only a few centuries. In this short period, what changes have taken place in the experience that humanity goes through subconsciously, which rises up into consciousness through initiation? Certainly, my dear friends, the higher the stages of initiation that a man attains, the more do the important elements of the earlier stages disappear from his vision. But one must carefully consider what is significant in the first stages. For these first stages represent precisely what is taking place in the depths of the majority of human souls, even though they neither know it nor have any desire to know it through spiritual science, not to mention initiation. It is very important to give attention to the following example: I said that Brunetto Latini describes how he was brought before the Goddess Natura. Then he passed through certain stages: through the senses, the temperaments, the elements, the planets, the ocean. There, at the Pillars of Hercules, he was already at the boundary of the essentially human. Then, in the ocean, he passed over into what was spread out before him. And now there was not even the condition that had prevailed with the elements, when he could not distinguish himself. Now he had lost himself, in a certain sense, and simply floated in the ocean of existence.

The Pillars of Hercules later play a prominent role in symbolism as the pillars of Joachim and Boaz.19Joachim and Boaz: from “Jachin” and “Boaz,” words inscribed on the two columns at the front of Solomon's Temple. See the Old Testament, I Kings, Chapter 7; I Chronicles, Chap. 3; and Rudolf Steiner, Bilder Okkulter Siegel and Saülen, GA 284/285 (Dornach, Rudolf Steiner Verlag, 1977). In this connection it should be noted that in the secret societies of the present time these pillars can no longer be erected in the right way. They should no longer be erected, because the correct way is only revealed in a truly inwardly-experienced initiation. Besides, they cannot be set up in space, as they are revealed in reality when the human being leaves his body.

In what has now been given, you have the pattern—if I may use a prosaic expression—the pattern of events experienced at the turn of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, experienced also by those who went through initiation in the same way as Brunetto Latini, the teacher of Dante. This may be compared with what takes place today in the depths of men's souls. And indeed, it is not so very different. If, however, an individual in our time should wish at the first stage of initiation to approach the created universe directly, as revealed to him by the still-existing, gigantic feminine figure, the Goddess Natura, and should wish to be under her guidance, then his supersensible path only begins in the created universe.

If an individual in our time should wish to enter into the senses directly, he would be very much in the dark in this realm. He would not have proper illumination, and would be unable to distinguish anything adequately. The point is that today it is necessary to go through another experience before approaching the sense-region, for only this makes it then possible to penetrate into the sense-region in the right way. I mentioned this experience yesterday. It consists simply in the ability to see the spiritually ideal as external reality in the metamorphosis of forms in this world. Thus, before entering into the sense-region one should endeavor to study the metamorphosis of forms in the outer world. Goethe gave only the first elements, but he did provide the method. As I have said, further study of the metamorphosis which Goethe discovered with regard to plants, and with regard to the skeleton in the animal kingdom, reveals the fact that our head points to our previous earth-life and our limb-organization to our coming earth-life. Thus, a necessary preparation for initiation at the present time is the ability not to think of the world as a finished static formation, but to see in whatever form lies before us an indication toward another form.

At the very beginning of my book, Knowledge of the Higher Worlds, you will find the essential facts for developing this kind of perception in the way best suited to our time. If you follow the instructions given there correctly, you will have the experience when you meet another human being that something like a picture of his previous incarnation will flash out of his head to you. You cannot help sensing in his head something of the form of his previous incarnation. If you follow him as he walks and notice how he puts his feet down and swings his arms, or if you are facing him and observe the gestures of his arms and hands, you will get a feeling of the way his body will be built in the next incarnation. Therefore I often said in public lectures years ago: the idea of repeated earth lives is really not so bad that materialism needs to oppose it so vigorously. If only a few things were understood about the human form, the idea of repeated earth lives would not make materialism bristle with opposition. For these things are obvious. If you are a phrenologist, for example—not by profession, but with experienced insight—then by means of the skull you are really inquiring into the form of the previous incarnation; it is quite obviously the previous incarnation. We must of course extend the metamorphosis aspect, the metamorphosis view of life into this region. We must acquire—I have often spoken of this from the social point of view—such a strong interest in the individual human being that something of a sense of his former incarnation flashes out of his skull to us. This is because the skull is in a certain sense the transformed human being of the earlier incarnation, especially with regard to the forms of the face and head. Thus we acquire a view of the world that does not stop at one form. Just as Goethe did not stop at the blossom or at the green leaf, but related one to the other, so we may gain a perception that does not stop at the single form, but proceeds from form to form, with attention upon the metamorphosis.

I sought to arouse a feeling for this by applying it to our work on the pillars in the Goetheanum: in the transition from one capital to the next and on to the succeeding ones, and in the successive development of the architraves. It was all carved according to this principle of metamorphosis. Whoever looks at the sequence of the pillars in this building of ours, will have a picture of the flexible soul-attitude one must maintain toward the outer world. If someone will complete this first step which is necessary for present humanity, and which will still be necessary for a long time for future humanity, if he will find his way to a real, inner understanding of the emergence of the second column from the first—in pedestal, capital, and architrave, of the third from the second, and so on, then in this understanding he will have a starting-point from which to press forward (in accordance with present possibilities) into the inner nature of the sense-region. Thus, something connected with the present principle of initiation is preserved below in the pillars; and above in the domes, something else is connected with it. From this point, things proceed somewhat differently.

At the time of Brunetto Latini, then, a man was spared what we shall call here the metamorphosis of life, after which one enters the region of the senses. If we presented the matter in outline, we might say: in Brunetto Latini's time a man could still enter directly into the eye (let us take the eye as representative), and feel this to be the first region. Today, we have first to concern ourselves with what envelops man. The metamorphoses of life are expressed in the sheath that covers the region of the senses externally. It lies in front of the senses and we must consciously pass through it.

Also today, the human being passes through the regions of the senses, the temperaments, the elements, and the planets. Then, however, before he goes through the Pillars of Hercules into the open ocean of spirituality, he confronts a barrier. Here, (see tabulation below) something stands in the way, something is introduced that in Brunetto Latini's time did not need to be experienced.

Metamorphosis of life
Senses
Temperaments
Elements
Planets
+ Instrument for orientation (Compass)
Ocean

This is not easy to describe because, of course, these things belong to intimate and subtle realms of human experience. Yet perhaps it may be done by referring again to Brunetto Latini. Latini experienced, as the first sign of his guidance by a spiritual being, the information that his native city was ruined. That was, to be sure, an event that affected Latini's inner being; nevertheless, it was external as to the facts involved. It invaded him from the outer world. It shocked him so greatly that his soul-and-spirit being left his physical body. Later he described the event as something that entered his life, something that happened in his life. We may say that he described it, though not consciously, as an event of destiny that came to him.

Such an event, or a similar one, must be experienced today in full consciousness by anyone undergoing initiation. (You will find reference to this at the proper place in my book, Knowledge of the Higher Worlds.) But it must be an inner experience for him: not one in connection with the external world, as in the case of Brunetto Latini, but an experience he goes through inwardly, something that has a deeply transforming effect upon him. There are, of course, such events in the lives of the majority of people, but they get scant attention. Someone who truly observes his life will be able to see that there are events in it of the utmost significance, and especially one such event. Just try to look back upon such a happening in your life, not for its outer significance but for the inner change it produced. There is one thing to which attention should really be given: that is, that such events in people's lives are not taken seriously enough. They could be felt much more profoundly; they could have a far deeper and more noticeable effect in life than they do have today. A human being can reach a deeper understanding of many things in his life, simply through a kind of general thoughtfulness. If he maintains the usual human attitude, he will not get beyond a certain superficiality in his experiencing of events of the very greatest importance. For their full import cannot really be recognized by the ordinary consciousness. The human being must first go through the other stages; after he has experienced the metamorphosis of life, the regions of the senses, the temperaments, the elements, and the planets, then—having become a radically changed human being—he penetrates to his real depths. For now he has recognized that he belongs not only to the earth but to the heavenly worlds, to the planetary regions. Only now will he rightly recognize the significance of certain experiences he has had, which were of the very first importance. Only now will he understand what such an experience signifies for himself and for the world. When he has gone through all this, he will inevitably discover the most important event of his life.

When he arrives at this place, before going out into the wide ocean of spirituality, unless he is a marked egotist and knows nothing else in the world but himself, he cannot fail to consider seriously this earlier happening. Before he goes out into the ocean of spirituality, this event appears before his soul in full force—it simply thrusts itself upon him. And at this point in his inner experience it has extraordinarily great significance. It means that only now can he go out into the immeasurable ocean of spirituality. It means that through this experience he can attain a certain center of gravity. I mean to say: After he has recognized himself as a citizen of the planetary world, if—in present spiritual conditions—he should simply launch out into the ocean of spirituality, he would find himself in a sea of surging waves, would nowhere feel sure of himself, would be tossed about in all kinds of spiritual experiences, would have no inner center of gravity. He must find this inner center of gravity by really experiencing with inner intensity the most important event of all, and in it inwardly experiencing himself. This will not as a rule take place in a realm of mere egotism, but will be of general human significance. It can be said today, if we express the facts quite exactly: the most momentous event in a man's life, the one that while it is being experienced affects the profoundest depths of his being, must come before him at the Pillars of Hercules before he passes through them. At this point in his life he feels a very special deepening of his being. Something comes over him of which we may say that it brings the objective world into his inner being. Something comes to him that can be described as follows: Even though, in spite of this experience, he may naturally fall back occasionally into an acceptance of life in the light of his ordinary consciousness, even though he may not be able to maintain at every step in his life this newly created soul-mood, yet, once it has been experienced, there will be moments again and again connected with it. For it would not be at all good for the human being to lose this soul-mood entirely after having once experienced it. What is meant by this mood may be characterized in somewhat the following way.

In this matter, dear friends, we should be honest and admit that for our ordinary consciousness it does hold good that, however selfless a man may be, still the most important things for him, at least relatively, are those that occur inside his skin. What occurs inside one's skin is more important for our ordinary consciousness, as a rule, than what occurs outside of it. But the soul-mood that is to be created at one's entrance to the ocean of spirituality, so that it may be retained at least for the important moments of life, is the realization that there may be external things which do not concern the person subjectively at all, but in which he participates just as intensely as in the things that do concern him subjectively. Today an individual has abundant opportunity to prepare himself well, if he will, for the soul-mood indicated. For if he enters into a true understanding of nature—not a subjective study or anything of the kind—if he tries to start from this true understanding, then much of the mood is already created. But it must be produced at this stage in the way I have described. Then if the individual can have this mood, if he can experience deeply the most important event of his life just as it happened, then at least for many moments in his life he can have this mood of objectivity that I have described, in which something external can be as important to him as something within himself, in which it is true that something outside can be as important as something within. (Many persons make this assertion but they are deceiving themselves.) In attaining this, however, the individual has at the same time acquired a center of gravity, a direction—perhaps I could better say, a compass, that will enable him really to push out on the ocean of spiritual life. That is to say, at this point ( + in the tabulation) there must occur what may be called becoming equipped with the instrument for direction. Thus a man enters the Pillars of Hercules equipped with the instrument for orientation, the compass. Only then—that is, after he has had more experience—can present-day man start out toward spirituality.

You can see from the instances I have described—the initiation of Brunetto Latini, and the changes in initiation up to our time, changes which will prevail for a long period—you can see that if we want to present the nature of man in the light of initiation science, it is even possible to present it as it is undergoing the process of transformation during short periods. But all that is so described is really happening within man. This is the important fact characterizing the change that the human soul-mood has been undergoing in the course of these centuries. But people fail to notice this and only a reflection of it is to be seen in external life. In the age of Brunetto Latini, whose pupil was Dante, people were the same kind of Christians as Dante: the whole heavenly world passed through their souls when they felt themselves to be true Christians. In our age there is no such forward jump; we hardly move. We must therefore have the experience of a region before that of the senses, before we go out again—so that we may enter the region we had formerly known from outside, but now enter it in a different way: before detaching ourselves further from the body, enter the region changed in our being, and taking our direction from a new instrument. The outer reflection of this process has been so altered in our time that the most thoughtful people, the very ones who are equipped with the scientific consciousness of our time—which, however, lacks this compass, really does not have it—these people have lost the Christ Jesus. He can no longer be "proved" by the means that are today called scientific. And religion itself, the Christian religion, has sunk into materialism. One of the most telling examples of the tendency toward materialism in Roman Catholicism has been the establishment of the dogma of infallibility, a purely materialistic measure. I spoke of this some time ago.

Now you might say: In spite of all that, if one looks into the inner being of man, the jump forward can be seen! Man is indeed in his essential being somewhat outside the region of the senses; but on the other hand he has a sort of cavity in which the most important event of his life unconsciously exerts an influence upon his whole organism, so that his experience can then be such as I have described. For although a man may be totally unaware of it, it does have an influence upon him, and it can come to expression in the most varied ways. Perhaps one person, seven years after experiencing this event, will become an intolerable fellow, or commit all sorts of infamous deeds; another may fall in love—he need not do so immediately; or the falling in love may itself be the most important event; a third may suddenly have gall stones; and so on. When the event remains in the unconscious, the fact can come to expression in everyday life in the most diverse ways. What enters into the consciousness in the way I have described appears thus in the inner being of man; in outer life it appears in such a way that besides much else (I mention only one result) he loses the Christ Jesus.

You may say: Then what appears in the inner man to a certain extent as something flowing inward from his body, has outwardly anything but a gratifying result! This, however, is only apparent. Everything in the world has two sides. From about the middle and during the last third of the nineteenth century there was theoretical materialism: the big fellow Vogt of Geneva, Moleschott, Ludwig Büchner—these were all theoretical materialists. Clifford was the first to express the opinion that the brain exudes thoughts just as the liver exudes bile. That is, Clifford saw in the formation of thoughts a purely material process: as bile comes from the liver, so thoughts come from the brain. That materialistic age saw only matter, but at least they thought about matter. They thought about matter, and we can look at this in two ways. In our time we can read the books of Clifford, of Ludwig Buchner, or if you like, August Comte, Vogt of Geneva, and so on. If we develop likes or dislikes from such reading, we may be fearfully angry that people see in the creation of thoughts only an excretion of the brain, and we may take it very much to heart. Very well, if we are not materialists, we may feel that way. But we may also look at it differently. We may say to ourselves: Nonsense! what Clifford and Comte and Vogt of Geneva, what they've all said about the world is tommyrot; I am not interested in it. But I will look into what goes on in the thinking process itself of Vogt and Clifford and Comte. What they tell of their thoughts—for instance, that thoughts are merely exuded from the brain as bile is from the liver—that is plain tommyrot! I shall not concern myself with what Vogt says, but with the way he thinks. If we can do that, something remarkable comes to light. We see that the kind of thinking those persons have developed is the germ of a very far-reaching spirituality. The thoughts are so terribly thin in substance because they are only reflected images, as I explained day before yesterday. They are thinner than thin because they are only images. They are so tenuous that the man must exert a tremendous spirituality to think at all, and to prevent his thoughts from sinking down and being laid hold of by the merely material element of existence. As a matter of fact, thinking is very frequently laid hold of by this material element nowadays; it does sink down. I am even convinced that the majority of today's materially-minded people, if they had not been drilled in school, and had not crammed at the universities to pass exams, and had not swallowed materialism because their professors required it as the correct world conception—I am convinced that the majority of these people would then have been spared the thinking that must be employed for the materialistic world-view. They would much rather not think! Most of them would rather go to the duelling-grounds or to fraternity jamborees than use their minds. And they simply repeat what they have heard. If you would once make the attempt to study all of the genuine, recognized “wisdom” relating just to matter written by the Monists—as the materialists now call themselves rather elegantly, who as members of monistic societies go about the world making long speeches—if you would study what they have actually thought, you would find it is precious little! For the most part they merely repeat what others have said. Actually only a few authorities have established materialism; the rest only repeat—for the simple reason that a vigorous effort of the spirit is necessary to sustain modern scientific thinking. The effort is a spiritual one, and is truly not exuded from the brain as bile is from the liver. It is a spiritual effort, and a good preparation for rising to spiritual things. To have thought honestly in a materialistic way, but to have done this thinking oneself, is good preparation for entrance into the spiritual world.

I expressed this once in a lecture in Berlin, by saying that someone who only reads Haeckel's books—unless he notices much that can easily be read between the lines—quickly recognizes in him, of course, a materialist of the first water. But if he talks with Haeckel, he notices that all his thinking, so far as it is materialistic, only assumes this form really on account of the prejudices of the times; that even as Haeckel is now, his thinking already tends toward the spiritual. I said in that lecture: We understand Haeckel correctly, therefore, when we know that theoretically, as it were, he has that materialistic soul, but that he has another soul, one that tends toward the spiritual. Here among ourselves I can say that in the next incarnation that soul will quite certainly be reborn with a strong spirituality. The stenographer who was officially employed by us for that lecture, a typical professional stenographer, wrote that I had said Haeckel had a spiritistic soul in spite of materialism!

You see, what I want to point out is that we may certainly combat what appears as a materialistic mode of thought; indeed, it cannot be combated strongly enough, for in the very combat lies a further development toward the spiritual. But this mode of thought does contain the essence of spirituality. And with souls who today, merely under the influence of external theology, have come to a Christ concept that is totally external, or one that is utterly untrue, there are faculties developing in a spiritual direction, faculties that will impel these souls to seek a Christ concept in the future. This is not to be taken as an invitation to ease! We are not to say: Oh, well, then it will come in time, the spiritual view will come all right, for the big Vogt fellow and Clifford and the others have made good preparation. Those who know the darkness that materialism signifies must work together to combat it. For the strength used in this fight is necessary to build up the disposition to spirituality in the theoretical materialists.

You see how complicated things are, what different sides they have. Only when we try through initiation science to penetrate into the depths of the world, do we acquire a profound knowledge of the human being. Only then do we penetrate to what is working in the depths of human nature.

Sechster Vortrag

Die Vorstellung könnte vielleicht entstehen, daß die Vorgänge, von denen berichtet wird, wenn man von Initiation spricht, gewissermaßen heraufbeschworen würden durch diese Initiation. Diese Vorstellung wäre ganz besonders für unsere Zeit nicht richtig. Dasjenige, was als Vorgang der Initiation beschrieben werden kann insbesondere in unserer Zeit, das spielt sich im Inneren — oder im Verhältnis des Inneren zur Welt — bei den weitaus meisten Menschen der Gegenwart ab; nur wissen sie nichts davon, nur spielt es sich unbewußt ab. Und dasjenige, um was es sich dann handelt, wenn man von Initiation spricht, das ist, daß man aufmerksam wird darauf, daß man ein Bewußtsein erhält von dem, was sich unbewußt im Menschen abspielt. Also der Unterschied des Erkennenden von dem Nichterkennenden liegt eben gerade in der Erkenntnis von Vorgängen, die die Menschen, wenigstens die weitaus größte Zahl der Menschen, in der Gegenwart wie von selbst, wenn auch unbewußt, erleben. Daher spricht man, indem man von diesen Dingen spricht, im Grunde von etwas, was jeden Menschen mehr oder weniger, namentlich in der Gegenwart, wiederum angeht.

Nun habe ich gesagt: Gerade an der Schilderung dieser Vorgänge, das heißt an der Schilderung desjenigen, was man wahrnimmt, wenn man diese Vorgänge erkennend verfolgt durch die Initiationswissenschaft, erkennt man, welche Wandlungen im Lauf seiner Entwickelung der Mensch auch in historischen Zeiten durchgemacht hat. Und wir haben auf einiges in diesen Wandlungen insbesondere in bezug auf die Entwickelung des Christentums hingewiesen. Im äußeren täglichen Leben merkt man von diesen Entwickelungen gewissermaßen nur den äußeren Abglanz, diesen äußeren Abglanz, der eigentlich im Grunde so wenig verständlich ist für den Menschen, der wirklich verstehen will, der die Impulse eines Verstehens in sich entwickelt.

Nehmen Sie einmal, um sich das zu vergegenwärtigen, diesen äußeren Abglanz in der Entwickelung des Christus-Begriffes im Laufe der letzten nahezu zwei Jahrtausende seit dem Mysterium von Golgatha. Sie werden, wenn Sie tiefer gehen im Verstehenwollen, eben manches unverständlich finden, manches finden, wo Sie mit Fragen gründlich einsetzen müssen, wenn Sie nicht oberflächlich bleiben oder irgendein Dogma blind annehmen wollen. Verfolgen Sie — was man eigentlich auch schon aus der äußeren Geschichte wissen kann -, wie beim Eintritt des Christus-Impulses in die Welt noch ein gewisser stark leuchtender Überrest der Gnosis da war, wie in den ersten Jahrhunderten versucht worden ist, den Christus-Impuls und seinen Durchgang durch das Mysterium von Golgatha mit Hilfe der durch die Gnosis erworbenen Begriffe zu verstehen. Da war viel gesagt in diesen Begriffen, die auf ganz andere Dinge gingen als die Begriffe, die man heute aus der äußeren Welt gewinnen kann, da war viel gesagt von dem, wie sich die Welt entwickelt hat, wie der Christus in dieser Weltentwickelung war, wie es zu seinem Herabsteigen zu der Menschheit gekommen ist, wie es zu seiner Vereinigung mit der menschlichen Wesenheit gekommen ist. Da war wiederum manches gesagt über den Rückgang des Christus zu der geistigen Welt, die dann die geistige Erdenwelt ist. Kurz, es waren leuchtende, weit leuchtende, umfassende Vorstellungen, die Erbgut waren der Urweisheit der Menschheit, in welche man gefaßt hat dasjenige, was man sagen wollte über das Mysterium von Golgatha. Die Kirche hat in den ersten Jahrhunderten gründlich dafür gesorgt, daß bis auf spärliche, nicht viel sagende Überreste die Vorstellungen der alten Gnosis verlorengegangen sind. Und ich habe Ihnen angedeutet, wie man sich heute geradezu bemüht, wo man kann, eine unbequem werdende Weltanschauung dadurch zu verketzern, daß man sagt, sie wolle eine alte Gnosis wieder aufwärmen, womit man glaubt, etwas furchtbar Schlimmes zu sagen.

Dann trat an die Stelle dieser Auffassung des Mysteriums von Golgatha eine andere, welche rechnete mit den primitiver und immer primitiver werdenden menschlichen Begriffen, welche damit rechnete, daß die Menschen nichts mehr in sich lebendig machen können von den umfassenden, weit leuchtenden gnostischen Vorstellungen. Und ich sagte Ihnen, es blieb der Rest, der den Anfang des JohannesEvangeliums bildet; der ist eigentlich nichts mehr als ein Hinweis darauf, daß der Christus etwas zu tun habe mit dem übersinnlich wahrnehmbaren Logos, dem Weltenworte, daß als solcher der Christus der Schöpfer alles desjenigen ist, was den Menschen umgibt, was der Mensch erlebt. Aber im übrigen blieb nichts anderes als die Evangelienerzählungen, die allerdings, wenn sie mit den Mitteln der Geisteswissenschaft durchdrungen werden, viel Gnostisches enthalten, aber sie wurden nicht gnostisch interpretiert. Sie wurden in den ersten Jahrhunderten überhaupt den Gläubigen vorenthalten, nur für die Priesterschaft reserviert. Aus ihnen aber wurde entnommen eine Art von Weltanschauung, welche das Mysterium von Golgatha in sich begriff, welche berechnet war auf die immer abstrakter und abstrakter werdenden, wenig nach dem Geistigen hinneigenden Vorstellungen der sogenannten gebildeten Welt. Man wollte, ich möchte sagen, immer mehr und mehr einfache Begriffe, zu deren Fassung man sich nicht sehr anzustrengen brauchte. Daher auch der eigentümliche Weg, den die Erklärung der Evangelien machte. Während man in den ersten Jahrhunderten noch durchaus das Bewußtsein hatte, daß die Evangelien aus geistigen Tiefen heraus zu erklären sind, versuchte man immer mehr, die Evangelien als bloße Erzählungen des Erdenlebens jenes Wesens aufzufassen, über das man mit Bezug auf seinen kosmischen Zusammenhang eben nicht mehr geltend machen wollte - wenigstens durch menschliches Wissen — als den Anfang des Johannes-Evangeliums und einige Abstraktionen wie die Trinitätsabstraktion und dergleichen. Diese hat man in den abstrakten Formen herausgeschält aus den alten gnostischen Vorstellungen, die man aber ihres gnostischen Impulses entkleidete und in Form von Dogmen den Gläubigen hingab. Immer primitiver und primitiver wurden aber die Evangelieninterpretationen. Sie sollten immer mehr werden eine bloße Erzählung eben über das Wesen, um dessen Wesenheit man sich nicht viel von höheren übersinnlichen Gesichtspunkten aus bekümmerte, über das Wesen, das da auf der Erde gelebt hat und das der Christus Jesus genannt wird.

Dann kam immer mehr die Notwendigkeit, die Evangelien auch der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen, und es kam damit der Protestantismus herauf. Er hielt zunächst noch fest an den Evangelien. Und solange ein Zusammenhang, ein Erkenntniszusammenhang bestand mit dem Johannes-Evangelium, so lange konnte man auch in einer gewissen Beziehung doch eine Art Band finden, das die einzelnen Seelen verbindet mit den kosmischen Höhen, in die man doch aufschauen muß, wenn man von dem wirklichen Christus reden will.

Aber es ging immer mehr verloren, man kann sagen, nicht bloß das Verständnis, sondern auch die Hinneigung zu dem JohannesEvangelium. Die Folge davon war, daß ein richtiger Zusammenhang mit dem Christus-Impuls, mit jener Wesenheit, welche in dem Leibe des Jesus lebte, dem neueren Protestantismus, dem denkenden Christentum überhaupt verlorengegangen ist. Der Christus-Begriff schwand immer mehr dahin, indem man zuerst die Interpretation beschränkt hat auf die irdischen Schicksale, menschlich erzählt, des Christus Jesus. Es schwand, weil man die Sache immer mehr und mehr ins materialistische Fahrwasser brachte, völlig die Möglichkeit, den Christus-Begriff noch zu haben: der menschliche Jesus blieb zurück. Und so wurden die Evangelien immer mehr als eine bloße Beschreibung des menschlichen Lebens Jesu genommen. Und an diese Beschreibung knüpfte sich in einer sehr abstrakten Form der Glaube an Unsterblichkeit, an die göttliche Wesenheit und dergleichen — ich habe über den Glaubensbegriff gestern gesprochen. Kein Wunder ist es, daß überhaupt nach und nach die Menschen wenig mehr zu sagen wußten, wenn die Vorstellung des Christus Jesus angeschlagen wurde. Man nahm gewissermaßen Christus auf der einen Seite, Jesus auf der andern Seite wie Synonyma, wie etwas, was dasselbe bezeichnet. Und was war die Folge, eine Folge, die gar nicht anders als eintreten konnte? Die Folge war, daß endlich diese Schilderung des bloßen irdischen Lebens eines Jesus, aus der das Bewußtsein des Zusammenhanges mit dem Christus geschwunden war, daß diese Beschreibung auch das Wesen des Jesus selbst verlor, und überhaupt allen Zusammenhang mit den Anfängen des Christentums verlor. Denn indem man nach und nach auf die bloßen materiellen Evangelien noch zurückging, auf nichts anderes als auf diese materiellen Evangelien, kam man zu der sogenannten Evangelienkritik selber. Und die konnte zu keinem andern Ergebnis führen, als daß die Tatsache des Mysteriums von Golgatha und was damit zusammenhängt, sich nicht historisch beweisen läßt, weil die Evangelien keine historischen Urkunden sind. Man verlor zuletzt den Zusammenhang mit dem Jesus selbst. So wie man in der neueren Wissenschaft über Beweise denkt, konnte da nicht bewiesen werden. Da man aber bei der modernen Wissenschaft bleiben wollte, auch wenn man Theologe war oder ist, verlor man nach und nach auch den Jesus-Begriff, da es äußere, historisch nachweisbare Urkunden nicht gibt.

Harnack, der ein christlicher Theologe ist, sogar ein tonangebender der Gegenwart, hat gesagt: Alles dasjenige, was man außer den Evangelien, die keine historischen Urkunden sind, historisch über den Jesus aufschreiben kann, läßt sich auf ein Quartblatt aufschreiben. — Aber das, was man auf ein Quartblatt aufschreiben kann, die Josephus-Stelle und so weiter, hält vor der modernen Historik auch nicht stand, so daß eigentlich nichts übrigbleibt, um den Ausgangspunkt des Christentums zu beweisen. Das ist eigentlich für diejenigen, die mit dem modernen Denken die Entwickelung des Christentums verfolgt haben, etwas, was nicht anders kommen konnte; es ist der Weg, der endlich die Menschheit weggeführt hat von dem Christus Jesus, selbst von dem Jesus, und der erst recht die Notwendigkeit zeigt, eben einen andern Weg zu suchen, einen Weg des übersinnlichen Erkennens in der Art, wie das durch das moderne Geistesleben allein angestrebt werden kann. Denn allen übrigen Wegen, heute zu dem Christus Jesus zu kommen, kann eben einfach die moderne Evangelienkritik und die moderne historische Forschung entgegengehalten werden, die im Einklang ist mit dem wissenschaftlichen Bewußtsein unserer Zeit, und die nicht aufrechterhalten kann, irgendeine historische Tatsache an den Ausgangspunkt der Entwickelung des Christentums zu stellen. Haben wir doch in unserer Zeit die merkwürdige groteske Tatsache erlebt, daß christliche, allerdings protestantische Pastoren ihre Aufgabe darin gesehen haben, das Mysterium von Golgatha als historische Tatsache überhaupt zu leugnen und die Entstehung des Christentums zurückzuführen auf gewisse Vorstellungen, die sich gebildet haben aus der sozialen Gesamtmenschheitslage der Zeit, mit der unsere Zeitrechnung beginnt. So der Pfarrer Kalthoff in Bremen, der, trotzdem er christlicher Pfarrer war, so gepredigt hat, daß seiner Weltanschauung, seiner Lebensauffassung kein historischer Christus zugrunde lag. Er meinte, es hätte sich nur eine Vorstellung von einer solchen Gestalt in den Köpfen herausgebildet aus den Voraussetzungen heraus, die damals in der Zeit, wo unsere Zeitrechnung beginnt, eben in den Köpfen waren. Christliche Pastoren ohne den Glauben an einen wirklichen Christus Jesus sind das notwendige Ergebnis der modernen Evangelienkritik. Das konnte gar nicht anders kommen, denn es hängt zusammen mit all den Entwickelungsimpulsen, von denen ich in diesen Tagen, insbesondere auch gestern, gesprochen habe.

Das ist durchaus festzuhalten, daß der Weg zu dem Christus Jesus in unserer Zeit ein übersinnlicher werden muß, daß er nur gegangen werden kann von jener Wissenschaft, die selbst übersinnliche Methoden sucht, aber mit dem wissenschaftlichen Gewissen der modernen Naturanschauung rechnet.

Immer wird es gut sein für diese moderne Art, einen übersinnlichen Weg auch zu dem Christus zu finden, sich klarzumachen, wie bis in unsere Tage herein die Umwandlungen der Initiationswissenschaft, des Initiationswissens sich abgespielt, abgewickelt haben. Und aus diesem Grunde möchte ich heute noch einmal auf etwas hinweisen, auf das ich hier an diesem Ort schon vor einiger Zeit, aber von einem andern Gesichtspunkte aus, hingewiesen habe.

Wir wissen, daß mit Bezug auf diese Dinge der große Umschwung verstanden werden muß, den die äußere Geschichte verschweigt, der sich in der neueren Entwickelung vollzogen hat gegen das 15. Jahrhundert hin und eben im 15. Jahrhundert hauptsächlich vollzogen hat. Aber er bereitete sich schon vorher vor. Wir wissen, dieser Umschwung ist für uns das Auftreten der fünften nachatlantischen Kulturperiode, welche die vierte, die griechisch-lateinische Kulturperiode, ablöst.

Nun ist es selbst schon für die äußere Wissenschaft eine Frage geworden, allerdings nur für einige verständigere Gelehrte, wie sich das erklären läßt, was man gewöhnlich nur nennt das Heraufkommen der Renaissancezeit — aber damit ist die Sache nur höchst äußerlich gekennzeichnet -, also dasjenige, was sich vom 12., 13., 14. bis ins 15. Jahrhundert hinein mit elementarer Gewalt über die gebildete Welt hin abspielt. Ein merkwürdiger Drang, eine merkwürdige Sehnsucht — äußere Gelehrte haben das schon ausgesprochen - lebte auch in den Menschen und läßt sich nicht durch äußere Gründe erklären. Es zeigt sich, daß etwas Elementares in den Menschen wallt und wogt und sie zu einer bestimmten Seelenverfassung bringt.

Nun ist es interessant und bedeutsam, sich folgendes vor Augen zu führen: Im 12., 13., 14. Jahrhundert hat man es noch zu tun mit der ablaufenden griechisch-lateinischen Zeit. Dann kommt der Umschwung. An dieser Stelle muß sich also etwas Besonderes zeigen. Und das, was die äußere Wissenschaft erkundet hat, das ist es eben, was sich da zeigt. Weniger hat die äußere Wissenschaft den Umschwung in Betracht gezogen; aber sie hat sehr stark in Betracht gezogen, verschiedene Rätsel sich da vorgelegt, das allmähliche Abglimmen derjenigen Seelenverfassung, die für den vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum charakteristisch war, das Abglimmen im 12., 13., 14. Jahrhundert. Während da die Renaissance heraufkommt, deren gewöhnliche Schilderung in den Äußerlichkeiten eben steckenbleibt, spielt sich in den Seelenverfassungen der europäischen Menschheit, wenn man genauer hinsieht, doch etwas außerordentlich Wichtiges ab. Es ist so, daß man verspürt: Es muß etwas verglimmen. Man erlebt noch gewisse Dinge in der Seele, die man nach einiger Zeit wieder anders erleben muß. Man muß sich gewissermaßen beeilen - wenn man mit der Entwickelung Schritt halten will -, diese Dinge noch zu erleben, denn die Menschheit wird sie später nach dem Umschwung nicht mehr erleben können. Es ist dasjenige, worauf ich im Anfange der heutigen Betrachtung hingewiesen habe. Was da im Unterbewußtsein vor sich geht, was, wenn es erkannt wird, der Initiationsvorgang ist, das ist etwas, was sich fortwährend, wie gesagt, bei der weitaus größten Mehrzahl der Menschen abspielt. Einige kommen dann durch die Beobachtung des « Erkenne dich selbst» darauf, diese Dinge wirklich in ihr Bewußtsein hereinzubringen. Es ist ein großer Unterschied zwischen diesem Vorgang und dem, was sich im vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum als Mysterienerlebnis in den Menschenseelen abgespielt hat, ein größerer Unterschied als gegenüber dem, was sich zum Beispiel in der dritten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode abgespielt hat. Ich habe Ihnen vor einigen Tagen ungefähr charakterisiert, was sich in der dritten nachatlantischen Zeit abgespielt hat, indem der Mensch durch das Tor des Menschen ging, dann durch den zweiten Grad, dann durch das Tor des Todes, und weiter, bis er ein Christophorus wurde. Und so, wie ich Ihnen diese Dinge geschildert habe, so spielten sie sich im Unterbewußten ab und konnten dann durch die Initiation bei den weitaus meisten Menschen der dritten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode ins Bewußtsein heraufgetragen werden. Aber verändert schon war der ganze Vorgang bei den Menschen der vierten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode. Noch nicht so sehr verändert war er im ersten Drittel dieser vierten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode, das dem Mysterium von Golgatha voranging - 747 v.Chr. beginnt ja die vierte nachatlantische Kulturperiode, das Mysterium von Golgatha schließt ungefähr das erste Drittel ab. Und dann beginnt eine Zeit, wo das Mysterium von Golgatha schon da war, wo auch für dasjenige, was sich im Unterbewußtsein des Menschen abspielt und dann durch die Initiationswissenschaft bewußt werden kann, eine bedeutendere Veränderung eintrat. Annähernd bis zum Mysterium von Golgatha nur geringe Ausnahmefälle abgerechnet — war, man kann schon sagen, der notwendige Weg, um zur Initiation zu kommen, der, daß man erwählt wurde von irgendeinem den Mysterien angehörigen Priesterweisen, der aus gewissen Erkenntnissen heraus die Leute wählte, die er zur Initiation, zum Durchmachen der Grade bestimmen konnte. Es schwand diese Notwendigkeit nach und nach dahin, nachdem sich das Mysterium von Golgatha abgespielt hatte, obwohl die Initiation, an den alten Mysterien orientiert, auf die neuen Verhältnisse eingerichtet wurde. Solche Mysterien hat es immer gegeben, Mysterien, die dann in die neueren Geheimgesellschaften übergegangen sind und, nur mehr in abstrakten Symbolen, zumeist alte Einweihungszeremonien und Einweihungsvorgänge nachahmen, die nicht mehr an den Menschen herandringen, während die wirkliche Initiation immer weniger und weniger in solchen Geheimgesellschaften erlangt wird, weil die Menschen nicht vordringen zu dem Erleben desjenigen, was sich vor ihren Augen symbolisch abspielt. Es geschahen aber in immer weiterem und weiterem Maße - und charakteristisch gerade am Ausgang der vierten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode — Einweihungen, die, ich möchte sagen, von der geistigen Welt aus selbst geleitet wurden, wo also nicht der Initiationspriester den Bettreffenden auswählte, sondern wo die Auswahl von der geistigen Welt selbst gemacht wurde. Äußerlich nimmt es sich natürlich dann so aus, als ob es eine Selbsteinweihung wäre, weil der Führende eben ein Geist und nicht ein Mensch ist; ein Mensch ist ja auch ein Geist, aber Sie wissen, was ich meine. Insbesondere war so gegen das Ende des vierten nachatlantischen Kulturzeitraumes schon sehr stark das vorhanden, daß die Initiationen in solcher unmittelbaren geistigen Führung stattfanden. Und ich habe schon, wie gesagt, vor einiger Zeit darauf hingewiesen, wie aufzufassen ist als eine wirkliche Initiation die Einweihung, die auf solche Art erfahren hat der Lehrer und Meister des Dante, Brunetto Latini.

Äußerlich erzählt, nimmt sich dasjenige, was als ein höchst Wichtiges Brunetto Latini schildert, wie eine Art Novelle aus, eine Novelle, die allerdings legendarischen Charakter hat. Brunetto Latini will seine Einweihung schildern, seine Initiation. Er schildert sie etwa in der folgenden Weise, und Sie werden aus dieser Weise erkennen, wie die Erlebnisse der Initiation des Brunetto Latini dann gewirkt haben auf die ganze Komposition und Phantasiegestaltung des Danteschen großen Gedichtes, der «Divina Commedia». Brunetto Latini, er war Gesandter beim König von Kastilien für seine Vaterstadt Florenz, erzählt, wie er die Reise zurückmachen mußte von seinem Gesandtschaftsposten und wie er, als er schon nahe seiner Vaterstadt Florenz war, erfuhr, daß seine Partei, die welfische Partei, unterlegen war; daß also alles, was ihn verbunden hat mit Florenz, gewissermaßen unterminiert sei, daß er mit Bezug auf die äußeren Verhältnisse plötzlich keinen Boden unter den Füßen mehr fühlt. Man muß, indem von einem Menschen aus dem Dante-Zeitalter eine solche Sache geschildert wird, nicht an heutige Verhältnisse, nicht an heutige Auffassungen denken. In dieser Beziehung hat sich die Seelenverfassung ganz ungeheuerlich verändert. Nicht wahr, wenn heute jemand in der Schweiz erfährt, daß zum Beispiel die Stadt Köln, mit der er lange Zeit zusammengehangen hat, in eine ganz andere Weltstruktur hineingekommen ist, von einer ganz andern Seite her beherrscht wird, so fühlt er sich als heutiger Mensch nicht so, als ob ihm der Boden unter den Füßen entzogen wäre, wenigstens innerlich nicht. Aber von dieser Seelenverfassung muß man nicht die Vorstellungen nehmen für jene Zeit. Für einen solchen Menschen wie Brunetto Latini war das wie eine Art Weltuntergang. Er hing zusammen mit Bezug auf sein Eingeordnetsein in die Welt mit den Weltenverhältnissen seiner Vaterstadt. Das war weg, und das erfuhr er, als er sich dieser seiner Vaterstadt Florenz näherte: es war einfach die Welt nicht mehr da, in der er arbeitete. Jetzt erzählt er weiter, nachdem er aufmerksam gemacht hat auf diese Umstände, auf diese Tatsache, wie er geführt wurde in einen Wald, wie er durch geistige Führung aus dem Wald hingeleitet wird auf einen Berg, der umgeben ist von der ganzen Schöpfung, soweit sie ihm bekannt war.

Man erkennt sofort, was eigentlich Brunetto Latini andeuten will. Er ist durch das Leben so geführt worden, daß in einem gewissen Momente vor seine Seele ein so bestürzendes Ereignis trat, daß es das Geistig-Seelische freimachte von dem Leiblich-Physischen, daß er herauskam aus seinem physischen Leibe. Er erlebte Geistiges. Da haben Sie das Eingreifen eines geistigen Führers, der diesen Menschen seinem Karma nach in dem Augenblicke, wo er so frappiert, so geistig erschüttert ist, daß diese Erschütterung sein Geistig-Seelisches trennen kann von dem Leiblich-Physischen, in die geistige Welt einführt. Nun schildert Brunetto Latini, wie die Schöpfung sich um den Berg ausbreitet, wie ihm auf dem Berg eine riesige Frauengestalt erscheint, auf deren Worte hin, auf deren Wortangaben hin sich diese Schöpfung, die um den Berg ist, wandelt und ändert, andere Formen annimmt. Und so wie Brunetto Latini spricht, so erkennt man: er spricht so über diese Frauengestalt, wie in den alten Einweihungsmysterien gesprochen worden ist über Proserpina. Nur hat die Vorstellung über die Proserpina eben die Wandlung durchgemacht von der alten Griechenzeit bis zum Ausgang der griechisch-lateinischen Zeit. Nicht so wie die alten griechischen Dichter die Proserpina schildern, schildert Brunetto Latini sie; er schildert sie eben so, wie sie in den menschlichen Seelen lebte im Ausgang des griechisch-lateinischen Zeitalters. Und dennoch: Das, was der alte Ägypter anhörte, wenn ihm die Beschreibung der Isis, und was der Grieche anhörte, wenn ihm die Beschreibung der Proserpina nahetrat durch die Einweihung, man kann es vergleichen mit dem, was Brunetto Latini erzählt von dieser Frauengestalt, auf deren Geheiß und Worte hin sich die Gestalten der Schöpfung wandeln. Und man wird finden, daß starke Ähnlichkeiten da sind. Derjenige, der nur oberflächlich betrachtet, wird überhaupt sagen: Es ist eigentlich dasselbe, was Brunetto Latini über seine Frauengestalt sagt und was die Alten sagten über ihre Proserpina. Dasselbe ist es nicht, denn wenn man genauer hinsieht, so merkt man: Bei den alten Griechen, wenn sie von der Proserpina sprachen, oder bei den Ägyptern, wenn sie von der Isis sprachen, handelte es sich mehr um die Schilderung dessen, was in allem Ruhenden lebt, in allem, was bleibt, was durch alles Bleibende hindurchzieht. Bei Brunetto Latini handelt es sich darum, zu schildern, wie ein gewisser Kraftimpuls - der Isis-Impuls, der Proserpina-Impuls, als Impuls der «Natura», so heißt die Gestalt bei Brunetto Latini -, durch alles hindurchgeht, aber alles in Bewegung setzt, fortwährend wandelt. Das ist der große Unterschied.

Damit ist ihm aber der Anstoß gegeben - indem er schaut, wie sich alles wandelt, indem er diese auf das Geheiß der Göttin Natura sich wandelnde Schöpfung schaut -, nun in der neuen Art Selbsterkenntnis zu üben. Die übt er natürlich nicht so, wie es heute die mystischen Bequemlinge beschreiben, sondern er übt sie in konkreten Einzelheiten. Brunetto Latini beschreibt, wie er nun, nachdem er diese sich wandelnde Schöpfung geschaut hat, die Welt der menschlichen Sinne schaut. Er lernt den Menschen nach und nach von außen kennen. Es ist ein Unterschied, ob man die äußere Welt, welche die Sinne einfach im gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein wahrnehmen, schaut und beschreibt, oder ob man das beschreibt, was in den Sinnen, also schon innerlich im Menschen vor sich geht. Denn mit dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein kommt man in das Innere der Sinne nicht hinein: man würde die Außenwelt nicht sehen. Denn wenn man die Sinne im Inneren sieht, kann man die Außenwelt nicht beschreiben; man sieht dann nicht die Außenwelt.

Abgestimmt auf die gegenwärtige Zeit - wir werden gleich nachher davon sprechen — habe ich versucht, dieses Schauen des Inneren des Menschen, wenn man in der Region der Sinneswelt ist, bei dem Ausmalen der großen Kuppel hier im Bau wirken zu lassen. Das wird Ihnen ungefähr eine Vorstellung davon geben, was gemeint ist mit diesem «Erkenne dich selbst», insofern man in der Region der Sinne ist. Sie werden zum Beispiel deutlich wahrnehmen, wenn Sie die große Kuppel betrachten, wie das Innere des Auges, das Mikrokosmische, das sich im Inneren des Auges offenbart, auf der einen Seite, auf der Westseite, festzuhalten versucht ist. Nicht das, was das Auge außen sieht, auch nicht das Physikalische des Auges, sondern was innerlich erlebt ist, wenn man mit dem seelischen Schauen im Auge drinnen ist, was man natürlich nur kann, wenn man im gewöhnlichen Sinne sich getrennt hat von dem Gebrauch der Augen als Werkzeuge für die äußere Sinneswahrnehmung, wenn man ebenso das Innere des Auges schaut, wie man sonst mit dem Auge das Äußere schaut.

Nicht so, wie das heute dargestellt werden muß, sondern etwas anders - er macht nur kurz darauf aufmerksam - erlebte es Brunetto Latini. Dann dringt er weiter von außen nach innen ins Menschliche vor: er gelangt dann zu den vier Temperamenten. Da lernt man schon erkennen, wie der Mensch nun nicht in dem Inneren der Sinnesregion ist, sondern wie er ist, indem der melancholische, der cholerische, der phlegmatische, der sanguinische Impuls ineinander wirken, wie die Menschen sich dann äußerlich differenzieren, indem irgendeiner dieser vier Impulse die Oberhand gewinnt. Man kommt dann durch die Region der Sinne weiter in das menschliche Innere zu der Region der Temperamente. Der Unterschied in der Beobachtung der Sinnesregion und in der Beobachtung der Temperamente ist der, daß, wenn man die Sinnesregion betrachtet, sich die einzelnen Regionen der Sinne sehr stark voneinander unterscheiden. Bei den Temperamenten steigt man schon tiefer in das Menschliche hinein; da enthüllt sich schon mehr von der universellen Natur des Menschen.

Wenigstens, ich möchte sagen, ein Glied von diesem Schauen, aber nur ein Glied davon, mit Orientierung nach bestimmten Richtungen hin, aber wiederum abgestellt auf das heutige Schauen, ist dann versucht worden, in der Ausmalung der kleinen Kuppel festzuhalten.

So muß der Mensch in dieser Weise vordringen. Sie sehen, Brunetto Latini schildert stückweise seine Initiation. Zugrunde liegt eine geistige Führung. Dann gelangt er schon in eine Region, in welcher der Mensch sich nicht mehr recht von der Außenwelt unterscheiden kann. Wenn der Mensch die Region seiner Sinne und die Region der Temperamente beobachtet, dann kann er sich noch sehr gut von der Außenwelt unterscheiden; aber dann kommt er in eine Region, in der er sich wenig noch unterscheiden kann, in der sozusagen sein Wesen mit der Außenwelt zusammenfließt: er kommt in die Region der vier Elemente. Da erlebt der Mensch sein Weben innerhalb von Erde, Wasser, Feuer und Luft, wie er mit diesen im Weltenall lebt. Er unterscheidet sich nicht mehr sehr stark mit Bezug auf seine Subjektivität von der äußeren Objektivität. Man erlebt höchstens noch stark den Unterschied in bezug auf das Irdische, aber mit Bezug auf das wässerige, das flüssige Element, da fühlt man sich schon schwimmend in einer Art von All. Es ist noch ein Unterschied zwischen dem Subjektiven und dem Objektiven, aber es ist eben, wenn man die 'Temperamente betrachtet, viel weniger stark als bei den festen Sinnesorganen, bei denen man weiß: sie leben nur im Menschen innerhalb der physischen Welt, sie leben nicht auch außerhalb.

Dann schildert er, wie er weiter kommt in die Region der Planeten, wie er durch die Planetenregion durchgeht, und wie er dann, nachdem er durch die Planetenregion durchgegangen ist, den Ozean durchirrt, im Ozean den Ort erreicht, den die verschiedensten Mystiker bezeichnen als den Ort der Säulen des Herkules. Dann geht er hinaus über die Säulen des Herkules und ist nun vorbereitet, nachdem ihn dieses «Erkenne dich selbst» bis zu den Säulen des Herkules getrieben hat, aufzunehmen ein Wissen, eine Erkenntnis über die übersinnliche Welt. Die Säulen des Herkules sind für die Mystiker — insbesondere für die Mystiker der Zeit, von der ich jetzt spreche — dasjenige Erlebnis, durch das man noch stärker, als es bei den vier Elementen oder bei den Planeten der Fall ist, ganz aus dem Menschen herauskommt und die äußere Geistwelt betritt, die dann erst in der dritten Initiationsstufe in ihren konkreten Wesenheiten sich zeigt. Aber man betritt sie wie einen sich ausbreitenden Ozean, wie eine allgemeine Geistigkeit, im ersten Grade, den Brunetto Latini hier schildert. Er schildert dann weiter, wie — was ja sein mußte, nachdem er soweit gekommen war — eine starke Versuchung an ihn herantritt. Diese Versuchung, die schildert er sehr sachgemäß. Er schildert, wie er in die Notwendigkeit versetzt wird, neue Vorstellungen sich zu bilden über Gut und Böse, weil eben verlorengeht dasjenige, was ihn über Gut und Böse, solange er in der Sinneswelt war, aufgeklärt hat. Er schildert dann, wie er diese neuen Vorstellungen über Gut und Böse wirklich erlangt, wie er dadurch, daß er alles das durchgemacht hat, gewissermaßen ein anderer Mensch geworden ist, ein Teilnehmer an der geistigen Welt. Man sieht an der Schilderung des Brunetto Latini ganz genau, wie jemand, der durch eine geistige Wesenheit selbst geführt wird, in dieser Zeit des ausgehenden griechisch-lateinischen Zeitalters von der sinnlichen in die übersinnliche Welt hineingeht.

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Halten wir fest diese Schilderung, die auch äußerlich in der Menschheitsentwickelung jene ungeheuer fruchtbare Wirkung gehabt hat, daß sie Dante, den Schüler des Brunetto Latini, angeregt hat zu der «Göttlichen Komödie», der «Divina Commedia». Wenn wir das festhalten, daß es eine typische, eine repräsentative Einweihung war, die dieser Brunetto Latini schildert, daß er wirklich das schildert, was sich im Unterbewußtsein der Menschen gerade in dieser Zeit abspielt und was durch eine solche wirkliche Initiation erlangt, erkannt werden kann, so haben wir eben vor uns dasjenige, was im verglimmenden vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum als Seelenverfassung da war.

Nun kann uns schon die Frage als bedeutsam interessieren: Wie änderte sich das in kurzen Zeiträumen? Nicht lange, ein paar Jahrhunderte sind vergangen seit dem, was ich geschildert habe. Wie ändert sich in kurzen Zeiträumen das, was da der Mensch im Unterbewußtsein durchmacht und was in der Initiation ins Bewußtsein herauftritt? Natürlich, je höhere Initiationsstufen der Mensch erlangt, desto mehr, ich möchte sagen, verschwindet für seinen Geistesblick dasjenige, was bei den ersten Stufen gar sehr in Betracht kommt. Aber bei den ersten Stufen muß man wirklich hinschauen auf dasjenige, was eigentlich das Bedeutsame ist. Denn diese ersten Stufen stellen gerade das dar, was sich in den weitaus meisten Menschenseelen eben tatsächlich abspielt, auch wenn sie es nicht wissen, auch wenn sie sich nicht dazu herbeilassen, durch Geisteswissenschaft oder gar durch Initiation ins Wissen heraufzuheben, was sich unbewußt in ihrem tieferen Menschen eigentlich immer abspielt. Da ist es sehr wichtig, daß man folgendes Beispiel ins Auge faßt. Ich habe gesagt: Brunetto Latini schildert, wie er hingeführt wird vor die Göttin Natura. Dann schreitet er durch gewisse Stufen: die Sinne, die Temperamente, die Elemente, die Planeten, den Ozean, wo er also schon draußen ist, wo er an der Grenze des Menschlichen, an den Säulen des Herkules, hinübergetreten ist in das außen sich Ausbreitende, wo nicht einmal mehr das in Betracht kommt, was schon bei den Elementen der Fall ist, daß er nicht unterscheiden kann, wo er gewissermaßen sich selber verloren hat und in dem Meere des Daseins schwimmt.

Diese Säulen des Herkules spielen dann in der Symbolik eine große Rolle als Jakim- und Boas-Säule, wobei nur zu bemerken ist, daß in den heutigen Geheimgesellschaften diese Säulen nicht mehr in der richtigen Weise aufgestellt werden können, auch nicht mehr aufgestellt werden sollen, weil sich diese richtige Aufstellung eben bei der wirklichen innerlich erlebten Initiation erst zeigt. Außerdem kann man sie im Raume nicht so aufstellen, wie sie in Wirklichkeit eben sich aufgestellt zeigen, wenn der Mensch seinen Leib verläßt.

Nun, damit hat man gewissermaßen, wenn ich mich des trockenen Ausdruckes bedienen darf, das Schema hingestellt, welches durchlebt wurde an der Wende des 12. zum 13. Jahrhundert, erlebt wurde auch von einem solchen Menschen, der die Initiation so durchmachte wie der Lehrer Dantes, Brunetto Latini. Nun kann man das vergleichen mit dem, was heute in den Untergründen der Menschenseelen vorgeht. Gar so sehr ist es ja nicht verschieden. Aber wenn heute der Mensch unmittelbar bei der ersten Stufe der Initiation unter der Führung dieser ja auch heute vorhandenen riesigen Frauengestalt, der Göttin Natura, hintreten wollte vor die ihm von ihr gezeigte Schöpfung, dann fängt ja in der Schöpfung der übersinnliche Weg für ihn erst an.

Wenn der Mensch heute gleich vor die Sinne hintreten würde oder in die Sinne hinein wollte, so würde er sich der Gefahr aussetzen, innerhalb der Sinnesregion ziemlich im Finstern zu sein. Er würde gewissermaßen ohne eine ordentliche Beleuchtung in der Sinnesregion sich aufhalten müssen und dann nichts Ordentliches auch unterscheiden können in dieser Sinnesregion. Heute ist nämlich notwendig, daß vor dieser Sinnesregion noch ein anderes Erlebnis durchgemacht wird. Das Durchmachen dieses andern Erlebnisses bereitet einen erst in der rechten Weise vor, in diese Sinnesregion eindringen zu können. Und dieses Erlebnis habe ich Ihnen gestern schon angeführt. Es ist einfach die Möglichkeit, Geistig-Ideelles als äußerliche Wirklichkeit in der Metamorphose der Gestaltung der Welt zu schauen. Also bevor man in die Sinnesregion eintreten will, soll man sich bemühen, die Metamorphose der Gestalten in der Außenwelt zu verfolgen. Goethe hat nur die Elemente gegeben, aber die Methode ist schon bei ihm zu finden. Ich habe gesagt: Was Goethe für die Pflanzen, für das tierische Skelett gefunden hat, das zeigt sich in der Metamorphose so weiter ausgebildet, daß uns unser Haupt auf das frühere Erdenleben, unser Extremitätenorganismus auf das spätere Erdenleben hinweist. Also dieses In-die-Möglichkeit-Versetztsein, die Welt nicht als fertige, ruhige Gestaltung hinzunehmen, sondern in der unmittelbar vorliegenden Gestalt den Hinweis auf eine andere Gestalt zu sehen, das Versetztsein in diese Möglichkeit, das ist schon eine notwendige Vorstufe der gegenwärtigen Initiation.

Sie finden auch Anhaltspunkte zu dieser Anschauung in der Weise, wie sie am richtigsten vom gegenwärtigen Menschen absolviert werden kann, gleich im Beginn meines Buches «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?» geschildert. Das wird schon erreicht, wenn in der richtigen Weise die Anweisungen dieses Buches befolgt werden, daß, wenn Sie einem Menschen gegenübertreten, Ihnen aus seinem Kopf etwas herausspringt wie die Vorstellung seiner früheren Inkarnation. Sie können gar nicht anders, als seinem Kopfe etwas von der Gestaltung in der früheren Inkarnation anempfinden. Wenn Sie ihm nachgehen, sehen, wie er die Füße aufstellt, mit den Armen schlenkert, oder wenn Sie vor ihm stehen und seine sonstigen Gesten mit Armen und Händen beobachten, dann bekommen Sie ein Gefühl, wie es in der nächsten Inkarnation mit seiner Gestaltung bestellt sein wird. Ich habe deshalb in öffentlichen Vorträgen öfter gesagt, indem ich dieses schon vor vielen Jahren auseinandergesetzt habe: Mit den wiederholten Erdenleben ist es eigentlich gar nicht einmal so schlimm, daß der Materialismus sich ganz und gar dagegen zu wehren brauchte. Wenn er nur ein weniges verstünde von der menschlichen Gestalt, so sind ja die wiederholten Erdenleben gar nicht etwas, wogegen der Materialismus sich zu sträuben braucht, denn sie sind handgreiflich. Und wenn Sie zum Beispiel nicht nach dem Buche, sondern nach der erlebten Einsicht Phrenologe, Schädeluntersucher sind, dann untersuchen Sie mit dem Schädel eigentlich die Gestaltung der früheren Inkarnation, das ist handgreiflich die frühere Inkarnation! Also man muß natürlich diese Metamorphosengestalt, Metamorphosenanschauung des Lebens bis in diese Region ausdehnen. Man muß gewissermaßen sich aneignen - ich habe vom sozialen Gesichtspunkte von dieser Aneignung gesprochen - ein so starkes Interesse für den Menschen, daß einem aus seinem Schädel fortwährend ins Gesicht springt etwas von der Empfindung seiner früheren Inkarnation, weil der Schädel der umgestaltete Mensch in einer früheren Inkarnation in gewisser Beziehung, namentlich in bezug auf das Physiognomische und die Gestaltung der Kopfformation ist. Und so erlangt man eine Anschauung der Welt, welche nicht stehenbleibt bei der einen Gestalt, wie Goethe nicht beim Blütenblatt und grünen Laubblatt stehenbleibt, sondern eines auf das andere bezieht. So erlangt man eine solche Anschauung, welche nicht stehenbleibt bei der einzelnen Gestalt, sondern von Gestalt zu Gestalt weitergeht, die Verwandlung der Gestaltungen ins Auge faßt.

Ich habe versucht, eine Empfindung hervorzurufen von solchem Gestaltenwandel, indem ich diesen Gestaltenwandel selber habe festzuhalten gesucht in unserer Holzarchitektur, beim Übergang von einem Kapitäl in das nächste und in die weiteren Kapitäle, bei der Weitergestaltung der Architrave, wo alles aufgebaut ist nach diesem Prinzip der Metamorphose. So daß derjenige, der einmal unsere Säulenfolge und was dazugehört, in unserem hiesigen Goetheanum sehen wird, eine Vorstellung haben wird, wie man sich beweglich mit Bezug auf seine Seelenverfassung zur Außenwelt zu verhalten hat. Wenn man diese Vorstufe absolvieren will, die notwendig ist für den heutigen Menschen - und lange noch notwendig sein wird für den Menschen der Zukunft -, sich hineinfindet in das innere Verständnis, wie die zweite Säule aus der ersten mit Sockel und Kapitäl und Architrav hervorgeht, die dritte aus der zweiten Säule und so weiter, dann findet man in diesem wirklichen Verständnis einen Anhaltspunkt, um eben nach den heutigen Möglichkeiten erst in das Innere der Sinnesregion vorzudringen. So ist festgehalten unten in der Säulenregion etwas, was schon zusammenhängt mit dem gegenwärtigen Initiationsprinzip. Und weiter in der Kuppelregion finden Sie etwas anderes, was mit dem heutigen Initiationsprinzip zusammenhängt; da gehen die Dinge etwas verändert vor sich.

Also in dem Zeitalter des Brunetto Latini konnte den Menschen noch erspart werden dasjenige, was man hier nennen kann die Metamorphosen des Lebens (siehe Schema Seite 134), aus denen man dann in die Region der Sinne hineinkommt. Wollten wir die Sache schematisch uns vergegenwärtigen, so könnten wir sagen: In dem Zeitalter des Brunetto Latini konnte man noch — wenn wir das Auge als Repräsentanten nehmen — direkt ins Auge hineingehen und dieses als erste Region empfinden. Heute muß man zuerst dasjenige, was den Menschen umhüllt, betrachten. In diesem den Menschen Umhüllenden, was vor der Region der Sinne äußerlich liegt, da prägen sich die Metamorphosen des Lebens aus. Es liegt vor den Sinnen. Das muß man bewußt durchschreiten.

Nun geht man auch heute durch Sinnesregion, Temperamentenregion, Elementenregion, Planetenregion durch. Dann aber ist es notwendig, bevor man sich heute durch die Säulen des Herkules in den freien Ozean der Geistigkeit begibt, daß wiederum eine Einschiebung geschieht. Also hier (siehe Schema Seite 134) lagert sich etwas vor, hier geschieht eine Einschiebung. Diese Einschiebung brauchte in der Zeit des Brunetto Latini noch nicht erlebt zu werden. Sie wird sich nicht leicht schildern lassen, weil diese Dinge selbstverständlich intimen und subtilen Regionen des menschlichen Erlebens angehören. Aber man kann vielleicht doch in der folgenden Art eine Schilderung bieten, gerade indem man auf Brunetto Latini hinweist. Brunetto Latini erlebte, gewissermaßen als das erste Zeichen seiner Führung durch eine Geistwesenheit, das, was ihm die Mitteilung war, daß seine Vaterstadt für ihn unterhöhlt sei. Es ist das ein Ereignis, das in den Menschen Brunetto Latini hineinspielt, das aber doch seinem Tatsacheninhalte nach äußerlich war, von der Außenwelt hineinspielte. Dieses Ereignis, das ihn so stark erschütterte, daß er eben mit seinem Geistig-Seelischen aus dem Leiblichen herausging, schilderte er als etwas, was in sein Leben eintrat, was in seinem Leben vorging. Man kann sagen, dieses Ereignis wird von ihm nicht bewußt, sondern wie etwas geschildert, was an ihn herantritt wie ein Schicksalsereignis.

Ein solches Ereignis, oder eigentlich ein ähnliches — Sie werden darauf auch hingewiesen finden an einer Stelle meines Buches «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?» -, muß der heute zu Initiierende ganz bewußt durchmachen. Aber es muß bei ihm ein inneres Erlebnis sein, das er nicht wie Brunetto Latini im Zusammenhang mit der Außenwelt, sondern das er innerlich durchmacht: irgend etwas, was innerlich stark verwandelnd auf den Menschen wirkt. Solche Ereignisse gibt es schon im Leben der weitaus meisten Menschen, nur beachten es die Menschen kaum stark. Wer sein Leben überblickt, wird schon sehen können, daß Ereignisse — wenn ich so sagen darf, trotzdem das trivial ist — allerersten Ranges, und insbesondere eir Ereignis allerersten Ranges in das Leben hereinspielen. Man versuche nur einmal, nicht so sehr nach der äußerlichen Bedeutung, sondern nach dem inneren Wandel, den es im Menschen hervorbringt, auf ein solches Ereignis im Leben zurückzublicken. Man wird dann auf eines aufmerksam sein, auf das man eigentlich recht aufmerksam sein sollte: Man wird aufmerksam werden darauf, daß eben solche Ereignisse in dem Leben der Menschen nicht tief genug genommen werden. Sie können unendlich viel tiefer, das heißt erschütternder, bemerkbarer im Leben genommen werden, als es heute geschieht. Man kann schon durch eine gewisse allgemein-menschliche Innerlichkeit manches im Leben vertieft spüren, aber es wird doch gegenüber dem, was man namentlich von Ereignissen allerersten Ranges erleben kann, über eine gewisse Oberflächlichkeit nicht hinauskommen, wenn man nur bei dem gewöhnlichen Menschlichen bleibt. Denn solche Ereignisse, wie ich sie meine, die lassen sich eigentlich nicht im gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein ihrer vollen Geltung nach erkennen. Man muß erst die andern Stufen durchmachen. Dann zeigt sich, wenn man die Metamorphosen des Lebens, wenn man die Region der Sinne, der Temperamente, der Elemente, der Planeten durchgemacht hat und hierhergekommen ist (siehe Seite 134), daß man in einer neuen Gestalt gerade ein solches Erlebnis wiederum beobachten kann, und daß man jetzt, wenn man schon ein stark verwandelter Mensch geworden ist, zu seiner eigentlichen Tiefe vordringt, indem man sich als ein Angehöriger nicht nur der Erde, sondern der Himmelswelten, der Planetenregion erkannt hat. Dann erkennt man erst so recht die Bedeutung von solchen Erlebnissen allerersten Ranges. Dann wird einem erst klar, was für einen selbst und für die Welt solch ein Erlebnis bedeuten kann. Und man muß, wenn man da durchgeht, auf das wichtigste Ereignis seines Lebens schon kommen.

Wenn man, bevor man in den weiten Ozean der Geistigkeit hinaustritt, hier ankommt, so kann es nicht fehlen, sofern man nicht ein ganz starker Egoistling ist und noch irgend etwas anderes kennt in der Welt als sich selbst, daß, während man durch die früheren Stufen durchgeht, man aufmerksam wird auf dieses Ereignis. Bevor man in den Ozean der Geistigkeit hinaustritt, tritt einem schon in der völligen Stärke dieses Ereignis vor die Seele. Aber es schiebt sich eben da ein. Und dieses Ereignis, das bedeutet an dieser Stelle des inneren Erlebens außerordentlich viel. Es bedeutet, daß man jetzt eigentlich erst hinausfahren kann in den unermeßlichen Ozean der Geistigkeit; es bedeutet, daß man durch dieses Erlebnis einen gewissen Schwerpunkt erlangen kann. Ich möchte sagen: Würde man unter den heutigen Geistesverhältnissen einfach, nachdem man sich erkannt hat als Bürger der Planetenwelt, hinausschiffen wollen auf den Ozean der Geistigkeit, man würde in ein Wellenmeer hineinkommen, würde sich nirgends sicher fühlen, würde unter allen möglichen geistigen Erlebnissen hin und her geworfen werden, würde nicht einen innerlichen Schwerpunkt haben. Diesen innerlichen Schwerpunkt muß man schon dadurch finden, daß man ein solches Ereignis allerersten Ranges, das sieh in der Regel niemals in den bloßen Regionen des Egoismus abspielen wird, sondern das eine allgemein-menschliche Bedeutung haben wird, wirklich tief innerlich durchlebt, und man sich selbst in ihm tief innerlich durchlebt. Man kann heute sagen, indem man ganz genau den Tatsachenbestand ausspricht: An den Säulen des Herkules muß, bevor der Mensch diese Säulen des Herkules durchschifft, sein bedeutsamstes Erlebnis vor ihn hintreten, Vertieftestes ihm Erlebnis werden. Da fühlt der Mensch an dieser Stelle des Erlebens eine ganz besondere Vertiefung seines Wesens. Da kommt etwas über ihn, von dem man sagen kann, es trägt die objektive Welt in sein Inneres herein. Es kommt schon etwas an den Menschen heran, wenn er hier durchkommt - so geartet, wie ich das eben geschildert habe — durch die Säulen des Herkules, das man etwa in der folgenden Weise schildern kann: Wenn der Mensch natürlich auch immer wiederum bei dieser oder jener Gelegenheit in dasjenige zurückfällt, was sich im Lichte seines gewöhnlichen Bewußtseins abspielt, auch wenn er diese Erlebnisse hat, wenn er auch nicht bei jedem Schritt und Tritt seines Lebens gewissermaßen aufrechterhalten kann diese Seelenstimmung, die sich hier erzeugt, so wird es doch, wenn diese Seelenstimmung einmal durchgemacht worden ist, immerhin Momente geben, und immer sich wiederholende Momente geben, die mit dieser Seelenstimmung zusammenhängen. Denn es würde gar nicht gut sein, wenn der Mensch, nachdem er diese Seelenstimmung erlebt hat, ganz wieder aus ihr herauskommen würde. Was mit dieser Seelenstimmung gemeint ist, das läßt sich etwa in folgender Art charakterisieren.

Man möchte bei diesen Dingen immer sagen — Hand aufs Herz, meine lieben Freunde -: Für das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein bleibt es doch bestehen, daß, auch wenn der Mensch noch so selbstlos ist, es für ihn das Allerwichtigste, wenigstens verhältnismäßig das Allerwichtigste ist, was innerhalb seiner Haut vorgeht. Wichtiger ist eben doch in der Regel für das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein dasjenige, was innerhalb der Haut vorgeht, als was außerhalb der Haut vorgeht. Aber das ist eben eine Seelenstimmung, die gerade hier beim Betreten des Ozeans erzeugt werden soll, damit sie wenigstens für wichtige Lebensmomente beibehalten werden kann: daß es für den Menschen äußere Dinge geben kann, die ihn subjektiv gar nichts angehen, die er aber gerade so stark miterlebt wie diejenigen Dinge, die ihn subjektiv angehen. Heute hat der Mensch, wenn er will, reichlich Gelegenheit, sich gut vorzubereiten für diese Seelenstimmung, die an dem geschilderten Punkte erlebt wird. Denn wenn er sich einläßt nicht auf subjektive Naturerkenntnis oder dergleichen, sondern auf wahrhaftige Naturerkenntnis, namentlich wenn der Mensch versucht, von solcher Naturerkenntnis auszugehen, so wird schon viel von dieser Stimmung erzeugt, aber sie muß erzogen werden an jener Stufe auf die Art, wie ich sie geschildert habe. Dann, wenn der Mensch diese Stimmung haben kann, wenn er so, wie es hier geschieht, das wichtigste Ereignis seines Lebens erfahren kann, so vertieft erfahren kann, dann bekommt er, wenigstens für viele Momente des Lebens, diese Stimmung der Objektivität, die ich geschildert habe, wo ihm Äußeres so wichtig sein kann wie Inneres, wo das wahr ist, daß ihm Äußeres so wichtig sein kann wie Inneres. Viele Menschen behaupten zwar das oder jenes; das ist aber dann nicht wahr, sie täuschen sich selber über die Sache. Aber damit hat der Mensch zugleich einen Schwerpunkt erlangt, eine Richtung würde ich vielleicht besser sagen, einen Kompaß, durch den er die Möglichkeit hat, nun wirklich auf den Ozean des geistigen Lebens hinauszutreiben. Hier (x, siehe Schema Seite 134) muß also dasjenige eintreten, was man nennen kann das Ausgerüsterwerden mit dem Werkzeug der Richtung. Man betritt also die Säulen des Herkules und wird ausgestattet mit dem Werkzeug der Orientierung, dem Kompaß. Dann erst, also nachdem er mehr erlebt hat, kann der moderne Mensch in die Geistigkeit hinausfahren.

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Sie sehen an den Beispielen, die ich Ihnen jetzt geschildert habe, an der Initiation des Brunetto Latini und an der Umwandlung dieser Initiation bis in unsere Tage — und das wird noch lange gelten -, daß die Menschennatur sich auch für kürzere Zeiträume in einer Verwandlung schildern läßt, wenn man versucht, sie mit der Initiationswissenschaft zu beschreiben. Das alles, was man so schildert, trägt aber der Mensch wirklich in sich. Das charakterisiert den Wandel, den die menschliche Seelenstimmung im Lauf der Jahrhunderte durchmacht. Die Menschen werden gewöhnlich nur nicht aufmerksam auf diese Dinge, und sie drücken sich dann eben in dem äußeren Leben wie in ihrem Abglanz aus. In dem Zeitalter des Brunetto Latini, dessen Schüler eben Dante war, ist man so Christ, wie Dante Christ ist. Da geht noch durch die menschliche Seele hindurch die ganze Himmelswelt, indem man sich wirklich christlich fühlt. In unserem Zeitalter ist dieser Ruck zurück gemacht worden, wir rücken nur ein bißchen heraus, so daß wir eine Region vor den Sinnen durchmachen müssen, bevor wir wiederum heraustreten, damit wir jetzt die Region, die wir vorher von außen schon kennengelernt haben, nicht in derselben Weise betreten, sondern, bevor wir uns weiter aus dem Leibe lösen, sie verändert betreten, mit einem neuen Werkzeug orientiert werden. In dieser unserer Zeit hat sich das im Abglanz äußerlich so verwandelt, daß die am meisten denkenden Menschen, die sich gerade ausrüsten mit dem wissenschaftlichen Gewissen unserer Zeit, welches aber diesen Kompaß nicht hat - es hat ihn wahrhaftig nicht -, den Christus Jesus verloren haben. Er kann nicht mehr bewiesen werden mit den Mitteln, die man heute wissenschaftlich nennt, und die Religion selbst, die christliche Religion ist in den Materialismus verfallen. Sie strebt auch sehr stark nach dem Materialismus. Eines der stärksten Beispiele für das Hinstreben nach dem Materialismus im Katholizismus war die Aufstellung des Infallibilitätsdogmas, eine rein materialistische Maßnahme. Ich habe davon schon vor einiger Zeit gesprochen.

Nun könnten Sie sagen: Und trotz alledem, wenn man hineinschaut in das Innere des Menschen, zeigt sich dieser Ruck! - Der Mensch ist mit seinem Wesen etwas heraußen aus der Region der Sinne; dafür aber hat er eine Art Höhlung, wo unbewußt das wichtigste Ereignis seines ganzen Lebens auf seinen ganzen Organismus Einfluß nimmt, so daß er dann so erleben kann, wie ich es geschildert habe. Denn das hat schon Einfluß auf den Menschen, wenn er auch nichts davon weiß, aber es kann in der verschiedensten Weise sich ausleben, wenn es im Unbewußten verläuft. Der eine wird vielleicht sieben Jahre, nachdem er dieses wichtigste Ereignis durchgemacht hat, ein unleidiger Kerl, oder begeht allerlei Schändlichkeiten, ein anderer verliebt sich — er braucht es nicht gleich zu tun, das Verlieben selbst kann dieses wichtigste Ereignis darstellen -, ein Dritter kriegt Gallensteine und so weiter. In der verschiedensten Weise kann sich, wenn das Ereignis im Unbewußten bleibt, die Sache im menschlichen Dasein ausleben. So sieht das im Inneren des Menschen aus, was so in das Bewußtsein hereintritt, wie ich es geschildert habe. Im Äußeren des Menschen stellt es sich so dar, daß neben vielem anderen — ich habe ja nur die eine Sache erwähnt — man den Christus Jesus verliert.

Da können Sie sagen: Was sich im Inneren des Menschen aus seinem Leibe heraus bis zu einem gewissen Grade als dieses Rückfluten darstellt, hat also äußerlich ein wenig erfreuliches Resultat! — Das ist aber auch nur scheinbar. Ein jegliches hat in der Welt zwei Seiten. Es gab in der Mitte ungefähr und auch im letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts den theoretischen Materialismus: der dicke Vogt in Genf, Moleschott oder Ludwig Büchner, sie alle waren theoretische Materialisten. Clifford hat den Ausspruch getan, daß das Gehirn Gedanken ausschwitze wie die Leber die Galle; also einen rein materiellen Vorgang sah Clifford in dem Bilden von Gedanken: wie die Galle aus der Leber kommt, so kommen Gedanken aus dem Gehirn. Dieses materialistische Zeitalter sah bloß auf die Materie hin; aber die Leute dachten doch über die Materie, und man kann zweierlei anschauen: Man kann in diesem Zeitalter lesen die Bücher von Clifford, von Ludwig Büchner, meinetwillen auch Auguste Comte, dem dicken Vogt in Genf und so weiter; dann kann man sich, wenn man noch Sympathie und Antipathie bei solcher Lektüre entwickelt, fürchterlich darüber ärgern, daß die Leute in dem Entwickeln der Gedanken nur ein Ausschwitzen aus dem Gehirn sehen. Man kann das bitter empfinden. Nun schön! Wenn man nicht ein Materialist ist, so kann man das. Aber man kann es auch anders anschauen. Man kann sagen: Was da der Clifford, Auguste Comte, der Vogt in Genf, was die da über die Welt gesagt haben, das sehe ich als Wischiwaschi an, dafür interessiere ich mich nicht. Aber ich will jetzt in das, was da im eigentlichen Denken von Vogt, von Clifford, von Auguste Comte vorgeht, einmal selbst hineinschauen. Diese Art zu denken, daß die Gedanken nur aus dem Gehirn ausgeschwitzt werden wie Galle aus der Leber, das ist zwar Wischiwaschi, danach will ich mich nicht richten, was Vogt sagt, sondern danach, wie er denkt.

Da stellt sich etwas Merkwürdiges heraus, wenn man das tun kann. Da stellt sich heraus, daß die Art zu denken, die die Leute entwickelt haben, der Keim einer sehr weitgehenden Spiritualität ist. Die Gedanken sind in ihrer eigenen Substanz — weil sie ja nur Spiegelbilder sind, wie ich vorgestern auseinandergesetzt habe — so furchtbar dünn, sie sind noch dünner als dünn, weil sie ja nur Bilder sind, sie sind so dünn, daß sie erfordern, daß der Mensch eine ungeheure Geistigkeit anwendet, um überhaupt noch zu denken, um zu verhindern, daß das hinuntersinkt und ergriffen wird von dem bloß Materiellen des Daseins. Es wird auch sehr häufig heute ergriffen von dem Materiellen des Daseins, sinkt hinunter, und ich bin sogar überzeugt, daß die meisten heute noch materialistisch denkenden Menschen, wenn sie nicht auf der Schule gedrillt worden wären, nicht an den Universitäten geochst hätten, um zum Examen zu kommen, wenn sie nicht den Materialismus eingesogen hätten, weil der Professor ihn als die richtige Weltanschauung verlangt, sich das Denken erspart hätten, das zur materialistischen Weltanschauung aufgewendet werden muß! Sie möchten am liebsten »icht denken! Die meisten gingen auch lieber auf den Paukboden, zur Korpskneipe, als daß sie ihr Denken in Aktivität brächten, oder sie reden nach. Wenn Sie einmal den Versuch machen würden, die wirklichen erkannten Weistümer, die sich bloß auf die Materie beziehen, bei all den Individuen zu studieren, die als Mitglieder monistischer Gesellschaften, wie sich heute etwas nobler die Materialisten nennen, so in der Welt herumlaufen, lange Reden halten, wenn Sie studieren würden, was die eigentlich gedacht haben: Sie würden furchtbar wenig finden! Die reden eigentlich meistens nach. Eigentlich haben den Materialismus nur ein paar Autoritäten begründet; die andern reden nur nach. Weil nämlich, um die modernen naturwissenschaftlichen Gedanken zu hegen, eigentlich eine starke Anstrengung des Geistes notwendig ist! Diese Anstrengung, die ist eine geistige Anstrengung, die ist wahrhaftig nicht so ausgeschwitzt vom Gehirn wie die Galle von der Leber. Das ist eine geistige Anstrengung, eine gute Vorbereitung, um gerade zum Spirituellen aufzusteigen. Ehrlich materialistisch gedacht zu haben, aber ehrlich selbst gedacht zu haben, das ist eine gute Vorbereitung für ein Eindringen in die spirituelle Welt.

Ich habe das einmal in einem Berliner Vortrag dadurch ausgedrückt, daß ich sagte: Wer Haeckels Bücher nur liest, der erkennt natürlich in Haeckel - wenn er nicht manches, was zwischen den Zeilen doch bemerkbar ist, ins Auge faßt - leicht einen Materialisten von reinstem Wasser. Aber gerade wenn man mit Haeckel redet, dann merkt man, daß eigentlich sein ganzes Denken, insofern es materialistisch ist, nur durch die Vorurteile der Zeit diese Gestaltung annimmt, daß es aber schon hintendiert — schon wie er jetzt ist, dieser Haeckel — zum Spirituellen. Daher sagte ich in diesem Berliner Vortrag: Man erkennt Haeckel dann richtig, wenn man sich klar ist, daß er theoretisch gleichsam diese materialistische Seele hat, daß er aber eine andere Seele hat, die nach dem Spirituellen hintendiert. — Für uns kann ich sagen: die ganz gewiß in der nächsten Inkarnation mit einer starken Spiritualität wiedergeboren wird. Der Stenograph, der dazumal offiziell von uns angestellt war, ein richtiger Berufsstenograph, hat geschrieben, daß ich gesagt hätte, Haeckel hätte trotz seines Materialismus eine spiritistische Seele.

Also darauf wollte ich hinweisen, daß man, was da als materialistische Denkweise auftritt, gewiß bekämpfen kann, nicht scharf genug bekämpfen kann, denn im Bekämpfen liegt gerade das Weiterentwickeln zum Spirituellen, aber es ist innerlich darin die Kraft zur Spiritualität. Und in den Seelen, die heute bloß unter dem Einfluß der äußeren Theologie zu einem ganz äußerlichen oder gar schon verlogenen Christus-Begriff gekommen sind, entwickeln sich auf spirituellen Wegen Fähigkeiten, die sie dazu bringen, in der Zukunft diesen Christus-Begriff zu suchen. Das soll nicht etwa eine Aufforderung zur Bequemlichkeit sein, man soll nicht etwa sagen: Na, dann wird die Geistesanschauung schon kommen, denn der dicke Vogt, Clifford und so weiter haben sie ja gut vorbereitet! - Da muß schon mitwirken, daß derjenige, der weiß, welche Finsternis der Materialismus bedeutet, gegen den Materialismus kämpfe! Denn es ist die Kraft, die in diesen Kämpfen wirkt, notwendig, damit die Veranlagung zur Spiritualität in den theoretischen Materialisten ausgebildet werde.

Aber Sie sehen, wie die Dinge kompliziert sind, wie sie verschiedene Seiten haben. Dann, wenn man versucht, durch die Initiationswissenschaft in die Tiefen der Welt einzudringen, dann erlangt man etst vertiefte Menschenerkenntnis, dringt durch zu dem, was in den Tiefen der Menschennatur wirkt.

Sixth Lecture

The idea might arise that the events reported when speaking of initiation are, in a sense, conjured up by this initiation. This idea would be particularly incorrect in our time. What can be described as the process of initiation, especially in our time, takes place within the inner being — or in the relationship between the inner being and the world — of the vast majority of people today; only they are unaware of it, it takes place unconsciously. And what is meant when we speak of initiation is that we become aware of what is happening unconsciously within us. So the difference between the knowing and the unknowing lies precisely in the knowledge of processes that human beings, at least the vast majority of human beings, experience in the present as if by themselves, even if unconsciously. Therefore, when we speak of these things, we are basically speaking of something that concerns every human being to a greater or lesser extent, especially in the present.

Now I have said that it is precisely in the description of these processes, that is, in the description of what one perceives when one follows these processes cognitively through the science of initiation, that one recognizes the transformations that human beings have undergone in the course of their development, even in historical times. And we have pointed out some of these transformations, especially in relation to the development of Christianity. In everyday life, one notices only the outer reflection of these developments, this outer reflection, which is actually so little understandable to the person who really wants to understand, who develops the impulses of understanding within themselves.

To illustrate this, consider the external reflection in the development of the concept of Christ over the last nearly two millennia since the Mystery of Golgotha. If you go deeper in your desire to understand, you will find some things incomprehensible, some things where you will have to ask questions thoroughly if you do not want to remain superficial or blindly accept some dogma. Follow—as can actually already be gleaned from external history—how, at the time of the Christ impulse's entry into the world, there was still a certain strongly luminous remnant of Gnosticism, how in the first centuries attempts were made to understand the Christ impulse and its passage through the Mystery of Golgotha with the help of concepts acquired through Gnosticism. Much was said in these concepts, which referred to things quite different from those we can gain from the outer world today. Much was said about how the world developed, how Christ was in this world development, how his descent to humanity came about, how his union with the human being came about. There was also much said about Christ's return to the spiritual world, which is then the spiritual world of the earth. In short, these were luminous, far-reaching, comprehensive ideas that were the heritage of the ancient wisdom of humanity, in which people had captured what they wanted to say about the mystery of Golgotha. In the first centuries, the Church took great care to ensure that, except for a few sparse and meaningless remnants, the ideas of the ancient Gnosis were lost. And I have indicated to you how today, wherever possible, people are making every effort to denounce a worldview that is becoming inconvenient by saying that it wants to revive an old Gnosis, thereby believing that they are saying something terribly bad.

Then this view of the mystery of Golgotha was replaced by another, which reckoned with increasingly primitive human concepts, which reckoned that human beings could no longer bring to life within themselves the comprehensive, far-reaching Gnostic ideas. And I told you that what remained was the beginning of the Gospel of John, which is actually nothing more than an indication that Christ has something to do with the supersensible Logos, the Word of the world, that as such Christ is the creator of everything that surrounds human beings, everything that human beings experience. But apart from that, nothing remained but the Gospel narratives, which, when permeated with the means of spiritual science, contain much that is Gnostic, but they were not interpreted in a Gnostic way. In the first centuries, they were withheld from the faithful altogether and reserved for the priesthood. From them, however, a kind of worldview was derived which encompassed the mystery of Golgotha and was calculated to suit the increasingly abstract ideas of the so-called educated world, which had little inclination toward the spiritual. People wanted, I would say, more and more simple concepts that did not require much effort to grasp. Hence the peculiar path taken by the explanation of the Gospels. While in the first centuries there was still a clear awareness that the Gospels had to be explained from spiritual depths, attempts were increasingly made to interpret the Gospels as mere narratives of the earthly life of that being about which, with reference to their cosmic context, one no longer wanted to assert—at least through human knowledge—anything more than the beginning of the Gospel of John and a few abstractions such as the abstraction of the Trinity and the like. These were extracted in abstract form from the old Gnostic ideas, but stripped of their Gnostic impulse and presented to the faithful in the form of dogmas. However, interpretations of the Gospels became increasingly primitive. They were intended to become mere narratives about the nature of a being whose essence was not of great concern from a higher, supernatural point of view, about the being who lived on earth and who is called Christ Jesus.

Then the need arose to make the Gospels accessible to the public, and with that came Protestantism. At first, it still held fast to the Gospels. And as long as there was a connection, a connection of knowledge with the Gospel of John, it was still possible to find a kind of bond that connected the individual souls with the cosmic heights to which one must look if one wants to speak of the real Christ.

But more and more was lost, not only the understanding, but also the inclination toward the Gospel of John. The result was that a true connection with the Christ impulse, with that being that lived in the body of Jesus, was lost to the newer Protestantism, to thinking Christianity in general. The concept of Christ faded more and more as the interpretation was first limited to the earthly fate of Jesus Christ as told by humans. It faded because the matter was increasingly brought into materialistic waters, completely eliminating the possibility of still having the concept of Christ: the human Jesus was left behind. And so the Gospels were increasingly taken as a mere description of the human life of Jesus. And to this description was attached, in a very abstract form, the belief in immortality, in the divine essence, and the like — I spoke yesterday about the concept of belief. It is no wonder that, little by little, people had little more to say when the idea of Christ Jesus was brought up. Christ was taken on the one hand, and Jesus on the other, as synonyms, as something that meant the same thing. And what was the consequence, a consequence that could not have been otherwise? The consequence was that this description of the mere earthly life of Jesus, from which the awareness of the connection with Christ had disappeared, also lost the essence of Jesus himself and lost all connection with the beginnings of Christianity. For by gradually returning to the mere material Gospels, to nothing else but these material Gospels, one arrived at the so-called Gospel criticism itself. And this could lead to no other conclusion than that the fact of the mystery of Golgotha and everything connected with it cannot be proven historically, because the Gospels are not historical documents. In the end, the connection with Jesus himself was lost. According to the way of thinking about proof in modern science, it could not be proven. But since people wanted to stick with modern science, even if they were or are theologians, they gradually lost the concept of Jesus, since there are no external, historically verifiable documents.

arnack, who is a Christian theologian, even a leading one of the present day, has said: Everything that can be written down historically about Jesus, apart from the Gospels, which are not historical documents, can be written down on a quarter sheet of paper. — But what can be written down on a quarter sheet of paper, the Josephus passage and so on, does not stand up to modern historiography, so that there is actually nothing left to prove the starting point of Christianity. For those who have followed the development of Christianity with modern thinking, this is actually something that could not have happened any other way; it is the path that has finally led humanity away from Christ Jesus, even from Jesus himself, and which shows all the more the necessity of seeking another path, a path of supersensible knowledge of the kind that can only be attained through modern spiritual life. For all other paths to Christ Jesus today can simply be countered by modern Gospel criticism and modern historical research, which are in harmony with the scientific consciousness of our time and cannot uphold any historical fact as the starting point of the development of Christianity. In our time, we have experienced the strange and grotesque fact that Christian, indeed Protestant, pastors have seen it as their task to deny the mystery of Golgotha as a historical fact altogether and to trace the origin of Christianity back to certain ideas that arose from the overall social situation of humanity at the beginning of our calendar. Such was the case with Pastor Kalthoff in Bremen, who, despite being a Christian pastor, preached that his worldview and his conception of life were not based on a historical Christ. He believed that only an idea of such a figure had developed in people's minds from the conditions that existed at the time when our calendar began. Christian pastors without faith in a real Jesus Christ are the inevitable result of modern Gospel criticism. It could not have been otherwise, for it is connected with all the developmental impulses I have spoken of in recent days, especially yesterday.

It must be firmly noted that the path to Christ Jesus in our time must become a supersensible one, that it can only be followed by that science which itself seeks supersensible methods, but reckons with the scientific conscience of the modern view of nature.

It will always be good for this modern way of finding a supersensible path to Christ to realize how the transformations of initiation science, of initiation knowledge, have taken place and unfolded up to our own day. And for this reason, I would like to point out once again today something that I have already pointed out here some time ago, but from a different point of view.

We know that in relation to these things, we must understand the great turning point that external history conceals, which took place in the more recent development towards the 15th century and was mainly completed in the 15th century itself. But it was already in preparation beforehand. We know that this upheaval is for us the advent of the fifth post-Atlantean cultural period, which replaces the fourth, the Greek-Latin cultural period.

Now it has become a question even for external science, though only for a few more understanding scholars, how to explain what is usually referred to as the advent of the Renaissance — but this is only a very superficial description — that is, what took place with elemental force throughout the educated world from the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries into the 15th century. A strange urge, a strange longing — external scholars have already expressed this — also lived in people and cannot be explained by external reasons. It shows that something elementary is stirring and surging in people and bringing them to a certain state of mind.

Now it is interesting and significant to consider the following: In the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries, we are still dealing with the passing Greek-Latin era. Then comes the turning point. At this point, something special must therefore become apparent. And what external science has discovered is precisely what is becoming apparent here. External science has paid less attention to the turning point, but it has given a great deal of consideration to various mysteries that presented themselves, the gradual fading of the soul condition that was characteristic of the fourth post-Atlantean period, the fading in the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries. While the Renaissance is coming up, whose usual description gets stuck in the outer appearances, something extraordinarily important is happening in the soul states of the European humanity, if you look more closely. It is so that one senses: something must fade away. One still experiences certain things in the soul that one must experience differently after some time. One must, so to speak, hurry to experience these things if one wants to keep pace with development, for humanity will no longer be able to experience them after the turning point. This is what I pointed out at the beginning of today's meditation. What is going on in the subconscious, which, when recognized, is the initiation process, is something that, as I said, is happening continuously in the vast majority of people. Some then come to bring these things really into their consciousness through the observation of “Know thyself.” There is a great difference between this process and what took place in the fourth post-Atlantean period as a mystery experience in human souls, a greater difference than between this and what took place, for example, in the third post-Atlantean cultural period. A few days ago, I gave you a rough description of what happened in the third post-Atlantean period, when human beings passed through the gate of humanity, then through the second degree, then through the gate of death, and on until they became Christophoruses. And just as I have described these things to you, so they took place in the subconscious and could then be brought up into consciousness through initiation in the vast majority of people in the third post-Atlantean cultural period. But the whole process had already changed in the people of the fourth post-Atlantean cultural period. It had not yet changed so much in the first third of this fourth post-Atlantean cultural period, which preceded the Mystery of Golgotha—the fourth post-Atlantean cultural period begins in 747 BC, and the Mystery of Golgotha concludes approximately the first third. And then a time began when the mystery of Golgotha was already there, when a significant change also took place in what was happening in the subconscious of human beings and could then become conscious through the science of initiation. Until the Mystery of Golgotha, with only a few exceptions, it was necessary to be chosen by a priestly sage belonging to the mysteries, who, based on certain insights, selected the people he could initiate and guide through the degrees. This necessity gradually disappeared after the Mystery of Golgotha, although initiation, based on the old mysteries, was adapted to the new conditions. Such mysteries have always existed, mysteries that then passed into the newer secret societies and now only imitate old initiation ceremonies and initiation processes in abstract symbols, which no longer touch people, while real initiation is achieved less and less in such secret societies because people do not advance to the experience of what is symbolically taking place before their eyes. However, to an ever greater extent – and characteristically at the end of the fourth post-Atlantean cultural period – initiations took place which, I would say, were guided by the spiritual world itself, where it was not the initiation priest who chose the initiate, but where the choice was made by the spiritual world itself. Outwardly, of course, it then appears as if it were a self-initiation, because the guide is a spirit and not a human being; a human being is also a spirit, but you know what I mean. Towards the end of the fourth post-Atlantean cultural epoch in particular, it was already very common for initiations to take place under such direct spiritual guidance. And, as I said some time ago, I have already pointed out how the initiation experienced in this way by Dante's teacher and master, Brunetto Latini, is to be understood as a real initiation.

Externally, what Brunetto Latini describes as extremely important appears to be a kind of novella, albeit one with a legendary character. Brunetto Latini wants to describe his initiation, his initiation. He describes it in the following way, and you will see from this how the experiences of Brunetto Latini's initiation then influenced the entire composition and imaginative structure of Dante's great poem, the “Divina Commedia.” Brunetto Latini, who was an envoy to the King of Castile on behalf of his native city of Florence, recounts how he had to return from his diplomatic post and how, when he was already close to his native city of Florence, he learned that his party, the Guelph party, had been defeated; that everything that connected him to Florence had, in a sense, been undermined, that, in view of the external circumstances, he suddenly felt that the ground had been pulled from under his feet. When such a thing is described by a man of Dante's age, one must not think of today's circumstances or today's views. In this respect, the state of mind has changed enormously. Isn't it true that if someone in Switzerland today learns that, for example, the city of Cologne, with which he has long been associated, has entered a completely different world structure and is ruled from a completely different quarter, he does not feel, as a modern person, as if the ground had been pulled from under his feet, at least not inwardly. But we must not take this state of mind as representative of the ideas of that time. For someone like Brunetto Latini, it was like the end of the world. He was bound to the world order of his native city because of his place in it. That was gone, and he realized it as he approached his native city of Florence: the world in which he had worked was simply no longer there. Now, after drawing attention to these circumstances, to this fact, he goes on to tell how he was led into a forest, how he was guided out of the forest by a spiritual guide to a mountain surrounded by all of creation as far as he knew it.

One immediately recognizes what Brunetto Latini is actually trying to imply. He had been guided through life in such a way that, at a certain moment, an event so disturbing occurred before his soul that it freed the spiritual-soul from the physical body, so that he emerged from his physical body. He experienced something spiritual. Here we have the intervention of a spiritual guide who, according to this man's karma, introduces him into the spiritual world at the moment when he is so struck, so spiritually shaken that this shock can separate his spiritual-soul life from his physical body. Brunetto Latini now describes how creation spreads out around the mountain, how a huge female figure appears to him on the mountain, and how, at her words, at her commands, this creation around the mountain transforms and changes, taking on other forms. And as Brunetto Latini speaks, one realizes that he is speaking about this female figure in the same way that the ancient initiation mysteries spoke about Proserpina. Only the idea of Proserpina has undergone a transformation from ancient Greek times to the end of the Greco-Latin era. Brunetto Latini does not describe Proserpina as the ancient Greek poets did; he describes her as she lived in human souls at the end of the Greek-Latin era. And yet, what the ancient Egyptians heard when they were told about Isis, and what the Greeks heard when they were told about Proserpina through initiation, can be compared to what Brunetto Latini says about this female figure, at whose behest and by whose words the figures of creation are transformed. And one will find that there are strong similarities. Those who look only superficially will say: It is actually the same thing that Brunetto Latini says about his female figure and what the ancients said about their Proserpina. But it is not the same thing, because if you look more closely, you will notice that when the ancient Greeks spoke of Proserpina, or when the Egyptians spoke of Isis, they were describing something that lives in everything that is at rest, in everything that remains, that permeates everything that remains. Brunetto Latini is concerned with describing how a certain impulse of power—the Isis impulse, the Proserpina impulse, as Brunetto Latini calls it—permeates everything, but sets everything in motion, constantly changing. That is the big difference.

But this gives him the impetus – by observing how everything changes, by observing this creation changing at the behest of the goddess Natura – to now practice self-knowledge in a new way. Of course, he does not practice it in the way described today by mystical comfort seekers, but in concrete details. Brunetto Latini describes how, after observing this changing creation, he now sees the world of the human senses. He gradually gets to know human beings from the outside. There is a difference between observing and describing the external world, which the senses simply perceive in ordinary consciousness, and describing what is going on in the senses, i.e., already within the human being. For with ordinary consciousness one cannot enter into the inner world of the senses: one would not see the outer world. For when one sees the senses within, one cannot describe the outer world; one then does not see the outer world.

In keeping with the present time — we will talk about this in a moment — I have tried to let this view of the inner being of the human being, when one is in the region of the sensory world, come into effect in the painting of the large dome here in the building. This will give you a rough idea of what is meant by “know thyself” insofar as one is in the region of the senses. For example, when you look at the large dome, you will clearly perceive how the interior of the eye, the microcosmic, which reveals itself inside the eye, is attempted to be captured on one side, on the west side. Not what the eye sees outside, nor the physical aspect of the eye, but what is experienced internally, when one is inside the eye with one's soul's vision, which of course one can only do when one has separated oneself in the ordinary sense from the use of the eyes as tools for external sensory perception, when one looks at the inside of the eye in the same way as one normally looks at the outside with the eye.

Not as it must be presented today, but somewhat differently—he only briefly points this out—Brunetto Latini experienced it. Then he penetrates further from the outside to the inside of the human being: he then arrives at the four temperaments. Here we learn to recognize how human beings are not inside the sensory region, but how they are as a result of the interaction of the melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic, and sanguine impulses, and how people then differentiate themselves externally when one of these four impulses gains the upper hand. One then passes through the region of the senses and enters the human interior, the region of the temperaments. The difference between observing the sensory region and observing the temperaments is that when one looks at the sensory region, the individual regions of the senses differ greatly from one another. With the temperaments, one descends deeper into the human being; there, more of the universal nature of the human being is revealed.

At least, I would like to say that one element of this vision, but only one element of it, oriented in certain directions, but again based on today's vision, has been attempted to be captured in the painting of the small dome.

This is how human beings must advance. You see, Brunetto Latini describes his initiation piece by piece. Underlying this is a spiritual guidance. Then he reaches a region where human beings can no longer really distinguish themselves from the outside world. When man observes the region of his senses and the region of the temperaments, he can still distinguish himself very well from the outer world; but then he enters a region where he can hardly distinguish himself anymore, where his being, so to speak, flows together with the outer world: he enters the region of the four elements. There, the human being experiences his weaving within earth, water, fire, and air, how he lives with these in the universe. He no longer distinguishes himself very strongly in relation to his subjectivity from external objectivity. At most, one still experiences the difference in relation to the earthly, but in relation to the watery, the liquid element, one already feels oneself floating in a kind of universe. There is still a difference between the subjective and the objective, but when one considers the temperaments, it is much less pronounced than with the solid sense organs, where one knows that they only exist within the human being in the physical world and do not exist outside it.

He then describes how he progresses into the region of the planets, how he passes through the planetary region, and how, after passing through the planetary region, he wanders through the ocean and reaches the place in the ocean that various mystics refer to as the place of the Pillars of Hercules. Then he goes out beyond the Pillars of Hercules and, after this “know thyself” has driven him to the Pillars of Hercules, he is now prepared to receive knowledge, insight into the supersensible world. For mystics — especially for the mystics of the time I am now speaking of — the Pillars of Hercules are the experience through which one emerges even more completely from the human being than is the case with the four elements or the planets, and enters the outer spiritual world, which only then reveals itself in its concrete entities in the third stage of initiation. But one enters it like a spreading ocean, like a general spirituality, in the first degree, as Brunetto Latini describes here. He then goes on to describe how — as was to be expected after he had come so far — a strong temptation approaches him. He describes this temptation very appropriately. He describes how he is forced to form new ideas about good and evil, because what enlightened him about good and evil while he was in the sensory world is lost. He then describes how he actually attained these new ideas about good and evil, how, by going through all this, he became, in a sense, a different person, a participant in the spiritual world. Brunetto Latini's description shows very clearly how someone who is guided by a spiritual being enters the supersensible world from the sensory world at the end of the Greek-Latin era.

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Let us keep in mind this description, which also had an enormously fruitful effect on the external development of humanity, inspiring Dante, the student of Brunetto Latini, to write the “Divine Comedy,” the “Divina Commedia.” If we keep in mind that this was a typical, representative initiation that Brunetto Latini describes, that he truly describes what is happening in the subconscious of human beings at this very time and what can be attained and recognized through such a real initiation, then we have before us what existed as the soul state in the fading fourth post-Atlantean period.

Now we may well ask ourselves the significant question: How did this change in such a short time? Not long, only a few centuries have passed since what I have described. How does what people experience in their subconscious and what emerges into consciousness during initiation change in such a short time? Of course, the higher the stages of initiation a person reaches, the more, I would say, what was very much in evidence at the first stages disappears from their spiritual vision. But at the first stages, one really has to look at what is actually significant. For these first stages represent precisely what is actually happening in the vast majority of human souls, even if they do not know it, even if they do not deign to raise what is always happening unconsciously in their deeper human nature to the level of knowledge through spiritual science or even through initiation. It is very important to consider the following example. I have said that Brunetto Latini describes how he is led before the goddess Natura. Then he passes through certain stages: the senses, the temperaments, the elements, the planets, the ocean, where he is already outside, where he has crossed over at the border of humanity, at the pillars of Hercules, into the expanse outside, where even the elements are no longer relevant, where he can no longer distinguish where he is, where he has, in a sense, lost himself and is swimming in the sea of existence.

These pillars of Hercules then play a major role in symbolism as the pillars of Jachin and Boaz, whereby it should be noted that in today's secret societies these pillars can no longer be erected in the correct manner, nor should they be erected, because their correct erection only becomes apparent during the actual inner initiation. Furthermore, they cannot be erected in space in the way they are actually erected when a person leaves their body.

Now, with this, one has, so to speak, if I may use the dry expression, laid down the pattern that was lived through at the turn of the 12th to the 13th century, and was also experienced by a person who underwent initiation in the same way as Dante's teacher, Brunetto Latini. Now one can compare this with what is going on today in the depths of human souls. It is not so very different. But if today, at the first stage of initiation, under the guidance of this enormous female figure, the goddess Natura, who also exists today, a person wanted to step forward before the creation she shows him, then the supersensible path would only begin for him in creation.

If people today were to step directly in front of their senses or try to enter into their senses, they would expose themselves to the danger of being in complete darkness within the sensory region. They would have to remain in the sensory region without proper illumination, so to speak, and would then be unable to distinguish anything proper in this sensory region. Today, it is necessary to go through another experience before entering this sensory region. It is only by going through this other experience that we are properly prepared to enter the sensory realm. And I already mentioned this experience to you yesterday. It is simply the possibility of seeing the spiritual-ideal as external reality in the metamorphosis of the world's formation. So before one wants to enter the sensory region, one should endeavor to follow the metamorphosis of forms in the external world. Goethe only gave the elements, but the method can already be found in his work. I have said: What Goethe found for plants and for the animal skeleton is further developed in metamorphosis in such a way that our head points to our earlier life on earth and our extremities to our later life on earth. So this being placed in a state of possibility, not accepting the world as a finished, static creation, but seeing in the immediately present form the indication of another form, this being placed in this possibility, is already a necessary preliminary stage of the present initiation.

You will also find clues to this view in the way it can be most correctly accomplished by the present human being, as described at the beginning of my book “How to Know Higher Worlds.” This is already achieved if the instructions in this book are followed correctly, so that when you meet a person, something jumps out of their head like the image of their previous incarnation. You cannot help but sense something of the form of their previous incarnation in their head. If you follow them, see how they place their feet, swing their arms, or if you stand in front of them and observe their other gestures with their arms and hands, you will get a feeling of what their form will be like in their next incarnation. I have therefore often said in public lectures, having already explained this many years ago: With repeated lives on earth, it is not really so bad that materialism needs to resist it completely. If it understood just a little about the human form, repeated lives on earth would not be something that materialism needs to resist, because they are tangible. And if, for example, you are a phrenologist or skull examiner not according to the books but according to your own experience, then you are actually examining the skull to determine the form of the previous incarnation, which is tangibly the previous incarnation! So, of course, one must extend this metamorphic view of life into this region. One must, so to speak, acquire—I have spoken of this acquisition from a social point of view—such a strong interest in human beings that something of the feeling of their previous incarnation constantly jumps out at one from their skull, because the skull is the transformed human being in a previous incarnation in a certain respect, namely in relation to the physiognomy and the shape of the head. And so one gains a view of the world that does not stop at one form, just as Goethe does not stop at the petal and the green leaf, but relates one to the other. In this way one gains a view that does not stop at the individual form, but moves from form to form, grasping the transformation of forms.

I have tried to evoke a feeling of such a change in form by seeking to capture this change in form myself in our wooden architecture, in the transition from one capital to the next and to the further capitals, in the further design of the architraves, where everything is constructed according to this principle of metamorphosis. So that anyone who sees our row of columns and everything that belongs to it in our local Goetheanum will have an idea of how to relate to the outside world in a flexible way in relation to their state of mind. If one wants to complete this preliminary stage, which is necessary for people today – and will continue to be necessary for people in the future – and find one's way into the inner understanding of how the second column emerges from the first with its base, capital, and architrave, the third from the second column, and so on, then in this real understanding one finds a point of reference for penetrating into the inner region of the senses according to today's possibilities. Thus, something is fixed in the lower column region that is already connected with the present principle of initiation. And further on, in the dome region, you find something else that is connected with the present principle of initiation; there things proceed in a somewhat different way.

So in the age of Brunetto Latini, human beings were still spared what we might call the metamorphoses of life (see diagram on page 134), through which one then enters the region of the senses. If we wanted to visualize this schematically, we could say that in the age of Brunetto Latini, it was still possible—if we take the eye as a representative—to enter directly into the eye and perceive it as the first region. Today, we must first consider that which envelops the human being. In this envelope surrounding the human being, which lies outside the region of the senses, the metamorphoses of life are imprinted. It lies before the senses. One must consciously pass through this.

Now, even today, one passes through the region of the senses, the region of the temperaments, the region of the elements, and the region of the planets. But then, before we pass through the pillars of Hercules into the free ocean of spirituality, it is necessary for another insertion to take place. So here (see diagram on page 134) something is placed in front, an insertion takes place. This insertion did not need to be experienced in Brunetto Latini's time. It will not be easy to describe, because these things naturally belong to intimate and subtle regions of human experience. But perhaps we can offer a description of the following kind, precisely by referring to Brunetto Latini. Brunetto Latini experienced, as the first sign of his guidance by a spiritual being, the message that his hometown had been undermined for him. It is an event that plays into the human being Brunetto Latini, but which, in terms of its factual content, was external, playing into him from the outside world. He described this event, which shook him so deeply that he left his physical body with his spiritual and soul life, as something that entered his life, something that happened in his life. One could say that he is not conscious of this event, but describes it as something that approaches him like a fateful occurrence.

Such an event, or actually a similar one — you will find references to this in my book “How to Know Higher Worlds” — must be consciously experienced by those who are to be initiated today. But it must be an inner experience that he does not relate to the outside world, as Brunetto Latini did, but rather something he experiences inwardly: something that has a powerful transformative effect on the human being. Such events occur in the lives of most people, but people hardly notice them. Anyone who looks back on their life will be able to see that events — if I may say so, despite their triviality — of the highest order, and in particular one event of the highest order, play a role in life. Just try to look back on such an event in your life, not so much in terms of its external significance, but in terms of the inner transformation it brings about in you. One will then become aware of something that one should actually be quite aware of: one will become aware that such events in human life are not taken seriously enough. They can be taken infinitely more seriously, that is, more deeply, more noticeably in life than is the case today. Through a certain general human inwardness, one can already feel some things in life more deeply, but if one remains within the ordinary human sphere, one will not be able to go beyond a certain superficiality in relation to what one can experience in events of the highest order. For events such as I mean cannot actually be recognized in their full significance in ordinary consciousness. One must first go through the other stages. Then it becomes apparent, when one has gone through the metamorphoses of life, when one has passed through the realm of the senses, the temperaments, the elements, the planets, and has arrived here (see page 134), that one can observe just such an experience again in a new form, and that now, when one has already become a greatly transformed human being, one penetrates to its actual depth by recognizing oneself as a member not only of the earth but of the heavenly worlds, the planetary region. Only then does one truly recognize the significance of such experiences of the highest order. Only then does one realize what such an experience can mean for oneself and for the world. And when one goes through this, one must already be approaching the most important event of one's life.

If, before stepping out into the vast ocean of spirituality, one arrives here, it is inevitable, unless one is a very strong egoist and knows nothing else in the world but oneself, that while passing through the earlier stages, one becomes attentive to this event. Before stepping out into the ocean of spirituality, this event already appears before the soul in all its power. But it pushes itself in there. And this event means an extraordinary amount at this point in inner experience. It means that only now can one actually set out into the immeasurable ocean of spirituality; it means that through this experience one can attain a certain center of gravity. I would like to say: if, under today's spiritual conditions, one simply wanted to set sail on the ocean of spirituality after recognizing oneself as a citizen of the planetary world, one would enter a sea of waves, would feel unsafe everywhere, would be tossed back and forth by all kinds of spiritual experiences, and would have no inner center of gravity. You have to find this inner center of gravity by really experiencing such an event of the highest order, which will usually never take place in the mere regions of egoism, but will have a universal human significance, and by experiencing yourself deeply within it. Today, we can say, by stating the facts very precisely: Before a person sails through the Pillars of Hercules, their most significant experience must come before them, become their most profound experience. At this point in their experience, the person feels a very special deepening of their being. Something comes over them that can be said to carry the objective world into their inner being. Something comes to them when they pass through here — in the way I have just described — through the Pillars of Hercules, which can be described in the following way: Of course, human beings always fall back on this or that occasion into what what takes place in the light of his ordinary consciousness, even if he has these experiences, even if he cannot maintain this soul mood that is created here at every step of his life, there will still be moments, and there will always be recurring moments, that are connected with this soul mood. For it would not be good at all if, after experiencing this mood of the soul, the human being were to come out of it completely. What is meant by this mood of the soul can be characterized in the following way.

One would always like to say about these things — hand on heart, my dear friends —: For ordinary consciousness, it remains true that, no matter how selfless a person may be, what happens within their own skin is the most important thing, or at least relatively the most important thing. As a rule, what happens within the skin is more important to ordinary consciousness than what happens outside the skin. But this is precisely a state of mind that should be created here, upon entering the ocean, so that it can be maintained, at least for important moments in life: that there can be external things for human beings that subjectively do not concern them at all, but which they experience just as strongly as those things that do concern them subjectively. Today, if they want to, people have ample opportunity to prepare themselves well for this mood of the soul that is experienced at the point described. For if they do not engage in subjective knowledge of nature or the like, but in true knowledge of nature, namely when human beings try to proceed from such knowledge of nature, much of this mood is already created, but it must be cultivated at that stage in the manner I have described. Then, when the person can have this mood, when he can experience the most important event of his life in the way described here, when he can experience it deeply, then he attains, at least for many moments of his life, this mood of objectivity that I have described, where the external can be as important to him as the internal, where it is true that the external can be as important to him as the internal. Many people claim this or that, but it is not true; they are deceiving themselves about the matter. But at the same time, the person has attained a center of gravity, or perhaps I should say a direction, a compass that enables them to truly set out on the ocean of spiritual life. Here (x, see diagram on page 134) must therefore occur what can be called becoming equipped with the tools of direction. One enters the pillars of Hercules and is equipped with the tools of orientation, the compass. Only then, after experiencing more, can modern man set out into spirituality.

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You can see from the examples I have just described to you, from the initiation of Brunetto Latini and the transformation of this initiation down to our own day — and this will continue to be true for a long time to come — that human nature can also be described as undergoing a transformation over shorter periods of time if one attempts to describe it using the science of initiation. But everything that is described in this way is really carried within human beings. This characterizes the change that the human soul mood undergoes in the course of the centuries. People are usually not attentive to these things, and they are then expressed in outer life as in their reflection. In the age of Brunetto Latini, whose pupil Dante was, people were as Christian as Dante was Christian. The whole heavenly world still passed through the human soul, in that people felt truly Christian. In our age, this step has been reversed; we are moving only a little way out, so that we have to pass through a region beyond the senses before we can step out again, so that we do not enter the region we have already known from outside in the same way, but, before we detach ourselves further from the body, we enter it changed, oriented by a new tool. In our time, this has been so transformed in its outward reflection that the most thoughtful people, who are equipping themselves with the scientific conscience of our time, which, however, does not have this compass—it truly does not have it—have lost Christ Jesus. He can no longer be proven by the means that are today called scientific, and religion itself, the Christian religion, has fallen into materialism. It also strives very strongly toward materialism. One of the strongest examples of the striving toward materialism in Catholicism was the establishment of the dogma of infallibility, a purely materialistic measure. I spoke about this some time ago.

Now you might say: And despite all this, when you look inside the human being, you see this jolt! - With his nature, man is somewhat outside the realm of the senses; but in return he has a kind of hollow space where the most important event of his entire life unconsciously influences his entire organism, so that he can then experience what I have described. For this has an influence on people, even if they are unaware of it, but it can manifest itself in many different ways when it remains in the unconscious. One person may become a disagreeable fellow seven years after going through this most important event, or commit all sorts of atrocities; another falls in love — he does not need to do so immediately, falling in love itself can represent this most important event — a third develops gallstones, and so on. In a wide variety of ways, if the event remains in the unconscious, the matter can play itself out in human existence. This is what it looks like inside a person, what enters consciousness as I have described. Outwardly, it appears that, among many other things — I have only mentioned one — one loses Christ Jesus.

You may say: What appears internally in the human being, flowing out of the body to a certain degree as this backflow, therefore has an unpleasant result externally! — But that is only apparent. Everything in the world has two sides. In the middle and also in the last third of the 19th century, there was theoretical materialism: the fat Vogt in Geneva, Moleschott, or Ludwig Büchner, they were all theoretical materialists. Clifford said that the brain sweats out thoughts like the liver sweats out bile; Clifford saw the formation of thoughts as a purely material process: just as bile comes from the liver, so thoughts come from the brain. This materialistic age looked only at matter; but people still thought about matter, and one can see two sides to this: In this age, one can read the books of Clifford, of Ludwig Büchner, and, for that matter, of Auguste Comte, the fat bailiff in Geneva, and so on; then, if one still develops sympathy and antipathy in such reading, one can be terribly annoyed that people see the development of thoughts as nothing more than a sweating out of the brain. One can feel this bitterly. Well, fine! If you are not a materialist, you can do that. But you can also look at it differently. You can say: What Clifford, Auguste Comte, the Vogt in Geneva said about the world, I consider to be wishy-washy, I am not interested in that. But now I want to take a look for myself at what is actually going on in the thinking of Vogt, Clifford, and Auguste Comte. This way of thinking, that thoughts are just sweated out of the brain like bile from the liver, is wishy-washy, and I don't want to go by what Vogt says, but by how he thinks.

Something strange emerges when you do that. It turns out that the way people have developed of thinking is the seed of a very far-reaching spirituality. Thoughts are, in their own substance—because they are only mirror images, as I explained the day before yesterday—so terribly thin, they are even thinner than thin, because they are only images, they are so thin that they require human beings to apply an enormous amount of spirituality in order to think at all, to prevent them from sinking down and being seized by the mere materiality of existence. Today, they are very often seized by the materiality of existence, sink down, and I am even convinced that most people who still think materialistically today, if they had not been drilled at school, had not studied at university in order to pass their exams, if they had not absorbed materialism because the professor demanded it as the correct worldview, would have spared themselves the thinking that must be expended on the materialistic worldview! They would prefer not to think! Most would rather go to boot camp or the bar than put their thinking into action, or they just parrot what they hear. If you were to try to study the real, recognized facts that relate solely to matter in all the individuals who run around the world as members of monistic societies, as the materialists call themselves somewhat more nobly today, giving long speeches, if you were to study what they actually thought, you would find very little! Most of them are merely parroting others. In fact, materialism was founded by only a few authorities; the others are merely parroting them. This is because it actually requires a great effort of the mind to embrace modern scientific ideas! This effort is an intellectual effort; it is truly not sweated out of the brain like bile from the liver. It is an intellectual effort, a good preparation for ascending to the spiritual realm. To have thought honestly in a materialistic way, but to have thought honestly for oneself, is a good preparation for entering the spiritual world.

I once expressed this in a lecture in Berlin by saying: Anyone who only reads Haeckel's books will naturally recognize Haeckel as a materialist of the purest kind, unless they notice certain things that are noticeable between the lines. But when you talk to Haeckel, you realize that his entire thinking, insofar as it is materialistic, only takes this form because of the prejudices of the time, but that it already tends toward the spiritual, even as he is now. That is why I said in my Berlin lecture: One can only truly understand Haeckel if one realizes that, theoretically speaking, he has this materialistic soul, but that he also has another soul that tends toward the spiritual. For us, I can say that he will certainly be reborn in the next incarnation with a strong spirituality. The stenographer who was officially employed by us at the time, a real professional stenographer, wrote that I had said that Haeckel had a spiritual soul despite his materialism.

So I wanted to point out that what appears as materialistic thinking can certainly be fought against, cannot be fought against sharply enough, because it is precisely in fighting that further development toward the spiritual lies, but the power for spirituality is already present within it. And in souls that today, under the influence of external theology, have arrived at a completely external or even false concept of Christ, abilities are developing along spiritual paths that will lead them to seek this concept of Christ in the future. This is not meant to be an invitation to complacency; one should not say: Well, then, spiritual insight will come, because the big Vogt, Clifford, and so on have prepared the way well! No, those who know what darkness materialism means must fight against materialism! For it is the power that works in these struggles that is necessary for the predisposition to spirituality to be developed in theoretical materialists.

But you see how complicated things are, how they have different sides. Then, when one tries to penetrate into the depths of the world through the science of initiation, one gains a deeper knowledge of human beings and penetrates to what is at work in the depths of human nature.