How Can Mankind Find the Christ Again?
GA 187
31 December 1918, Dornach
VII. Experiences of the Old Year and Outlook over the New Year I
It relates to an elementary need of every human soul that on the last day of the year our thoughts should dwell on the transitory nature of time. For this need we may well look back in self-examination to find what has entered our external life and also our soul during the course of the year. We may well cast a glance back to the progress we have made in life, to the fruits of the experiences life has offered us. From such retrospect some degree of light may fall upon feelings that made our life seem more or less worthwhile, more or less difficult, or more or less satisfactory. We are indeed never able to observe our life as if it were the life of an isolated human being; we are obliged to consider it in its connection with the world as a whole and mankind as a whole. And if we are earnestly striving for an anthroposophical view of the world, we will feel the need with particular insistence to consider our relation to the world again and again at this constant turning-point of time, this ending of one year and beginning of another.
Since, however, our present review takes place at a time when there is so much turmoil in our souls, when all that mankind has suffered in these last four-and-a-half years is still burdening us, when as anthroposophists we observe our relation to the world and to humanity against the background of unprecedented world events, then our survey of the past year takes on quite a special character.
The thoughts I particularly wish to bring you this evening may perhaps be looked upon as an insertion, irrelevant to our previous context. At the moment we are holding before our mind's eye the transitory nature of time and of events in time, and how all this affects the human soul. But as students of spiritual science we cannot forget that when we look upon time flowing by and upon our experiences during its passing, we meet with many difficulties. Those especially whose hearts and minds are given over seriously to anthroposophical thought confront these difficulties in their observation of the world.
You all know the strange experience people have who have not travelled very much in trains. As they look out the window they receive the impression that the whole landscape is moving, hurrying past them. Of course it is they themselves who are moving with the train, but they ascribe the movement to the land the train is passing through. Gradually by accustoming themselves to their situation they get the better of this illusion and put in its place the correct idea of the sights they see through the window. Now, fundamentally but in a more complicated way, we ourselves—where the affairs of the world are concerned—are in a similar situation to those good people in the train. They are deceived about what is at rest in the landscape and what is moving. We sit within our physical and etheric bodily nature that was given to us as a kind of vehicle when we left the spiritual realms to come into physical existence between birth and death, and in this vehicle we hurry through the events of this world. We observe the world by means of this physical vehicle in which we rush along the course of earthly existence. And the world as we observe it in this way is in most cases an illusory experience. So that really we may venture on the following comparison: we see the world as falsely as the man in the train who imagines the landscape is rushing past him. But to correct the illusory view of the world to which we are prone is not so easy as correcting the illusion one has while looking out of the train window.
It is at this special moment of New Year's Eve, dear friends, when we are still within the year in which we have had to correct so many current conceptions of the world, that such a thought may enter your souls. You know what I have told you of the experiences we would have if we were to live consciously the life from childhood to a ripe age that now we live unconsciously. I have told you how the human being matures in definite life periods, so that at definite stages he is able to know certain things out of his own power. People have to give up all manner of illusions concerning the various conditions of maturity in human life—for the reasons I have just been mentioning.
There are two kinds of illusions to which we are most subject in life, illusions that impress themselves upon our minds at such a time as this, as we glance over the past year and toward the coming one. These illusions arise from our having no idea in ordinary consciousness of how we relate to certain conditions of the outer world. This outer world is not only an aggregate of things kept in order in space; it is also a succession of events in time. Through your senses you observe the outer events taking place around you, in so far as these are natural events. You observe in the same way natural events in the human kingdom. The world is engaged in the processes of becoming. This is not generally recognized, but it is so. The processes go on at a definite speed. There is always a certain speed in what is coming about. But then turn your gaze from these events to what goes on within yourself. You know how processes go on in you both consciously and unconsciously. You do not stand in the world as a finished, self-contained spatial being, but you stand within continual happening, continual becoming, within processes continually going on and continually proceeding at a definite speed.
Let us consider the speed at which we ourselves hurry through the world in relation to the speed belonging to natural events. Natural science pays no heed to the tremendous difference existing between the speed of our own Passage through the world and the speed of natural events. When we compare the part of our life that is bound up with sense observation of the outer world and the drawing of our life experiences from such observation, when we consider this part of our life in its processes of arising and passing away and compare it to the external natural events toward which our senses are directed, we find that our passage through the stream of time is far slower than that of natural events. This is important for us to bear in mind. Events in nature take place comparatively quickly; we go more slowly. Perhaps you will remember that I referred to this difference when I gave a lecture at one time not far away, at Liestal, on “Human Life from the Standpoint of Spiritual Science.” From birth to change of teeth takes seven years for us human beings, that is, for the development of the physical body. Then we need another seven years for the development of our etheric body. Comparing ourselves with the plant kingdom, for instance—which can be regarded for the moment as corresponding to our etheric body—we can say that it takes just one year for the plant kingdom, represented by an annual plant, to go through all the development that can be gone through in the etheric body. We human beings need seven years for what the annual plant goes through in a single year. In other words, external nature, as revealed in the plant world, hurries along seven times more quickly than ourselves. And where the etheric world is concerned, everything is subject to the laws revealed in the plant kingdom.
You will see the significance of this, dear friends, if you reflect, for instance, on how things appear when you are traveling in a slow train beside another, faster train going in the same direction. When you yourself are traveling along slowly, the speed of the other train will not seem to you as great as if you were standing still. Or if you are traveling in a train fairly fast, but one that is still going more slowly than an express train, the express will appear to you quite slow. But go just as fast as the express and you will stay beside it. Thus the picture you have of the other train changes according to the speed at which you yourself are moving.
Now, the speed about which we want to talk here, that is, the speed at which we let our etheric body flow along, has to do with much more than merely spatial relations. It has to do with our whole judgment and experience of, and our whole attitude toward, the outer world. The spiritual scientist able to investigate these matters will say: How would it be if human beings were differently organized? if, for instance, we were so organized that we needed only one year to pass from change-of-teeth to puberty? How would it be if we had exactly the same speed as everything in outer nature that is subject to the laws of etheric life? if we got our second teeth in our first year of life, and by the end of our second year were as advanced as we are now at puberty at the age of fourteen or fifteen? Well, dear friends, then in the course of our own life we would be entirely within the course of natural events in so far as they are subject to the etheric life. We would no longer be able to distinguish ourselves from nature. For in reality we are distinguished from nature through the fact of having a different speed in moving forward through the stream of time. Otherwise we would take it for granted that we belonged to nature. And one thing above all must be pointed out: if we human beings were to parallel the speed of events in external nature, we could never become ill from an inner cause. For an illness coming to man from within actually has its origin in the difference in speed of human beings from that of natural events subject to the etheric life. Thus our human life would be quite different if we were not distinguished from the outer world by living seven times more slowly.
So we look back over the year on this New Year's Eve unaware that in our experience during the year we have fallen out of the life of the world. We first come to realize this when after having lived a fairly good part of our life, we begin to carry out repeatedly and really earnestly these New Year reflections. People who can judge these things and who practice this retrospect regularly, will agree with me out of their quite ordinary life-experience that by the age, say, of fifty, after constant practice of this retrospect, we are obliged to admit that we have never actually drawn out of the year what it is possible to draw out. In many ways we leave unused the experiences that could have enriched us. We learn seven times less than we could learn from nature if we did not go through life seven times more slowly than nature herself. Upon arriving at our fiftieth year we have to say to ourselves: Had you actually been able to make full use of each year by absorbing everything that the year wanted to give you, then you would really only need to be seven or eight years old, at the most ten or twelve; for during that much time you would have sucked out everything that has in fact taken you five decades to absorb.
But there is something else. We would never be able to perceive that the world is a material world if we had the same speed of movement. Because we do have a different speed, the world outside, moving more quickly, appears to us as material while our own life appears to us as soul and spirit. If we were to move forward with the same speed as external nature, there would be no distinction between our soul-spiritual character and the course of outer nature. We would consider ourselves part of outer nature and experience everything as having the same soul-spiritual significance as ourselves. We would be fitted into the world quite differently. When we look back over the year on New Year's Eve we are deceived by reason of our own speed being so much slower than that of the world. For although we may look back carefully, much escapes us that would not if we were proceeding at the same pace as the world. This, my dear friends, is an undertone arising from the ground of anthroposophy, that should permeate the serious mood that befits such retrospect on the part of those dedicated to spiritual science. It should tell us that we human beings must look for other approaches to the world than those that can only be found on the external path of life, for that way only leads us to illusions.
This is one illusion. In confronting the world with our senses we move much more slowly through the world than does external nature.
But there is still another illusion. It confronts us when we reflect upon all that lights up our thinking, all that lends wings to our thinking, in so far as this arises from within us. It confronts us when we observe the kind of thinking that depends upon our will. The outer world of the senses does not indeed give us what it could give us in response to our will. We have first to go to meet the things, or events come to meet us. That is different from when we grasp our concepts and ideas as they throw their faint light out of our will. This again has another speed. When we consider our soul-life in so far as it is a life of thought, though connected with our will, our desires and wishes, we find that we have a different speed from the speed of the world we are passing through between birth and death. And if we investigate the matter anthroposophically we come upon the curious fact that in our thoughts, in so far as they depend upon our will, we move much more quickly than the external world.
Thus you see that in all that is connected with our senses we move more slowly, in all that depends upon our thinking we move more quickly, than the pace of life outside us. Actually, we move so quickly in our thoughts—to the extent that they are governed by our will, our longing, our wishes—that we have the feeling, even though unconsciously, (and this is true of everyone) that the year is really much too long. For our sense perception it is seven times too short. For our comprehension through thought, in so far as thoughts depend on our wishes and longings, we have the deep unconscious feeling that the year is much too long. We would like it to be much shorter, convinced that we would be able in a far shorter time to understand the thoughts grasped from our own wishes, our own will. In the depths of every human soul there is something that is never brought into consciousness but that is working in the whole soul experience, the whole soul-mood, and coloring all our subjective life. It is something that tells us that so far as our thoughts are concerned, it would suffice us to have a year of only Sundays and no weekdays at all. For in this kind of thinking a human being lives in such a way that actually he only wishes to experience the Sundays. Even if he is no longer conscious of it, he thinks of the weekdays as holding him up; their place in his life is only as something of which he has no need for his progress in thinking. When we are concerned with thoughts dependent on our will, on our longings and wishes, we are soon finished; in this sphere we move quickly. This is one of the reasons for our egotism. And it is one of the reasons for our obstinacy about what we ourselves think.
If you were not organized, dear friends, in the way I have just described, if with your thoughts you would really follow the course of the external world and not go forward so fast—seven times as fast as the outer world, if you did not only want to use Sundays, then your soul would be so attuned to the world that your own opinion would never seem more valuable to you than anyone else's. You would be able to adjust yourself easily to another's opinion. Just think how large a part it plays in us as human beings, this insistence of ours on the value of our own opinion! From a certain point of view we always think others are in the wrong, and they only become right when we feel disposed to consider them so.
Human beings are indeed curiously contradictory creatures! On the one hand, in so far as we have senses we move much more slowly than the outer world; on the other hand, in so far as we have will in our thinking, we move much more swiftly. So our view is blurred when we look out upon the world, because we are always given to illusion. We do not realize that we have fallen away from nature and are therefore able to become ill. Nor do we realize how we acquire materialistic ideas about the world. Such materialistic ideas are just as false as the idea that the landscape is rushing past us in the opposite direction to our train. We only have these false conceptions because we are moving seven times more slowly than the world. And then also, we cherish the secret thought: if only it were always Sunday!—because, comparatively speaking, the weekdays seem quite unnecessary for the external ideas we want to form about the world out of our wishes and out of our will. Everyone has this secret thought. The human soul-attitude is not always described so truthfully as Bismarck once described it. Bismarck made a curious remark about the last Hohenzollern emperor. While expressing his opinion about what would happen to Germany because of this emperor, he said, “This man wants to live as if every day were his birthday. Most of us are glad to get our birthday out of the way with all its good wishes and excitements, but he wants a birthday all the time!” That was Bismarck's careful characterization at the beginning of the nineties of the last century. Now, it is human egotism that makes our birthday different from all other days. No one really wants to have a birthday all the time, but from a certain point of view one would like it always to be Sunday—one could easily manage with that much knowledge! And although it wears a deceptive mask, much in our mood of soul rests upon this wish of ours to have only Sundays.
In former epochs of evolution the illusions arising from these things were corrected in manifold ways by atavistic clairvoyance. They are corrected least of all in our age. What will correct them, however, what must arise, what I ask you to take into your souls today as a kind of social impulse, is this, that we go deeply into spiritual science as it is intended here, that we do not take it as theory but in the living way I have often described. We then have the possibility within spiritual science of correcting inwardly, in our souls, the illusions originating in those two sources of error. Anthroposophical spiritual science—and let us be particularly clear about this at the turning-point of the year—is something that lets us experience the world outside us in accordance with reality, the world that otherwise one does not experience truly, due to one's going through the world too slowly. Everything depends, actually, on how we ourselves relate to things. Just think for a moment how everything does depend upon our own attitude toward the world! To become clear about these things we should sometimes hold ideas before our souls that as hypotheses are quite impossible. Think how the physicist tells you that certain notes—C - D - E, say, in a certain octave—have a certain number of vibrations, that is, the air vibrates a certain number of times. You perceive nothing of the vibrations; you just hear the notes. But imagine you were organized in such a way (this is of course an impossible idea but it helps us to make something else intelligible)—imagine that you could perceive each separate vibration in the air: then you would hear nothing of the notes. The speed of your own life depends entirely on how you perceive things. The world appears to us as it does according to the speed we ourselves have as compared to the world speed. But spiritual science makes us aware of existing reality, apart from our personal relation to the world.
We speak in anthroposophy, or spiritual science, of how our earth has gradually developed by first going through a Saturn period, then a Sun period, and a Moon period, finally arriving at this Earth period. But naturally everything continues to be present. In the period in which we now live, our Earth existence, other worlds are preparing their Saturn period, still others their Sun period. This may be observed by spiritual science. Even now our Saturn existence is still here. We know that our earth has gone beyond that stage; other worlds have just reached it. One can observe how the Saturn stage arises. The power to observe it, however, depends upon first changing the speed in which one will follow the events; otherwise they cannot be seen. Thus spiritual science in a certain connection enables us to live with what is true and real, with what actually takes place in the world. And if we take it up in a living way—this anthroposophical spiritual science which I have described as the new creative work of the Spirits of Personality—if we do not merely take it as a work of man for our time but as a revelation from heavenly heights, if we receive the impulses of spiritual science into ourselves livingly, then the Spirits of Personality will do what is so necessary for our time: that is, they will carry us out beyond the illusions caused by our speed being different from that of the world. They will unite us properly with the world so that, at least in our feelings about the world, we will be able to correct many things.
Then we can experience the results of our spiritual scientific striving. In the course of the past year I have mentioned many of them. Tonight in this New Year's Eve retrospect I want only to remind you of something I have spoken of before from another aspect: that spiritual science, when taken up earnestly, keeps us young in a certain way, does not let us grow old as we would without it. This is one of the results of spiritual science. And it is of quite special importance for the present time. It means that we are able, however old we may be, to learn something in the way we learnt as a child. Usually when someone arrives at his fiftieth year, he feels from the standpoint of ordinary consciousness that he has lived in the world a long time. Ask your contemporaries whether at fifty they still feel inclined to do much in the way of learning! Even if they say “yes,” notice whether they really do it. A lively acceptance of anthroposophical concepts and ideas can gradually confer on people of a ripe age the power still to learn as children learn—in other words, to become increasingly young in soul—not abstractedly as often happens, but in such a way that they are actually able to learn just as formerly they learnt when eight or nine years old. Thereby the effect of the difference between our speed and that of the world is in a certain way adjusted. Thereby, though we may be of mature age chronologically, our soul does not allow us to be old; our soul makes us a child in a certain sense, makes us behave toward the world as a child. When we are at the age of fifty we can say to ourselves: by living more slowly than the external world we have actually only received into ourselves what we would have received in seven or ten years if we had lived at the same pace as the world. But by remaining fresh we have kept the power to behave as we would have behaved at seven, eight, nine or ten years. That makes a balance. And—because things always do balance in the world—this brings about the other adjustment: the reducing, in a way, what has a greater speed, namely, arbitrary thinking, those Sunday wishes as I described them. This will make it possible not always to want it to be Sunday but to use the weekdays too for learning, making a school of the whole of life.
It is true that I am suggesting a kind of ideal to you, one that is strictly anthroposophical. But perhaps, dear friends, many of you will have had deeper experiences on the last four New Year's Eves than on former ones. Anyone, however, studying world events very seriously may well regard this present New Year's Eve, in comparison to the last four, the gravest of them all. It demands of us that we enter deeply into world events, uniting our thoughts with all the ideas we can grasp through our relation to spiritual science, concerning what is necessary for the world now and in the nearest future. With the help of spiritual science we should stop sleeping in regard to world events. We must become fully awake. A mere glance today will show you that people are fast asleep. Compare modern life with the life of former ages, and you will see how much it has changed for young and old alike. How does this materialistic age affect youth today in an overwhelming majority of cases? Truly, the ideals of our modern youth are no longer as fresh, as bright, as alive, as they were in earlier times. Youth has become a youth that makes demands. There is no great desire on the part of youth to direct their soul-mood to looking forward in life, to painting ideals so full of light for the future that they are able to ennoble life. Already in youth there is the wish to exploit what they find in life. But this results in the old being unable to receive what can only be suitably received during old age. Youth uses up its forces, and old age leaves the treasures of life strewn on its path. Youth is no longer sufficiently hopeful, and old age has a resignation that is not real. Today youth no longer turns to the old to ask: will the young dreams that flow out of my heart be realized? Age hardly finds it possible today to answer: Yes, they will be realized. Too frequently it says: I too have dreamt, and alas, my youthful dreams have not been fulfilled.—Life has a sobering effect upon us.
All these things are bound up with the misfortunes of our time. They are all connected with what has so profoundly shattered mankind. When you look at them carefully, however, you will feel the need for anthroposophical impulses to be deeply inscribed in your souls. For if we wish to be awake at this turning-point of the year, we must ask ourselves: What does this era really signify? What can the future bring? What can possibly evolve out of all that civilized mankind has undergone in the chaos of these last years? If we face these questions as wide-awake human beings, then another question arises, one that is deeply connected with all our possible hopes for the future of mankind. These hopes, I could also say these anxieties, have often faced us in recent years, especially when we were giving our attention to the human beings who are now four, five, six, seven or eight years old. We who are older have much behind us that can support our souls against what is coming. There was much in the past that gave us joy, a joy that will not be experienced by those who are now five or six or eight or nine.
But when we look back over the year, dear friends, on this New Year's Eve, we find nothing in the world is absolute. Everything appears to be an illusion to us, because on the one hand we go too slowly, on the other hand too quickly in relation to the world. Nothing is absolute; all is relative. And, as you will see at once, the question that arises for us is not merely theoretical, it is a very real question: When people wonder about the future of mankind, how does it look in their souls if they have no connection with the ideas of spiritual science? One can, of course, sleep; but even if one is unconscious, this implies a lack of responsibility toward human progress. One can also be awake, and we should be awake.Then that question can still be asked concerning people's attitude in general: How is mankind's future regarded by the human souls who are not able to approach spiritual science? People of this kind are only too numerous in the world. I am referring not only to the dried-up, self-satisfied materialists, but to those countless others who today would like to be idealists in their own fashion but have a certain fear of the real spiritual. They are the abstract idealists who talk of all kinds of beautiful things, of “Love your enemy,” and of splendid social reforms, but who never succeed in coming to grips concretely with the world. They are idealists from weakness, not from spiritual vision. They have no desire to see the spirit; they want to keep it at a distance.
Tonight at this turning-point of time, I should like to put the following question: When a man of this kind is sincere in the belief that he lives for the spirit, when he is convinced of the creative weaving of the spirit throughout the world, but does not have the courage to meet it in all its concrete reality as it wants to reveal itself today through spiritual science: if such a man is a true representative of the whole, or even part, of the modern world, what kind of picture do we have of him? I don't want to give you an abstract description; I would rather give you one taken from the newspapers of the world, of a man whom I have already mentioned in another connection. It is a man who for the reasons just described holds back from taking up spiritual science, believing that he can attain social ideals without it, believing that he can speak of human progress and the true being of man without taking up spiritual science, a man who from his own standpoint is honest. I have often mentioned his name—Walther Rathenau—and I have pointed out what is decidedly weak about him; you will remember, however, that I once referred favorably to his “Critique of the Times.” He is so eminently a type, indeed, one of the best examples of the people of our day who are idealists, people who hold the belief that a spiritual something pervades and permeates the world, but who are not able to find it in its concreteness, that spiritual reality which alone can bring healing for all that is now pulsing so destructively through the world. It would be helpful, therefore, to learn how such a man regards the present course of the world from his standpoint outside spiritual science, what such a man says to himself in all honesty. That is always instructive, my dear friends. I would like, therefore—because all of you may not have read it—to bring before our souls the message Walther Rathenau20Walther Rathenau: 1867–1922. Zürcher Zeitung, Dec. 28, 1918. has just written to the world at large.
He writes the following: “A German calls to all the nations. With what right? With the right of one who foretold the war, who foresaw how the war would end, who recognized the catastrophe that was coming, who braved mockery, scorn, and doubt and for four long years exhorted those in power to seek reconciliation. With the right of one who for decades carried in his heart the premonition of complete collapse, who knows it is far more serious than either friends or enemies think it to be. Furthermore, with the right of one who has never been silent when his own people were in the wrong and who dares to stand up for the rights of his people.
“The German people are guiltless. In innocence they have done wrong. Out of the old, childlike dependence they have in all innocence placed themselves at the service of their lords and masters. They did not know that these lords and masters, though outwardly the same, had changed inwardly. They knew nothing of the independent responsibility a people can have. They never thought of revolution. They put up with militarism, they put up with feudalism, letting themselves be led and organized. They allowed themselves to kill and be killed as ordered, and believed what was said to them by their hereditary leader. The German people have innocently done wrong by believing. Our wrong will weigh heavily upon us. If the Powers will look into our hearts they will recognize our guiltlessness.”
You see here a man pointing to what Judaism and Christianity point, namely, a Providence—Who is grasped, however, in an abstract form.
“ Germany is like those artificially fertile lands that flourish as long as they are watered by a canal system. If a single sluice bursts, all life is destroyed and the land becomes a desert.
“We have food for half the population. The other half have to work for the wages of other nations, buying raw materials and selling manufactured goods. If either the work or the return on the work is withheld, they die or lose their house. By working to the extremity of their powers our people saved five or six milliards a year. This went into the building of plants and factories, railways and harbors, and the carrying on of research. This enabled us to maintain a profit and a normal growth. If we are to be deprived of our colonies, our empire, our metals, our ships, we will become a powerless, indigent country. If it comes to that—well, our forefathers were also poor and powerless, and they served the spirit of the earth better than we. If our imports and exports are restricted—and, contrary to the spirit of Wilson's Fourteen Points, we are threatened with having to pay three or four times the amount of the damage in Belgium and northern France, which probably runs to twenty milliards—well, what happens then? Our trade will be without profit. We will work to live miserably with nothing to spare. We will be unable to maintain things, renew things, develop things, and the country with its buildings, its streets, its organization, will go to rack and ruin. Technology will lose ground; research will come to an end. We have the choice of unproductive trade or emigration or profoundest misery.
“It means extermination. We will not complain but accept our destiny and silently go under. The best of us will neither emigrate nor commit suicide but share in this fate with our fellows. Most of the people have not yet realized their fate; they do not yet know that they and their children have been sacrificed. Even the other peoples of the earth do not yet realize that this is a question of the very life of an entire race of human beings. Perhaps this is not even realized by those with whom we have been fighting. Some of them say ‘Justice!’, others say ‘Reparation!’; there are even those who say ‘Vengeance!’ Do they realize that what they are calling ‘Justice,’ ‘Reparation,’ ‘Vengeance’ is murder?
“We who go forward mutely but not blindly to meet our destiny, now once more raise our voice and make our plaint for the whole world to hear. In our profound and solemn suffering, in the sadness of separation, in the heat of lament, we call to the souls of the peoples of the earth—those who were neutral, those who were friendly, those belonging to free countries beyond the seas, to the young builders of new states. We call to the souls of the nations who were our enemies, peoples of the present day and those who will come after us:
“We are being annihilated. The living body and spirit of Germany is being put to death. Millions of German human creatures are being driven to hunger and death, to homelessness, slavery and despair. One of the most spiritual peoples on the whole earth is perishing. Her mothers, her children, those still unborn, are being condemned to death.”
There is no passion, dear friends, in all this; it is shrewd forethought—dispassionately, intellectually calculated. The man is a genuine materialist able to assess the real conditions calmly and intellectually. He entertains no illusions, but from his own materialistic standpoint honestly faces the truth. He has thought it all out; it is not something that can be disproved by a few words or by feelings of sympathy or antipathy. It has been thought through by the dispassionate intellect of a man who for decades has been able to say “this will come,” who has also had the courage to say these things during the war.
It was to no avail. In Berlin and other places in Germany I always introduced into my lectures just what Rathenau was saying at the time.
“We, knowing, seeing, are being annihilated, exterminated, by those who also know and see. Not like the dull people of olden times who were led stupid and unsuspecting into banishment and slavery; and not by idolators who fancy they are doing honor to a Moloch. No, we are being annihilated by peoples who are our brothers, who have European blood, who acknowledge God and Christ upon Whom they have built their life and customs and moral foundations, peoples who lay claim to humanity, chivalry, and civilization, who deplore the shedding of human blood, who talk of ‘a just peace’ and ‘a League of Nations’ and take upon themselves the responsibility for the destiny of the entire world.
“Woe to those, and to the souls of those, who dare to give this blood-rule the name ‘justice’! Have courage, speak out, call it by its name—for its name is Vengeance!
“But I ask you, you spiritual men among all the peoples, priests of all the religions, and you who are scholars, statesmen, artists. I ask you, reverend Father, highest dignitary of the Catholic Church, I ask you in the name of God:
“Were it the last, most wretched of all nations, would it be right that for vengeance' sake one of the peoples of the earth should be exterminated by other peoples who are their brothers? Ought a living race of spiritual Europeans, with their children and those still unborn, ought they to be robbed of their spiritual and bodily existence, condemned to forced labor, cast out from the community of the living?
“If this monstrous thing comes to pass, in comparison with which this most terrible war was only a prelude, the world shall know what is happening, the world shall know what it is in the very act of perpetrating. It shall never dare to say: ‘We did not know this. We did not wish it.’ Before God, in the face of its own responsibility to eternity, it shall say openly, calmly, coldly: ‘We know it and we desire it.’
Rathenau also wishes mankind to awake and to see!
“Milliards! Fifty, a hundred, two hundred milliards—what is that? Is it a question of money?
“Money, the wealth or poverty of a man, these count for little. Every one of us will face poverty with joy and pride if it will save our country. Yet in the unfortunate language of economic thought we have no other way of expressing the living force of a people except in the wretched concept of millions and tens of millions. We do not measure a man's life-force according to the grams of blood he has, and yet we can measure the life-force of a nation according to the two or three hundred billion it possesses. Loss of fortune is then not only poverty and want but slavery, double slavery for a people having to buy half of what they need to sustain life. This is not the arbitrary, personal slavery of old that was either terrible or mild; this is the anonymous, systematic, scientific forced-labor between peoples. In the abstract concept of a hundred billion we find not money and well-being alone, but blood and freedom. The demand is not that of a merchant, ‘Pay me money!’ but Shylock's demand, ‘Give me the blood of your body!’ It is not a matter of the Stock Exchange; by the mutilation of the body of the state, by the withdrawal of land and power, it is life itself. Anyone coming to Germany in twenty years' time…”
What now follows is once more the result of cold intellectual foresight. This is not spoken in the way people speak who are asleep when they observe world events!
“In twenty years' time anyone coming to Germany who knew it as one of the most flourishing countries on the earth, will bow their heads in shame and grief. The great cities of antiquity, Babylon, Nineva, Thebes, were built of white clay. Nature let them fall into decay and leveled them to the ground, or rounded them off into hills. German cities will not survive as ruins but as half-destroyed stone blocks, still partly occupied by wretched people. A few quarters in a town will be alive, but everything bright, everything cheerful will have disappeared. A company of tired people move along the crumbling footpaths. Liquor joints are conspicuous by their lights. Country roads are in terrible condition, woods have been cut down, in the fields little grain is sprouting. Harbors, railways and canals have fallen into disrepair, and everywhere there stand as unhappy landmarks the high buildings of former greatness falling into ruin. And all around us are flourishing countries, old ones grown stronger and new ones in the brilliance and vigor of modern technique and power, nourished on the blood of this dying country, and served by its slave-driven sons. The German spirit that has sung and thought for the world becomes a thing of the past. A people God created to live, a people still young and vigorous, leads an existence of living death.
“There are Frenchmen who say, ‘Let this people die. No longer do we want a strong neighbor.’ There are Englishmen who say, ‘Let this people die. No longer do we want a rival on the continent.’ There are Americans who say, ‘Let this people die. No longer do we want an economic competitor.’—Are these persons really representative of their nations? No, indeed. All strong nations forswear fear and envy. Are those who thirst for vengeance voicing the feelings of their nations? Emphatically, no. This ugly passion is of short duration in civilized men.
“Nevertheless, if those who are fearful or envious or revengeful prevail for a single hour, in the hour of decision, and if the three great statesmen of their nations violently contend with one another, then destiny is fulfilled.
“Then the cornerstone of Europe's arch, once the strongest stone, is crushed; the boundaries of Asia are pushed forward to the Rhine; the Balkans reach out to the North Sea. And a despairing horde, a spirit alien to European ways, encamp before the gates of Western civilization, threatening the entrenched nations not with weapons but with deadly infection.
“Right and prosperity can never arise out of wrong.
“In a way that no wrong has ever yet been expiated, Germany is expiating the sin of its innocent dependence and irresponsibility. If, however, after calm and cool reflection the Western nations put Germany slowly to death out of foresight, interest or revenge, and call this ‘justice’ while announcing a new life for the peoples, a Peace of Reconciliation to last forever, and a League of Nations, then justice will never again be what it was and, in spite of all their triumphs, mankind will never again find happiness. A leaden weight will lie upon our planet and the coming race will be born with a conscience no longer clear. The stain of guilt, which now might still be wiped out, will then become ineradicable and lasting on the body of the earth. In the future, dissension and strife will become more bitter and disintegrating than ever before, drenched in a feeling of common wrongs. Never has such power, such responsibility, weighed upon the brows of a triumvirate. If the history of mankind has willed that three men in a single hour should make their decision concerning the fate of centuries and of millions of men on the earth, then it has willed this: that a single great question of faith should be addressed to the victorious civilized and religious nations. The question is: Humanity or power? reconciliation or vengeance? freedom or oppression?
“Think! consider! you people of every land! This hour is not only decisive for us Germans, it is decisive for you and us—for us all.
“If the decision is made against us we will shoulder our destiny and go to our earthly extermination. You will not hear us complain. But our plaint will be heard where no human voice has ever cried in vain.”
My dear friends, this is the product of sober intellectual foresight, most assuredly not arising from chauvinism but from materialistic thinking. I have brought it to you because we live in a world in which people are most disinclined, even today, to consider the gravity of the present situation. Plenty of people will celebrate this New Year's Eve not only as it has been celebrated during the last four years but also as it was celebrated before this catastrophe. And countless people will take it as disturbing their peace, as upsetting their carefree souls, if one merely draws their attention to the situation.
“Oh, it won't be as bad as all that!”—though it may not be put into words, this is what is inwardly felt, otherwise people would be judging the times differently.
For how many individuals will acknowledge the truth of what we have had to repeat over and over again during these years?—years in which we have always been hearing the following: “When peace comes, everything will be just the same as it used to be, this way and that way and the other way.” How many individuals are awake to what has had to be repeated so constantly: the impossible prospect of finding conditions again as people are still allowing themselves to picture them?
We are dealing here with matters that have been thoughtfully estimated. And things appear quite differently according to whether they are estimated in a spirit of materialism or from the standpoint of anthroposophical impulses. From an external view the statements seem so right! But since there is no prospect of individuals responding consciously to what Walther Rathenau has brought forward as a last-moment expedient—namely, that the peoples should consult their conscience—alas, this talk of conscience!—what can one say? it will certainly not be consulted! Outwardly that is the way events will happen.
One can see only one hope as one looks back at how this was all prepared in the past, certainly not by any particular nation but by the whole of civilized mankind. There is just one hope: to look back on this New Year's Eve to a great universal picture, to what has previously been experienced by mankind; to realize that in a certain sense men have now become sufficiently mature to bring this to an end; and to accept what the new Spirits of Personality now wish to bring down to earth from the heavenly heights. But here, dear friends, insight and will must meet. What the Spirits of Personality as new Creators are wishing to reveal will only be able to come into the world when it finds a fruitful soil in human hearts, human souls, human minds, when mankind is ready to accept the impulses of spiritual science. And what this prosaic materialistic mind has been saying about the material impulses that are actively working, is indeed correct. People should pay attention to what comes from a sober mind like Walther Rathenau—that is, the people who are asserting from a more frivolous standpoint what our times are going to bring forth. When people were in a state of utter intoxication and dreaming, when, if one speaks truly, they were talking complete nonsense—if they could only have looked ahead a little!—but they have stopped now, at least some of them—at that time one might have heard: Out of this war will come a new idealism, a new sense of religion. How often I have heard this! And it was being written over and over again, especially by professors, even professors of theology. You don't even have to go very far; it doesn't even have to be Sunday for you to find in less than ten minutes a theological professor announcing wise prophecies of this kind. But people are already talking differently. Some who have come to the top are saying that now a time of healthy atheism may well be coming, and mankind will be cured of the religion-game instigated in recent times so particularly by the poets and writers. Such opinions are already forthcoming. And they come from persons who should be listening to some of the things a man is saying who is able to judge soberly how reality is taking shape.
In response to all this one can only say: World affairs would indeed develop as we have just heard if only materialistic impulses were working in the world, in human heads and human hearts! If this were actually the case, truly not only Germany, Middle Europe and Russia would be in chains of frightful slavery but the whole civilized world would gradually be similarly enchained, never to know happiness again. For it is what has come from the past that has now made the world come to an end! New impulses do not come from that source. New impulses come from the spiritual world. They do not come, however, unless human beings go to meet them, unless they receive them with a free will. Deliverance can only come when there are human souls ready to meet the spirit, the spirit that will reveal itself in a new way through the Spirits of Personality. There must be human souls who will become creative through these very Time Spirits. There is no other way out. There are only two ways to be honest: either to speak as Walther Rathenau has spoken, or to point to the necessity of turning toward the spiritual world.
The latter way will be the subject of our New Year's Day reflections tomorrow.
Our survey on this New Year's Eve is not meant to be a mere comfortable transition into the new year. It should not be—for anyone who is awake. It should be taken in all earnestness. It should make us aware of what is lying in the womb of time if the Spirit-Child is not to be given its place there. A true perspective of the new year can only be experienced in the light of the spirit. Let us try at this moment between now and tomorrow to tune our souls to this serious mood. Tonight I would conclude only with an earnest word of direction. I myself do not yet wish to show you the actual way; I would only draw your attention to how this New Year's Eve has been received in the soul of an honest man who finds as he observes the world only material powers holding sway. It must be so regarded by the heads, the hearts, the minds and souls—if sincere—of those who do not want to turn to the spirit. There are others, also materialists, who are not sincere; they are sleeping, because then they do not need to admit their insincerity.
This is the view presenting itself to our retrospective vision. This is the New Year's Eve mood! Tomorrow we want to see, from a consideration of the spiritual world, what impression is made upon us by the outlook into the future, by the mood of the New Year.
Siebenter Vortrag
Es entspricht wohl einem elementarischen Bedürfnisse jeder einzelnen Menschenseele, an dem Tage, der das Jahr schließt, bevor das neue Jahr beginnt, die Gedanken hinzulenken auf die Vergänglichkeit des Zeitlichen. Und der Mensch schaut wohl aus diesem elementarischen Bedürfnisse heraus prüfend, forschend, selbsterkennend zurück auf das, was in dem verflossenen Jahre an sein äußeres Leben, an seine Seele herangetreten ist. Er schaut wohl auch zurück auf die Fortschritte, die er im Leben gemacht hat, auf die Früchte der Erfahrungen, die sich ihm durch das Leben ergeben haben. Wenn solche Rückschau gehalten wird, dann fällt gewissermaßen von dieser Rückschau aus eine Art Beleuchtung auf jenes Gefühl, welches uns das Menschenleben mehr oder weniger wertvoll, mehr oder weniger problematisch oder auch mehr oder weniger befriedigend erscheinen läßt. Wir sind niemals in der Lage, unser Leben nur so zu betrachten, wie wir es als einzelne Menschenindividualität führen. Wir fühlen uns gedrängt, unser Leben im Zusammenhange mit dem Weltganzen und mit dem Menschenganzen zu betrachten. Treiben wir im Ernst eine geisteswissenschaftliche Weltanschauung, so wird sich insbesondere die Notwendigkeit vor unsere Seele hinstellen, unser Verhältnis zur Welt immer wieder und wiederum an diesem Jahreswendepunkte, dem Abschluß des einen und dem Beginn des andern Jahres, zu betrachten. Ä
Aber wenn diese Betrachtung jetzt stattfindet, in einem Zeitabschnitte, in dem so vieles an unserer Seele vorbeigezogen ist, in dem vor allen Dingen alles das vor unserer Seele steht, was die Menschheit in den letzten viereinhalb Jahren durchgemacht hat, und wenn man als Geisteswissenschafter sein Verhältnis in Betracht zieht zu Welt und Menschheit auf dem Hintergrunde der ja unvergleichlichen Weltereignisse der letzten Jahre, dann nimmt sich wohl gerade die Jahresschau dieses Jahres in einer ganz besonderen Weise aus.
Episodisch, ich möchte sagen, abgestimmt auf all das, was ich jetzt eben angeschlagen habe, herausfallend aus unserem übrigen Zusammenhange, mögen daher diejenigen Gedanken von Ihnen aufgenommen werden, die ich heute vorbringen möchte. Vergänglichkeit, Wechsel der Zeit und der Ereignisse in dieser Zeit, wie das alles an die Menschenseele herantritt, das steht vor unserem Geistesauge in diesem Augenblicke. Aber als Geisteswissenschafter werden wir nicht vergessen, daß, wenn wir auf die verfließende Zeit, die Erfahrungen, die wir in dieser verfließenden Zeit gemacht haben, zurückblicken, mancherlei Schwierigkeiten der Betrachtung auch sich geltend machen. Schwierigkeiten der Weltbetrachtung sind es vor allem, welche an dasjenige Gemüt herantreten, das sich im Ernste und in aller Würde geisteswissenschaftlichen Gedanken hingibt.
Sie kennen alle jene eigentümliche Erscheinung, welche Leute befällt, die noch nicht oft im Eisenbahnzug gefahren sind. Sie sehen zum Fenster hinaus, und es kommt ihnen vor, als wenn sich die ganze Landschaft bewegte, als wenn die ganze Landschaft ihnen entgegeneilte. Sie spüren nicht, daß sie selbst im Zuge in Bewegung sind, sondern sie schreiben die Bewegung der Landschaft zu, durch die sie mit dem Zuge hindurchfahren. Erst allmählich, durch Lebensgewohnheiten, verliert man diese Illusion und setzt auch für das gewöhnliche Anschauen, das sich einem darbietet, wenn man zum Fenster hinausblickt, das Richtige. Im Grunde sind wir dem Weltengetriebe gegenüber immer in der Lage, wie solch ein Mensch im Eisenbahnzuge ist, nur in einer etwas komplizierteren Weise. Er täuscht sich, dieser Mensch, über die Ruhe und Bewegung dessen, was draußen in der Landschaft ist. Der Mensch durcheilt die Weltenereignisse, indem er eingebettet ist in seine physisch-ätherische Körperlichkeit, die ihm wie ein Fuhrwerk gegeben wird, wenn er hereintritt aus geistigen Gebieten in das physische Dasein zwischen Geburt und Tod. Durch die Werkzeuge dieses physischen Fuhrwerkes, in dem er seinen physischen Lebenslauf durcheilt, betrachtet er die Welt. Und in dieser Weltbetrachtung erscheint das weitaus meiste in einer illusionären Weise. So daß wir wirklich den Vergleich wagen können: Wir sehen die Welt so falsch wie derjenige, der, ungewohnt des Eisenbahnfahrens, die Landschaft draußen sieht, von der er vermeint, daß sie an ihm vorübersaust. Und die Korrektur dieser illusionären Weltanschauung, der sich die Menschen hingeben, ist nicht so leicht wie die Korrektur beim Hinausschauen aus dem Fenster des Eisenbahnzuges.
Solch ein Gedanke mag Ihrer Seele kommen zu Silvester gerade dieses Jahres, im Laufe dessen wir mancherlei von landläufigen Weltvotstellungen zu berichtigen hatten. Sie wissen, wie ich Ihnen gesprochen habe über die Erfahrungen, die wir machen würden, wenn wir bewußt das Leben so durchlaufen würden, wie wir es unbewußt machen von der Kindheit bis ins späte Alter. Ich habe Ihnen gesagt, wie der Mensch erst in bestimmten Jahren seines Alters reif wird, das oder jenes aus sich selbst heraus wirklich zu wissen. Mit Bezug auf diese verschiedenen Reifezustände des menschlichen Lebens muß sich der Mensch aus den Gründen, die ich eben jetzt angedeutet habe, mancherlei Illusionen hingeben.
Zweierlei Illusionen sind es vor allen Dingen, denen wir im Leben unterworfen sind, die sich auch sogleich in unser Gemüt hineinsenken, wenn wir etwa zu Silvester einen Rückblick auf das verflossene Jahr oder einen Vorblick auf das nächstliegende Jahr machen, zwei Illusionen, die davon kommen, daß wir keine Ahnung haben im gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein, wie wir eigentlich mit Bezug auf gewisse Verhältnisse zur Außenwelt stehen. Diese Außenwelt ist nicht nur eine räumlich geordnete Summe von Dingen, sondern diese Außenwelt ist ein Verlauf von Ereignissen. Sie beobachten durch Ihre Sinne die äußeren Ereignisse, die um Sie herum vorgehen, insofern diese Ereignisse Naturereignisse sind. Auch die Naturereignisse im Menschenreiche betrachten Sie so. Die Welt ist im Werden, die Welt ist in Vorgängen begriffen. Man denkt gewöhnlich nicht daran, aber es ist doch so! Diese Vorgänge spielen sich ab mit einer gewissen Geschwindigkeit. Was sich abspielt, hat immer eine gewisse Geschwindigkeit. Dann können Sie von diesen Vorgängen hinblicken auf dasjenige, was sich in Ihnen selbst abspielt. Sie wissen, bewußte und unbewußte Vorgänge spielen sich in Ihnen selbst ab. Nicht nur als ein fertiges, abgeschlossenes Raumeswesen stehen Sie der Welt gegenüber, sondern Sie stehen der Welt so gegenüber, daß Sie eigentlich in einem fortwährenden Geschehen, gegenüber einem fortwährenden Werden, in fortwährenden Vorgängen drinnen sind, und die spielen sich auch wiederum mit einer gewissen Geschwindigkeit ab.
Betrachten wir nun unsere eigene Geschwindigkeit, mit der wir die Welt durcheilen, im Verhältnisse zu der Geschwindigkeit, die die Naturereignisse haben. Die äußere Wissenschaft des Menschen beachtet nicht, daß ein gewaltiger Unterschied ist zwischen unserer eigenen Geschwindigkeit, mit der wir durch die Welt gehen, und zwischen der Geschwindigkeit der Naturereignisse. Wenn wir denjenigen Teil unseres Lebens, der an die sinnliche Beobachtung der Außenwelt geknüpft ist und aus der sinnlichen Beobachtung der Außenwelt seine Erfahrungen schöpft, wenn wir diesen Teil unseres Lebensgehaltes, den wir den Sinnen verdanken, in bezug auf sein Werden, in bezug auf sein Dahinfließen vergleichen mit den äußeren Naturereignissen, auf die diese Sinne gerichtet sind, so gehen wir viel langsamer durch den Zeitenstrom als die Naturereignisse. Das ist wichtig, daß wir das ins Auge fassen. Die Naturereignisse gehen verhältnismäßig schnell, wir gehen langsam. Sie wissen, ich habe, als ich einmal hier in der Nachbarschaft, in Liestal, den Vortrag hielt «Das menschliche Leben vom Gesichtspunkte der Geisteswissenschaft», auf diese Verschiedenheit hingewiesen. Wir Menschen brauchen von dem Punkte an, wo wir geboren werden, bis zum Zahnwechsel, zum Ausbilden unseres physischen Leibes sieben Jahre, dann wiederum zum Ausbilden unseres Ätherleibes weitere sieben Jahre. Wenn wir das Pflanzenreich, das wir in dieser Beziehung als repräsentativ betrachten können, zum Beispiel mit Bezug auf unseren Ätherleib, vergleichen mit uns selbst, so sagen wir uns: Das Pflanzenreich, so wie es nun einmal bei den einjährigen Pflanzen ist, durcheilt im Laufe eines einzigen Jahres alle Entwickelung, die es im Ätherleib durchmachen kann. Wir brauchen sieben Jahre zu dem, was die einjährige Pflanze in einem Jahre durchmacht. Das heißt: Die Natur draußen, insoferne sie sich in der Pflanzenwelt enthüllt, eilt siebenmal schneller dahin als wit. Und vieles steht in derselben Gesetzmäßigkeit wie das, was sich in der Pflanzenwelt enthüllt, nämlich alles, insoferne es der ätherischen Welt untersteht.
Sie kommen darauf, was das für eine Bedeutung hat, wenn Sie nur einmal sich überlegen, wie es sich ausnimmt zum Beispiel, wenn Sie in einem langsam fahrenden Zuge fahren neben einem in der gleichen Richtung, aber schneller fahrenden Zug. Es wird Ihnen die Schnelligkeit dieses andern Zugs nicht so schnell erscheinen, wenn Sie selbst langsamer fahren, als wenn Sie stillstehen; oder aber, wenn Sie nun nicht in einem ganz langsamen Zuge fahren, sondern in einem etwas schnelleren Zuge, der aber immer noch langsamer geht als der andere Schnellzug, so erscheint Ihnen der Schnellzug ganz langsam gehend. Fahren Sie aber gerade so schnell wie der Schnellzug, so bleiben Sie immer neben dem Schnellzug. Sie sehen, die Art und Weise, wie Sie den andern Zug sehen, ändert sich, je nachdem Sie selbst sich mit einer gewissen Geschwindigkeit bewegen.
Nun, die Geschwindigkeit, von der wir hier reden, die Geschwindigkeit, mit der wir unser eigenes ätherisches Leben ablaufen lassen, enthält viel mehr als bloß die Raumesbeziehungen; sie enthält unser ganzes Beurteilen, unser ganzes Empfinden, unsere ganze Verfassung gegenüber der Welt draußen. Der Geisteswissenschafter, der diese Sache untersuchen kann, sagt: Wie wäre denn das eigentlich, wenn wir als Menschen anders organisiert wären, wenn wir zum Beispiel so organisiert wären, daß wir vom Zahnwechsel bis zur Geschlechtsreife nur ein Jahr brauchten, also genau dieselbe Geschwindigkeit hätten wie das, was draußen in der Natur dem Ätherleben unterworfen ist, wenn wir also im Ablaufe des ersten Jahres unsere zweiten Zähne bekämen und nach Ablauf des zweiten Jahres so weit wären, wie wir bis zur Geschlechtsreife im vierzehnten bis fünfzehnten Jahre sind? Da würden wir mit unserem eigenen Lebenslauf ganz in dem Lauf der Naturereignisse, insoferne sie dem Ätherleben unterliegen, drinnenstehen. Da würden wir uns gar nicht unterscheiden können von der Natur. Denn wir unterscheiden uns im wesentlichen dadurch, daß wir eine andere Geschwindigkeit haben im Vorwärtsbewegen durch den Zeitenstrom. Wir würden auf ganz natürliche Weise die Meinung haben, wir gehören zur Natur dazu. Und vor allen Dingen muß eins gesagt werden: Würden wir in dieser Weise in dieselbe Geschwindigkeit eingeschaltet sein wie die äußeren Naturereignisse, wir könnten niemals von innen heraus krank werden. Denn alle Krankheit, die von innen heraus an den Menschen herantreten kann, die rührt durchaus auch davon her, daß wir verschiedene Geschwindigkeit haben von der Geschwindigkeit der Ereignisse der äußeren Natur, insofern diese dem Ätherleben unterliegen. Also ganz anders wäre unser Menschenleben, wenn wir uns nicht dadurch von der äußeren Welt unterscheiden würden, daß wir siebenmal langsamer leben, als die äußere Natur lebt.
So blicken wir zurück zu Silvester auf ein Jahr und denken nicht daran, daß wir eigentlich in diesem Jahre mit unserem eigenen Erleben aus dem Weltenleben herausgefallen sind. Das werden wir erst gewahr, wenn wir wirklich in ernster Weise - nachdem wir schon einen gewissen starken Lebensverlauf erlangt haben - wiederholt solche Silvesterbetrachtungen angestellt haben. Leute, welche darüber entscheiden können, werden mir bei ordentlicher Selbstrückschau recht geben, schon aus der ganz gewöhnlichen äußeren Lebenserfahtung heraus, daß, wenn wir zum Beispiel in die Fünfzigerjahre gekommen sind und solche Rückschau immer wieder gepflogen haben, wir uns sagen müssen: Eigentlich sind wir so, daß wir niemals aus einem Jahreslauf dasjenige herausgezogen haben, was sich herausziehen läßt. Wir lassen gewissermaßen die Erfahrung, die wir machen könnten, die uns bereichern könnte, ungenützt. Wir lernen siebenmal weniger, als wir lernen könnten von der Natur, wenn wir nicht siebenmal langsamer als die Natur selbst unseren Lebenslauf durcheilten. Und eigentlich — so sagen wir uns, wenn wir in die Fünfzigerjahre gekommen sind -, wenn du jedes Jahr so hättest ausnützen können, daß du alles aus diesem Jahr gesogen hättest, was das Jahr dir hat geben wollen, dann brauchtest du jetzt im Grunde genommen nur sieben oder acht Jahre oder höchstens zehn oder zwölf Jahre alt zu sein, und du würdest in diesen zehn oder zwölf Jahren alles herausgesogen haben, was du jetzt erst nach Jahrzehnten herausgesogen hast. |
Aber noch ein anderes findet statt. Wir würden niemals zu der Anschauung kommen können, daß die Welt eine materielle ist, wenn wir uns mit ihr in gleicher Geschwindigkeit bewegten. Dadurch, daß wir uns nicht in gleicher Geschwindigkeit bewegen, erscheint uns die Welt draußen, die rascher geht, in stofflicher Art, materiell, und unser eigenes Leben erscheint uns geistig-seelisch. Der Unterschied tritt durch die verschiedene Geschwindigkeit des Lebens auf. Würden wir uns mit der gleichen Geschwindigkeit vorwärtsbewegen wie die äußere Natur, so wäre kein Unterschied zwischen unserem SeelischGeistigen und dem äußeren Naturlaufe; wir würden uns zu der äußeren Natur zählen, und alles als geistig-seelisch gleichbedeutend mit uns empfinden. Wir würden also dann in ganz anderer Weise in die Welt hineingeschaltet sein. Daß wir unsere eigene Geschwindigkeit haben, die viel langsamer ist als die Geschwindigkeit der Welt, das täuscht uns, wenn wir zu Silvester zurückblicken auf das Jahr. Denn wir blicken wohl zurück, aber vieles fällt aus diesem Rückblicke heraus, was nicht herausfallen würde, wenn wir mit der Welt eben die gleiche Geschwindigkeit hätten. Das sollte aus geisteswissenschaftlichen Untergründen heraus gewissermaßen wie ein Unterton jene ernste Stimmung durchziehen, die wohl demjenigen, der sich der Geisteswissenschaft widmet, in einem solchen Jahresrückblicke geziemt. Das sollte uns sagen, wie wir als Menschen wohl nötig haben, andere Zugänge zur Welt zu suchen als diejenigen, die wir nur aus diesem äußeren Lebenslauf, der uns also in Illusionen versetzt, ziehen können.
Dies ist die eine Täuschung. Insofern wir der Welt mit unseren Sinnen gegenüberstehen, gehen wir viel langsamer durch die Welt, als die äußere Natur läuft. Aber noch eine andere Täuschung liegt vor, und die tritt vor uns, wenn wir all das in Erwägung ziehen, was unser Denken durchglüht, was unser Denken beflügelt, insofern dieses Denken aus unserem eigenen Inneren aufsteigt, wenn wir das Nachdenken in Betracht ziehen, das von unserem Willen abhängt. Die äußere Sinnenwelt gibt uns nicht nach unserem Willen das, was sie uns geben könnte, sondern wir müssen erst vor die Dinge hintreten. Die Ereignisse treten an uns heran. Das ist etwas anderes, als wenn wir unsere Begriffe, unsere Ideen fassen, die aus unserem eigenen Willen erglimmen. Das ist wieder eine andere Geschwindigkeit. Wenn wir jenes Seelenleben, das zwar ein Gedankenleben ist, aber mit unserem Willen, mit unserem Begehren, mit unseren Wünschen zusammenhängt, ins Auge fassen, so ist da wieder eine andere Geschwindigkeit als die Geschwindigkeit der Welt, die wir als Menschen zwischen Geburt und Tod durchziehen. Und da zeigt sich, wenn man die Sache geisteswissenschaftlich untersucht, das Kuriose: Mit unseren Gedanken, insofern sie von unserem Willen abhängig sind, bewegen wir uns viel schneller als der äußere Weltenlauf.
Also denken Sie, mit alldem, was mit unseren Sinnen zusammenhängt, bewegen wir uns langsamer, mit alledem, was mit unserem Denken zusammenhängt, bewegen wir uns viel schneller, als der äußere Lebenslauf ist. Eigentlich bewegen wir uns mit unseren Gedanken, insofern diese von unserem Willen, von unseren Sehnsuchten, von unseren Wünschen beherrscht sind, so schnell, daß wir, wenn auch unbewußt, das Gefühl haben können - und das hat auch ein jeder -, daß eigentlich das Jahr viel zu lang ist. Für unsere Sinnesauffassung ist es siebenmal zu kurz. Für unsere Gedankenauffassung, insofern die Gedanken abhängig sind von unseren Wünschen und von unseren Sehnsuchten, hat in den Tiefen der Mensch unbewußt das Gefühl: das Jahr ist viel zu lang. Er will eigentlich das Jahr viel kürzer haben, denn er ist überzeugt davon, daß er in einer viel kürzeren Zeit die Gedanken fassen könnte, die er so aus seinen eigenen Wünschen und aus seinem eigenen Willen heraus faßt. Es ist in der Tiefe der Seele eines jeden Menschen etwas, was er sich nicht zum Bewußtsein bringt, was aber in dem ganzen Empfinden, in der ganzen Seelenstimmung wirkt, was alles färbt, was wir in unserem subjektiven Innenleben haben. Es ist etwas, was uns sagt: Uns genügte das Jahr in bezug auf die Gedanken, die wir uns bilden, wenn wir nur die Sonntage hätten und gar keine Wochentage. Denn in bezug auf diese Art der Gedanken lebt der Mensch so, daß er eigentlich nichts anderes will, als nur die Sonntage erleben. Von den Wochentagen denkt er, wenn er sich das auch nicht mehr zum Bewußtsein bringt, sie halten ihn nur auf; sie stellen sich in das Leben nur wie etwas hinein, was er eigentlich nicht nötig hat, um mit seinen Gedanken vorwärts zu kommen. In bezug auf die Gedanken, die von unserem Willen, die von unseren Sehnsuchten und Wünschen abhängig sind, sind wir schnell fertig, da bewegen wir uns rasch. Das ist einer der Gründe für unseren Egoismus. Und das ist einer der Gründe dafür, daß wir mit Bezug auf unsere Gedanken so eigensinnig sind.
Wenn Sie nicht so organisiert wären, wie ich es jetzt charakterisiert habe, wenn Sie mit Ihren Gedanken wirklich dem äußeren Lauf der Welt folgen würden, wenn Sie da nicht viel schneller vorwärtsgingen, siebenmal schneller als der äußere Weltenlauf, wenn Sie da nicht bloß auf die Sonntage Rücksicht nehmen würden, dann würden Sie sich so in der Welt seelisch gestimmt finden, daß Ihnen niemals Ihre eigene Meinung wertvoller wäre als die Meinung eines andern. Sie würden sich immer leicht in die Meinung eines andern hineinfinden können. Aber bedenken Sie, darauf beruht ein großer Teil unseres Menschenwesens, daß wir uns immer zuschreiben, daß unsere Meinung doch die wertvollere ist. Wir denken, wenigstens von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte: Der andere hat doch immer unrecht; mindestens hat er erst dann recht, wenn wir uns befugt fühlen, ihm recht zu geben.
Also wir sind ein merkwürdig zwiespältiges Wesen als Mensch. Wir bewegen uns auf der einen Seite viel langsamer, als der äußere Weltenlauf ist, insoferne wir Sinnesmensch sind; wir bewegen uns in Gedanken viel schneller, als der äußere Weltenlauf ist, insofern wir Willensmenschen sind. Das trübt unseren Blick, wenn wir in die äußere Welt hineinschauen. Wir wissen, weil wir uns dann immer Illusionen hingeben, nicht, daß wir aus der Natur herausfallen und dadurch die Möglichkeit haben, krank zu werden, dadurch materialistische Vorstellungen über die Welt gewinnen. Diese Vorstellungen sind gerade so falsch, wie die Vorstellung falsch ist, daß die Landschaft draußen in entgegengesetzter Richtung des Zuges vorbeiläuft; und sie sind nur deshalb da, diese materialistischen Vorstellungen, weil wir uns siebenmal langsamer bewegen als die Welt. Und wir hegen den geheimen Wunsch: Wenn es nur immer Sonntag wäre! — weil uns, vergleichsweise gesprochen, die Wochentage eigentlich unnötig erscheinen für das, was wir von der Welt rein äußerlich aus unseren Wünschen, aus unserem Willen heraus vorstellen wollen. Dieser geheime Wunsch ist in jedem Menschen. Die Seelenverfassung der Menschen wird ja nicht immer so treffend bezeichnet wie im folgenden. Bismarck hat einmal über jenen Kaiser, der der letzte der Hohenzollern war, ein merkwürdiges Wort gesagt. Als er seine Bedenken darüber aussprach, was über Deutschland durch diesen Kaiser kommen werde, sagte er: Dieser Mann will so leben, wie wenn er jeden Tag Geburtstag hätte; unsereiner ist froh, wenn er den Geburtstag wieder vorüber hat, weil er all den Wünschen und alldem, was der Geburtstag an Aufregungen bedeutet, ausgesetzt ist; der aber möchte jeden Tag Geburtstag haben! — Das ist ein Wort, das Bismarck sorgenvoll einmal ganz im Anfange der neunziger Jahre des 19. Jahrhunderts zur Charakteristik des Kaisers gesprochen hat. Nun, den Geburtstag, den hebt der menschliche Egoismus so stark heraus, daß er sich den Unterschied klarmacht von den übrigen Tagen; immer Geburtstag zu haben, wünscht der Mensch gerade nicht, aber er wünscht von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus, daß es immer Sonntag wäre, denn da würde er genug wissen. Und vieles in unserer Seelenstimmung, das sich in ganz anderer Weise maskiert, beruht darauf, daß wir eigentlich nur die Sonntage mögen.
Die Illusionen, die von diesen Dingen herrühren, sind in älteren Zeiten der Menschheitsentwickelung durch das atavistische Hellsehen in der mannigfaltigsten Weise korrigiert worden. Sie werden in unserem Zeitalter am wenigsten korrigiert. Dasjenige, was sie aber korrigiert und was eintreten muß, und was ich Sie bitte, als eine Art sozialen Impuls heute in Ihre Seele aufzunehmen, das ist, daß, wenn wir uns in die Geisteswissenschaft, wie sie hier gemeint ist, vertiefen, so daß wir sie nicht als Theorie, sondern in jener Lebendigkeit aufnehmen, von der ich oftmals gesprochen habe, wir dann in dieser Geisteswissenschaft eine Möglichkeit haben, innerlich seelenmäßig die Illusionen, die aus diesen zwei Irrtumsquellen herkommen, zu korrigieren. Geisteswissenschaft -— machen wir uns das insbesondere an der Jahreswende klar - ist etwas, was uns auf der einen Seite dasjenige draußen in der Welt wirklichkeitsgemäß erleben läßt, was wir nicht wirklichkeitsgemäß erleben, weil wir zu langsam durch die Welt gehen. Es hängt wirklich alles ab von der Art, wie wir selbst uns zu den Dingen stellen. Denken Sie doch nur einmal, was alles davon abhängt, wie wir selber uns zu der Welt stellen! Wir müssen, um uns solche Dinge klarzumachen, manchmal hypothetisch unmögliche Gedanken uns vor die Seele rücken. Denken Sie, der Physiker sagt Ihnen: Gewisse Töne, das C, D, E einer gewissen Oktave, haben so und so viele Schwingungen, das heißt, die Luft vollführt so und so viele Schwingungen. Sie vernehmen nichts von den Schwingungen, Sie hören den Ton. Aber denken Sie, wenn Sie so organisiert wären - es ist natürlich ein unmöglicher Gedanke, aber man kann sich daran etwas klarmachen -, daß Sie jede einzelne Luftschwingung wahrnehmen würden, so würden Sie vom Tone nichts hören können. Welche Geschwindigkeit Ihr eigenes Leben hat, hängt lediglich davon ab, wie Sie irgend etwas wahrnehmen. Die Welt schaut so aus, wie sie ausschauen muß nach der Geschwindigkeit, die wir selbst gegenüber der Welt haben. Geisteswissenschaft aber macht uns aufmerksam auf jene Wirklichkeit, welche vorhanden ist, abgesehen von unserem Verhältnis zur Welt.
Man spricht davon in der Geisteswissenschaft, daß sich unsere Erde allmählich gebildet habe, indem sie zuerst eine Saturn-, eine Sonnen-, eine Mondenzeit durchgemacht hat und dann zu dieser Erdenzeit vorgerückt ist. Aber natürlich ist alles immer da. In dem Dasein, in dem wir jetzt als dem Erdendasein drinnen leben, bereiten andere Welten ihr Saturndasein, andere Welten ihr Sonnendasein vor. Man kann das geisteswissenschaftlich beobachten. Das Saturndasein ist auch jetzt noch da. Wir wissen nur, unsere Erde hat dieses Stadium überwunden; andere Welten sind erst in diesem Saturnstadium. Da kann man dann beobachten, wie es hereinragt. Aber dieses Saturnstadium beobachten zu können, das hängt davon ab, daß man die Geschwindigkeit sich erst ändert, mit der man die Ereignisse verfolgt, sonst kann man sie nicht sehen. Also Geisteswissenschaft bringt uns in einer gewissen Beziehung das Zusammenleben mit der wahren Wirklichkeit, mit dem, was in der Welt wahrhaftig vor sich geht. Und nehmen wir sie lebendig auf, diese Geisteswissenschaft, von der ich gesprochen habe als der Offenbarung der Geister der Persönlichkeit, die als Schöpfer neu eingreifen, nehmen wir sie für unsere Zeit nicht bloß als Menschenwerk, sondern, wie ich sagte, als von Himmelshöhen geoflenbart, nehmen wir die Impulse dieser Geisteswissenschaft lebendig in uns auf, dann bringen sie uns — was für unsere Zeit so notwendig ist — über die Täuschungen unserer mit der Welt verschiedenen Geschwindigkeit hinaus, dann bringen sie uns mit der Welt so zusammen, daß wir wenigstens in unserem Empfinden gegenüber der Welt manches korrigieren können.
Und dann stellt sich für uns auch die Folge dieser geisteswissenschaftlichen Bestrebungen ein. Ich habe auch im Laufe dieses Jahres auf manche Folge dieser Bestrebungen hingewiesen. Heute möchte ich in Silvesterrückschau Sie nur hinweisen darauf, was ich von einem andern Gesichtspunkte aus schon gesagt habe: Geisteswissenschaft, lebendig aufgenommen, erhält den Menschen in einer gewissen Weise jung, läßt uns nicht so altern, wie wir sonst altern. Das ist eine der Folgen der Geisteswissenschaft. Und für die heutige Zeit ist diese Folge ganz besonders wichtig. Sie besteht darin, daß wir wirklich imstande sein können, wenn wir auch noch so sehr schon in reiferen Jahren sind, etwas lernen zu können, wie man als Kind gelernt hat. Ist man in die Fünfzigerjahre gekommen, so fühlt man sich vom Standpunkte des gewöhnlichen Bewußtseins aus in der Regel ziemlich alt in der Welt. Fragen Sie einmal Ihre Zeitgenossen, ob sie gerade eine große Neigung haben, mit fünfzig Jahren noch viel zu lernen! Wenn sie es auch sagen, versuchen Sie, ob sie es tun, ob sie es in Wirklichkeit tun. Geisteswissenschaftliche Begriffe und Ideen, lebendig aufgenommen, können den Menschen wirklich nach und nach in die Möglichkeit versetzen, in reifen Jahren noch so zu lernen, wie man sonst als Kind gelernt hat, auch Dinge, die man als Kind eben nicht gelernt hat, gewissermaßen einen weiteren Menschen und immer weiteren Menschen in sich aufzunehmen. Sie bringt den Menschen dazu, seelisch sich immer mehr jung zu fühlen, aber nicht bloß abstrakt, wie man das oftmals tut, sondern so, daß man wirklich in einer ähnlichen Weise etwas lernen mag, wie man gelernt hat, als man acht oder neun Jahre alt war. Dadurch wird in einer gewissen Weise ausgeglichen, was durch die verschiedene Geschwindigkeit mit der Welt in dem Menschen bewirkt wird. Dadurch sind wir zwar in reiferen Jahren natürlich alt, aber unsere Seele läßt uns nicht alt sein, unsere Seele läßt uns in einer gewissen Weise Kind sein, uns der Welt gegenüber wie ein Kind benehmen. Dann sagen wir uns, wenn wir in die Fünfzigerjahre gekommen sind: Du hast eigentlich dadurch, daß du langsamer lebtest als der äußere Weltenlauf, nur das in dich aufgenommen, was, wenn du ebenso schnell lebtest wie der äußere Weltenlauf, du in sieben oder zehn Jahren aufnehmen würdest. Aber ist man frisch geblieben, dann bewahrt man sich auch die Möglichkeit, so sich zu verhalten, wie man sich verhalten würde, wenn man nur sieben, acht, neun, zehn Jahre durchlebt hätte. Das ist ein voller Ausgleich. Und das bedingt, weil sich in der Welt die Dinge immer die Waage halten, den andern Ausgleich: daß man auch die schnellere Geschwindigkeit, diese Willkürgedanken, diese Sonntagswünsche, wie ich sie Ihnen charakterisiert habe, auch in einer gewissen Weise hinunterdrückt, daß man sich die Möglichkeit verschaflt, nicht immer nur Sonntage haben zu wollen, sondern auch die Wochentage für das Lernen auszunützen, das ganze Leben zur Schule zu machen.
Gewiß, ich stelle Ihnen da eine Art Ideal so geisteswissenschaftlich streng hin. Aber vielleicht hat schon mancher von Ihnen die Silvester der letzten vier Jahre als ernstere empfunden als die früheren. Derjenige aber, der etwas tiefer in die Weltenereignisse blickt, wird wohl den diesjährigen Silvester, auch im Vergleiche mit den Silvestern der verflossenen vier Jahre, als allerernstesten betrachten. Er fordert uns schon auf, tief hineinzuschauen in das, was in der Welt vor sich geht, und diesen Gedanken zu verbinden mit dem, was wir doch aus unserem Verhältnis zur Geisteswissenschaft gewinnen können an Vorstellungen über das, was der Welt in der Gegenwart und in der nächsten Zukunft notwendig ist. Wir sollen ja gewissermaßen durch Geisteswissenschaft aufwachen für die Weltenereignisse, wir sollen wachende Menschen werden. Ein flüchtiger Blick kann die Menschen heute belehren, wie sehr das Schlafen verbreitet ist. Vergleichen Sie nur das heutige Leben mit dem Leben früherer Epochen, dann werden Sie schon darauf aufmerksam werden, wie schließlich das Jugend- und Altersleben sich geändert hat. Die Jugend von heute in ihrer überwiegenden Mehrheit, wie wirkt auf sie die materialistische Zeit? So frisch, so hell, so lebendig wie die Jugendideale in früheren Epochen waren, sind sie heute nicht. Die Jugend ist eine fordernde geworden. Man will das, was die Jugend bietet, in seiner Seelenstimmung nicht so sehr darauf verwenden, um in das Zukunftsleben zu schauen, um weithin leuchtende Ideale sich vorzumalen und von diesen Idealen ein gehobenes Leben zu haben; man will schon in der Jugend das, was man als Leben hat, verbrauchen. Das aber bedingt ein Alter, welches nun nicht dasjenige aufnehmen kann, was geeignet wäre, gerade durch das Alter erst recht aufgenommen zu werden. Unsere Jugend verbraucht ihre Kräfte, und das Alter läßt die Schätze des Lebens auf dem Wege liegen. Unsere Jugend ist nicht mehr hoffnungsreich genug; unser Alter ist wesenlos resignierend. Unsere Jugend wendet sich nicht mehr an das Alter, um zu fragen: Verwirklichen sich die Jugendträume, die selbstverständlich aus meinem Herzen hervorquellen ? - Unser Alter wäre aber auch kaum in der Lage, zu sagen: Ja, sie verwirklichen sich. — Unser Alter sagt mehr oder weniger ausgesprochen heute nur allzu oft: Auch ich habe das geträumt; diese Jugendträume gehen leider nicht in Erfüllung. - Man wird ernüchtert durch das Leben.
Mit all diesen Dingen hängt aber zusammen das Unglück unserer Zeit. Mit all diesen Dingen hängt doch zusammen, was die Menschheit heute tief erschüttert. Dann aber, wenn Sie auf das hinblicken, dann werden Sie auch die Notwendigkeit geisteswissenschaftlicher Impulse tief in die Seele sich einschreiben können. Denn an diesem Jahreswendetage muß man sich doch fragen, wenn man wach sein will: Wie stellt sich denn eigentlich diese Zeit dar? Was kann werden in der Zukunft? Was kann aus dem hervorgehen, was sich bis heute aus den Wirrsalen der letzten Jahre für die zivilisierte Menschheit ergeben hat? - Wenn man sich diese Fragen als wacher Mensch vorlegt, entsteht eine wesentlich andere Frage, eine Frage, die ganz tief zusammenhängt mit allen unseren möglichen Hoffnungen für die Menschheitszukunft. Solche Hoffnungen, oder solche Sorgen könnte ich auch sagen, sie stiegen einem in den letzten Jahren oftmals auf, ganz besonders dann, wenn man den Blick hinwendete auf diejenigen Menschenwesen, die heute vier, fünf, sechs, sieben, acht Jahre alt sind. Wir, die Älteren, haben manches hinter uns, was unsere Seelenstimmung gegenüber dem, was da kommt, beeinflussen kann. Wir haben manches hinter uns, was uns auch solche Freude bereitet hat, die diejenigen nicht haben werden, die heute fünf, sechs, acht, neun Jahre alt sind. Aber nichts ist absolut in der Welt, nicht einmal, wenn man zu Silvester den Rückblick macht auf das Jahr. Alles, was uns da erscheint, erscheint uns illusionär, weil wir auf der einen Seite zu langsam, auf der andern Seite zu schnell zum Weltenlaufe gehen. Nichts ist absolut, alles ist relativ. Und die Frage, die aber nicht eine bloße theoretische, sondern eine reale Frage ist, wie Sie gleich sehen werden, diese Frage tritt vor uns auf: Wie kann es denn heute eigentlich in der Seele eines Menschen ausschauen, der nicht an geisteswissenschaftliche Vorstellungen herantreten kann, wenn sich dieser Mensch Fragen stellt über die Zukunft der Menschheit? Man kann schlafen, und das bedeutet gegenüber dem Fortschritte der Menschheit unehrlich sein, wenn auch unbewußt unehrlich sein. Aber man kann auch wachen, und man sollte wachen. Dann kann diese Frage insbesondere gegenüber der allgemeinen Menschheitsverfassung in unserer Zeit auftreten: Wie malt sich denn wohl in den Menschenseelen die Menschenzukunft, wenn diese Menschenseelen nicht in der Lage sind, an Geisteswissenschaftliches heranzutreten? Solche Menschen sind nur allzu zahlreich in dieser Welt gegenwärtig. Ich meine nicht die trockenen, selbstgefälligen Materialisten allein, sondern ich meine jene zahlreichen andern, die es heute schon gibt, die eine gewisse Furcht haben vor dem wirklich Geistigen, und die doch in ihrer Art Idealisten sein möchten. Sie sind abstrakte Idealisten, die von allem möglichen Schönen, von: Liebet eure Feinde -, von schönen sozialen Reformen reden, die aber nicht zum wirklichen konkreten Erfassen der Welt kommen können. Sie sind aus Schwäche zwar Idealisten, aber nicht Geistschauer. Sie wollen nicht den Geist schauen, sie halten sich ferne von dem Geist.
Diese Frage möchte ich heute als eine Jahreswendefrage aufwerfen: Wenn nun einmal solch ein Mensch ehrlich ist, der zwar glaubt, er lebe für den Geist, der auch glaubt, durch seinen Glauben überzeugt zu sein von dem Weben und Wesen des Geistes in der Welt, der aber nicht den Mut hat, hinzugehen zu jenem konkreten Geistigen, zu der geistigen Wirklichkeit, welche durch Geisteswissenschaft sich heute den Menschen offenbaren will, wenn sich in einem solchen Menschen das Ganze der gegenwärtigen Welt oder nur ein Teil ehrlich malt, was entsteht dann für ein Bild? Ich möchte Ihnen nicht eine abstrakte Schilderung geben, ich möchte Ihnen eine Schilderung geben, die gegenwärtig durch die Weltblätter geht und die von einem Menschen herrührt, den ich in einem andern Zusammenhange auch schon erwähnte, von einem Menschen, der sich eben aus den Gründen, die ich jetzt erörtert habe, fernhält von wirklichem Eintritt in die Geisteswissenschaft, der glaubt, soziale Ideale gewinnen zu können ohne Geisteswissenschaft, der glaubt, reden zu können über Menschenfortschritt und Menschenwesenheit, ohne in Geisteswissenschaft eintreten zu wollen, aber ein Mensch, der ehrlich ist von diesem seinem Gesichtspunkte aus. Ich habe öfter erwähnt den Namen Walther Rathenau, erwähnt manches, was entschieden schwach ist an ihm; aber Sie erinnern sich, daß ich seine «Kritik der Zeit» auch einstmals anerkennend erwähnt habe. Das ist so recht ein Typ, und zwar einer der besten Typen von Menschen unserer Zeit, die Idealisten sind, die auch den Glauben haben, daß ein Geistiges die Welt durchwebt und durchlebt, die aber das konkrete Geistige nicht finden können, jenes Geistige, welches allein Heilung bringen kann gegenüber den Schäden, die jetzt die Welt durchbeben. Deshalb ist es nützlich zu fragen, was denn ein solcher, der der Geisteswissenschaft ferne steht, aber ehrlich ist, der den heutigen Weltenlauf von seinem Orte aus betrachtet, was ein solcher sich sagt. Das ist immerhin lehrreich. Deshalb möchte ich, daß auch wir hier, weil Sie es vielleicht nicht alle gelesen haben, vor unsere Seele treten lassen jene Worte, welche Walther Rathenau in diesen Tagen an die ganze Welt richtet. Er sagt: «Ein Deutscher wendet sich an alle Nationen. Mit welchem Recht? Mit dem Rechte eines, der den kommenden Krieg verkündete, der das Ende voraussah, die Katastrophe erkannte, dem Spott, Hohn und Zweifel trotzte und vier lange Jahre den Machthabern zur Versöhnung riet. Mit dem Rechte eines, der das Vorgefühl des tiefsten Sturzes jahrzehntelang in sich trug, und weiß, daß der Sturz tiefer ist, als Menschen, Freunde und Feinde ahnen. Mit dem Rechte eines, der niemals ein einziges Unrecht seines Volkes verschwiegen hat, und nun für das Recht seines Volkes eintreten darf.
Das deutsche Volk ist schuldlos. Schuldlos hat es ein Unrecht begangen. Schuldlos hat es aus alter, kindlicher Abhängigkeit seinen Herrn und Machthabern gedient. Es wußte nicht, daß diese Herren und Machthaber, äußerlich unverändert, sich innerlich gewandelt hatten. Es wußte nichts von der Selbstverantwortung der Völker. Es kannte keine Revolutionen. Es duldete den Militarismus und Feudalismus, es ließ sich leiten und organisieren. Es ließ sich töten und tötete, wenn es befohlen war. Es glaubte, was seine angebornen Führer ihm sagten. Schuldlos hat es das Unrecht begangen: zu glauben.
Unser Unrecht wird schwer auf uns lasten. Unsere Schuldlosigkeit werden die Mächte erkennen, die in die Herzen blicken.»
Also Sie sehen, es ist ein Mensch, der hinweist auf dasjenige, auf was Judentum und Christentum hinwiesen, auf die Vorsehung, die aber in abstrakte Formen gefaßt wird.
«Deutschland gleicht jenen künstlich fruchtbaren Ländern, die grünen, solange ein Netz von Kanälen sie bewässert. Zerbricht eine einzige Schleuse, so stirbt alles Leben, das Land vertrocknet zur Wüste.
Wir haben Nahrung für die Hälfte unserer Menschen. Die andere Hälfte muß Lohnarbeit für andere Völker leisten, Rohstoffe kaufen und Ware verkaufen. Nimmt man ihr die Arbeit oder den Ertrag der Arbeit, so stirbt sie oder wird heimatlos. Mit der äußersten Arbeit, deren ein Volk fähig ist, ersparten wir im Jahre fünf bis sechs Milliarden. Die dienten dazu, Werkzeuge und Werkstätten zu bauen, Bahnen und Häfen zu schaffen, Werke der Forschung zu betreiben. Das gab uns die Möglichkeit, erwerbsfähig zu bleiben und uns in natürlicher Fruchtbarkeit zu vermehren. Man nimmt uns die Kolonien, das Reichsland, die Erze und Schiffe, und wir werden ein machtloses, dürftiges Land. Mag das hingehen, auch unsere Vorfahren waren arm und machtlos und haben dem Geist der Erde besser gedient als wir. Man beschränkt unsern Güteraustausch, man nimmt, wie man uns androht, entgegen dem Geiste der Wilsonschen Stipulationen, das Dreifache oder Vierfache der belgischen und nordfranzösischen Schäden, die sich auf etwa zwanzig Milliarden belaufen: was geschieht? Unsere Wirtschaft wird ertraglos. Wir arbeiten, um kümmerlich ersparnislos zu leben. Wir können nichts instand halten, nichts erneuern, nichts erweitern. Das Land, seine Bauten, Straßen, Einrichtungen verkommen. Die Technik wird rückständig, die Forschung hört auf. Wir haben die Wahl: Unfruchtbarkeit, Abwanderung oder tiefstes Elend.
Es ist die Vernichtung.
Wir werden nicht viel klagen, sondern unser Schicksal auf uns nehmen und schweigend zugrunde gehen. Die Besten von uns werden nicht auswandern und sich nicht töten, sondern das Geschick ihrer Brüder teilen. Die meisten kennen ihr Geschick noch nicht, sie wissen nicht, daß sie und ihre Kinder geopfert sind. Auch die Völker der Erde wissen noch nicht, daß es um das Leben eines Menschenvolkes geht. Vielleicht wissen es nicht einmal die, mit denen wir gekämpft haben. Einzelne sagen: Gerechtigkeit. Andere sagen: Vergeltung. Es gibt auch welche, die sagen: Rache. Wissen sie, daß das, was sie Gerechtigkeit, Vergeltung, Rache nennen, daß es der Mord ist?
Wir, die wir in unser Schicksal gehen, stumm, nicht blind: noch einmal erheben wir unsere Stimme, so daß die Welt sie hört, und klagen an. Den Völkern der Erde, denen, die neutral, und denen, die befreundet waren, den freien überseeischen Staaten, den jungen Staatsgebilden, die neu entstanden sind, den Nationen unserer bisherigen Feinde, den Völkern, die sind und denen, die nach uns kommen, in tiefem, feierlichem Schmerz, in der Wehmut des Scheidens und in flammender Klage rufen wir das Wort in ihre Seelen:
Wir werden vernichtet. Deutschlands lebendiger Leib und Geist wird getötet. Millionen deutscher Menschen werden in Not und Tod, in Heimatlosigkeit, Sklaverei und Verzweiflung getrieben. Eines der geistigsten Völker im Kreise der Erde verlischt. Seine Mütter, seine Kinder, seine Ungebornen werden zu Tode getroffen.»
Das ist nicht aus Leidenschaft heraus gesagt, das ist berechnet, das ist mit kältestem Verstande berechnet. Das ist eben jemand, der Materialist zwar ist, aber der mit kaltem Verstande die wirklichen Verhältnisse berechnen kann, der sich nicht Illusionen hingibt, sondern ehrlich die Wahrheit gesteht, eben von seinem materialistischen Standpunkte aus. Das ist errechnet, das ist nicht etwas, was sich widerlegen läßt mit ein paar Worten oder Empfindungen aus Sympathie oder Antipathie heraus, sondern was mit kaltem Verstande berechnet ist von einem Menschen, der jahrzehntelang das sagen konnte: es wird so kommen -, der auch den Mut hatte, während des Krieges die Dinge zu sagen.
Hier war es zwecklos; in Berlin und andern Orten Deutschlands habe ich in meine Vorträge immer eingeschaltet, was gerade Rathenau nach dieser Richtung hin gesagt hat.
«Wir werden vernichtet, wissend und sehend, von Wissenden und Sehenden. Nicht wie dumpfe Völker des Altertums, die ahnungslos und stumpf in Verbannung und Sklaverei geführt wurden, nicht von fanatischen Götzendienern, die einen Moloch zu verherrlichen glauben. Wir werden vernichtet von Brudervölkern europäischen Blutes, die sich zu Gott und Christus bekennen, deren Leben und Verfassung auf Sittlichkeit beruht, die sich auf Menschlichkeit, Ritterlichkeit und Zivilisation berufen, die um vergossenes Menschenblut trauern, die den Frieden der Gerechtigkeit und den Völkerbund verkünden, die die Verantwortung für das Schicksal des Erdkreises tragen.
Wehe dem und seiner Seele, der es wagt, dieses Blutgericht Gerechtigkeit zu nennen. Habt den Mut, sprecht es aus, nennt es bei seinem Namen: es heißt Rache.
Euch aber frage ich, geistige Menschen aller Völker, Geistliche aller Konfessionen und Gelehrte, Staatsmänner und Künstler; euch frage ich, Arbeiter, Proletarier, Bürger aller Nationen; dich frage ich, ehrwürdiger Vater und höchster Herr der katholischen Kirche, dich frage ich im Namen Gottes:
Darf um der Rache willen ein Volk der Erde von seinen Brudervölkern vernichtet werden, und wäre es das letzte und armseligste aller Völker? Darf ein lebendiges Volk geistiger, europäischer Menschen mit seinen Kindetn und Ungebornen seines geistigen und leiblichen Daseins beraubt, zur Fronarbeit verurteilt, ausgestrichen wetden aus dem Kreis der Lebenden?
Wenn dieses Ungeheuerste geschieht, gegen das der schrecklichste aller Kriege nur ein Vorspiel war, so soll die Welt wissen, was geschieht, sie soll wissen, was sie zu tun im Begriffe steht. Sie soll niemals sagen dürfen: wir haben es nicht gewußt, wir haben es nicht gewollt. Sie soll vor dem Angesicht Gottes und vor der Verantwortung der Ewigkeit ruhig und kalt das Wort aussprechen: Wir wissen es. Und wir wollen es.»
Auch er, Rathenau, will, daß die Menschheit aufwacht, zu sehen.
«Milliarden! Fünfzig, hundert, zweihundert Milliarden — was ist das? Handelt es sich also um Geld?
Geld, Reichtum und Armut eines Menschen bedeutet wenig. Jeder einzelne von uns wird mit Freude und Stolz arm sein, wenn das Land gerettet wird. Doch in der traurigen Sprache unseres wirtschaftlichen Denkens haben wir keinen andern Ausdruck für die lebendige Kraft eines Volkes als den armseligen Begriff der Milliarde. Wir bemessen nicht die Lebenskraft eines Menschen nach den viertausend Gramm Blut, die er in sich hat; wir können die Lebenskraft eines Volkes nicht anders messen als nach den zwei- oder dreihundert Milliarden seines Besitzes. Vermögenslosigkeit ist hier nicht nur Armut und Not, sondern Sklaverei, und doppelt für ein Volk, das die Hälfte seines notdürftigen Lebensunterhaltes kaufen muß. Nicht die willkürliche, persönliche, grausame oder milde Sklaverei des Altertums, sondern die anonyme, systematische, wissenschaftliche Fronarbeit von Volk zu Volk. In dem abstrakten Begriff der hundert Milliarden steckt nicht allein Geld und Wohlstand, sondern Blut und Freiheit. Die Forderung ist nicht die des Kaufmanns: zahle mir Geld, sondern die Forderung Shylocks: gib mir das Blut deines Leibes. Es ist nicht die Börse, sondern nach der Verstümmelung des Staatskörpers durch Abtretung von Land und Macht ist es das Leben. Wer in zwanzig Jahren Deutschland betritt...»
Und das, was jetzt kommt, ist wiederum Berechnung, mit kaltem Verstande berechnet. Das ist nicht so gesprochen, wie andere Menschen oftmals schlafend die Weltereignisse beobachten!
«Wer in zwanzig Jahren Deutschland betritt, das er als eines der blühendsten Länder der Erde gekannt hat, wird niedersinken vor Scham und Trauer. Die großen Städte des Altertums, Babylon, Niniveh, Theben, waren von weichem Lehm gebaut, die Natur ließ sie zerfallen und glättete Boden und Hügel. Die deutschen Städte werden nicht als Trümmer stehen, sondern als halberstorbene steinerne Blöcke, noch zum Teil bewohnt von kümmerlichen Menschen. Ein paar Stadtviertel sind belebt, aber aller Glanz und alle Heiterkeit ist gewichen. Müde Gefährte bewegen sich auf dem morschen Pflaster, Spelunken sind erleuchtet. Die Landstraßen sind zertreten, die Wälder sind abgeschlagen, auf den Feldern keimt dürftige Saat. Häfen, Bahnen, Kanäle verkommen, und überall stehen, traurige Mahnungen, die hohen, verwitternden Bauten aus der Zeit der Größe. Ringsumher blühen erstarkt alte und neue Länder im Glanz und Leben neuer Technik und Kraft, ernährt vom Blut des erstorbenen Landes, bedient von seinen vertriebenen Söhnen. Der deutsche Geist, der für die Welt gesungen und gedacht hat, wird Vergangenheit. Ein Volk, das Gott zum Leben geschaffen hat, das noch heute jung und stark ist, lebt und ist tot.
Es gibt Franzosen, die sagen: dies Volk sterbe. Wir wollen nie mehr einen starken Nachbar haben. Es gibt Engländer, die sagen: dies Volk sterbe. Wir wollen nie mehr einen kontinentalen Nebenbuhler haben. Es gibt Amerikaner, die sagen: dies Volk sterbe. Wir wollen nie mehr einen Konkurrenten der Wirtschaft haben. Sind diese Menschen die wahren Vertreter ihrer Nationen? Niemals. Alle starken Nationen werden die Stimmen der Furchtsamen und Neidischen verleugnen. Sind die Rachedurstigen die wahren Vertreter ihrer Nationen? Niemals. Diese schreckliche Leidenschaft ist bei gesitteten Menschen nicht von Dauer.
Dennoch: wenn die Furchtsamen, die Neidischen und die Rachsüchtigen in einer einzigen Stunde, in der Stunde der Entscheidung, siegen und die drei großen Staatsmänner ihrer Nationen mit sich reißen, ist das Schicksal erfüllt.
Dann ist aus dem Gewölbe Europas der einstmals stärkste Stein zermalmt, dann ist die Grenze Asiens an den Rhein gerückt, dann reicht der Balkan bis zur Nordsee. Dann wird eine Horde von Verzweifelten, ein uneuropäischer Wirtschaftsgeist vor den Toren der westlichen Zivilisation lagern, der nicht mit Waffen, sondern mit Ansteckung die gesicherten Nationen bedroht.
Nie kann aus Unrecht Recht und Glück entstehen.
Das Unrecht seiner Abhängigkeit und Unselbständigkeit, das Deutschland schuldlos auf sich lud, büßen wir, wie nie ein Unrecht gebüßt worden ist. Wenn aber die westlichen Nationen in ruhiger, kalter Überlegung aus Vorsicht, Interesse oder Rachegefühl Deutschland langsam töten und diese Tat Gerechtigkeit nennen, indem sie ein neues Leben der Völker, einen ewigen Frieden der Versöhnung und einen Völkerbund verkünden, so wird Gerechtigkeit nie wieder sein, was sie ist, und niemals wieder wird die Menschheit froh werden, trotz allen Triumphen. Ein Bleigewicht wird auf dem Planeten liegen, und die kommenden Geschlechter werden mit einem Gewissen geboren werden, das nicht mehr frei ist. Die Kette der Schuld, die jetzt noch zerschnitten werden kann, wird unzerreißbar und unendlich den Leib der Erde umschnüren. Der Zwist und Streit der künftigen Epoche wird bitterer und vielspältiger sein als je zuvor, weil er mit dem Gefühl gemeinsamen Unrechts getränkt ist. Nie hat gleiche Macht und gleiche Verantwortung auf den Stirnen eines Triumvirats gelastet. Wenn die Geschichte der Menschheit, die sinnvoll es gewollt hat, daß eine einzige Stunde durch den Entschluß dreier Männer über Jahrhunderte der Erde und eine Menschheit von Millionen entscheidet, so hat sie dies eine gewollt, eine einzige große Frage des Bekenntnisses sollte den siegreich zivilisierten und religiösen Nationen gestellt werden.
Diese Frage lautet: Menschlichkeit oder Gewalt, Versöhnung oder Rache, Freiheit oder Unterdrückung?
Menschen aller Völker bedenkt es! Diese Stunde entscheidet nicht nur über uns Deutsche, sie entscheidet über uns und euch, über uns alle.
Entscheidet sie gegen uns, so werden wir unser Schicksal tragen und in die irdische Vernichtung gehen. Unsere Klage werdet ihr nicht hören. Dennoch wird sie da gehört werden, wo noch nie eine Klage aus Menschenbrust ungehört verhallte.»
Ich habe Ihnen dieses aus nüchternstem Verstande Errechnete, wahrhaftig nicht aus Chauvinismus hervorgegangene Urteil, das aber das Urteil des materialistischen Denkens ist, ich habe Ihnen dieses Urteil vorgebracht; vorgebracht schon auch aus dem Grunde, weil wir ja mitten in einer Welt leben, in der die Menschen heute noch immer nicht geneigt sind, irgendwie darüber nachzudenken, daß Ernst da ist. Wie unzählige Menschen werden heute Silvester feiern, so, wie sie nicht nur während der letzten vier Jahre, sondern wie sie auch vor den katastrophalen Ereignissen Silvester feierten! Und unzählige Menschen werden es als eine Beeinträchtigung ihrer Ruhe, als eine Beeinträchtigung ihrer sorglosen Seele empfinden, wenn man sie nur aufmerksam darauf macht, daß so etwas auf dem Spiele steht. Ach, so arg wird es nicht werden — wenn die Menschen auch nicht diesen Satz sagen, in ihrem Innersten fühlen die Menschen so, sonst würden sie die ganze Beurteilung der Zeit anders einstellen.
Wie viele gibt es denn, welche anerkennen, was wir immer wieder und wiederum sagen mußten in diesen Jahren, in denen man so oft hörte: Nun, wenn wieder Friede ist, dann ist es eben wieder so wie früher, dann ist es gewiß so und so und so weiter -, wie viele gibt es denn, die sich bewußt wurden dessen, was immer wieder gesagt werden mußte von der Unmöglichkeit eines solchen Zustandes, wie sich die Menschen ihn vorstellen?
Eine errechnete Sache ist es, um die es sich da handelt. Allerdings nehmen sich die Dinge anders aus, ob man sie errechnet mit materialistischem Geiste, oder ob man in Verbindung steht mit dem, was aus geisteswissenschaftlichen Impulsen folgen kann. Äußerlich betrachtet, bleiben die Dinge so richtig. Es besteht keine Aussicht, daß nicht wissend das getan wird, was Walther Rathenau noch im letzten Augenblicke abwenden will, indem er den Leuten zu Gewissen redet. Ja, dieses Zu-Gewissen-Reden! ... Man kann nur Punkte machen. Es wird schon nicht abgewendet werden! Äußerlich werden sich die Dinge so vollziehen. Es gibt nur eines, wenn wir hinblicken auf das, was durch die Vergangenheit angerichtet worden ist — angerichtet wahrlich nicht von dem oder jenem Volk, angerichtet von der ganzen zivilisierten Menschheit der Erde -, es gibt nur eines: wie in einer großen Weltsilvesterbetrachtung hinzublicken auf das, was die Menschheit bisher durchlebt hat, und dann gewahr zu werden, daß nun in einem gewissen Sinne die Menschheit reif war, an ein Ende zu kommen, und eingetreten ist in das, was die neuen Geister der Persönlichkeit aus Himmelshöhen auf die Erde hereintragen wollen. Aber hier begegnen sich Einsicht und Wille. Das, was die Geister der Persönlichkeit als neue Schöpfer offenbaren wollen, es wird nur in die Welt kommen können, wenn es in Menschenherzen und in Menschenseelen, in Menschengemütern einen fruchtbaren Boden findet, wenn die Menschen sich hinfinden zu den geisteswissenschaftlichen Impulsen. Was ein nüchterner, materialistischer Geist sagt über die materiellen Impulse, die da wirken können, es stimmt schon. Es sollten sich einmal diejenigen solche Dinge von einem nüchternen Geiste anhören, die heute von einem frivoleren Standpunkte aus, als es Walther Rathenau getan hat, davon reden, was aus unserer Zeit werden soll! Als die Menschen in vollem Rausch und Träumen waren, als die Menschen im Grunde genommen, wenn man nur ein wenig vorwärtsblickte, lauter Unsinn redeten — den sie sich ja jetzt, wenigstens ein Teil der Menschheit, gründlich abgewöhnt haben -, da konnte man hören, aus diesem Kriege würde hervorgehen ein neuer Idealismus, eine neue Religiosität. Oh, ich habe das oftmals gehört! Und besonders Professoren, auch sogar Professoren der Theologie, haben das immer wieder und wiederum geschrieben. Sie brauchen sogar nicht gerade weit zu gehen: wenn es nicht gerade Sonntag ist, können Sie in zehn Minuten diese Theologieprofessoren erreichen, die auch solche prophetische Weisheit verkündet haben. Jetzt reden die Leute schon anders. Die jetzt in die Höhe gekommen sind, sagen: Nun wird wohl eine Zeit gesunden Atheismus kommen; die Menschheit wird geheilt sein von der Religionsspielerei, die insbesondere Poeten und Literaten in der letzten Zeit getrieben haben. — Diese Urteile tauchen schon auf. Diese Urteile sind bei denjenigen zu finden, die so ein wenig anhören sollten, was ihnen ein Mensch sagt, der nüchtern rechnen kann, wie die Wirklichkeit sich gestaltet.
Demgegenüber kann man nur sagen: Wenn nur die äußeren materialistischen Impulse wirken in der Welt und in den Menschenköpfen und in den Menschenherzen, dann wird es so werden! Dann wird mit einer furchtbaren Sklavenkette wahrhaftig nicht nur Deutschland und die Mittelländer und Rußland, sondern die ganze zivilisierte Erde wird nach und nach mit furchtbaren Sklavenketten umgürtet werden und niemals wieder froh werden. Denn durch dasjenige, was nur von altersher heraufkommt, ist die Welt an einem Ende! Neues kommt nicht daher. Neues muß kommen aus der geistigen Welt. Aber es kommt nicht, wenn der Mensch sich ihm nicht nahen will, wenn der Mensch nicht in freiem Willen es aufnehmen will. Rettung kann nur kommen, wenn Menschenseelen sich finden, die dem Geist entgegengehen, der sich in der neuen Weise durch die Geister der Persönlichkeit offenbaren will, die aus bloßen Zeitgeistern Schöpfer werden wollen. Es gibt keinen andern Ausweg. Ehrlich kann man nur auf zweierlei Art sein: entweder so sprechen wie Walther Rathenau oder aber hinweisen auf die Notwendigkeit des Sich-Hinneigens zur geistigen Welt.
Das letztere wird Gegenstand unserer Neujahrsbetrachtung sein.
Die Silvesterbetrachtung sollte für jeden wachen Menschen nicht so sein, daß er sich wohlig ins neue Jahr hinüberbegibt; sie soll ihn ernst stimmen, sie soll ihm vor Augen führen dasjenige, was in der Zeiten Schoß liegt, wenn nicht in diesem Zeitenschoß das Geistkind geboren wird. Bei diesem Geisteslicht allein kann eine richtige Neujahrsperspektive empfunden werden. Wollen wir einmal von heute zu morgen versuchen, uns in unserer Seele ernst zu stimmen! Ich durfte heute nicht anders schließen als mit ernstem Hinweis, den ich noch dazu nicht selber geben wollte. Aufmerksam wollte ich machen, wie diese Silvesterbetrachtung sich ausnimmt in der Seele eines Menschen, der ehrlich ist, der hinschaut auf die Welt, aber nur die materiellen Mächte geltend findet. So muß es aussehen in den Köpfen, in den Herzen, in den Gemütern, in den Seelen — wenn sie ehrlich sind — derjenigen, die nicht geistig werden wollen; die andern, die auch Materialisten sind, sind nicht ehrlich, und sie schlafen, damit sie sich ihre Unehrlichkeit nicht zu gestehen brauchen.
Das ist die Perspektive nach rückwärts, das ist die Silvesterstimmung!
Morgen wollen wir sehen, wie sich aus der Betrachtung der geistigen Welt die Zukunftsperspektive, die Neujahrsstimmung empfinden läßt.
Seventh Lecture
It is probably a fundamental need of every human soul, on the day that closes the year before the new year begins, to turn its thoughts to the transience of time. And out of this elementary need, human beings look back with a critical, searching, self-aware gaze at what has happened in their outer lives and in their souls during the past year. They also look back on the progress they have made in life and on the fruits of the experiences they have gained through life. When such a review is made, then, as it were, a kind of light falls from this review on that feeling which makes human life appear to us more or less valuable, more or less problematic, or even more or less satisfying. We are never in a position to view our lives solely as we lead them as individual human beings. We feel compelled to view our lives in connection with the whole world and with the whole of humanity. If we seriously pursue a spiritual worldview, the need to examine our relationship to the world again and again at this turning point of the year, the end of one year and the beginning of another, will become particularly apparent to our souls. Ä
But if this reflection takes place now, at a time when so much has passed before our souls, when above all we are confronted with everything that humanity has gone through in the last four and a half years, and when, as a spiritual scientist, one considers one's relationship to the world and humanity against the backdrop of the incomparable world events of recent years, then this year's review takes on a very special significance.
Episodic, I would say, in tune with everything I have just mentioned, standing out from the rest of our context, the thoughts I would like to share with you today may therefore be taken up by you. Transience, the changing of times and events in this period, how all this affects the human soul, is before our mind's eye at this moment. But as spiritual scientists, we will not forget that when we look back on the passing of time and the experiences we have had in this passing time, various difficulties of observation also come to the fore. It is above all difficulties in observing the world that confront the mind that devotes itself seriously and with all dignity to spiritual scientific thought.
You are all familiar with the peculiar phenomenon that affects people who have not often traveled by train. They look out of the window and it seems to them as if the whole landscape is moving, as if the whole landscape is rushing toward them. They do not feel that they themselves are moving in the train, but attribute the movement to the landscape through which they are traveling. Only gradually, through habits of life, do you lose this illusion and see things correctly when you look out of the window. Basically, we are always in the same position as such a person on a train when it comes to the workings of the world, only in a somewhat more complicated way. This person is mistaken about the stillness and movement of what is outside in the landscape. Human beings rush through world events embedded in their physical-etheric physicality, which is given to them like a vehicle when they enter physical existence between birth and death from spiritual realms. Through the tools of this physical vehicle, in which they rush through their physical life, they view the world. And in this view of the world, most things appear illusory. So we can really make the comparison: we see the world as falsely as someone who, unaccustomed to traveling by train, sees the landscape outside, which they think is rushing past them. And correcting this illusory view of the world to which people are devoted is not as easy as correcting it when looking out of the window of a train.
Such a thought may come to your mind on New Year's Eve this year, during which we have had to correct many common misconceptions about the world. You know what I have told you about the experiences we would have if we consciously went through life as we unconsciously do from childhood to old age. I have told you how it is only at certain ages that human beings become mature enough to truly know this or that from within themselves. With regard to these different stages of maturity in human life, human beings must, for the reasons I have just indicated, indulge in various illusions.
There are two illusions in particular to which we are subject in life, which immediately sink into our minds when, for example, on New Year's Eve, we look back on the past year or look ahead to the coming year. These two illusions arise from the fact that we have no idea in our ordinary consciousness how we actually relate to certain conditions in the external world. This external world is not just a spatially ordered sum of things, but a sequence of events. You observe the external events taking place around you through your senses, insofar as these events are natural events. You also view natural events in the human realm in this way. The world is in the process of becoming, the world is in the process of events. We do not usually think about it, but it is so! These events take place at a certain speed. What takes place always has a certain speed. Then you can look from these events to what is taking place within yourself. You know that conscious and unconscious events are taking place within yourself. You do not face the world as a finished, complete spatial being, but rather you face the world in such a way that you are actually in a continuous process, facing a continuous becoming, in continuous processes, and these in turn take place at a certain speed.
Let us now consider our own speed with which we rush through the world in relation to the speed of natural events. Human external science does not take into account that there is a tremendous difference between our own speed with which we go through the world and the speed of natural events. If we compare that part of our life which is linked to the sensory observation of the external world and draws its experiences from the sensory observation of the external world, if we compare this part of our life content, which we owe to the senses, in terms of its becoming, in terms of its flowing, with the external natural events to which these senses are directed, we pass through the stream of time much more slowly than natural events. It is important that we realize this. Natural events proceed relatively quickly, we proceed slowly. You know that when I once gave a lecture here in the neighborhood, in Liestal, entitled “Human Life from the Perspective of Spiritual Science,” I pointed out this difference. From the moment we are born until we lose our baby teeth, we humans need seven years to develop our physical body, and then another seven years to develop our etheric body. If we compare the plant kingdom, which we can consider representative in this respect, for example in relation to our etheric body, with ourselves, we say: The plant kingdom, as it is in the case of annual plants, rushes through all the development that it can undergo in the etheric body in the course of a single year. We need seven years to accomplish what the annual plant accomplishes in one year. This means that nature outside, insofar as it reveals itself in the plant world, rushes seven times faster than we do. And much of what is revealed in the plant world is subject to the same law, namely everything that is subject to the etheric world.
You will realize what this means if you just think about how it looks, for example, when you are traveling in a slow train next to a train traveling in the same direction but faster. The speed of the other train will not seem so fast to you if you are traveling more slowly than if you are standing still; or, if you are not traveling in a very slow train, but in a slightly faster train that is still slower than the other fast train, the fast train will seem to you to be traveling very slowly. But if you are traveling at the same speed as the fast train, you will always remain alongside it. You see, the way you see the other train changes depending on your own speed.
Now, the speed we are talking about here, the speed at which we let our own etheric life run, contains much more than just spatial relationships; it contains our entire judgment, our entire perception, our entire constitution toward the world outside. The spiritual scientist who can investigate this matter says: What would it actually be like if we as human beings were organized differently, if, for example, we were organized in such a way that we only needed one year from the change of teeth to sexual maturity, that is, if we had exactly the same speed as what is subject to etheric life outside in nature, if we got our second teeth during the first year and were as far along at the end of the second year as we are at sexual maturity in the fourteenth to fifteenth year? Then we would be completely in tune with the course of natural events, insofar as they are subject to etheric life. We would not be able to distinguish ourselves from nature at all. For we differ essentially in that we have a different speed in moving forward through the stream of time. We would quite naturally believe that we belong to nature. And above all, one thing must be said: if we were connected in this way to the same speed as the external natural events, we could never become ill from within. For all illness that can affect humans from within also stems from the fact that we have a different speed from the speed of events in external nature, insofar as these are subject to etheric life. Our human life would therefore be completely different if we did not differ from the external world in that we live seven times slower than external nature.
So we look back on New Year's Eve at the year that has passed and do not think about the fact that we have actually fallen out of world life with our own experiences during that year. We only become aware of this when we have repeatedly engaged in such New Year's Eve reflections in a serious manner, after we have already attained a certain stage in life. People who are able to decide this for themselves will agree with me, if they take a proper look at themselves, based on their ordinary external life experience, that when we reach our fifties, for example, and have repeatedly engaged in such reflection, we must say to ourselves: Actually, we are such that we have never extracted from the course of a year what can be extracted from it. We leave the experience we could have had, which could enrich us, unused, so to speak. We learn seven times less than we could learn from nature if we did not rush through our lives seven times slower than nature itself. And actually—we say to ourselves when we reach our fifties— if you had been able to make the most of every year, if you had sucked everything out of each year that it had to give you, then you would now only need to be seven or eight years old, or at most ten or twelve, and in those ten or twelve years you would have sucked out everything that you have now only sucked out over decades.
But something else happens as well. We would never be able to come to the conclusion that the world is material if we moved at the same speed as it does. Because we do not move at the same speed, the world outside, which moves faster, appears to us as material, and our own life appears to us as spiritual and mental. The difference arises from the different speeds of life. If we moved forward at the same speed as external nature, there would be no difference between our spiritual-soul life and the external course of nature; we would consider ourselves part of external nature and perceive everything as spiritual-soul life equivalent to ourselves. We would then be connected to the world in a completely different way. The fact that we have our own speed, which is much slower than the speed of the world, deceives us when we look back on the year at New Year's Eve. For we do look back, but much is left out of this review that would not be left out if we had the same speed as the world. From a spiritual scientific perspective, this should, as it were, underlie the serious mood that befits those who devote themselves to spiritual science in such a review of the year. It should tell us how we as human beings need to seek other approaches to the world than those we can derive from our external life, which thus leads us into illusions.
This is one deception. Insofar as we encounter the world with our senses, we move through the world much more slowly than external nature does. But there is yet another deception, and it presents itself when we consider all that glows through our thinking, all that inspires our thinking, insofar as this thinking rises from our own inner being, when we consider the thinking that depends on our will. The external sensory world does not give us what it could give us according to our will, but we must first step forward toward things. Events approach us. This is different from when we grasp our concepts, our ideas, which shine forth from our own will. This is again a different speed. When we consider that soul life, which is indeed a life of thought, but is connected with our will, our desires, and our wishes, there is again a different speed than the speed of the world that we as human beings pass through between birth and death. And when we examine this from a spiritual scientific point of view, something curious becomes apparent: with our thoughts, insofar as they are dependent on our will, we move much faster than the external world.
So you think that with everything connected to our senses, we move more slowly, and with everything connected to our thinking, we move much faster than the external course of life. In fact, we move with our thoughts, insofar as they are governed by our will, our longings, our desires, so quickly that we can have the feeling, albeit unconsciously, that the year is actually much too long. For our sensory perception, it is seven times too short. For our perception of thoughts, insofar as thoughts are dependent on our desires and longings, deep down we have the unconscious feeling that the year is much too long. We actually want the year to be much shorter, because we are convinced that we could grasp the thoughts that arise from our own desires and will in a much shorter time. There is something in the depths of every human soul that we are not aware of, but which affects our entire perception, our entire mood, and colors everything we experience in our subjective inner life. It is something that tells us: The year would be enough for us in terms of the thoughts we form if we only had Sundays and no weekdays at all. For in relation to this kind of thought, human beings live in such a way that they actually want nothing more than to experience Sundays. They think of the weekdays, even if they are no longer conscious of it, as something that only holds them back; they see them as something that is inserted into life that they do not really need in order to move forward with their thoughts. In relation to the thoughts that depend on our will, our longings and desires, we are quickly finished, we move quickly. That is one of the reasons for our egoism. And that is one of the reasons why we are so stubborn in relation to our thoughts.
If you were not as organized as I have now characterized you, if you really followed the external course of the world with your thoughts, if you did not move forward much faster, seven times faster than the external course of the world, if you did not take Sundays into consideration, then you would find yourself in such a state of mind that your own opinion would never be more valuable to you than the opinion of another. You would always be able to easily find your way into the opinion of another. But consider that a large part of our human nature is based on the fact that we always attribute to ourselves that our opinion is the more valuable one. We think, at least from a certain point of view: The other person is always wrong; at least he is only right when we feel authorized to agree with him.
So we are strangely ambivalent beings as human beings. On the one hand, we move much more slowly than the external world, insofar as we are sensory beings; we move much faster in our thoughts than the external world, insofar as we are beings of will. This clouds our view when we look into the external world. Because we always indulge in illusions, we do not know that we fall out of nature and thereby have the possibility of becoming ill and gaining materialistic ideas about the world. These ideas are just as false as the idea that the landscape outside is passing by in the opposite direction of the train; and these materialistic ideas exist only because we move seven times slower than the world. And we harbor the secret wish: If only it were always Sunday! — because, comparatively speaking, the weekdays seem unnecessary to us for what we want to imagine of the world purely externally, out of our desires, out of our will. This secret wish is in every human being. The state of mind of human beings is not always described as aptly as in the following. Bismarck once said something remarkable about the emperor who was the last of the Hohenzollerns. When he expressed his concerns about what would come to Germany under this emperor, he said: This man wants to live as if every day were his birthday; we are glad when our birthday is over, because we are exposed to all the wishes and all the excitement that a birthday brings; but he wants to have his birthday every day! — These are words that Bismarck once spoke with concern at the very beginning of the 1890s to characterize the emperor. Now, human egoism emphasizes birthdays so strongly that it makes them different from other days; people do not want to have birthdays all the time, but from a certain point of view, they wish it were always Sunday, because then they would know enough. And much of our mood, which is masked in a completely different way, is based on the fact that we actually only like Sundays.
The illusions that arise from these things were corrected in the most varied ways in earlier times of human development through atavistic clairvoyance. They are least corrected in our age. But what corrects them and what must come about, and what I ask you to take into your soul today as a kind of social impulse, is that when we immerse ourselves in spiritual science as it is meant here, so that we take it in not as theory but in that liveliness of which I have often spoken, we then have in this spiritual science a possibility of correcting inwardly, soul-wise, the illusions that come from these two sources of error. Spiritual science — let us make this clear to ourselves especially at the turn of the year — is something that, on the one hand, allows us to experience in a realistic way what we do not experience realistically because we go through the world too slowly. Everything really depends on the way we ourselves relate to things. Just think how much depends on how we ourselves relate to the world! In order to make such things clear to ourselves, we sometimes have to bring hypothetically impossible thoughts to mind. Imagine the physicist tells you: certain tones, C, D, E of a certain octave, have so many vibrations, which means that the air performs so many vibrations. You don't hear any of the vibrations, you hear the tone. But imagine if you were organized in such a way—it is, of course, an impossible thought, but it helps to clarify the point—that you could perceive every single vibration of the air, then you would not be able to hear the sound. The speed of your own life depends solely on how you perceive something. The world looks the way it must look according to the speed at which we ourselves move in relation to it. Spiritual science, however, draws our attention to the reality that exists apart from our relationship to the world.
In spiritual science, it is said that our Earth gradually formed by first passing through a Saturn, Sun, and Moon period and then advancing to this Earth period. But of course everything is always there. In the existence in which we now live as the Earth existence, other worlds are preparing their Saturn existence, other worlds their Sun existence. This can be observed through spiritual science. The Saturn existence is still there even now. We only know that our Earth has overcome this stage; other worlds are only in this Saturn stage. There you can observe how it protrudes. But being able to observe this Saturn stage depends on first changing the speed at which you follow the events, otherwise you cannot see them. So spiritual science brings us into a certain relationship with true reality, with what is truly happening in the world. And if we take this spiritual science, which I have spoken of as the revelation of the spirits of personality who intervene anew as creators, if we take it for our time not merely as the work of human beings, but, as I said, as revealed from the heights of heaven, if we take the impulses of this spiritual science alive into ourselves, then they will bring us — which is so necessary for our time — beyond the deceptions of our different speeds with the world, then they will bring us together with the world in such a way that we can at least correct some things in our perception of the world.
And then the consequences of these spiritual scientific endeavors will also become apparent to us. I have pointed out some of the consequences of these endeavors in the course of this year. Today, in this New Year's Eve review, I would like to draw your attention to what I have already said from a different point of view: Spiritual science, when taken in alive, keeps people young in a certain way, does not let us age as we otherwise would. This is one of the consequences of spiritual science. And this consequence is particularly important for our time. It consists in the fact that, even if we are already in our mature years, we can still be capable of learning something in the same way that we learned as children. When you reach your fifties, from the standpoint of ordinary consciousness you generally feel quite old in the world. Ask your contemporaries whether they feel a great inclination to learn much at the age of fifty! Even if they say they do, try to find out whether they really do. Spiritual scientific concepts and ideas, when taken up in a lively way, can gradually enable people to learn in their mature years in the same way they learned as children, even things they did not learn as children, to take in, as it were, another human being and ever more human beings within themselves. It makes people feel younger and younger in their souls, but not just in an abstract way, as is often the case, but in such a way that they really want to learn something in a similar way to how they learned when they were eight or nine years old. This compensates in a certain way for what is caused in people by the different speed at which they experience the world. As a result, we are naturally old in our mature years, but our soul does not allow us to be old; our soul allows us to be children in a certain way, to behave toward the world like a child. Then, when we reach our fifties, we say to ourselves: “By living more slowly than the outer world, you have actually only absorbed what you would have absorbed in seven or ten years if you had lived as quickly as the outer world.” But if you have remained fresh, then you also retain the possibility of behaving as you would have behaved if you had only lived seven, eight, nine, or ten years. That is a complete compensation. And because things always balance themselves out in the world, this requires the other compensation: that one also suppresses, in a certain way, the faster pace, these arbitrary thoughts, these Sunday wishes, as I have characterized them to you, so that one gives oneself the opportunity not to always want to have Sundays, but also to use the weekdays for learning, to make one's whole life a school.
Certainly, I am presenting you with a kind of ideal that is strictly based on the humanities. But perhaps some of you have already found the New Year's Eves of the last four years more serious than those of earlier years. However, those who look a little deeper into world events will probably consider this New Year's Eve, even in comparison with the New Year's Eves of the past four years, to be the most serious. It already calls on us to look deeply into what is happening in the world and to connect these thoughts with what we can gain from our relationship to spiritual science in terms of ideas about what is necessary for the world in the present and in the near future. Through spiritual science, we are to awaken, so to speak, to world events; we are to become awake human beings. A cursory glance can teach people today how widespread sleep is. Just compare life today with life in earlier epochs, and you will already notice how youth and old age have changed. How does the materialistic age affect the vast majority of young people today? They are not as fresh, bright, and lively as the ideals of youth in earlier eras. Young people have become demanding. In their state of mind, they do not want to use what youth offers them to look to the future, to imagine bright ideals and to live a higher life based on these ideals; they want to consume what they have in life while they are still young. But this requires an old age that is no longer capable of accepting what would be appropriate for it to accept precisely because of its age. Our youth consumes its energies, and old age leaves the treasures of life lying by the wayside. Our youth is no longer hopeful enough; our old age is resigned and devoid of substance. Our youth no longer turns to old age to ask: Will the dreams of youth that spring so naturally from my heart come true? But our old age would hardly be in a position to say: Yes, they will come true. Today, our old age says, more or less explicitly, all too often: I too dreamed that; unfortunately, these dreams of youth will not come true. Life makes one sober.
All these things are connected with the misfortune of our time. All these things are connected with what is deeply shaking humanity today. But then, when you look at this, you will also be able to inscribe the necessity of spiritual-scientific impulses deep into your soul. For at this turn of the year, if you want to be awake, you have to ask yourself: What is this time actually like? What can become of the future? What can emerge from what has resulted for civilized humanity from the turmoil of recent years? When one asks oneself these questions as an alert human being, a fundamentally different question arises, a question that is deeply connected with all our possible hopes for the future of humanity. Such hopes, or such concerns, I might say, have often arisen in recent years, especially when one turns one's gaze to those human beings who are now four, five, six, seven, eight years old. We, the older ones, have many things behind us that can influence our mood toward what is coming. We have experienced many things that have given us joy that those who are five, six, eight, or nine years old today will not have. But nothing is absolute in the world, not even when we look back on the year at New Year's Eve. Everything that appears to us seems illusory because, on the one hand, we are too slow and, on the other hand, we are too fast for the course of the world. Nothing is absolute, everything is relative. And the question that arises before us, which is not merely theoretical but real, as you will soon see, is this: What might the soul of a person who has no access to spiritual scientific ideas look like today when this person asks themselves questions about the future of humanity? One can sleep, and that means being dishonest toward the progress of humanity, even if one is unconsciously dishonest. But one can also be awake, and one should be awake. Then this question can arise, especially in relation to the general condition of humanity in our time: How does the future of humanity appear in human souls if these human souls are not capable of approaching spiritual science? Such people are all too numerous in the world today. I do not mean only the dry, self-satisfied materialists, but also the many others who already exist today, who have a certain fear of the truly spiritual, and yet would like to be idealists in their own way. They are abstract idealists who talk about all kinds of beautiful things, such as “love your enemies” and beautiful social reforms, but who are unable to grasp the world in a real and concrete way. They are idealists out of weakness, but they are not spiritual seekers. They do not want to see the spirit; they keep themselves distant from the spirit.
I would like to raise this question today as a question for the turn of the year: If such a person is honest, who believes that he lives for the spirit, who also believes that his faith convinces him of the weaving and essence of the spirit in the world, but who does not have the courage to go to that concrete spiritual, to the spiritual reality which wants to reveal itself to people today through spiritual science, if the whole of the present world or only a part of it is honestly depicted in such a person, what kind of picture emerges? I do not want to give you an abstract description, I want to give you a description that is currently circulating in the world press and that comes from a person whom I have already mentioned in another context, a person who, for the reasons I have just discussed, keeps himself away from really entering into spiritual science, who believes that social ideals can be achieved without spiritual science, who believes that he can talk about human progress and human nature without wanting to enter into spiritual science, but a person who is honest from his point of view. I have often mentioned the name Walther Rathenau, mentioning some things that are decidedly weak about him; but you will remember that I once mentioned his “Critique of the Times” in a favorable light. He is truly a typical example, and indeed one of the best examples of the idealists of our time, who believe that a spiritual element pervades and animates the world, but who cannot find the concrete spiritual element, the spiritual element that alone can heal the damage that is now shaking the world. That is why it is useful to ask what someone like this, who is far removed from spiritual science but is honest, who observes the course of the world today from his own perspective, what someone like this says to himself. That is instructive, after all. That is why I would like us here, too, because perhaps not all of you have read it, to let the words that Walther Rathenau addressed to the whole world in recent days sink into our souls. He says: “A German addresses all nations. With what right? With the right of one who proclaimed the coming war, who foresaw its end, who recognized the catastrophe, who defied ridicule, scorn, and doubt, and who for four long years advised those in power to seek reconciliation. With the right of one who carried within himself for decades the premonition of the deepest fall, and knows that the fall is deeper than people, friends and enemies can imagine. With the right of one who has never concealed a single injustice committed by his people, and who now has the right to stand up for the rights of his people.
The German people are not guilty. They have committed an injustice without guilt. They have served their masters and rulers out of an old, childlike dependence. They did not know that these masters and rulers, outwardly unchanged, had changed inwardly. They knew nothing of the self-responsibility of peoples. They knew no revolutions. It tolerated militarism and feudalism; it allowed itself to be led and organized. It allowed itself to be killed and killed when ordered to do so. It believed what its innate leaders told it. It committed the injustice of believing without guilt.
Our injustice will weigh heavily upon us. Our innocence will be recognized by the powers that see into the hearts."
So you see, it is a person who points to what Judaism and Christianity pointed to, to providence, but in abstract forms.
"Germany resembles those artificially fertile lands that remain green as long as they are irrigated by a network of canals. If a single sluice breaks, all life dies and the land dries up into a desert.”
We have food for half of our people. The other half must perform wage labor for other peoples, buy raw materials, and sell goods. If you take away their work or the fruits of their labor, they die or become homeless. With the utmost labor that a people is capable of, we saved five to six billion in a year. This was used to build tools and workshops, to create railways and ports, and to conduct research. This enabled us to remain economically viable and to reproduce in natural fertility. Take away our colonies, our imperial territories, our ores and ships, and we become a powerless, impoverished country. That may be so, but our ancestors were also poor and powerless, and they served the spirit of the earth better than we do. Our trade is restricted, and contrary to the spirit of Wilson's stipulations, we are threatened with having to pay three or four times the damages suffered by Belgium and northern France, which amount to about twenty billion: what happens? Our economy becomes unprofitable. We work to live a meager life without savings. We cannot maintain, renew, or expand anything. The land, its buildings, roads, and facilities are falling into disrepair. Technology is becoming obsolete, and research is coming to a halt. We have a choice: sterility, emigration, or abject misery.
It is destruction.
We will not complain much, but will accept our fate and go down in silence. The best among us will not emigrate or kill themselves, but will share the fate of their brothers. Most do not yet know their fate; they do not know that they and their children are sacrificed. Even the peoples of the earth do not yet know that the life of a human race is at stake. Perhaps not even those with whom we have fought know it. Some say: justice. Others say: retribution. There are also those who say: revenge. Do they know that what they call justice, retribution, revenge, is murder?
We who are going to meet our fate, silent but not blind, raise our voices once more so that the world may hear us, and we accuse. To the peoples of the earth, to those who were neutral and those who were friends, to the free overseas states, to the young states that have newly emerged, to the nations that were our enemies, to the peoples who are and those who will come after us, in deep, solemn sorrow, in the melancholy of parting and in a flaming lament, we cry out the word into their souls:
We are being destroyed. Germany's living body and spirit are being killed. Millions of German people are being driven into misery and death, into homelessness, slavery, and despair. One of the most spiritual peoples on earth is being extinguished. Its mothers, its children, its unborn are being struck down to death."
This is not said out of passion, it is calculated, it is calculated with the coldest of minds. This is someone who is a materialist, but who can calculate the real circumstances with a cold mind, who does not give in to illusions, but honestly admits the truth, precisely from his materialistic point of view. This is calculated; it is not something that can be refuted with a few words or feelings of sympathy or antipathy, but something calculated with cold reason by a man who for decades was able to say, “It will come to this,” and who also had the courage to say these things during the war.
Here it was futile; in Berlin and other places in Germany, I always included in my lectures what Rathenau had said in this vein.
"We are being destroyed, knowing and seeing, by those who know and see. Not like the dull peoples of antiquity, who were led into exile and slavery, unaware and unthinking, not by fanatical idolaters who believe they are glorifying a Moloch. We are being destroyed by brother peoples of European blood who profess God and Christ, whose lives and constitution are based on morality, who invoke humanity, chivalry, and civilization, who mourn the blood of their people, who proclaim the peace of justice and the League of Nations, who bear responsibility for the fate of the globe.”
Woe to him and his soul who dares to call this bloodbath justice. Have the courage to speak out, call it by its name: it is called revenge.
But I ask you, intellectuals of all nations, clergy of all denominations and scholars, statesmen and artists; I ask you, workers, proletarians, citizens of all nations; I ask you, venerable father and supreme lord of the Catholic Church, I ask you in the name of God:
Can a people on earth be destroyed by its brother peoples for the sake of revenge, even if it is the last and most miserable of all peoples? Can a living people of spiritual, European human beings be robbed of its children and unborn children, of its spiritual and physical existence, condemned to forced labor, wiped out of the circle of the living?
If this most monstrous thing happens, against which the most terrible of all wars was only a prelude, then the world shall know what is happening, it shall know what it is about to do. It shall never be allowed to say: we did not know, we did not want it. Before the face of God and before the responsibility of eternity, it shall calmly and coldly utter the words: We know it. And we want it.“
He, Rathenau, also wants humanity to wake up and see.
”Billions! Fifty, a hundred, two hundred billion — what is that? Is it a question of money?
Money, wealth, and poverty mean little to a human being. Each and every one of us will be poor with joy and pride if the country is saved. But in the sad language of our economic thinking, we have no other expression for the living power of a people than the poor concept of a billion. We do not measure a person's vitality by the four thousand grams of blood they have in their body; we cannot measure the vitality of a people except by the two or three hundred billion they possess. Lack of wealth is not only poverty and hardship here, but slavery, and doubly so for a people who must buy half of their meager livelihood. Not the arbitrary, personal, cruel or mild slavery of antiquity, but the anonymous, systematic, scientific serfdom of one people by another. The abstract concept of a hundred billion does not mean only money and prosperity, but blood and freedom. The demand is not that of the merchant: pay me money, but that of Shylock: give me the blood of your body. It is not the stock exchange, but after the mutilation of the body of the state through the cession of land and power, it is life itself. Whoever enters Germany in twenty years...
And what comes next is again calculation, calculated with cold reason. This is not spoken as other people often observe world events while asleep!
"Whoever enters Germany in twenty years, which he knew as one of the most flourishing countries on earth, will sink down in shame and grief. The great cities of antiquity, Babylon, Nineveh, Thebes, were built of soft clay; nature let them decay and smoothed the ground and hills. The German cities will not stand as ruins, but as half-dead stone blocks, still partly inhabited by miserable people. A few neighborhoods are lively, but all splendor and cheerfulness have disappeared. Tired companions move along the rotten pavement, and taverns are lit up. The country roads are trampled, the forests are cut down, and meager crops sprout in the fields. Ports, railways, and canals are falling into disrepair, and everywhere stand sad reminders of the tall, weathered buildings from the time of greatness. All around, old and new countries are flourishing in the splendor and vitality of new technology and power, nourished by the blood of the dead country, served by its exiled sons. The German spirit, which sang and thought for the world, is becoming a thing of the past. A people that God created to live, that is still young and strong today, lives and is dead.
There are Frenchmen who say: let this people die. We never want to have a strong neighbor again. There are Englishmen who say: let this people die. We never want to have a continental rival again. There are Americans who say: let this people die. We never want to have an economic competitor again. Are these people the true representatives of their nations? Never. All strong nations will reject the voices of the fearful and envious. Are those thirsty for revenge the true representatives of their nations? Never. This terrible passion does not last long among civilized people.
Nevertheless, if the fearful, the envious, and the vengeful prevail in a single hour, the hour of decision, and carry away with them the three great statesmen of their nations, then destiny is fulfilled.
Then the strongest stone in the vault of Europe will be crushed, then the border of Asia will have moved to the Rhine, then the Balkans will reach the North Sea. Then a horde of desperate people, an un-European economic spirit, will camp at the gates of Western civilization, threatening the secure nations not with weapons but with contagion.
Justice and happiness can never arise from injustice.
We are atoning for the injustice of its dependence and lack of independence, which Germany innocently brought upon itself, as no injustice has ever been atoned for. But if the Western nations, in calm, cold deliberation, out of caution, interest, or a desire for revenge, slowly kill Germany and call this act justice, proclaiming a new life for the peoples, eternal peace and reconciliation, and a league of nations, then justice will never again be what it is, and humanity will never again be happy, despite all its triumphs. A lead weight will lie on the planet, and future generations will be born with a conscience that is no longer free. The chain of guilt, which can still be broken, will become unbreakable and will bind the body of the earth forever. The strife and conflict of the future will be more bitter and multifaceted than ever before, because it will be steeped in the feeling of shared injustice. Never has equal power and equal responsibility weighed on the brows of a triumvirate. If the history of mankind, which has willingly allowed a single hour to decide the fate of the earth and millions of human beings through the decision of three men, has willed this, then it has willed that a single great question of confession be posed to the victorious civilized and religious nations.
That question is: humanity or violence, reconciliation or revenge, freedom or oppression?
People of all nations, consider this! This hour decides not only our fate as Germans, it decides our fate and yours, the fate of us all.
If it decides against us, we will bear our fate and go to our earthly destruction. You will not hear our lament. Nevertheless, it will be heard where no lament from the human breast has ever gone unheard."
I have presented to you this judgment, calculated with the utmost sobriety, which is truly not the product of chauvinism, but rather the judgment of materialistic thinking. I have presented this judgment to you for the simple reason that we live in a world in which people today are still not inclined to give any serious thought to the gravity of the situation. Countless people will celebrate New Year's Eve today just as they have celebrated it not only during the last four years, but also before the catastrophic events! And countless people will feel that it is an intrusion on their peace and quiet, an intrusion on their carefree souls, if anyone points out to them that something like this is at stake. Oh, it won't be that bad — even if people don't say this, deep down they feel this way, otherwise they would assess the times differently.
How many are there who acknowledge what we have had to say again and again in these years, when so often we heard: Well, when peace returns, then everything will be as it was before, then it will certainly be this way and that way and so on — how many are there who have become aware of what had to be said again and again about the impossibility of such a state of affairs as people imagine it?What we are dealing with here is a calculated matter. However, things appear differently depending on whether they are calculated with a materialistic mind or whether one is connected with what can follow from spiritual scientific impulses. Outwardly, things remain correct. There is no prospect that what Walther Rathenau wants to avert at the last moment by appealing to people's consciences will not be done out of ignorance. Yes, this appeal to conscience! ... One can only score points. It will not be averted! Outwardly, things will unfold as they have. There is only one thing we can do when we look at what has been wrought by the past — wrought not by this or that people, but by the entire civilized humanity of the earth — there is only one thing: to look back, as in a great New Year's Eve reflection, on what humanity has gone through so far, and then to realize that, in a certain sense, humanity was now ripe to come to an end and has entered into what the new spirits of personality want to bring down to earth from the heights of heaven. But here insight and will meet. What the spirits of personality want to reveal as new creators can only come into the world if it finds fertile ground in human hearts and souls, in human minds, if people find their way to the spiritual scientific impulses. What a sober, materialistic mind says about the material impulses that can be at work is true. Those who today speak from a more frivolous standpoint than Walther Rathenau did about what our time will become should listen to such things from a sober mind! When people were in a state of complete intoxication and dreaming, when people were basically talking nonsense, if you looked just a little ahead—which at least part of humanity has now thoroughly weaned itself off—you could hear that a new idealism, a new religiosity would emerge from this war. Oh, I have heard that many times! And professors in particular, even professors of theology, wrote this again and again. You don't even have to go very far: if it's not Sunday, you can reach these theology professors who also proclaimed such prophetic wisdom in ten minutes. Now people are already talking differently. Those who have risen to prominence are saying: Now a time of healthy atheism will come; humanity will be healed of the religious games that poets and writers in particular have been playing in recent times. — These judgments are already appearing. These judgments are to be found among those who should listen a little to what a person who can soberly assess how reality is shaping up has to say.
In contrast, one can only say: If only the external materialistic impulses are at work in the world and in people's minds and hearts, then that is how it will be! Then, with a terrible chain of slavery, not only Germany and the Middle Lands and Russia, but the whole civilized earth will gradually be encircled with terrible chains of slavery and will never again be happy. For through that which comes only from ancient times, the world is coming to an end! Nothing new comes from there. New things must come from the spiritual world. But they will not come if people do not want to approach them, if people do not want to accept them of their own free will. Salvation can only come when human souls find each other who are willing to go toward the spirit that wants to reveal itself in a new way through the spirits of personality, who want to become creators out of mere spirits of the times. There is no other way out. There are only two ways to be honest: either to speak like Walther Rathenau or to point out the necessity of turning toward the spiritual world.
The latter will be the subject of our New Year's reflection.
New Year's Eve reflections should not be such that every alert person passes comfortably into the new year; they should put them in a serious mood, they should make them aware of what lies in the womb of time, unless the spirit child is born in this womb of time. Only in this spiritual light can a true New Year's perspective be felt. Let us try, from today to tomorrow, to put ourselves in a serious mood in our souls! I could not conclude today without making a serious point, which I did not want to make myself. I wanted to draw attention to how this New Year's Eve reflection appears in the soul of a person who is honest, who looks at the world but finds only material powers to be valid. This is how it must look in the minds, hearts, minds, and souls—if they are honest—of those who do not want to become spiritual; the others, who are also materialists, are not honest, and they sleep so that they do not have to admit their dishonesty to themselves.
That is the backward perspective, that is the New Year's Eve mood!
Tomorrow we will see how the future perspective, the New Year's mood, can be felt from the contemplation of the spiritual world.