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Goetheanism as an Impulse for Man's Transformation
GA 188

10 January 1919, Stuttgart

IV. Human Qualities Which Oppose Antroposophy

We have been speaking of what hinders modern man from coming to recognition of the spiritual world, as it must be understood through the spiritual knowledge of Anthroposophy, and two things have been indicated as having been the cause of this hindrance. These two things are leak of courage, lack of strength where recognition of the spirit is concerned, and lack of interest about the actual form of the spiritual life. Now today I should like to go into these things from a point of view from which I have touched on them still more lightly. When such things are spoken of it must always be borne in mind that man's ordinary sound intelligence, as I have often said, suffices for understanding and receiving open-mindedly all things concerning Spiritual Science. If I may say so, through the fact that sound human intelligence; when rightly directed, is sufficient for the understanding of the things of the spiritual world today, in a certain sense through merely understanding, through open-minded acceptance, everyone may have all that the investigating Anthroposophist receives from the spiritual world. And with the courage and interest to receive these things with sound human intelligence, man has himself the possibility of rising slowly and gradually, in accordance with what his own karma permits, into the spiritual world. Already today it is necessary, and will become increasingly so for all men, to learn to understand the spiritual world, to learn to understand it with sound human intelligence in the way the spiritual world is spoken of in Spiritual Science. How far man can become ripe to look into the spiritual world himself is quite another question, a question that can be settled only by each individual in his own inmost soul, a question to which each one will settle in the right way in his inmost soul when he seeks to understand the things of the spiritual world simply through his sound human intelligence, and not through intelligence prejudiced by natural science or any thing else.

Now the next question that arises above all about this is why so many people today avoid making their sound human intelligence active so that it may understand, or be prepared to accept, what is derived from Spiritual Science? And something can be learnt about this question by hearing what the things and beings of the spiritual world actually look like when this world is entered by the spiritual investigator. In former times the Initiates were allowed to speak of a great deal about the spiritual world that was different from what has to be given out today. But naturally in those olden days much also could be said of a similar nature to what can still be said now. Thus, for example, it was always given out in a way that today is still right, what actually happens when a man seeks to enter the spiritual world before his soul is ripe to do so. Today this can indeed so happen that the man says to himself: What! Sound human Intelligence?—that is the last thing to bother about if one wants to understand the spiritual world! People are not fond of the effort entailed; they would much rather accept some particular thing through belief in authority. There is really far less liking today for sound human understanding than people imagine, and they would like to get round this need for sound human understanding by penetrating directly to the spiritual world in a way that they imagine to be easier, even though this is an unconscious opinion, namely, through all manner of brooding and things of that kind, which they call meditation. This preference for actually penetrating into the spiritual world without the help of sound human intelligence is indeed very common. Those initiated into such things however were already saying what is right concerning this in past times, and it continues to be repeated by Initiates today. When an attempt is made to penetrate into the spiritual world by anyone who is insufficiently mature in his whole attitude of soul, it happens all too easily that after some time he ruins his whole endeavour, brings it so near complete disaster, that he is left with a feeling like someone who, grasping a red hot piece of coal, is undecided whether to burn himself or let the coal drop. This is an experience arising very often in those who meditate. They do not seek to let their sound human intelligence prevail in the same measure as their zeal for the so-called exercises, which indeed in themselves naturally have their justification. It is always emphasised, however, that sound human understanding may not be excluded, it must be actively, diligently, applied. If for sometime it is sought to make a practice of excluding sound human intelligence and also of excluding the accompanying moral self-discipline that up until then has actually not been acquired, this characteristic feature will appear—that all this will be experienced as if someone were to touch a piece of glowing coal with his fingers, not only touched it but jumped back, thus men would jump away from the spiritual world. As I have said this is always emphasised. It is emphasised because it is an experience made in earlier ages by countless teachers of Spiritual Science in the form this took in atavistic times; it is an experience that can also be very prevalent today. This is emphasised; but today we must find out the reason why there should arise this sensation of touching and recoiling as if from glowing coals.

Now if we seek to understand this fact, we may be able to recall a basic truth of our Spiritual Science perfectly well known to us, namely, how we as men behave when we bear in mind our entire life in its alternating states of sleeping and waking. With the help of the old mode of expression, we might say that while we sleep we leave the physical body and the etheric body lying in the bed whereas with the Ego and the astral body we fly out, if I can put it thus, into the world that otherwise surrounds us; we do not inhabit our body when asleep, we are poured out into the surrounding cosmos. In this way when we are sleeping our consciousness as a man is slight. When the sleeping condition is unbroken by dreams which implies a certain increase in the intensity of consciousness, but when we keep in mind dreamless sleep, then our consciousness is so inconsiderable that we do not become aware of the infinite and important number of experiences gone through in the state between going to sleep and re-awakening. This is just that we really should keep in mind, and not the abstract words: In sleep, with our ego and astral body we are outside the physical body—no, we should bear in mind that our body is tremendously rich between going to sleep and waking up again: (Compare Z-233) we do not know it, however, because our consciousness is then weakened, because our sleep-consciousness is not yet as strong as the consciousness that is able to be united with the instrument of the physical body. In actual fact a tremendously intense experience takes place in ego and astral body within the world where we also are the rest of the time—an intense experience. Man, however, during his ordinary state on earth is protected from the immediate perception of this life, this life developed when we as ego and astral body force ourselves—if I may express it thus—through the same things to begin with in which we are when making use of our physical body and its organs. The life during the state of sleep is one of tremendous richness. But this life does not cease when we wake and plunge down into our physical body and etheric body. We are still connected through our ego and astral body with the world surrounding us in a way that the ordinary consciousness has no inkling of; only this remains quite unnoticed. We can now look at this precise relation more closely. It may be asked what actually comes to expression in this relation of our soul and spirit to our physical and etheric?

You see, for our present state of experience it would be a very bad thing were we henceforth always to have to perceive what in sleep we experience with the things outside in space and in time. We do not indeed do this, but were we to do it we should always have to go on doing it and could not do otherwise. Our body, that is to say, has a certain characteristic where these experiences are concerned. It may be said to weaken these experiences. Our body weakens all that in actual truth we experience with the surrounding world; we perceive only what has been weakened by our body and not our real experiences. Our real experiences are related to what we perceive of our environment through our body—and this is a very pertinent picture indeed because not only is it actually a picture but it corresponds to an occult reality—our body or the experiences of our body are related to our real experiences in the same way as the sunlight, that shines on a stone and is reflected back so that we can see the stone, is related to the actual sunlight streaming towards us from the sun overhead. Look at the stone the sunlight falls upon; you are able to look at the stone, your eyes can bear the reflected, thrown back light. When you turn from the stone to the sun and gaze straight into the sun you are blinded. It is approximately the same with the relation between our real experiences in connection with the world around us, and What we experience through the organs of our body. What we experience in reality with our environment has the strength of the sunlight, and what we experience through the organs of our body has of this strength only the weakened form which the weakened light of an object reflected back to us has of the strength of the real sunlight. In our innermost man we are sun beings, but so far we cannot endure what it entails to be sun beings. Therefore as with our external physical eyes we have to look at the softened down light of the sun because direct sunlight blinds us, we must also perceive our environment through what results in a softened down form from our body and its organs, because we should be unable directly to face what in reality we experience of our environment. As men we are actually as if we were blinded by a sunbeam and what we know of the world and of ourselves has not our real being in it, not as things would be experienced in streaming sunlight but in light thrown back from objects, light that no longer blinds the eyes. You can gather from this that when you wake up in the world that ordinary consciousness cannot endure, you have the feeling you are in sunlight as if you really would live with the sunlight. And in the actual experience, in the actual practical experience there is indeed a very concentrated sunlight.

There you have the facts about what is often said—that people throw away the experience of Spiritual Science as if it were a red hot coal. You come to a region of experience where you have experiences like that of the soul when your finger is burnt. You jump back and do not want to burn it. Naturally you need not twist round what I say. Nobody can come to spiritual experience by having his finger burnt. On that account I say like the soul experience when one burns a finger, for in Spiritual Science things must always be expressed with exactitude.

The real state of affairs is that entrance into the spiritual world is certainly not at first anything providing man with an empty kind of happiness; entrance into the spiritual world is such that it has to be bought with that inner, one might say, unhappiness, experienced when one is burnt by fire. (Naturally there are many other experiences of the same kind). To begin with man experiences spiritually with the things, beings and events of the spiritual world, exactly the same as, for example, when he burns himself. The real experiences of the spiritual world have to be acquired through these painful experiences. What gives happiness from these experiences of the spiritual world, what gives satisfaction to life, is the afterglow in thought. Those who have these experiences imparted to them and grasp them through their sound human intelligence, can have this just as well as anyone who enters the spiritual world. Certain individuals, however, must naturally enter the spiritual world, otherwise it would not be possible for anything at all to be experienced of the spiritual world.

These feats to which I have referred must be borne in mind. Fundamentally it is not very difficult just from the external facts to gather what I have been speaking of. You will find everywhere the spiritual world is spoken of seriously—not in the way of charlatanism but seriously—that the passing over is spoken of not as being made through pleasant but through painful experiences. And you know how often I have said that whoever in life has acquired a little real knowledge of the spiritual world looks back, but not resentfully, on the sorrow, on the suffering of his life. For he says to himself: The joys, the exhilarating moments of life I accept thankfully as a divine gift and I rejoice over the destiny that has brought me these exhilarating moments of joy. But all that I know comes from my pain, my knowledge comes from my suffering. Everyone who has gained actual knowledge of the spiritual world will see this. Only in this way are we allowed to acquire knowledge of the spiritual world while here on the physical earth.

And now you will be able to realise why people Shrink from understanding the spiritual world in spite of the fact that this understanding is to be acquired simply with sound human intelligence. Usually the only thing they do not recoil from in their understanding is what they would not recoil from in external life. Now you would naturally be most stupid and unreasonable if you wilfully burnt your finger just to find out what it was like. Added to which, if you burn your finger you pay so little heed to what your soul is experiencing that you do not gain any real experience of what it is like to burn your finger. Us, there is indeed a psychological fact rightly grasped only when seen in the light flowing from this knowledge. Now in that I am going to say I am not speaking here to you individually, for naturally I am not expecting each of you to do this, I only believe, of Course, that each of you will have heard of such things, you will have heard of them from others and remarked them in others. You will perhaps have remarked that people cry out when they burn their fingers. Now, my dear friends, why do many people cry out on burning their fingers? They cry out for the simple reason that by thus crying out the soul experience may be drowned. People cry out and make a noise at any kind of pain to make things easier for themselves. Ay crying out you will not be able to experience in full consciousness the whole extent of the pain; it is really drowning the suffering, sending it outside. In short, in ordinary life man has not much experience of the things that will be experienced in the spiritual world; nevertheless it is clear that these things can be understood with sound human intelligence because everywhere in the external physical world they have analogies through which we gather our experiences. It is certainly not the case that things of the spiritual world are incomprehensible; we must, however, make up our minds to strengthen certain qualities of our soul, for example, courage. We must have the courage not usually possessed when we do something and then recoil because it is painful. We must have this courage, for penetrating to the spiritual world always means pain. Therefore we have to strengthen certain forces of the soul, this is necessary. But many people today do not,want to strengthen their qualities of soul in the systematic way that is recommended, for example, in my book Knowledge of the Higher Worlds. They have no wish to do this; they have no wish to enhance certain attributes of their soul. Were they to enhance them then in their capacity for forming concepts , in their sound human intelligence, there would easily prevail what is needful for understanding through this human intelligence he experience of the fingers in the spiritual world that, in the sense in which I have described it, is a painful experience. We are actually living in an age in which this strengthening of the human attitude of soul is a necessity, for otherwise mankind cannot reach their goal, and because catastrophe on catastrophe will have to arise bringing us finally to chaos.

Now, however, while discussing these things just at a time when it is particularly necessary, I have placed strong emphasis on something else. This is, that with the weakening of the attitude of soul existing among men today, there can be excellent scientists in the modern sense of the word. For even with the intelligence, that is not sound human intelligence but human intelligence carried to a high pitch through the authority of science, the external part of our physical environment can be particularly well understood. It cannot be understood inwardly, spiritually, but directly understood in its external aspect. What is not possible for people with the concepts given by science, with just what people today are accustomed to when applying their thought, is however to bring order into the social structure of man's cooperative life which is gradually becoming chaotic. To put it differently: Present social demands, and social demands for the near future, will never find their solution through what may be referred to as the thinking about nature and natural phenomena. It is on this very point that our contemporaries have terribly much to learn; in this very point again our contemporaries do not fall in with what must be told them by Spiritual Science out of its most intimate understanding of the being of our universe. Indeed, in spite of all the opposition which today will be forthcoming more and more, Spiritual Science must say just on this point that even with any amount of bungling around and doctoring up in the sphere of social questions no bungling around or doctoring up will lead to anything better; it will lead on the contrary to still greater social confusion than is already present in individual spheres of world existence unless it is recognised that insight into social questions can come only from the spiritual understanding of world existence. Social questions must be solved with knowledge of Anthroposophy—anything else in this sphere is dilettantism.

Thus we must turn to something else if we are to speak about things from a certain point of view. What largely holds men back from pressing forward to Spiritual Science is lack of interest in the spiritual life. This lack of interest in spiritual life is prevalent among modern scientists. They are indifferent about the spiritual life. They deny it or give laws to everything they can observe through the physical senses, everything that allows of investigation by means of microscope or telescope; but they take no interest in what is revealed every time there is real deep observation of nature, namely. that the spiritual holds sway behind all-phenomena of nature, all facts of nature. This lack of interest in the spirit is particularly noticeable today in those who would meddle in social affairs. And again there is a particular reason for this.

Now, my dear friends, from all kinds of things that I have spoken about lately, you will have gathered that when confronting each other as man to man we are in a very special inner life of soul. I have gone quite deeply into what kind of mood of soul we are in when as man we are face to face with another man. I told you that actually standing face to face with another man always has a soporific effect on us. Where the innermost qualities of our human nature are concerned we actually go to sleep in the presence of another man. It is not to be wondered at that outward behaviour deceives us as to this falling asleep. For we certainly see the other man with our eyes, offer him indeed our hand and touch him, do all kinds of things; but still this does not alter the fact that the other man causes us to fall asleep in the depths of our human being. Just as we are asleep to nature at night, something is sent to sleep in us by the presence of another man. When this goes to sleep, however, it does not cease to be active. Thus in social life there are always taking place between men activities about which, just because they are together with their fellows, people are unable to have any clear consciousness. People fail to notice in ordinary consciousness exactly what is of most importance in the social life, because their actual capacity for conceiving the most important things in social life has fallen asleep and they act out of instinct. It is no wonder that as in the forming of conceptions the intellect is most easily lulled to sleep, the most chaotic instincts should be taken as perfectly justified in modern social life because clear thinking about these things is sent to sleep simply by men being together. The moment a man enters the spiritual world, however, what was sent to sleep wakes up, and it becomes clear what is holding sway between man and man. For this reason the solutions can also be found of the so-called social questions and social demands. Thus, as I have already said here, it is possible to find these solutions only beyond the threshold of physical consciousness.

And what mankind will want to have in future through the so-called solving of social problems, if it is to be a real solution, can be found only on the path of Spiritual Science, that is to say, the science of the superphysical, since all the most intimate foundations of human life in co-operation are of a superphysical nature. (cf. Z-234)

But then, if we wish to experience spiritually the things that have to do with man, mankind, and also with the human social structure, into our whole capacity for conception, into everything we experience, we must bring something which you will realise at once is hardly present today in ordinary consciousness. There is just one thing here in the physical world in the way of sensations, of feelings, that each of us must have if he does not want to investigate the social laws, the social impulses, in an unreal but in a fundamental way. This is only found in a limited form here in the physical world, only indeed when an absolutely healthy, absolutely right, relation exists between a father, mother and child, in the interest between father, mother and child. It is not to be found in anything that can be experienced between men anywhere else in the whole round world, Certainly not in ordinary consciousness.

Now while you are getting clear in your mind about, let us say, the mother's love (you can do it too in this fundamental way) about the love developed in the mother immediately she bears a child—this love of the mother for her child which obviously springs from the very sources of nature—try to become clear about this mother love, and then ask whether this mother love is dominant in any scientific investigations ordinarily carried out by the well-informed, even by those who are doing research work in social science. This mother love must be there in the thoughts developed about the social structure if these thoughts are to have reality in them and not unreality. The only form of thought in human life that could be right socially is what is thought out socially and with mother love.

And now take the various social reformers and social thinkers. Try for once to let work upon you such writings, for example, as those of Carl Marx, or people of his ilk, Schmoller or Reacher or anyone else you like, and ask yourself whether these, while thinking out their so-called social and political laws, in this devising of social and political laws, let themselves be influenced by what is there in the mother's love for her child when this love takes a healthy course. This must have attention drawn to it, my dear friends! A sound solution of the so-called social problem is possible only if this solution is forthcoming from thinkers able to develop mother love in solving their problems; you will understand what I mean by this. The solving of present-day social demands depends on this very human matter. It is not a matter of sagacity nor ordinary cleverness nor of belief in what is learned; it is a question of enhancing the capacity for love to the degree to which mother love can be developed, or we might also say the direct, intimate love in the common life of father, mother and child.

Here you will be right in making an objection. You will say: Yes, on earth matters are so arranged that the social structure has in a certain sense the family as its unit, and on earth the family as such is undoubtedly fully justified, yet the whole of mankind cannot be one family! This is an objection that naturally will be forthcoming at once. If we are to think out social laws with mother love, however, the consequence would actually have to be the whole of mankind becoming one family. Naturally that cannot be, Whoever knows what a real thought is, a real thought with nothing of the charlatan or abstract about it, will have to admit that of course nobody is immediately capable of behaving to every child as though it were his own, that every child cannot behave to all other women, all other men, as it would to its mother or father. Thus all mankind cannot become one family. That is perfectly right, my dear friends, but just because that is right another necessity arises for us. As we live here as physical men on the physical earth we should by no means be able to succeed in making all mankind into one family; whoever wanted this would naturally be wanting an absurdity. But we could arrive at it another way and in another way indeed it must happen. As physical men we should not be able to stand in the relation of father, mother and child. But when there takes root in mankind the knowledge that spirit and soul live in every human being, that a divine spiritual being shines forth from the eyes of everyone, and the message of a divine spiritual being rings in his words, when in other words man's immortal soul is no longer recognised simply in the abstract, then, my dear friends, the moment will have arrived, not indeed where physical man is concerned but with regard to what man hides intimately within him as his baling of soul and spirit, when we shall be able to behave to one another as if all mankind were one big family. But this will not happen until people meet each other with immediate feeling and it is recognised: When I look people in the eye the infinite shines towards me; when I hear them speak it is not only physical sound speaking but the divine spiritual being of their soul—if this becomes direct experience, just as we experience any blue or red surface, then we shall feel that man when expressing himself is of a divine spiritual nature, and shall learn not to recognise simply with blind faith that a man has an immortal soul, but we shall directly perceive this immortal soul in what he utters. For in this way we shall be able to enter into connection with the soul and spirit of each human being. This is something that will alone make the solution of the so-called social question possible, the one and only thing. Therefore we find this solution of the social question in the recognition of man's divine spiritual nature, in the recognition that what goes around on the earth as the human physical body, is only the outward expression of what lights up in every man out of the eternal. We can have the same relation to what lights up in every man out of the eternal, as we can have in the right relation of the smallest family unit. This is possible, possible in every sense. When recognising this we can capture that love for all men which is as great as the love of family.

There is naturally no point in the objection, which would be superficial too, if we remarked about things in the following way: Yes, but there are also bad people. There are also bad children, my dear friends, whom we even have to punish, but there is love in our punishment. The moment we see the divine spiritual light up in human beings, when we see it is necessary we shall punish, but punish lovingly; above all we shall learn one thing which might be said to be practised only instinctively, that is, to meet other men as if we both belonged to the same family. When we meet another man in this way we punish but we do not hate the man; even when we punish him we do not hate the human being who is our son, but we hate his wrong doing. We love the man, we hate his misdeeds and his faulty training, and we know how to distinguish in him between the man and what has overcome him. When people have once understood the great, the infinite, difference existing between human love, and hatred of the misdeeds that assail mankind, a right relationship can be established among men. When we fellow our inmost human nature there is never any possibility for our hating anyone. Naturally we have much cause to hate human crimes, misdeeds, human weakness of character, human lack of character. Where we largely go wrong in our social behaviour is as a rule in bringing against the man what should be brought against the misdeed, the crime. We do this today instinctively, but must become conscious that the development of mankind today lies in the direction of distinguishing between hatred for the misdoing and the love that all the some can be felt for the man.

Oh, my dear friends, more would be done to solve the burning social demands of today by recognising truths of this kind than by much else going around the world as social quackery or social theory. In face of the materialism that everywhere employs what is grossly material, it is difficult to make any impression when speaking of such things as these, for the simple reason that people today are largely materialistic in their instincts, which is a more harmful matter than their holding materialist theories. Crime, lack of character, cannot be seen and do not exist materially. But because people want to hate what is material, they associate the material man with their hate and there arise countless misunderstandings.

What arises from this as a bad misunderstanding is that sometimes from some kind of misunderstood sensations and feelings, man is confused with what he does in another direction also. There is carelessness in judging what a man does when it is said: Oh, we do not want to hurt the man, now and then one has to overlook things for sheer love of one's fellows. If a verdict is given in the matter by turning ones's eyes towards the wrong doing and not confounding the man in his inmost life of soul with his misdeed, then indeed the right judgment will be arrived at. It is less trouble on the one hand, if you dislike someone, to mete out so-called justice to him; it is also easy because it suits us to excuse failings which may cause harm in the external world. In the common life of mankind a very great deal hangs on the way we are able to separate what ought to arouse our antipathy from the immediate being of man as man.

My dear friends, I have often emphasised that what is spoken here about these connections is not meant as a criticism of the culture and conditions of the times; it is simply a description of them. Therefore you will also understand when I say that mankind of so-called western civilisation, the people of Europe with their American cousins, for a time must go through the stage not only of taking things materialistically in accordance with science, but also of taking life itself materialistically confounding men with their deeds in the way referred to. This has to do with the education; for the right development of other qualities to be possible, men, must in this sphere, too, pass through the stage of materialism. Men, however, who have remained behind at earlier stages of culture have preserved a great deal of these former cultural stages in which there was still atavistic clairvoyance. And atavistic clairvoyance has since resulted in quite definite trends of feeling and attitudes of soul. We people of Europe can only be a match for what assails us from certain directions, if we reflect upon the arguments put forward today. For let us not forget this—that thinkers looked upon as very enlightened as, for example, Immanuel Kant, speak—not indeed out of a certain basis of Christianity but of the church—a thinker of this ilk speaks of human nature being fundamentally evil. And how widespread is this error—for it may indeed be called so—that human nature in its actual depths is evil: In the civilised world of Europe and its American sister country it is said that if human nature is not under control it is evil. This is actually a European opinion, an opinion of the European Church.

There is a race of men who do not hold this view, who have preserved another view from former times, for example the Chinese people. In the Chinese world-conception, as such, there rules the proposition, there rules the principle, that man is by nature good. Here is a mighty difference which would play a much greater part than is thought in the conflict that will develop between men. To be sure, speaking of these things today, people believe one as little as they would have done had the war we are now engaged in been spoken of in 1900. Yet it is true all the same that a struggle is also being prepared between the Asiatic and European peoples. And then quite other things will play a part than have been played, are played even now or will be played later, in the catastrophic struggle we are in the midst of today.

There is really a great difference in the whole way of experiencing whether the Chinese have the conviction that man is by nature good, or the European holds that human nature is fundamentally weighed down by evil—from the standpoint of the world-conception of the people there is a great difference in which way a man thinks. How a man thinks is expressed in the whole of life's temperament, in the entire attitude of the life of soul. For the most part men have their attention riveted on the outer features of life's conflict and they generally pay little heed to what is lying in the depths of the inner nature.

There is just one thing I should like to mention. You see, the fact that the European, although he may not generally admit it, is always at heart convinced that man is actually bad and has to be made good only through education and restraint, restraint by the State or any other kind, this outlook, from historic necessity, is closely connected with something else. It is connected with—not with the fact itself but with the qualities of feeling underlying the fact—connected with European people having developed through this a certain life of soul in the form we call logic and science. From this you will find it comprehensible that those who really know the Chinese—I don't mean Europeans who know them but those who, Chinese themselves, (cf. The Karma of Vocation) have got to know Europe too, as for example, Ku Hung Ming, often mentioned by me here—that these Chinamen lay stress on there being no equivalent in the Chinese language for logic and science. Thus for what we Europeans call science, for what we call logic, the Chinese have no word at all, since they do not have the thing, because, what Europeans believe to be Chinese Science is something quite different from what we call science and what we call logic, something entirely different from what we Europeans think to be logic in the Chinese soul. So different are men on earth! Attention must be paid to this unless attention is focused on this no discussion of the social problem can bear any fruit. But when heed is paid to such a matter the spiritual horizon becomes wider. And this widening of the spiritual horizon is particularly necessary for the sound understanding of Spiritual Science.

And when many different questions are asked concerning all these things—we have already touched on two today and could still touch on a third—when it is asked why today people in accordance with custom still keep their distance from the truths of Spiritual Science this reason is found among others, that the horizon, the spiritual horizon, of modern man is a very narrow one. However much man may boast of his spiritual horizon today, however greatly, the fact remains that this spiritual horizon is very narrow. Its narrowness is shown in particular by the extraordinary difficulty modern man generally has in getting out of himself where certain things are concerned. And this not only has an effect on his understanding, it influences also his whole life of sympathy and antipathy.

I should like to refer to a fact, a fact well known to quite a number of you, that is to say, the effect of this fact is well known to a number of you; this fact I have already mentioned to you once and should like to mention it again. Now you know that a certain relation existed some years ago between the so-called Theosophical Society and those who today form the Anthroposophical Society. I experienced something remarkable in connection with just those members of the Theosophical Society who were prominent. Already by the beginning of this century, as you know, I had published communications from the so-called Akashic Record, information which I venture to say rested upon personal experience, as does all the rest of what I impart out of the spiritual world. (see Atlantis and Lemuria) When these communications were read by a prominent member of the Theosophical Society people could hardly understand how it arose. I was asked how these communications were received? And it was really impossible to come to any kind of understanding, for the actual methods of anthroposophical research suitable for the present age were totally unknown in that circle. There, more mediumistic methods were used for investigation. Really what was wanted was the name of the medium or medium-like person responsible for these Akashic Record communications. That they were actually the result of the direct observation of a certain human attitude of soul projected into the supersensible, was considered an impossibility! The narrowness of man's horizon speaks in things of this kind. Even in so momentous a sphere, people consider possible only what they are accustomed to, only what is easily understood.

Now I have quoted this instance just because if one is narrow-minded it is really quite im possible to press on to Spiritual Science. In everyday life, however, this narrow-mindedness is the common thing today, always to relate everything back to just the personal, accustomed standpoint. This is what must above all be considered by those very people who are attached to our Movement for Spiritual Science. My dear Friends, I am now going to say something that perhaps there would be no need to say in this way were the things to be said intimately, systematically, but which it is necessary to say when it comes to the external conditions of life. You see, those who take a more particular, active interest in our Movement know indeed how many attacks are made on the sources of this Movement, how bitterly it is persecuted, how many come to hate it who were formerly keen adherents, and so on. Last time indeed I spoke about these things from various points of view. Now it will not be superfluous, from certain aspects, to make clear the reasons for such hostility, such antagonism. I talked to you about the reasons for the antagonism seen here and there last time. Such hostility very frequently becomes particularly strong, however, when appearing among people who also belong, let us say, to some occult society. The hatred that develops in many adherents of one or another society against what is seen here as Spiritual Science, sometimes is really strikingly conspicuous, at times even taking grotesque forms. And it is not superfluous, my deer friends, to pay attention to these things, for we should pay attention to everything that makes us take our membership of this Movement very seriously. It is very true that nowhere is there more charlatanism in the world than where spiritual matters are represented in all kinds of societies. It is easy, therefore, because of so much charlatanism in the world to be suspicious of what arises as a Movement for Spiritual Science. Then those who want to, can easily find support if they say: Yes, once a Society appeared which maintained that it spread abroad all the wisdom of the world—then it was shown up as mere charlatanism! And now another has arisen, again it has proved to be charlatanism'! This must be admitted; there is infinitely much of this charlatanism in the world. Here the capacity for discrimination must come in to distinguish the true from the false.

But another case can arise; something, for example, in the nature of uncertainty may enter the soul. This uncertainty can consist in the following. A man of this kind may come to know what goes on here. Now if he has not an open mind, if he pursues what is personal, he may arrive at the following divided mood of soul. It is possible for him to foresee all manner of danger and to say: Dear me, how is this? I have so often heard of these societies, occult or whatever else they may be; I have never come across in them any knowledge, any real knowledge. It is true, every possible thing is talked of, it is in their books and given out in their ritual, but there is no stream of living knowledge. Now is this Anthroposophy of the same kind or is it something different? And he can find himself in a divided mood of soul. You see, in common parlance, when it is not possible for anyone to go deeply into what is actually living here, it may be said: Is this the kind of swindle that I really find more pleasant since it does not ask so much of one?

My dear friends, the things I give out here are not so unreal as that! Above all they are spoken because I want to point to the necessity for earnestness, dignity, and the capacity for discrimination. I have said this repeatedly, so that the unpleasantness should not arise which very often arises, namely, that the real life of spirit is all around, whereas because it is less trouble people actually prefer to hear it talked about. What calls forth so much antagonism is just the fact of what I have emphasised in my book Theosophy being true here—that only spiritual experiences are spoken of. The antagonism of the Theosophical Society also actually first arose when they noticed our claim to speak of real spiritual experiences. That could not be borne. People are preferred who repeat what has been given in their lectures and repeat it with a certain zeal, but independent spiritual investigation was, fundamentally, the great sin against the Holy Ghost of the Theosophical Society. And this independent spiritual investigation is not as yet to be so easily found in the world today. Once again I have wanted to intimate this at the end of what we have been considering. And it will indeed be necessary for you, my dear friends, really to my heed to these things with a sound mind but also with all earnestness. The times are grave and the remedy for the times that we wish to receive from the spiritual world must also be grave.

We should like to go on speaking of these things tomorrow.

Vierter Vortrag

Als gesprochen worden ist von dem, was die Menschen der Gegenwart abhält, sich zur Anerkennung der geistigen Welt zu finden, wie sie durch anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft gemeint sein muß, so ist hingewiesen worden auf zwei Dinge in der menschlichen Seelenverfassung, die diese Abhaltung in der menschlichen Seele bewirken. Das ist auf die Mutlosigkeit, Kraftlosigkeit gegenüber der Anerkennung des Geistes, und auf die Interesselosigkeit gegenüber der wirklichen Gestalt des geistigen Lebens. Nun möchte ich gerade heute auf diese Dinge von einem Gesichtspunkte aus eingehen, von dem aus ich bisher noch weniger auf sie hingewiesen habe. Wenn solche Dinge besprochen werden, so muß immer berücksichtigt werden, daß der gewöhnliche, gesunde Menschenverstand - ich habe es oft gesagt — ausreicht, um alle Dinge der Geisteswissenschaft zu verstehen, um alle Dinge der Geisteswissenschaft vorurteilslos in sich aufzunehmen. Man hat, wenn ich so sagen darf, in unserer Gegenwart durch diese Tatsache, daß der richtig angewandte gesunde Menschenverstand ausreicht, um die Dinge der geistigen Welt zu verstehen, in einem gewissen Sinne dutch dieses bloße Verstehen, durch das vorurteilslose Aufnehmen alles dasjenige, was der untersuchende Geisteswissenschafter selbst von der geistigen Welt hat. Und man hat, wenn man nur den Mut und das Interesse hat, diese Dinge durch den gesunden Menschenverstand aufzunehmen, dann selbst die Möglichkeit, langsam und allmählich, je nachdem es das eigene Karma gestattet, in diese geistige Welt aufzusteigen. Das ist schon heute notwendig und wird immer mehr allen Menschen notwendig sein, die geistige Welt einfach im gesunden Menschenverstande so verstehen zu lernen, wie von der geistigen Welt in der Geisteswissenschaft gesprochen wird. Wie weit der Mensch sich reif machen kann, selbst in die geistige Welt hineinzuschauen, das ist eine ganz andere Frage, das ist eine Frage, welche auch nur abgemacht werden kann in jedem einzelnen intimsten Seeleninneren, und die auch jeder in diesem Seeleninneren richtig abmachen wird, wenn er einfach durch den gesunden, nicht durch naturwissenschaftliche oder andere Dinge beeinträchtigten Menschenverstand die Dinge der geistigen Welt zu verstehen sucht.

Nun handelt es sich vor allen Dingen darum: Warum vermeiden es so viele Menschen, diesen gesunden Menschenverstand heute so walten zu lassen, daß er dasjenige verstehen kann, oder bereit ist, es aufzunehmen, was aus der Geisteswissenschaft kommt? Nun, über diese Frage kann man sich etwas unterrichten, wenn man hört, wie es eigentlich mit den Dingen und Wesen der geistigen Welt aussieht, wenn der Geistesforscher in diese Welt eintritt. Ältere Zeiten haben ihre Eingeweihten über vieles anders sprechen lassen in bezug auf die geistige Welt, als heute gesprochen werden muß. Aber es gibt selbstverständlich auch vieles, was in älteren Zeiten ähnlich gesagt werden konnte, wie es heute noch gesagt werden kann. So namentlich ist immer in einer Weise, die heute noch richtig ist, ausgesprochen worden, was eigentlich geschieht, wenn ein Mensch in einem seelisch unreifen Zustande in die geistige Welt eintreten will. Heute kann ja das so geschehen, daß der Mensch sich sagt: Ach was, gesunder Menschenverstand! — Den muß man aber mindestens anstrengen, wenn man die geistige Welt erfassen will! Diese Anstrengung lieben die Menschen nicht; sie lieben es mehr, auf Autoritätsglauben hin das oder jenes anzuerkennen. Gesunden Menschenverstand lieben heute die Menschen wirklich viel weniger, als sie glauben, und da möchten sie gewissermaßen diesen Gebrauch des gesunden Menschenverstandes umgehen und möchten, was ihnen leichter dünkt, wenn auch vielleicht das Urteil unbewußt gefällt wird, durch allerlei Brüten, das sie dann Meditation nennen und dergleichen, in die geistige Welt direkt eindringen. Gerade das ist sehr verbreitet, daß man eigentlich in die geistige Welt eindringen möchte mit Umgehung des gesunden Menschenverstandes. Da haben aber schon ältere in diese Dinge Eingeweihte das Richtige gesagt und wiederholen es heute immer wiederum. Wenn jemand unreif in seiner ganzen Seelenverfassung eindringen will in die geistige Welt, dann kommt es nur allzuleicht vor, daß er nach einiger Zeit seinen ganzen Versuch scheitern läßt; so ungefähr scheitern läßt, daß ihm ein Gefühl zurückbleibt, welches ähnlich ist dem, wenn man eine heißglühende Kohle anfaßt und in dem Zwischenzustand ist, sich zu verbrennen oder abzulassen. Diese Empfindung ist eine solche, die sehr häufig auftritt bei Meditanten. Sie versuchen nicht, in demselben Maße ihren gesunden Menschenverstand walten zu lassen wie den Eifer bei den sogenannten Übungen, die ja an sich selbstverständlich sehr berechtigt sind. Aber es ist immer betont worden: Der gesunde Menschenverstand darf nicht ausgeschlossen werden, und er muß aktiv, emsig angewendet werden. Wenn man versucht, eine Zeitlang so zu üben, daß man den gesunden Menschenverstand ausschließt, namentlich auch eine gewisse moralische Selbstzucht ausschließt, die man sich eben noch nicht erworben hat, dann tritt eben dieses Eigentümliche ein, daß man das Ganze so empfindet, wie wenn man mit den Fingern glühende Kohlen berührt, oder vielmehr nicht ganz berührt, sondern zurückzuckt. So zucken die Menschen vor der geistigen Welt zurück. Wie gesagt, es ist das immer betont worden. Es ist betont worden, weil es eine Erfahrung ist, die unzählige Lehrer der Geisteswissenschaft in früheren Zeiten, als sie atavistisch betrieben worden ist, gemacht haben, eine Erfahrung, die auch in der Gegenwart sehr vielfach gemacht werden kann. Es wird das betont, aber wir müssen heute einmal darauf sehen, was der Grund ist, warum diese Empfindung des Anrührens und Zurückzuckens wie vor glühender Kohle eigentlich eintritt.

Nun können wir, wenn wir Verständnis suchen für diese Tatsache, uns an eine Grundwahrheit unserer Geisteswissenschaft erinnern, die uns völlig geläufig ist, nämlich daran, wie wir uns als Menschen verhalten, wenn wir unser volles Leben, das zwischen Wachen und Schlafen wechselt, ins Auge fassen. Wenn wir die alten Ausdrücke beibehalten, so können wir sagen, daß wir, während wir schlafen, den physischen Leib und den ätherischen Leib im Bette liegen lassen und mit dem Ich und dem astralischen Leib in der Welt, die uns sonst umgibt, ausgeflossen sind, wenn ich mich so ausdrücken darf. Wir sind dann nicht in dem Gehäuse unseres Leibes, wenn wir schlafen, wir sind in der Welt ringsumher ausgegossen. Unser Bewußtsein als das eines Menschen ist dann, wenn wir schlafen, so gering. Wenn der Schlafzustand nicht durch Träume unterbrochen wird, was eine gewisse Erhöhung der Intensität des Bewußtseins bedeutet, sondern wenn wir den traumlosen Schlaf ins Auge fassen, dann ist unser Bewußtsein so gering, daß wir nicht die unendlich bedeutsame Summe von Erlebnissen gewahr werden, die wir durchmachen, wenn wir in dem Zustande zwischen Einschlafen und Aufwachen sind. Nun ist gerade das, was wir wirklich ins Auge fassen sollen, nicht das abstrakte Wort: Im Schlafe sind wir im Ich und im astralischen Leib außer dem physischen Leibe -, sondern das sollen wir ins Auge fassen, daß unser Leben ein ungeheuer reiches ist zwischen dem Einschlafen und dem Aufwachen. Wir wissen es nur nicht, weil unser Bewußtsein dann geschwächt ist, weil unser Schlafbewußtsein noch nicht so stark ist wie dasjenige Bewußtsein, das wir mit dem Werkzeuge des physischen Leibes verbinden können. In der Tat, ein ungeheuer intensives Erleben findet statt vom Ich und vom astralischen Leib innerhalb der Welt, in der wir sonst auch drinnen sind, ein intensives Erleben. Nur wird der Mensch durch seinen gewöhnlichen Erdenzustand behütet davor, dieses Leben unmittelbar wahrzunehmen, dieses Leben, das man entfaltet, indem man sich, wenn ich mich so ausdrücken darf, als Ich und astralischer Leib hindurchzwängt durch dieselben Dinge zunächst, in denen wir auch dann sind, wenn wir im Wachzustande uns unseres physischen Leibes und seiner Werkzeuge bedienen. Das Leben im Schlafzustand ist ein ungeheuer reiches. Aber dieses Leben hört nicht auf, wenn wir aufwachen und in unseren physischen Leib und Ätherleib untertauchen. Wir sind auch dann durch unser Ich und durch unseren astralischen Leib mit unserer Umwelt verbunden in einer Weise, von der das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein keine Ahnung hat. Nur wird es eben nicht bemerkt. Man kann nun dieses Verhältnis gerade genauer ins Auge fassen. Man kann sich fragen: Wie ist denn das nun eigentlich, was da als Verhältnis unseres Seelisch-Geistigen zu unserem Physisch-Leiblichen sich ergibt?

Es wäre für unseren gegenwärtigen Erlebniszustand eine sehr schlimme Sache, wenn wir immerfort — was wir gar nicht tun, aber wenn wir es täten, müßten wir es immerfort tun, wir könnten gar nicht anders -— wahrnehmen müßten, was wir schlafend mit den Dingen draußen im Raum und in der Zeit erleben. Unser Leib nämlich hat eine gewisse Eigentümlichkeit gegenüber diesen Erlebnissen. Er schwächt, so kann man sagen, diese Erlebnisse ab. Alles das, was wir eigentlich in Wahrheit erleben mit unserer Umwelt, das schwächt unser Leib ab, und wir nehmen nur die Abschwächung unseres Leibes wahr, nicht unsere wirklichen Erlebnisse. Unsere wirklichen Erlebnisse verhalten sich zu dem, was wir durch unseren Leib von unserer Umgebung wahrnehmen — und das ist ein sehr, sehr treffendes Bild, weil es eigentlich nicht bloß ein Bild ist, sondern einer okkulten Wirklichkeit entspricht —, unser Leib oder die Erlebnisse unseres Leibes verhalten sich zu unseren wirklichen Erlebnissen, wie sich das Sonnenlicht, das auf den Stein scheint und vom Stein so zurückkommt, so daß wir den Stein sehen können, zu dem wirklichen Sonnenlichte verhält, das uns oben von der Sonne entgegenschaut. Sehen Sie auf den Stein, auf den das Sonnenlicht fällt: Sie können den Stein anschauen, das reflektierte, das zurückgeworfene Licht können Sie mit Ihren Augen vertragen. Wenden Sie sich vom Stein zur Sonne und schauen starr in die Sonne, werden Sie geblendet. So ist es ungefähr mit dem Verhältnis unserer wirklichen Erlebnisse gegenüber unserer Umwelt zu dem, was wir durch die Werkzeuge unseres Leibes erleben. Das, was wir wirklich mit der Umgebung erleben, hat die Stärke des Sonnenlichtes, und dasjenige, was wir durch die Werkzeuge des Leibes erleben, hat von dieser Stärke bloß jene Abschwächung, welche das abgeschwächte Licht, das uns irgendein Gegenstand zurückwirft, von der Stärke des Sonnenlichtes hat. Wir sind Sonnenwesen in unserem innersten Menschen; aber wir können es jetzt noch nicht ertragen, Sonnenwesen zu sein. Daher müssen wir, so wie wir mit unseren äußeren physischen Augen sehen müssen auf das abgeschwächte Sonnenlicht, weil uns das direkte Sonnenlicht blendet, unsere Umgebung wahrnehmen durch das abgeschwächte Erlebnis unseres Leibes und seiner Werkzeuge, weil wir nicht unmittelbar uns entgegenstellen können dem, was wir wirklich von unserer Umgebung erleben. Wir sind tatsächlich so als Menschen, wie wenn wir geblendet wären vom Sonnenstrahl, und das, was wir von uns und von der Welt wissen, ist nicht unseres Wesens, ist nicht, als wenn es unmittelbar erlebt würde im strrömenden Sonnenstrahl, sondern ist so wie das Licht, das uns zurückgeworfen wird von den Gegenständen und das unsere Augen nicht mehr blendet. Daraus können Sie aber entnehmen, daß wenn Sie nun aufwachen in der Welt, die das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein nicht ertragen kann, Sie das Gefühl haben, wie wenn Sie im Sonnenstrahl drinnen wären, wie wenn Sie wirklich mit dem Sonnenstrahl leben würden. Und in der wirklichen Erfahrung, im wirklichen Erlebnis ist es sogar der sehr konzentrierte Sonnenstrahl.

Da haben Sie die Tatsache für dasjenige, was oftmals gesagt wird, daß die Leute wie heißglühende Kohlen das geisteswissenschaftliche Erlebnis wegwerfen. Sie kommen in eine Region des Erlebens hinein, in der so erlebt wird, wie das seelische Erlebnis ist, wenn Sie sich physisch den Finger verbrennen: da zucken Sie zunächst zurück, wollen ihn nicht verbrennen. Sie dürfen nur das, was ich sage, natürlich nicht umkehren: Niemand kann dadurch, daß er sich physisch den Finger verbrennt, zum geistigen Erlebnisse kommen. Deshalb sagte ich - in der Geisteswissenschaft muß immer genau gesprochen werden -, wie das seelische Erlebnis, wenn man sich den Finger verbrennt.

Tatsächlich ist es so, daß der Eintritt in die geistige Welt zunächst durchaus nicht dasjenige ist, was im Menschen eitel Seligkeit bewirkt, sondern dieser Eintritt in die geistige Welt ist ein solcher, daß er - es gibt natürlich viele andere solche Erlebnisse — erkauft werden muß mit jener inneren, man könnte schon sagen Unseligkeit, welche man erlebt, wenn man sich zum Beispiel durch Feuer verbrennt. Geistig erlebt man zunächst genau dasselbe mit den Dingen und Wesenheiten und Vorgängen der geistigen Welt, wie wenn man sich zum Beispiel verbrennt. Die wirklichen Erfahrungen der geistigen Welt müssen durch solche leidvollen Erlebnisse erworben werden. Dasjenige, was von diesen Erfahrungen der geistigen Welt Seligkeit bereitet, was Befriedigung dem Leben gibt, das ist der Gedankennachglanz. Das kann derjenige, der durch Mitteilung diese Erlebnisse bekommt und durch den gesunden Menschenverstand sie auffaßt, ebenso haben wie derjenige, der eintritt in die geistige Welt. Nur müssen natürlich einzelne Menschen in die geistige Welt eintreten, sonst würde niemals irgend etwas erfahren werden können von der geistigen Welt.

Diese Tatsache, die ich angeführt habe, die muß berücksichtigt werden. Es ist im Grunde genommen nicht so schwierig, schon aus äußeren Tatsachen das zu entnehmen, was ich jetzt auseinandergesetzt habe. Sie werden überall finden, da wo im Ernste, nicht scharlatanhaft, von der geistigen Welt gesprochen wird, daß immer gesprochen wird von dem Durchgang nicht durch freudige, sondern durch leidvolle Erlebnisse. Und Sie wissen, wie oft ich es besprochen habe, daß derjenige, der sich ein wenig wirkliche Erkenntnisse der geistigen Welt im Leben erworben hat, auf die Schmerzen seines Lebens, auf das Leid seines Lebens nicht unwirsch zurückblickt. Denn ein solcher sagt sich: Die Freuden, die erhebenden Momente des Lebens nehme ich gewiß als eine göttliche Gabe dankbar hin und juble über mein Schicksal, daß mir solche freudvolle, erhebende Momente zuteil geworden sind; aber meine Erkenntnisse habe ich von meinen Schmerzen, meine Erkenntnisse habe ich von meinen. Leiden. — Das wird jeder sagen, der wirkliche Erkenntnisse der geistigen Welt erworben hat. Hier auf der physischen Erde lassen sich Erkenntnisse der geistigen Welt nicht anders als auf diese Weise erwerben.

Und nun können Sie es verstehen, warum die Leute zurückzucken vor dem Verständnisse der geistigen Welt, trotzdem dieses Verständnis mit dem gesunden Menschenverstand zu erwerben ist. Man zuckt ja gewöhnlich nur vor dem nicht zurück im Verstehen, vor dem man auch nicht zurückzuckt im äußeren Leben. Nun wären Sie natürlich höchst unvernünftig und närrisch, wenn Sie sich willkürlich die Finger verbrennen wollten, um einmal auch zu wissen, wie das ist. Und wiederum, wenn Sie sich die Finger verbrennen, so geben Sie so wenig auf das seelische Erlebnis dabei acht, daß Sie auch da nicht eine eigentliche Erfahrung erwerben, wie es ist, wenn man sich die Finger verbrennt. Ja es gibt sogar eine psychologische Tatsache, welche richtig nur aufgefaßt wird, wenn man sie in dem Lichte sieht, das aus diesen Erkenntnissen fließt. Sie werden vielleicht schon bemerkt haben - ich spreche das nicht zu einem einzelnen von Ihnen, denn jedem einzelnen mute ich das natürlich nicht zu, sondern ich glaube selbstverständlich nur, daß er von diesen Dingen gehört hat -, aber Sie werden es von andern gehört und an andern gemerkt haben, daß sie, wenn sie sich die Finger verbrennen, schreien. Nun, warum schreien manche Menschen, wenn sie sich die Finger verbrennen? Aus dem einfachen Grunde, weil man durch dieses Schreien das seelische Erlebnis dabei übertönt. Die Menschen schreien und jammern überhaupt bei Schmerzen, um sie sich zu erleichtern. Und so können sie auch nicht den vollen Inhalt des Schmerzes im vollen Bewußtsein dann erleben, wenn sie schreien; das ist wirklich ein Übertönen des Leides, die Äußerung des Leides. Kurz, der Mensch hat im gewöhnlichen Leben nicht viel Erfahrung über diejenigen Dinge, die in der geistigen Welt erfahren werden. Dennoch liegt das vor, daß man durch den gesunden Menschenverstand die Dinge begreifen kann, weil sie überall Analogien haben in der äußeren physischen Welt, in der wir unsere Erfahrungen machen. Unverständlich sind die Dinge des geistigen Lebens eben durchaus nicht, aber man muß sich dazu entschließen, gewisse Seeleneigenschaften zu steigern, zum Beispiel den Mut. Man muß einfach den Mut haben, den man gewöhnlich nicht hat, wenn man etwas tut, wovor man zurückzuckt, weil es weh tut. Diesen Mut muß man haben, denn in die geistige Welt einzudringen, tut immer weh. Also man muß gewisse Seelenkräfte steigern. Das ist notwendig, das wollen aber sehr viele Menschen in der Gegenwart nicht, Seeleneigenschaften steigern in der systematischen Weise, wie es angegeben ist zum Beispiel in meinem Buch «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?». Würden sie sie steigern, dann würde auch in ihrem Begriffsvermögen, in ihrem gesunden Menschenverstand leicht walten dasjenige, was notwendig ist, um durch diesen gesunden Menschenverstand die Erlebnisse des Fingers in der geistigen Welt, das in diesem Sinne nun, wie ich es geschildert habe, ein leidvolles ist, zu verstehen. Wir leben einmal in einer Epoche, in der eine solche Steigerung der menschlichen Seelenverfassung notwendig ist, weil sonst die Menschheit ihr Erdenziel nicht erreichen kann, weil sonst Katastrophe über Katastrophe eintreten müßte und endlich das Chaos kommen würde.

Nun habe ich aber, indem ich diese Dinge erörtert habe, gerade in dieser Zeit, in der es ganz besonders notwendig ist, ein anderes stark betont. Das ist, daß man mit jener Abschwächung der Seelenverfassung, die nun schon einmal vorhanden ist beim gegenwärtigen Menschen, vorzüglicher Naturforscher im gegenwärtigen Sinne des Wortes sein kann, und man kann auch mit diesem Verstande, der nicht der gesunde Menschenverstand ist, sondern der durch naturwissenschaftliche Autorität hochgetragene Menschenverstand ist, dasjenige, was die Außenseite unserer physischen Umgebung ist, gerade gut verstehen; man kann es nicht innerlich geistig verstehen, aber man kann die Außenseite gerade gut verstehen. Was man aber nicht kann mit den Begriffen, welche die Naturwissenschaft gibt, nicht kann mit dem, was gerade an Aufwendung des Denkens die heutige Menschheit gewöhnt ist, das ist: Ordnung bringen in die nach und nach chaotisch werdende soziale Struktur des menschlichen Zusammenlebens. Mit andern Worten: Die sozialen Forderungen der Gegenwart und der nächsten Zukunft, sie werden niemals lösbar sein durch dasjenige, was das Denken über die Natur und Naturerscheinungen genannt werden kann. Gerade in diesem Punkte müssen unsere Zeitgenossen noch ungeheuer viel lernen. Gerade in diesem Punkte gehen einmal unsere Zeitgenossen nicht mit dem, was Geisteswissenschaft aus dem innersten Verständnis des Wesens unserer Welt heraus sagen muß. Geisteswissenschaft muß ja trotz aller Einwände, die immer mehr und mehr heute gemacht werden, gerade in diesem Punkte sagen: Wie auch herumgepfuscht und herumgedoktert wird auf dem Gebiete der sozialen Fragen, all dieses Herumpfuschen und Herumdoktern wird zu nichts führen, ja im Gegenteil, es wird zu noch gröBerer sozialer Verwirrung führen, als es in einzelnen Gebieten des Erdendaseins schon da ist, wenn nicht anerkannt wird, daß die Einsichten in die sozialen Fragen nur aus der geistigen Erfassung des Weltendaseins kommen können. Die sozialen Fragen müssen geisteswissenschaftlich gelöst werden. Alles übrige ist auf diesen Gebieten Dilettantismus.

Da müssen wir, um von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus über die Dinge zu sprechen, uns an das andere wenden. Was die Menschen gegenwärtig so sehr abhält, an das Geisteswissenschaftliche heranzudringen, das ist die Interesselosigkeit gegenüber dem geistigen Leben. Diese Interesselosigkeit gegenüber dem geistigen Leben haben ja fast alle Naturforscher der Gegenwart. Sie sind gleichgültig gegenüber dem geistigen Leben. Sie negieren es oder bringen in Gesetze, was sie mit den physischen Sinnen beobachten, was sich durch das Mikroskop oder Teleskop beobachten läßt; aber sie haben kein Interesse an dem, was jeder Blick, jeder wirkliche Blick in die Natur verrät: daß hinter den Naturerscheinungen und Naturtatsachen Geistiges waltet. Aber insbesondere ist diese Interesselosigkeit gegenüber dem Geiste heute vorhanden bei denen, die in den sozialen Fragen herumpfuschen und herumdoktern wollen. Und da liegt noch ein besonderer Grund vor.

Aus mancherlei Dingen, die ich in der letzten Zeit besprochen habe, werden Sie entnehmen können, daß wir in einem ganz besonderen inneren Seelenleben sind, wenn wir als Mensch dem Menschen gegenüberstehen. Ich habe es radikal ausgedrückt, in welcher Seelenverfassung wir da sind, wenn wir als Mensch dem Menschen gegenüberstehen. Ich habe Ihnen gesagt: Eigentlich hat das einander Gegenüberstehen von Mensch zu Mensch auf uns immer etwas Einschläferndes. Wir schlafen mit Bezug auf die innersten Eigentümlichkeiten unseres Menschenwesens eigentlich ein durch die Gegenwart des andern Menschen. Daß wir durch unser äußeres Verhalten über dieses Einschlafen getäuscht werden, das ist nicht zu verwundern. Denn gewiß, wir sehen mit Augen den andern Menschen, wir reichen ihm sogar die Hand und betasten ihn, aber das hindert doch nicht, daß unser tieferes menschliches Wesen durch den andern Menschen eingeschläfert wird. So wie wir abends mit Bezug auf die äußere Natur einschlafen, so schläft etwas in uns ein durch die Gegenwart des andern Menschen. Aber wenn es einschläft, hört es deshalb nicht auf, wirksam zu sein. Und so finden immerfort Wirkungen von Mensch zu Mensch statt im sozialen Leben, über die die Menschen gerade dadurch, daß sie mit Menschen zusammen sind, kein klares Bewußtsein haben können. Gerade das Wichtigste im sozialen Leben entgeht den Menschen in bezug auf das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein, weil für dieses Wichtigste im sozialen Leben eigentlich gerade das Vorstellungsvermögen eingeschläfert wird und der Mensch instinktiv handelt. Kein Wunder, daß im sozialen Leben heute, wo im Bildvorstellen der Intellekt am leichtesten einzuschläfern ist, die wüstesten Instinkte walten und sogar als wüsteste Instinkte für ganz berechtigt erklärt werden, weil das klare Denken über diese Dinge einfach durch das Zusammensein von Mensch und Mensch eingeschläfert wird. Aber in dem Augenblicke, wo der Mensch in die geistige Welt eintritt, da wacht das auf, was eingeschläfert wird, da wird klar, was zwischen Mensch und Menschen waltet. Da können daher auch gefunden werden die Lösungen der sogenannten sozialen Fragen und sozialen Forderungen. Die können also nur gefunden werden, wie ich schon einmal hier sagte, jenseits der Schwelle des sinnlichen Bewußtseins. Und was die Menschheit wird haben wollen in der Zukunft von sogenannten Lösungen der sozialen Fragen, das wird, wenn es wahre Lösungen der sozialen Fragen sein sollen, nur gewonnen werden können auf dem Wege der Geisteswissenschaft, das heißt, der Wissenschaft vom Übersinnlichen, weil alles Zusammenleben der Menschen in seinen intimeren Unterlagen übersinnlicher Natur ist.

Wenn man aber diejenigen Dinge geistig erleben will, die sich auf Mensch und Menschheit beziehen, die sich auf die menschliche soziale Struktur beziehen, da muß man in sein ganzes Vorstellungsvermögen, in alles das, was man erlebt, etwas hineinbringen, wovon Sie gleich sehen werden, daß es heute im gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein kaum vorhanden ist. Es gibt nur eines hier in der physischen Welt an Empfindungen, an Gefühlen, welche gleich sind mit den Empfindungen und Gefühlen, die jemand haben muß, wenn er nicht wesenlos, sondern wesentlich die sozialen Gesetze, die sozialen Impulse erforschen will. Das gibt es nur eingeschränkt hier in der physischen Welt, und zwar dann, wenn ein vollständig gesundes, ein vollständig richtiges Verhältnis vorhanden ist zwischen Vater, Mutter und Kind, im Heranziehen von Vater, Mutter und Kind. In aller, was sonst erlebt werden kann im Umkreis der Welt zwischen Mensch und Mensch, gibt es das nicht zunächst für das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein.

Nun versuchen Sie, diese Mutterliebe sich klarzumachen, jene Liebe, welche die Mutter entfaltet, wenn sie ein Kind unmittelbar geboren hat, diese ganz selbstverständlich aus der Natur quellende Mutterliebe zum Kinde - Sie können es schon in diesem Radikalismus tun -, und fragen Sie jetzt, ob in all den wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen, welche Gelehrte gewöhnlich pflegen — auch solche Gelehrte, welche sozialwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen machen -, diese Mutterliebe waltet? Diese Mutterliebe muß man haben zu den Gedanken, die man über die soziale Struktur entfaltet, wenn diese Gedanken wesentlich sein sollen und nicht wesenlos. Es gibt im menschlichen Leben nichts anderes, was sozial richtig gedacht sein könnte, als dasjenige, welches mit Mutterliebe sozial gedacht ist.

Und nun nehmen Sie die verschiedenen sozialen Reformatoren und sozialen Denker. Versuchen Sie zum Beispiel so etwas auf sich wirken zu lassen, wie die Schriften von Karl Marx, Schmoller oder Roscher, oder wen Sie wollen, und fragen Sie sich, ob diese, indem sie ihre sogenannten sozialpolitischen Gesetze ausdenken, in diesem Ausdenken der sozialpolitischen Gesetze dasselbe walten lassen, was sonst in der Mutterliebe zu dem Kinde lebt, wenn sich diese Mutterliebe gesund entfaltet? Aber auf das muß man hinweisen: Eine gesunde Lösung der sogenannten sozialen Frage ist nicht anders möglich, als wenn diese Lösung kommt von Denkern, welche — Sie werden verstehen, was ich meine, wenn ich mich jetzt so ausdrücke — Mutterliebe entfalten können beim Lösen ihrer Probleme. Es ist eine sehr menschliche Sache, von der die Lösung der sozialen Forderungen in der Gegenwart abhängt. Es ist nicht eine Sache des Scharfsinns oder der gewöhnlichen Klugheit oder des Gelehrtenglaubens, sondern es ist eine Sache der Erhöhung der Liebefähigkeit bis zu dem Grade, wie sich Mutterliebe entfaltet, oder wir können auch sagen, die unmittelbare, intime Liebe in dem Zusammenleben von Vater, Mutter und Kind.

Nun werden Sie mit Recht einen Einwand machen. Sie werden sagen: Nun, auf der Erde ist die Sache schon einmal so eingerichtet, daß die soziale Struktur gewissermaßen zu ihrer engsten Kleinheit die Familie hat, und auf der Erde ist diese Familie als solche selbstverständlich voll berechtigt, und es kann doch nicht die ganze Menschheit eine Familie werden! — Das ist ein Einwand, der natürlich sofort kommen wird. Aber wenn man ausdenken soll soziale Gesetze mit Mutterliebe, so müßte eigentlich daraus folgen, daß die ganze Menschheit eine Familie wird. Das kann natürlich nicht sein. Nur derjenige, der sich Rechenschaft davon gibt, was ein wahrer Gedanke und kein scharlatanhaft abstrakter Gedanke ist, der wird sich gestehen müssen, daß natürlich so unmittelbar der Mensch sich nicht zu jedem Kinde so verhalten kann wie zu seinem Kinde, daß nicht jedes Kind sich zu jeder andern Frau, zu jedem andern Mann so verhalten kann, wie es sich zum Vater, zur Mutter verhält und so weiter. Also kann nicht die ganze Menschheit eine Familie werden. Das ist ganz richtig, aber eben weil das richtig ist, liegt eine andere Notwendigkeit vor. Wir können so, wie wir als physische Menschen hier auf der physischen Erde leben, ganz und gar nicht aus der ganzen Menschheit eine Familie gründen, und wer das wollte, der würde natürlich einen Unsinn wollen. Aber wir können es in anderem Sinne doch. Und in anderem Sinne muß es sogar geschehen. Zum physischen Menschen können wir nicht so stehen, wie Vater, Mutter und Kind stehen. Aber wenn in der Menschheit Platz greifen wird die Erkenntnis, daß in jedem Menschen ein Geistig-Seelisches lebt, daß in jedem Menschen durch die Augen herausleuchtet ein göttlich-geistiges Wesen, aus seinen Worten erklingt die Botschaft eines göttlich-geistigen Wesens, wenn mit andern Worten nicht mehr bloß in abstracto anerkannt wird, daß der Mensch eine unsterbliche Seele hat, sondern in unmittelbarer Empfindung im Gegenübertreten von Mensch zu Mensch es anerkannt wird: Schaue ich dem Menschen ins Auge, so leuchtet mir heraus eine Unendlichkeit, höre ich den Menschen sprechen, so spricht nicht bloß der physische Ton, sondern es erklingt das göttlich-geistige Wesen seiner Seele -, wird das unmittelbare Empfindung, so wie wir irgendeine Fläche blau oder rot empfinden, werden wir empfinden können, daß der Mensch, indem er sich äußert, göttlich-geistiger Natur ist, lernen wir nicht bloß glaubensgemäß anerkennen, daß der Mensch eine unsterbliche Seele hat, sondern nehmen wir diese unsterbliche Seele in der Äußerung des Menschen, unmittelbar wahr: dann ist der Moment eingetreten, wo wir zwar nicht in bezug auf den physischen Menschen, aber mit Bezug auf dasjenige, was der Mensch intim in seinem Inneren birgt als geistig-seelischer Mensch, uns so verhalten können, wie wenn die ganze Menschheit eine große Familie wäre. Denn zu dem Geistig-Seelischen eines jeden Menschen können wir in diese Beziehung treten. Das ist dasjenige, was aber allein möglich machen wird, all einzig, die Lösung der sogenannten sozialen Frage. Daher ist diese Lösung der sozialen Frage einfach gegeben in der Anerkennung der göttlich-geistigen Natur des Menschen, in der Anerkennung dessen, daß dasjenige, was vom Menschen hier als physischer Leib auf der Erde herumgeht, nur der äußere Ausdruck ist für etwas, was in jedem Menschen aus der Ewigkeit hereinleuchtet. Zu dem, was uns da im Menschen aus der Ewigkeit hereinleuchtet, können wir uns verhalten in demselben Sinne, wie wir uns im richtigen Verhältnis der engsten Familie verhalten. Das können wir, können wir in jeder Richtung. Wir können dann, wenn wir dies anerkennen, jene Menschenliebe aufbringen, die so groß ist wie die Familienliebe.

Der Einwand gilt ja selbstverständlich nicht, und es wäre auch sehr oberflächlich, wenn man die Dinge so betrachtete: Ja, aber es gibt doch auch schlechte Menschen! — Meine lieben Freunde, es gibt auch schlechte Kinder, die wir eben strafen müssen; aber wir bestrafen sie mit Liebe! In dem Augenblicke, wo wir in den Menschen hereinleuchten sehen das Göttlich-Geistige, werden wit, wo es notwendig ist, bestrafen, aber wir werden mit Liebe bestrafen. Wir werden vor allen Dingen eines lernen, was wir nur, ich möchte sagen, instinktiv üben, wenn wir familienhaft einem andern Menschen gegenüberstehen: Wenn wir familienhaft einem andern Menschen gegenüberstehen, dann strafen wir, aber wir hassen nicht den Menschen. Wir hassen nicht den Menschen, der unser Sohn ist, auch wenn wir ihn strafen, aber wir hassen das Laster, das er hat. Den Menschen lieben wir; seine Untaten und seine Ungezogenheit, die hassen wir, da wissen wir zu trennen zwischen dem Menschen und etwas, was ihn angefallen hat. Wenn die Menschen einmal jenen großen, gewaltigen Unterschied verstehen werden, der da besteht zwischen Menschenliebe und Haß auf die Untaten, die den Menschen anfallen, dann wird ein richtiges Verhältnis von Mensch zu Mensch sich einstellen. Wir haben, wenn wir unserer innersten menschlichen Natur folgen, niemals die Möglichkeit, einen Menschen zu hassen. Wir haben selbstverständlich viele Veranlassung, menschliche Verbrechen, Untaten, menschliche Charakterschwäche, menschliche Charakterlosigkeit zu hassen. Der große Irrtum, den wir im sozialen Verhalten begehen, besteht dann in der Regel darin, daß wir dasjenige, was wir der Untat und dem Verbrechen entgegenbringen sollen, auf den Menschen übertragen. Wir tun es heute instinktiv, müssen uns aber dessen bewußt sein, daß die neuere Entwickelung der Menschheit in der Linie liegt, zu trennen zwischen dem Haß gegenüber der Untat, und der Liebe, die man zu dem Menschen trotzdem empfindet.

Mit der Anerkennung solcher Wahrheiten würde mehr getan sein für die Lösung der heute brennenden sozialen Forderungen als mit manchem andern, was heute als sozialistische Pfuscherei oder sozialistischer Doktrinarismus durch die Welt geht. Es ist gegenüber dem Materialismus, der überall das derb Materielle braucht, schwierig, von solchen Dingen wirkungsvoll zu sprechen, aus dem einfachen Grunde, weil die Menschen heute — was schädlicher ist als die materialistischen Theorien - in ihren Instinkten vielfach materialistisch sind. Das Verbrechen, die Charakterlosigkeit, die kann man nicht sehen, die sind nicht materiell vorhanden; weil man aber das Materielle hassen will, hält man sich an den materiellen Menschen mit seinem Haß. Daraus entstehen unzählige Mißverständnisse.

Was auch als ein schlimmes Mißverständnis daraus entsteht, ist, daß man manchmal aus irgendwelchen mißverstandenen Empfindungen und Gefühlen heraus auch nach der andern Richtung den Menschen mit dem verwechselt, was er tut. Man wird lässig in der Beurteilung desjenigen, was die Menschen tun, indem man sagt: Ach, wir wollen doch dem Menschen nicht weh tun; Menschenliebe zwingt mich, da oder dort ein Auge zuzudrücken. - Geschieht die Beurteilung der Sache nur so, daß man das Auge richtet auf dasjenige, was als Untat getan wird, und nicht den Menschen in seinem innersten Seelenleben mit der Untat verwechselt, dann wird schon das richtige Urteil erfließen. Bequemer ist es auf der einen Seite, wenn man ohnedies jemanden nicht mag, gegen ihn, wie man oftmals sagt, gerecht zu sein; bequem ist es aber auch, Fehler, durch die ein Mensch schädlich wirken kann in der äußeren Welt, zu entschuldigen, weil einem das so paßt. Im Gesamtzusammenhang der Menschheit kommt ungeheuer vieles darauf an, daß wir trennen können dasjenige, worauf wirklich unsere Antipathie gehen darf, und dasjenige, was der Mensch als solcher unmittelbar ist.

Ich habe oft betont: Nicht eine Kritik der Kultur und Zeitverhältnisse soll das sein, was in solchen Zusammenhängen von diesem Orte aus ausgesprochen wird, sondern eine einfache Charakteristik. Daher werden Sie es auch verstehen, wenn ich sage: Die sogenannte abendländische zivilisierte Menschheit, die Menschheit Europas mit ihrem amerikanischen Anhang, die mußte eine Zeitlang durchgehen durch dieses Stadium, nicht nur die Dinge naturwissenschaftlich materialistisch zu nehmen, sondern auch. das Leben materialistisch zu nehmen, indem man die Menschen verwechselt mit ihren Taten in dem angedeuteten Sinne. Das lag in der Erziehung: damit sich die andern Eigenschaften richtig entwickeln können, mußten die Menschen durchgehen durch das Stadium des Materialismus auch auf diesem Gebiete. Aber Menschen, die zurückgeblieben sind auf früheren Kulturstufen, die haben Mannigfaltiges sich bewahrt von früheren Kulturstufen, in denen es noch atavistisches Hellsehen gab. Und atavistisches Hellsehen hat dann im Gefolge ganz bestimmte Empfindungsrichtungen und Seelenverfassungen. Wir Europäer können erst gewachsen werden dem, was von gewissen Seiten auf uns anstürmt, wenn wir dies bedenken, was heute ausgeführt worden ist. Denn vergessen wir zum Beispiel folgendes nicht: Denker, die als sehr erleuchtet angesehen werden, wie zum Beispiel Immanuel Kant, sprechen — und das ist ja nur aus gewissen Untergründen nicht des Christentums, sondern des Kirchentums heraus — von dem radikal Bösen in der menschlichen Natur. Und wie verbreitet ist dieser Irrtum - wir können es schon so nennen-, daß die menschliche Natur eigentlich in ihrem Inneren böse ist! In der zivilisierten Welt Europas und ihrem amerikanischen Anhang sagt man: Wenn die menschliche Natur nicht gebändigt wird, so ist sie böse. — Das ist eigentlich eine europäische Ansicht, das ist eine Ansicht des europäischen Kirchentums.

Es gibt eine Menschheit, die hat diese Ansicht nicht, die hat sich aus früheren Zeiten eine andere Ansicht bewahrt. Das ist zum Beispiel die chinesische Menschheit. In der chinesischen Weltanschauung als solcher herrscht der Satz, herrscht das Prinzip: Der Mensch ist von Natur aus gut! — Es ist ein gewaltiger Unterschied, der eine viel gröBere Rolle spielt, als man meint, in jenem Konflikte der Menschheit, der sich ausbilden wird. Freilich, wenn man heute von diesen Dingen redet, glauben einem die Leute das ebensowenig, wie wenn man im Jahre 1900 von dem Krieg gesprochen hätte, in dem wir jetzt drinnenstehen. Aber wahr ist es deshalb doch, daß ein Konflikt sich vorbereitet auch zwischen der asiatischen und der europäischen Menschheit. Und da werden noch ganz andere Dinge eine Rolle spielen, als sie gespielt haben, oder noch spielen und weiter spielen werden in dem katastrophalen Konflikt, in dem wir drinnenstehen.

Das ist schon in der ganzen Empfindungsweise ein großer Unterschied, ob man wie der Chinese davon überzeugt ist: Der Mensch ist von Natur aus gut - oder wie der Europäer: Der Mensch ist von Natur aus mit dem radikal Bösen behaftet —, das ist schon ein großer Unterschied, ob ein Mensch so oder so denkt, vom völkermäßigen Weltanschauungsstandpunkte aus. Daß der eine Mensch so und der andere so denkt, das äußert sich in dem ganzen Lebenstemperament, in der ganzen Lebensseelenverfassung. Die Menschen bleiben ja zumeist an den Äußerlichkeiten der Lebenskonflikte hängen; was in den innersten Naturen zugrunde liegt, darauf nehmen sie gewöhnlich doch wenig Rücksicht.

Ich will nur eines erwähnen. Sehen Sie, dieser Umstand, daß der europäische Mensch, wenn er es sich auch gewöhnlich nicht gesteht, im Grunde genommen immer überzeugt ist, daß der Mensch eigentlich schlecht ist und daß er erst brav werden muß durch Erziehung und durch Bändigung, Staats- oder sonstige Bändigung, diese Tatsache hängt historisch-notwendig innig zusammen mit etwas anderem: sie hängt damit zusammen - nicht die Tatsache selbst, aber die Empfindungsqualitäten, die ihr zugrunde liegen -, daß der europäische Mensch ein gewisses Leben in der Seele ausgebildet hat in der Form, die man mit Logik und Wissenschaft bezeichnet. Daher werden Sie es begreiflich finden, daß wirkliche Kenner des Chinesischen, das heißt nicht europäische Kenner, sondern Chinesen selber, Kenner des Chinesischen, die auch Europa kennengelernt haben, wie zum Beispiel der Ihnen hier öfter erwähnte Ku Flung-Ming, daß die betonen, es gäbe in der chinesischen Sprache keine Gegenworte für Logik und Wissenschaft. Was wir europäische Wissenschaft nennen, was wir europäische Logik nennen, dafür hat also der Chinese überhaupt kein Wort, weil er die Sache nicht hat, weil dasjenige, wovon die Europäer glauben, daß es chinesische Wissenschaft ist, etwas ganz anderes ist, als was wir Wissenschaft nennen, und was wir Logik nennen, etwas ganz anderes, als wovon wir Europäer glauben, es sei Logik in der Seele der Chinesen. So verschieden sind die Menschen auf der Erde! Darauf muß man den Blick richten. Ohne daß man den Blick darauf richtet, ist ein fruchtbares Reden über das soziale Problem ja nicht möglich. Wenn man aber auf solches den Blick richtet, dann erweitert sich der geistige Horizont. Und diese Erweiterung des geistigen Horizontes, die ist es namentlich, welche für das gesunde Verständnis von Geisteswissenschaft notwendig ist.

Und wenn man nach den mancherlei Dingen frägt - wir haben ja heute schon zwei Dinge berührt, können noch ein drittes berühren -, wenn man frägt, warum die Menschen sich gewohnheitsmäßig heute noch so fernhalten von den geisteswissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen, so ist unter anderem auch der Grund vorliegend, daß die Horizonte, der geistige Horizont der gegenwärtigen Menschheit ein sehr enger ist. Wie sich der Mensch auch hervortut, groß tut mit seinem geistigen Horizont in der Gegenwart, der geistige Horizont der gegenwärtigen Menschen ist ein sehr enger. Er zeigt sich in seiner Enge namentlich dadurch, daß der Mensch in der Regel es in der Gegenwart außerordentlich schwierig hat, mit Bezug auf gewisse Dinge aus sich selber herauszugehen. Und das beeinflußt nicht nur sein Verständnis, das beeinflußt auch sein ganzes Sympathie- und Antipathieleben.

Ich möchte Ihnen eine Tatsache, die einer ganzen Anzahl von Ihnen ja als Tatsache bekannt ist — das heißt, die Wirkung dieser Tatsache ist einer ganzen Anzahl von Ihnen bekannt -, die ich schon einmal erwähnt habe, noch einmal erwähnen. Sie wissen, daß ein gewisses Verhältnis bestanden hat vor Jahren zwischen der sogenannten Theosophischen Gesellschaft und denjenigen Menschen, die heute die Anthroposophische Gesellschaft bilden. Nun habe ich gerade von hervorragenden Mitgliedern der 'Theosophischen Gesellschaft Merk würdiges erlebt. Ich habe ja schon im Anfange dieses Jahrhunderts, wie Sie wissen, Mitteilungen aus der sogenannten Akasha-Chronik veröffentlicht, Mitteilungen, von denen ich sagen darf, ebenso wie von allem übrigen, das ich aus der geistigen Welt mitteile, daß es auf persönlicher Erfahrung beruht. Als diese Mitteilungen gelesen wurden von einem hervorragenden Mitgliede der Theosophischen Gesellschaft, konnte man gar nicht verstehen, daß es so etwas gibt. Man fragte mich: Wie kommen diese Mitteilungen zustande? - Und es war gar nicht möglich, sich überhaupt zu verständigen, weil die wirklich der heutigen Zeit angemessene Methode geisteswissenschaftlicher Forschung in jenem Kreise überhaupt ganz unbekannt war. Da forschte man auf mehr mediale Weise. Man wollte eigentlich im Grunde das Medium oder die mediumähnliche Person genannt haben, durch welche diese Akasha-Chronik-Mitteilungen zustande gekommen sind. Daß sie wirklich durch eine gewisse, ins Übersinnliche hineinragende menschliche Seelenverfassung in unmittelbarer Beobachtung sich ergeben, das hielt man für unmöglich. In solchen Dingen spricht sich menschliche Engherzigkeit aus. Man hält, selbst auf einem so wichtigen Gebiete, nur das für möglich, was einem geläufig ist, was einem nahe liegt.

Nun, ich habe gerade ‚dieses Beispiel angeführt, weil man ja gar nicht in die Geisteswissenschaft eindringen kann, wenn man engherzig ist. Aber im gewöhnlichen Leben ist diese Engherzigkeit heute das übliche: alles immer auf den persönlichen, gerade gewohnten Standpunkt zurückzubeziehen. Das ist es, was jene bedenken müßten vor allen Dingen, die sich gerade zu unserer geisteswissenschaftlichen Bewegung bekennen. Ich werde jetzt etwas sagen, was ja, wenn man die Dinge nur innerlich systematisch sagen würde, vielleicht nicht so gesagt zu werden brauchte, was aber im äußeren Lebenszusammenhange zu sagen schon notwendig ist. Diejenigen, die sich genauer um unsere Bewegung bekümmern, wissen ja, wie sehr die Quellen dieser Bewegung angegriffen werden, angefeindet werden, gehaßt werden von manchen, die vorerst gute Anhänger waren. Ich habe schon das letzte Mal von verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten über diese Dinge gesprochen. Nun, es ist nicht überflüssig, sich die Gründe solcher Gegnerschaften von gewissen Seiten klarzumachen. Über die Gründe solcher Gegnerschaften da oder dort habe ich ja das letzte Mal gesprochen. Aber besonders intensiv werden solche Gegnerschaften sehr häufig dann, wenn sie auftreten bei Leuten, welche diesen oder jenen, sagen wir okkulten Gesellschaften angehören. Der Haß mancher der oder jener Gesellschaft Angehörigen, der sich entwickelt gegenüber dem, was hier als Geisteswissenschaft vertreten wird, der ist manchmal ein wirklich stark hervorstechender, und er nimmt manchmal groteske Formen an, und es ist nicht unnötig, diese Dinge ins Auge zu fassen, denn wir sollen alles ins Auge fassen, was uns gerade dazu bringen kann, mit völligem Ernste dieser Bewegung anzugehören. Es ist ja wahr, mit nichts wird in der Welt mehr Scharlatanerie getrieben als mit der Vertretung von geistigen Angelegenheiten durch allerlei Gesellschaften. Daher ist es so leicht, dasjenige zu verdächtigen, was als geisteswissenschaftliche Bewegung auftritt, weil ja wirklich so viel Scharlatanerie in der Welt getrieben wird. Derjenige, der es dann will, kann leicht Zustimmung finden, wenn er sagt: Ja, da ist einmal eine Gesellschaft aufgetreten, die hat behauptet, daß sie die Weisheit aller Welt vertreibt; es hat sich nachher als Scharlatanerie enthüllt. Und dann ist dort eine andere aufgetreten: wieder hat es sich als Scharlatanerie enthüllt! — Das muß zugegeben werden, solche Scharlatanerien gibt es unendlich viel in der Welt. Da muß man schon Unterscheidungsvermögen haben, um das Wahre von dem Scharlatanhaften zu unterscheiden.

Aber es kann ein anderer Fall eintreten. Es kann zum Beispiel eine gewisse Unsicherheit in der Seele eintreten. Solche Unsicherheit kann in folgendem bestehen: Ein solcher Mensch kann dann bekanntwerden mit dem, was hier getrieben wird. Wenn er nun nicht einen offenen Sinn hat, wenn er Persönliches verfolgt, dann kann er in folgende zwiespältige Seelenstimmung kommen. Er kann auf alle Gefahren hinweisen, er kann sich sagen: Ach, wie ist das nun? Ich habe ja so oft gehört von geheimen oder sonstigen Gesellschaften; etwas von Erkenntnis, wirklicher Erkenntnis habe ich da nicht erlebt! Man redet zwar von allem Möglichen, es steht in den Büchern, es wird in den Ritualen verzapft, aber so lebendige Erkenntnis fließt da nicht. Ist nun dasjenige, was sich da Anthroposophie nennt, von derselben Art, oder ist es etwas anderes? — Da kann er in zwiespältige Seelenstimmung kommen. Wenn man nicht eingehen kann auf dasjenige, was hier wirklich lebt, ist es so, daß man sich, trivial übersetzt, sagen kann: Ist das derselbe Schwindel wie der Schwindel, der mir eigentlich angenehmer ist, weil er nicht so große Anforderungen stellt?

Die Dinge, die ich hiermit ausspreche, sind nicht so irreal. Und sie sind vor allen Dingen aus dem Grunde ausgesprochen, weil ich darauf hinweisen will, daß schon eben Ernst und Würde — was ich oft gesagt habe — und Unterscheidungsvermögen notwendig ist, damit nicht das Unangenehme eintritt, was sehr häufig eintritt, daß wirkliches Geistesleben um einem herum ist, während man eigentlich lieber das Gerede über das geistige Leben haben möchte, denn das ist bequemer. Gerade der Umstand, daß hier das wahr ist, was ich in meinem Buche «Theosophie» betont habe, daß nur von geistigen Erfahrungen geredet wird, gerade das ist, was so viel Gegnerschaften hervorruft. Die Gegnerschaft der Theosophischen Gesellschaft ist auch eigentlich erst in dem Momente gekommen, als dort bemerkt worden ist, daß hier Anspruch darauf erhoben wird, daß wirkliche geistige Erfahrungen besprochen werden. Das konnte man nicht vertragen. Man wollte zwar gern Leute haben, die nachsprechen dasjenige, was dort vorgetragen wird, die mit einem gewissen Eifer das nachsprechen; aber selbständige geistige Forschung, das war doch im Grunde genommen die große Sünde wider den heiligen Geist der Theosophischen Gesellschaft. Und diese selbständige Geistesforschung, die hat es heute noch nicht gar so leicht in der Welt. Darauf wollte ich auch neulich am Schluß in meiner Betrachtung hindeuten. Und es wird Ihnen schon nötig sein, gerade diese Dinge mit gesundem Sinn, aber auch mit vollem Ernst ins Auge zu fassen. Die Zeit ist ernst, und das muß ernst sein, was wir als das Heilmittel der Zeit aus der geistigen Welt heraus empfangen wollen.

Davon wollen wir dann morgen weiterreden.

Fourth Lecture

When speaking about what prevents people today from recognizing the spiritual world as it must be understood by anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, two things in the human soul have been pointed out that cause this aversion in the human soul. These are discouragement and powerlessness in relation to the recognition of the spirit, and disinterest in the real form of spiritual life. Today I would like to address these things from a perspective that I have not yet touched upon. When such things are discussed, it must always be borne in mind that ordinary, healthy common sense — as I have often said — is sufficient to understand all things pertaining to spiritual science, to take in all things pertaining to spiritual science without prejudice. In our present time, if I may say so, the fact that correctly applied common sense is sufficient to understand the things of the spiritual world means that, in a certain sense, through this mere understanding, through the unprejudiced acceptance of everything that the investigating spiritual scientist himself has of the spiritual world, one has, if one has the courage and interest to accept these things through common sense, then one has the possibility of slowly and gradually, according to one's own karma, entering into these things. And if one has the courage and interest to take these things in through common sense, then one has the opportunity to slowly and gradually, depending on one's own karma, ascend into this spiritual world. It is already necessary today and will become increasingly necessary for all people to learn to understand the spiritual world simply with common sense, as it is spoken of in spiritual science. How far a person can mature to look into the spiritual world themselves is a completely different question, a question that can only be decided in the innermost depths of each individual soul, and which each person will decide correctly in their own soul if they simply seek to understand the things of the spiritual world through common sense, unclouded by science or other things.

Now the main question is: Why do so many people today avoid allowing their common sense to understand or accept what comes from spiritual science? Well, one can learn something about this question by hearing what the things and beings of the spiritual world are actually like when the spiritual researcher enters this world. In earlier times, initiates spoke about many things concerning the spiritual world in a different way than we must speak today. But there is, of course, also much that could be said in older times in a similar way as it can be said today. In particular, what actually happens when a person in a spiritually immature state wants to enter the spiritual world has always been expressed in a way that is still correct today. Today, it can happen that people say to themselves: Oh, come on, common sense! — But you have to make an effort to understand the spiritual world! People do not like this effort; they prefer to accept this or that on the basis of authority. People today love common sense much less than they think, and so they want to bypass this use of common sense, as it were, and do what seems easier to them, even if the judgment is perhaps made unconsciously, by brooding over things, which they then call meditation and the like, in order to penetrate directly into the spiritual world. It is very common to want to penetrate the spiritual world by bypassing common sense. However, older people who are well versed in these matters have already said the right thing and continue to repeat it today. If someone who is immature in their entire soul constitution wants to penetrate the spiritual world, it is all too easy for them to fail after a while; they fail in such a way that they are left with a feeling similar to that of touching a red-hot coal and being in the intermediate state of burning oneself or letting go. This sensation is one that occurs very frequently in meditators. They do not try to let their common sense prevail to the same extent as their zeal in the so-called exercises, which are of course very justified in themselves. But it has always been emphasized: common sense must not be excluded, and it must be actively and diligently applied. If one tries to practice for a while in such a way that one excludes common sense, and in particular a certain moral self-discipline that one has not yet acquired, then this peculiar thing happens: one feels the whole thing as if one were touching red-hot coals with one's fingers, or rather not quite touching them, but shrinking back. This is how people recoil from the spiritual world. As I said, this has always been emphasized. It has been emphasized because it is an experience that countless teachers of spiritual science in earlier times, when it was practiced atavistically, have had, an experience that can also be had very often in the present. This is emphasized, but today we must look at the reason why this sensation of touching and recoiling, as if from glowing coals, actually occurs.

Now, if we seek understanding for this fact, we can recall a fundamental truth of our spiritual science that is completely familiar to us, namely, how we behave as human beings when we consider our entire life, which alternates between waking and sleeping. If we stick with the old expressions, we can say that while we sleep, we leave our physical body and etheric body lying in bed and flow out, if I may express it that way, with our ego and astral body into the world that otherwise surrounds us. When we sleep, we are not in the shell of our body; we are poured out into the world around us. When we sleep, our consciousness as human beings is very limited. If the state of sleep is not interrupted by dreams, which means a certain increase in the intensity of consciousness, but if we consider dreamless sleep, then our consciousness is so low that we are not aware of the infinitely significant sum of experiences we go through when we are in the state between falling asleep and waking up. Now, what we should really consider is not the abstract word: “In sleep we are in the ego and in the astral body outside the physical body,” but rather that our life is immensely rich between falling asleep and waking up. We are simply unaware of this because our consciousness is weakened at that time, because our sleeping consciousness is not yet as strong as the consciousness we can connect with the instruments of the physical body. In fact, an enormously intense experience takes place between the I and the astral body within the world in which we are otherwise also present, an intense experience. However, the human being is protected by his ordinary earthly state from perceiving this life directly, this life that unfolds when, if I may express it thus, we squeeze ourselves as the I and the astral body through the same things in which we are when we are awake and using our physical body and its instruments. Life in the sleeping state is incredibly rich. But this life does not cease when we wake up and submerge ourselves in our physical body and etheric body. Even then, we are connected to our environment through our ego and our astral body in a way that ordinary consciousness has no idea about. It is simply not noticed. We can now examine this relationship more closely. We can ask ourselves: What exactly is this relationship between our soul and spirit and our physical body?

It would be very bad for our present state of experience if we were constantly—which we are not, but if we were, we would have to do so constantly, we could not do otherwise—perceiving what we experience while asleep with things outside in space and time. For our body has a certain peculiarity in relation to these experiences. It weakens these experiences, so to speak. Everything we actually experience with our environment is weakened by our body, and we perceive only the weakening of our body, not our real experiences. Our real experiences relate to what we perceive of our environment through our body — and this is a very, very apt image, because it is not merely an image, but corresponds to an occult reality — our body or the experiences of our body relate to our real experiences in the same way that sunlight shining on a stone and reflecting back from the stone relates to the real sunlight shining on the stone from above, so that we can see the stone. so that we can see the stone, to the real sunlight that shines down on us from above. Look at the stone on which the sunlight falls: you can look at the stone, you can tolerate the reflected, the thrown-back light with your eyes. Turn away from the stone and look directly at the sun, and you will be blinded. This is roughly how our real experiences of our environment relate to what we experience through the instruments of our body. What we really experience with our environment has the strength of sunlight, and what we experience through the instruments of the body has only that attenuation of this strength which the attenuated light reflected back to us by some object has from the strength of sunlight. We are sun beings in our innermost being; but we cannot yet bear to be sun beings. Therefore, just as we must see with our outer physical eyes because direct sunlight blinds us, we must perceive our environment through the weakened experience of our body and its tools, because we cannot directly confront what we actually experience from our environment. We are actually like human beings when we are blinded by the sun's rays, and what we know about ourselves and the world is not our essence, is not as if it were experienced directly in the streaming sunbeam, but is like the light that is reflected back to us from objects and no longer blinds our eyes. From this you can see that when you wake up in a world that ordinary consciousness cannot bear, you feel as if you were inside the sunbeam, as if you were really living with the sunbeam. And in real experience, in real life, it is even the very concentrated sunbeam.

There you have the proof for what is often said, that people throw away spiritual scientific experiences as if they were hot coals. They enter a region of experience in which they experience what it is like to burn their finger physically: at first they recoil, not wanting to burn themselves. Of course, you must not reverse what I say: no one can have spiritual experiences by physically burning their finger. That is why I said – in spiritual science, one must always speak precisely – like the soul experience when you burn your finger.

In fact, entering the spiritual world is not at first something that causes pure bliss in human beings. Rather, entering the spiritual world is such that it must be paid for — there are, of course, many other such experiences — with that inner, one might even say unhappiness, which one experiences when, for example, one burns oneself with fire. Spiritually, one initially experiences exactly the same thing with the things, beings, and processes of the spiritual world as when one burns oneself, for example. The real experiences of the spiritual world must be acquired through such painful experiences. What brings bliss from these experiences of the spiritual world, what gives satisfaction to life, is the afterglow of thought. Those who receive these experiences through communication and understand them through common sense can have the same experience as those who enter the spiritual world. Of course, individual people must enter the spiritual world, otherwise it would never be possible to learn anything about the spiritual world.

This fact that I have mentioned must be taken into account. It is not really so difficult to deduce what I have now explained from external facts. You will find everywhere, wherever people speak seriously, not charlatanishly, about the spiritual world, that they always speak of passing through not joyful but painful experiences. And you know how often I have discussed that those who have acquired a little real knowledge of the spiritual world in life do not look back on the pains of their life, on the suffering of their life, with harshness. For such a person says to himself: I gratefully accept the joys, the uplifting moments of life as a divine gift, and I rejoice in my fate that such joyful, uplifting moments have been granted to me; but I have gained my knowledge from my pains, my knowledge from my sufferings. Everyone who has gained real knowledge of the spiritual world will say this. Here on the physical earth, knowledge of the spiritual world cannot be acquired in any other way than this.

And now you can understand why people shrink from understanding the spiritual world, even though this understanding can be acquired through common sense. One usually only shrinks from understanding what one does not shrink from in outer life. Now, of course, you would be highly unreasonable and foolish if you arbitrarily wanted to burn your fingers in order to know what it feels like. And again, if you burn your fingers, you pay so little attention to the mental experience that you do not gain any real experience of what it is like to burn your fingers. Yes, there is even a psychological fact that can only be correctly understood when seen in the light that flows from these insights. You may have already noticed—I am not addressing any of you individually, because I do not expect this of everyone, but I naturally assume that you have heard of such things—but you will have heard from others and noticed that when they burn their fingers, they cry out. Now, why do some people cry out when they burn their fingers? For the simple reason that by screaming, they drown out the emotional experience. People scream and moan when they are in pain in order to relieve it. And so they cannot experience the full content of the pain in full consciousness when they scream; it is really a drowning out of the pain, the expression of the pain. In short, in ordinary life, human beings do not have much experience of the things that are experienced in the spiritual world. Nevertheless, it is possible to understand things through common sense because they have analogies everywhere in the external physical world in which we gain our experience. The things of spiritual life are not at all incomprehensible, but one must decide to develop certain qualities of the soul, for example, courage. One must simply have the courage that one does not usually have when one does something that one shrinks from because it hurts. You have to have this courage, because entering the spiritual world always hurts. So you have to develop certain soul forces. This is necessary, but very many people today do not want to develop soul qualities in the systematic way described, for example, in my book How to Know Higher Worlds. If they did increase them, then what is necessary would easily prevail in their powers of comprehension, in their common sense, in order to understand through this common sense the experiences of the finger in the spiritual world, which in this sense, as I have described, are painful. We live in an age in which such an increase in the human soul state is necessary, because otherwise humanity cannot achieve its goal on earth, because otherwise catastrophe after catastrophe would have to occur and chaos would finally ensue.

However, in discussing these things, especially at this time when it is particularly necessary, I have emphasized something else strongly. That is, with the weakening of the soul condition that already exists in contemporary human beings, one can be an excellent natural scientist in the present sense of the word, and with this understanding, which is not common sense but rather human understanding elevated by scientific authority, one can understand very well what is on the outside of our physical environment. one cannot understand it inwardly, spiritually, but one can understand the external side very well. But what one cannot do with the concepts provided by natural science, what one cannot do with the kind of thinking to which modern humanity is accustomed, is to bring order into the gradually chaotic social structure of human coexistence. In other words, the social demands of the present and the near future will never be solved by what can be called thinking about nature and natural phenomena. It is precisely in this point that our contemporaries still have an enormous amount to learn. It is precisely in this point that our contemporaries do not agree with what spiritual science must say from the innermost understanding of the nature of our world. Despite all the objections that are being raised more and more today, spiritual science must say precisely on this point: No matter how much tinkering and doctoring is done in the field of social questions, all this tinkering and doctoring will lead to nothing; on the contrary, it will lead to even greater social confusion than already exists in individual areas of earthly existence. unless it is recognized that insight into social issues can only come from a spiritual understanding of the world's existence. Social issues must be solved through spiritual science. Everything else in these areas is amateurism.

In order to speak about things from a certain point of view, we must turn to the other. What currently prevents people from approaching spiritual science is their lack of interest in spiritual life. Almost all contemporary natural scientists share this lack of interest in spiritual life. They are indifferent to spiritual life. They either deny it or reduce to laws what they observe with their physical senses, what can be observed through the microscope or telescope; but they have no interest in what every glance, every real glance at nature reveals: that behind natural phenomena and facts, spiritual forces are at work. But this lack of interest in the spirit is particularly prevalent today among those who want to meddle and tinker with social issues. And there is a special reason for this.

From various things I have discussed recently, you will be able to gather that we are in a very special inner state of mind when we stand face to face with another human being. I have expressed in radical terms the state of mind we are in when we stand face to face with another human being. I have told you that, in fact, standing face to face with another human being always has a soporific effect on us. We actually fall asleep with regard to the innermost peculiarities of our human nature through the presence of another human being. It is not surprising that our outward behavior deceives us about this falling asleep. For certainly we see other people with our eyes, we even reach out our hands to them and touch them, but that does not prevent our deeper human nature from being lulled to sleep by other people. Just as we fall asleep in the evening in relation to the external world, something in us falls asleep through the presence of other people. But when it falls asleep, it does not cease to be effective. And so, in social life, there are constantly effects from person to person of which people cannot be clearly aware precisely because they are together with other people. The most important thing in social life escapes people in relation to their ordinary consciousness, because for this most important thing in social life, it is precisely the power of imagination that is put to sleep and people act instinctively. No wonder that in social life today, where the intellect is most easily lulled to sleep in the realm of images, the most savage instincts prevail and are even declared to be entirely justified, because clear thinking about these things is simply lulled to sleep by the mere fact of human coexistence. But the moment a person enters the spiritual world, what has been lulled to sleep awakens, and it becomes clear what prevails between people. There, therefore, the solutions to the so-called social questions and social demands can also be found. As I have already said here, they can only be found beyond the threshold of sensory consciousness. And what humanity will want in the future in terms of so-called solutions to social issues, if they are to be true solutions, can only be gained through spiritual science, that is, the science of the supersensible, because all human coexistence is of a supersensible nature in its most intimate foundations.

But if one wants to experience spiritually those things that relate to human beings and humanity, that relate to the human social structure, one must bring into one's entire power of imagination, into everything one experiences, something which, as you will soon see, is hardly present in ordinary consciousness today. There is only one thing here in the physical world in terms of sensations and feelings that is the same as the sensations and feelings that someone must have if they want to explore social laws and social impulses in a meaningful way, rather than in a superficial way. This exists only to a limited extent here in the physical world, namely when there is a completely healthy, completely right relationship between father, mother, and child in the upbringing of father, mother, and child. In everything else that can be experienced in the world between human beings, this does not exist at first for ordinary consciousness.

Now try to understand this motherly love, the love that a mother develops when she has just given birth to a child, this motherly love for her child that springs so naturally from nature — you can do this even in this radical form — and now ask yourself whether, in all the scientific investigations that scholars usually carry out — including those scholars who conduct social scientific investigations — does this motherly love prevail? One must have this motherly love for the ideas one develops about the social structure if these ideas are to be essential and not meaningless. There is nothing else in human life that can be thought of as socially correct except that which is thought of socially with motherly love.

And now take the various social reformers and social thinkers. Try, for example, to let something like the writings of Karl Marx, Schmoller, or Roscher, or whomever you like, sink in, and ask yourself whether, in devising their so-called social-political laws, they allow the same thing to prevail in this devising of social-political laws as otherwise lives in the mother's love for her child when this motherly love develops healthily. But it must be pointed out that a healthy solution to the so-called social question is not possible unless it comes from thinkers who—you will understand what I mean when I express myself in this way—are able to develop motherly love in solving their problems. It is a very human thing on which the solution of social demands in the present depends. It is not a matter of astuteness or ordinary cleverness or scholarly belief, but rather a matter of raising the capacity for love to the degree that motherly love unfolds, or we could also say, the immediate, intimate love in the coexistence of father, mother, and child.

Now you will rightly raise an objection. You will say: Well, on earth things are already arranged in such a way that the social structure has, so to speak, the family as its smallest unit, and on earth this family as such is of course fully justified, and surely the whole of humanity cannot become one family! — That is an objection that will naturally arise immediately. But if one is to conceive of social laws based on motherly love, it would actually follow that the whole of humanity would become one family. That cannot be the case, of course. Only those who realize what a true thought is and what a charlatan's abstract thought is will have to admit that, of course, human beings cannot immediately behave toward every child as they do toward their own child, that not every child can behave toward every other woman or every other man as it behaves toward its father or mother, and so on. So all of humanity cannot become one family. That is quite correct, but precisely because it is correct, there is another necessity. As physical human beings living here on the physical earth, we cannot possibly form one family out of all of humanity, and anyone who wanted to do so would naturally be wanting something absurd. But we can do so in another sense. And in another sense it must even happen. We cannot relate to physical human beings as father, mother, and child. But when the realization takes hold in humanity that a spiritual-soul being lives in every human being, that a divine-spiritual being shines out through the eyes of every human being, that the message of a divine spiritual being resounds from their words, when, in other words, it is no longer merely recognized in the abstract that human beings have an immortal soul, but is recognized in immediate perception in the encounter between human beings: When I look into a person's eyes, an infinity shines out at me; when I hear a person speak, it is not merely the physical sound that speaks, but the divine-spiritual being of their soul resounds. This becomes a direct perception, just as we perceive a surface as blue or red. We will be able to perceive that when a person expresses themselves, they are of a divine-spiritual nature. We will not merely recognize through faith that humans have an immortal soul, but we will perceive this immortal soul directly in the expression of the human being. then the moment has come when we can behave, not in relation to the physical human being, but in relation to what the human being intimately harbors within as a spiritual-soul being, as if the whole of humanity were one large family. For we can enter into this relationship with the spiritual-soul nature of every human being. This is the only thing that will make it possible to solve the so-called social question. Therefore, the solution to the social question is simply given in the recognition of the divine-spiritual nature of the human being, in the recognition that what walks around here on earth as the physical body of the human being is only the outer expression of something that shines forth in every human being from eternity. We can relate to what shines forth in human beings from eternity in the same way that we relate to our closest family members in a proper relationship. We can do this in every respect. When we recognize this, we can then bring forth a love for humanity that is as great as the love we have for our family.

The objection does not apply, of course, and it would also be very superficial to look at things this way: Yes, but there are also bad people! — My dear friends, there are also bad children, whom we must punish; but we punish them with love! The moment we see the divine spirit shining in people, we will punish them where necessary, but we will punish them with love. Above all, we will learn something that we practice, I would say, instinctively when we are in a family relationship with another human being: When we are in a family relationship with another human being, we punish, but we do not hate the person. We do not hate the person who is our son, even if we punish him, but we hate the vice he has. We love the person; we hate his misdeeds and his misbehavior, because we know how to distinguish between the person and something that has befallen him. Once people understand the great, powerful difference that exists between love for humanity and hatred for the misdeeds that befall people, then a proper relationship between people will develop. If we follow our innermost human nature, we never have the possibility of hating a human being. Of course, we have many reasons to hate human crimes, misdeeds, human weaknesses, and human lack of character. The great mistake we make in social behavior is usually that we transfer what we should feel toward misdeeds and crimes onto human beings. We do this instinctively today, but we must be aware that the recent development of humanity lies in distinguishing between hatred for the misdeed and the love one nevertheless feels for the person.

Recognizing such truths would do more to solve the burning social issues of today than many other things that are currently circulating as socialist bungling or socialist doctrinarism. In the face of materialism, which everywhere needs the coarse material, it is difficult to speak effectively about such things, for the simple reason that people today—which is more harmful than materialistic theories—are often materialistic in their instincts. Crime and lack of character cannot be seen; they do not exist in material form. But because people want to hate the material, they cling to the material man with their hatred. This gives rise to countless misunderstandings.

Another serious misunderstanding that arises from this is that, out of some misunderstood feelings and emotions, people sometimes confuse the person with what he does. One becomes lax in judging what people do by saying, “Oh, we don't want to hurt people; love for humanity compels me to turn a blind eye here and there.” If the judgment of the matter is made only by fixing one's eyes on what is done as a wrongdoing, and not confusing the person in his innermost soul with the wrongdoing, then the right judgment will flow. On the one hand, it is more convenient, when one does not like someone anyway, to be fair to them, as one often says; but it is also convenient to excuse mistakes through which a person can have a harmful effect in the outer world, because it suits one to do so. In the overall context of humanity, it is immensely important that we are able to distinguish between what we are truly entitled to dislike and what is inherent in human beings as such.

I have often emphasized that what is expressed here in such contexts is not meant to be a critique of culture and contemporary conditions, but rather a simple characterization. You will therefore understand when I say that so-called Western civilized humanity, the humanity of Europe with its American appendage, had to go through a period of not only taking things scientifically and materialistically, but also taking life materialistically, confusing human beings with their deeds in the sense I have indicated. This was part of their education: in order for other qualities to develop properly, people had to go through a stage of materialism in this area as well. But people who have remained at earlier stages of culture have retained many things from earlier stages of culture in which atavistic clairvoyance still existed. And atavistic clairvoyance is followed by very specific sensibilities and states of mind. We Europeans can only grow to meet what is rushing upon us from certain quarters if we consider what has been said today. For let us not forget, for example, that thinkers who are regarded as very enlightened, such as Immanuel Kant, speak — and this is only from certain backgrounds, not of Christianity but of churchism — of the radical evil in human nature. And how widespread is this error—we can already call it that—that human nature is actually evil at its core! In the civilized world of Europe and its American appendage, people say: If human nature is not restrained, it is evil. This is actually a European view, a view of European ecclesiasticalism.

There is a humanity that does not hold this view, that has preserved a different view from earlier times. This is, for example, the Chinese humanity. In the Chinese worldview as such, the following statement, the following principle prevails: Man is good by nature! — This is a tremendous difference that plays a much greater role than one might think in the conflict of humanity that is about to unfold. Of course, when one speaks of these things today, people believe it as little as they would have believed in 1900 if one had spoken of the war in which we are now engaged. But it is nevertheless true that a conflict is brewing between the Asian and European peoples. And there, things will play a role that are quite different from those they have played, or are still playing and will continue to play, in the catastrophic conflict in which we find ourselves.

There is already a great difference in the whole way of feeling, whether one is convinced, like the Chinese, that man is good by nature, or, like the Europeans, that man is radically evil by nature — it is already a great difference whether a person thinks one way or the other, from the point of view of the national worldview. The fact that one person thinks one way and another thinks another way is expressed in their entire temperament, in their entire soul constitution. People usually get caught up in the outward appearances of life's conflicts; they usually pay little attention to what lies at the core of their innermost nature.

I will mention just one thing. You see, the fact that European people, even though they do not usually admit it, are basically always convinced that human beings are actually bad and that they must first become good through education and discipline, state or other forms of discipline, is historically and necessarily closely connected with something else: it is connected—not the fact itself, but the qualities of perception that underlie it—with the fact that European man has developed a certain life in his soul in the form that is called logic and science. You will therefore find it understandable that true connoisseurs of Chinese, that is, not European connoisseurs, but Chinese themselves, connoisseurs of Chinese who have also got to know Europe, such as Ku Flung-Ming, who has been mentioned here frequently, emphasize that there are no equivalents in the Chinese language for logic and science. What we call European science, what we call European logic, the Chinese have no words for at all, because they do not have these things, because what Europeans believe to be Chinese science is something completely different from what we call science, and what we call logic is something completely different from what we Europeans believe to be logic in the Chinese soul. How different people are on earth! We must focus our attention on this. Without focusing our attention on this, it is impossible to have a fruitful discussion about social problems. But when we focus our attention on this, our intellectual horizons expand. And it is precisely this expansion of our intellectual horizons that is necessary for a healthy understanding of spiritual science.

And when one asks about various things—we have already touched on two things today and can touch on a third—when one asks why people today still habitually keep themselves so far away from spiritual scientific knowledge, one of the reasons is that the horizons, the spiritual horizons of the present human race, are very narrow. No matter how much people boast about their spiritual horizons in the present, the spiritual horizon of contemporary human beings is very narrow. Its narrowness is particularly evident in the fact that people today generally find it extremely difficult to go beyond themselves in relation to certain things. And this influences not only his understanding, but also his entire life of sympathy and antipathy.

I would like to mention once again a fact that is known to many of you as a fact — that is, the effect of this fact is known to many of you — which I have already mentioned once before. You know that a certain relationship existed years ago between the so-called Theosophical Society and those people who today form the Anthroposophical Society. Now I have just experienced something remarkable from outstanding members of the Theosophical Society. As you know, at the beginning of this century I published communications from the so-called Akashic Records, communications which I can say, as I can say of everything else I communicate from the spiritual world, are based on personal experience. When these communications were read by an eminent member of the Theosophical Society, it was impossible to understand that such a thing could exist. I was asked: How did these messages come about? And it was impossible to communicate at all, because the method of spiritual scientific research that is really appropriate for our time was completely unknown in that circle. There, research was conducted in a more mediumistic way. Basically, they wanted to know the name of the medium or medium-like person through whom these Akashic Record messages had come about. It was considered impossible that they could really come about through a certain human state of mind that extends into the supersensible realm and can be observed directly. Such things reveal human narrow-mindedness. Even in such an important field, people only consider possible what is familiar to them, what is close to them.

Now, I have just cited this example because it is impossible to penetrate spiritual science if one is narrow-minded. But in ordinary life today, this narrow-mindedness is the norm: everything is always reduced to one's own personal, familiar point of view. This is what those who profess allegiance to our spiritual scientific movement should consider above all else. I am now going to say something which, if one were to express things only systematically within oneself, might not need to be said, but which is necessary to say in the context of external life. Those who are more closely involved with our movement know how much the sources of this movement are attacked, opposed, and hated by some who were initially good followers. I already spoke about these things from various points of view last time. Now, it is not superfluous to clarify the reasons for such opposition from certain quarters. I spoke about the reasons for such opposition here and there last time. But such opposition often becomes particularly intense when it arises among people who belong to this or that, let us say, occult society. The hatred that some members of this or that society develop toward what is represented here as spiritual science is sometimes really striking, and it sometimes takes on grotesque forms, and it is not unnecessary to take these things into account, because we should take into account everything that can lead us to belong to this movement with complete seriousness. It is true that nothing in the world is more charlatanism than the representation of spiritual matters by all kinds of societies. That is why it is so easy to suspect anything that presents itself as a spiritual scientific movement, because there is so much charlatanism in the world. Those who want to can easily find agreement when they say: Yes, there was once a society that claimed to impart the wisdom of the whole world; it later turned out to be charlatanism. And then another one appeared: again, it turned out to be charlatanism! — It must be admitted that there is an infinite amount of such charlatanism in the world. One must have discernment to distinguish the true from the charlatan.

But another case can arise. For example, a certain uncertainty can arise in the soul. Such uncertainty can consist in the following: Such a person may then become acquainted with what is being done here. If they do not have an open mind, if they are pursuing personal goals, they may find themselves in the following ambivalent state of mind. They may point out all the dangers and say to themselves: Oh, how is that now? I have heard so much about secret societies and other societies; but I have not experienced any real insight there! People talk about all kinds of things, it's in the books, it's spouted in the rituals, but there is no living knowledge flowing there. Is what is called anthroposophy of the same kind, or is it something else? — This can lead to an ambivalent state of mind. If one cannot respond to what is really alive here, one might say, to put it trivially: Is this the same kind of deception as the deception that I actually find more pleasant because it does not make such great demands?

The things I am saying here are not so unreal. And they are expressed above all because I want to point out that seriousness and dignity — as I have often said — and discernment are necessary so that the unpleasant does not occur, which very often does occur, that there is real spiritual life around you, while you would actually prefer to talk about spiritual life, because that is more comfortable. It is precisely the fact that what I emphasized in my book Theosophy is true here, that only spiritual experiences are talked about, that causes so much opposition. The opposition of the Theosophical Society actually only arose at the moment when it was noticed that a claim was being made here that real spiritual experiences were being discussed. That was intolerable. They wanted people who would repeat what was said there, who would repeat it with a certain zeal; but independent spiritual research was, after all, the great sin against the Holy Spirit of the Theosophical Society. And this independent spiritual research still does not have an easy time of it in the world today. I wanted to point this out at the end of my recent reflection. And it will be necessary for you to consider these things with common sense, but also with complete seriousness. The times are serious, and what we want to receive from the spiritual world as the remedy for our times must also be serious.

We will continue this discussion tomorrow.