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The Social Question as a Question of Consciousness
GA 189

15 February 1919, Dornach

Lecture I

In some of the lectures I have recently held here I have dealt from several aspects with the now urgent, burning social question. Everyone who does not sleep through the events that weave themselves into his life, can be aware that this so-called social question has long been, and continues to be, an urgent and burning one for all mankind. From lectures I have held here and also from extracts of some given publicly by me in different parts of Switzerland, it can be seen how far in man's modern necessities of life, and in his most recent development, this social question has taken a definite form, a most incisive form, for life. In our Anthroposophical Movement, therefore, it behooves us to arrive, from our point of view, at a judgment about human destiny especially in regard to the social question, a judgment which in a way possible to us could be put into actual effect.

For a considerable time certain of our members have endeavoured to make their powers of use in our difficult times. Many things have been considered and put under review. Naturally for each of us it is possible to intervene in affairs only in the way his fate, his karma, and his position in life allow. As a result of the various aspirations among us, the following has now evolved. Three well-known members, who set themselves the special task of working in Stuttgart to meet the demands of modern life, Herr Mott, Dr. Bock, and Herr Kühn, came to me early in February and decided to put into practice, as far and as suitably as possible, what we have been able to learn from our world-outlook and conception of life. When we are dealing with a matter not of mere consideration but of practical application, the question can only be what at a definite point of time is suitable, what answers the purpose, what in a certain relation is the fitting thing with which to begin. If one does not make a suitable beginning one will rush in where angels fear to tread and, as a rule, accomplish nothing. For us at the present moment it is a matter of doing something in accordance with what has gone before, something the hard-pressed German people will find justified. In the events of the present day, above all appears one thing that is most significant—the existence of a deep gulf between the classes of men. On one side of this gulf stand the circles that have hitherto more or less led men's destiny; on the other side, the proletariat pressing forward with the reality of their social claims. The proletariat, it is true, appears to the observant in two forms, the workers themselves, and their leaders. I have often shown here how all the thoughts, aspirations and impulses in the heads of the leaders, by the help of which they gain their influence over the workers, are fundamentally a legacy from the middle-class thinking of the previous century. We have spoken of this here from various points of view, and sought to confirm it.

Now one of the most significant phenomena is this deep gulf between the two human groups. In recent days this has been clearly visible to those who follow the history of the times; on the one side Paris, where the standpoint of the formerly leading circles of mankind prevails, where man's destiny and that of the present time are dealt with; on the other side, Berne with its Conference in which lives everything that is divided from the other by the deep gulf. Whoever has carefully followed what has issued from Paris and what on the other hand has been attempted in Berne, at the socialist Congress, could not but confess that the essential thing, the significant and lasting thing, that will make itself felt in human evolution, is not the result of what is thought and hoped for in Paris or Berne, but the fact that in these two places two such very different social languages have been spoken. To be really honest one has to confess that here we have two totally different languages, languages up to now mutually incomprehensible.

On due consideration this significant phenomenon may strike everyone as justifying what I have so often said here, namely, that if we are to understand these things and share in the working out of possible solutions, many root causes must be looked for that are deeper than those sought today by either side. Time and again we have the opportunity of seeing what I referred to two days ago in a public lecture at Basle—that the social question, the social movement, is already an actual question, a question of present events for a great part of civilised mankind, in as deeply decisive a way as anything in the history of mankind. It presents itself in this way to all those of insight. And how often have I pointed out here that the deeper causes are to be found only through those considerations of reality that result from the Movement here for Spiritual Science, Anthroposophy—the deeper causes also for the social study of life and of things.

At the beginning of the year I pointed out something I believe to be significant, namely, that today it is possible for mankind to be thoroughly pessimistic not just from emotional reasons but on actual social grounds. At the time, I read to you an excellent article by a man 1Walther Rathenau who in this way is really able to estimate social matters. I have told you that it is profitable to think pessimistically only when one is not conscious of the other side of the fact—that help can be found by turning to the spirit. For that, a consciousness must be cultivated more and more that there is only ground for belief in destructive forces, which can produce terrible results in the coming decades, if men refuse to turn to the consideration of the realities arising from Spiritual Science. Naturally we do not mean by this the dogma of some spiritual movement or other, what we mean is an appeal to any forces of the spirit that alone can heal and help at this critical juncture in human evolution.

Thus, in a particular way, because it is not called forth arbitrarily but by observation of the forces of the times, the spiritual knowledge of Anthroposophy becomes in the anthroposophical members the needed healing power in the highest sense. It is not indeed the programme of one individual or of several individuals, but the result of observing what the spiritual leadership of the world dictates as necessary for mankind's present progress. It is on that account only that we can speak of Spiritual Science, of Anthroposophy, otherwise it would obviously be presumptuous. But what springs from true modesty need not be deterred when making itself felt, by the reproach of the presumptuous.

What has come from Paris can be said to be in keeping with an attitude towards life that in the last four-and-a-half years has led ad absurdum. From Berne has streamed what seems salvation to many, but has originated in an insufficiently deep source. From Paris there flows what occasions fear in almost all mankind; from Berne was meant to stream what in a great number of men can arouse hope and belief. And these two things speak quite different languages; there is no possibility of mutual understanding across the abyss. That will come only from the soul's inner appeal to Spiritual Science.

From such impulses arose the thought first at least to speak to the understanding of part of mankind. For it is a question of understanding. I have continually emphasised that in our social chaos we shall make no headway until we succeed in our appeal to the understanding of a sufficiently large number of men before instincts become too uncontrolled. This is what inspired my lectures in Zurich, Berne and Basle. Recently, various people with whom I have talked have given frequent opportunity for discussing how to approach the understanding and whether it be possible to discover the way before there is complete disaster? Now the latter question is one that cannot be raised by anyone who thinks in realities. For anyone thinking in realities does not speak with hypotheses about what is possible or not possible, but seizes on what he considers necessary to be done. When one one sets out on some road, a first step has to be taken; and we should not think, when the first step seems incompatible with the desired goal, that this step is useless. On a long road the first step can only take us a very short way. When going towards a specified goal it is first simply a question of not going in the wrong direction, either to right or left of the goal. Secondly, having once started on, the path, it is a question of having the will to keep to it and not to stumble against anything either left or right. If we would take our stand on realistic ground, we must also be in touch with what is happening at the time, what is already there, and not build castles in the air. Our though must be linked with something showing that from a certain direction a real stream is flowing. The first step may often seem most unfortunate, and only after a time perhaps turn out to be otherwise.

Now the three men previously named—Herr Mott, Dr. Boos, Herr Kühn, have discussed this matter with me. Since a spiritual appeal is to be made to the understanding of mankind, it must first be asked where anything of the sort has been seen to have an effect on men's thinking. You may remember an appeal made to the so-called world of culture, issued by ninety-nine German personalities, for the most part professors, or so I believe. Judged from the point of view of reality and not of emotion, this appeal can only be considered very clumsy. Yet for the most part they were professors: The appeal made an impression, however, and influenced thought in an unfortunate way. And it still haunts us. Being in a certain sense a reality it was a reality that had a worse effect than many others for it set waves in motion.

This makes one wonder how it might be in the present urgency to send out an appeal in contrast to this untimely set of antiquated notions, an appeal to man's understanding, arising out of the real conditions of modern human life. First, arising out of the facts themselves, an appeal to the German people, who have experienced the fate of seeing swept away the whole framework of a State in which they had hoped to realise their appointed task. They should be appealed to in a way to make them see that facts are speaking to them and not just a collection of words or some particular opinion or idea. Whereas perhaps the greater part of mankind would be loath to listen as long as old forms still remain, it can be assumed that the Germans would be more likely to listen, because no longer able to remain on the old ground they must perforce seek out a new basis for their life's task. For men are like that; so long as anything of the old remains—when it is not just a matter of clothes—they will unquestioningly hold firmly to it, unconscious of any sign that this is no longer possible. No one believes what a part love of comfort plays in the inner life of man.

Out of these thoughts I have composed a sort of Manifesto, and imagine it may be listened to by those souls who, where our own particular cultural questions are concerned, can be brought to an understanding based on reality. Above all I hope it may be understood by those Germans who are intelligent; to these it is addressed. But I mean it to be read by the enemies of Germany also, as something that has been considered and found fit by the people of Germany to be translated into reality. I thought of the ninety-nine signatures; if another ninety-nine of the Germans of the old Germany and of the old Austria can be found, and if the ninety-nine could perhaps be increased by a few personalities having an understanding of the present necessities of life—people in neutral countries, in Switzerland for example,—then something positive might be done in contrast to the former negative undertaking of the ninety-nine.

I beg you to understand me aright. This is first and foremost an appeal to the German people. But it is thought that what will be discussed in this form among the Germans themselves should be heard by the whole cultural world. I shall read this appeal here. The ideas will be known and familiar to you, since we have often discussed them. It is not meant to give advice, but it should show people that there is a way and how this way may be found. Certainly the presentation can be criticised as too short. But it is not a question of a textbook, it is an indication that there is something within mankind that can be of help.

The Appeal is addressed: “TO THE GERMAN PEOPLE AND TO THE CULTURAL WORLD”

The German people believed the structure of their empire, set up half a century before, to be secure for an unlimited time. At the outbreak of this catastrophic war, in August 1914, they saw this structure firmly established and imagined it would prove invincible. Today they see only its ruins. After such an experience must come reflection, heart-searching. For this experience has shown that the thoughts prevailing for half a century and more, especially those holding good over the war years, to have been tragically misleading. The question necessarily, arising in the souls of the German people is: where lie the reasons for this tragic error? This question must promote inner reflection in souls, and on their power for such reflection depends the very survival of the German people. Their future depends upon how far they are able to consider the question in all seriousness: How did I fall into this error? If today they face this question, the knowledge will dawn on than that, half a century earlier they founded a realm but omitted to set it the tasks arising from the essential nature of the German people. The realm was set up. In its early years all efforts went to the adjustment, as far as life allowed, of demands remaining over from the old tradition and yearly arising from new needs. Later men went on to confirm and increase their outer predominance in material strength. With this they combined measures concerned with the social claims born of the times, measures that certainly took into account the needs of the day but lacked the larger aims which should come from knowledge of the evolutionary forces to which modern man must turn. Thus the realm was established in a world-connection that lacked a real goal to justify its survival. The course the catastrophe of the war took has revealed this in a tragic way. Until the very outbreak of hostilities the world outside Germany could not see in the conduct of the realm anything to suggest that its rulers were fulfilling a world mission of historic import, not to be lightly swept aside. The failure of the rulers to find such a mission has necessarily given rise in the non-German world to the opinions that to those of insight have been the deeper grounds for the German downfall.

For the German people infinitely much now depends upon their impartial judgment of this state of affairs. In misfortune there must arise the insight which, in the last fifty years, has not been willing to show itself. Instead of the feeble thinking about day-to-day demands, a greater impulse must arise towards an outlook on life that with vigorous thought strives to understand the forces at work in evolution, and devotes itself to these with courageous will. There must be an end to the petty desire to sweep aside as unpractical idealists all those who pay heed to evolutionary forces. So too must cease the pride and presumption of those who imagine themselves to be practical people, who through their narrow vision in the guise of the practical have brought about disaster. Heed must be paid to what the truly practical men—decried as idealists—have to say about the present requirements of evolution.

The ‘practical’ men in all directions have for a long time seen that quite new human demands are being made, but they have tried to fit them within the frame of ordinary traditional thinking end organisation. The economic life of the day has produced demands that private initiative seems incapable of satisfying. One class of men consider it necessary that private enterprise should in individual spheres be transferred to companies; and this would be carried out wherever it appeared profitable according to the outlook on life of this particular class. The drastic transference of all individual work to associations became the aim of another class who, through the development of modern economic life, have no interest in retaining the handed-down aims of private persons.

In all the endeavours in connection with the modern demands of mankind up till now, there is something in common. They press for the socialisation of private undertakings, and count on the latter being taken over by the community (State, Commune) that has sprung from conditions having nothing to do with modern demands. Or men think in terms of newer associations, such as companies, that are nevertheless not formed in complete accordance with these new demands but copy old forms,out of traditional habits of thought.

The truth is that no associations formed in the sense of these old habits of thought can take up what one would like to see accepted. Prevalent forces press towards recognition of a social structure of mankind having something quite different in view from what is customary. Until now the social communities have for the most part been formed out of man's social instincts; the task of our time is to penetrate the forces of these instincts with full consciousness.

The social organism is membered in the same way as the natural organism. And as the natural organism must manage its thinking through the head and not through the lungs, so in the social organism the membering into systems must be such that no system can take over the task of another; all must work together but maintain its own independence.

The economic life can thrive only in developing as an independent member of the social organism in accordance with its own laws and its own forces, and avoids creating confusion in its structure by allowing itself to be absorbed by another member, the political member, of the social organism. The member that works politically must have a completely independent existence alongside the economic life, just as in the human organism the breathing system exists alongside that of the head. Their mutual work cannot be carried on beneficially if the two systems are under a single set of laws and administration; each must have its own, working, however, in a living way with the other. For the political system must destroy the economic life if it wants to take it over, and the economic system loses its forces of life when it becomes political.

To these two members of the social organism must be added a third, completely independent and formed out of the possibilities of its own life. This member is all that is produced spiritually, in which the spiritual part of the two other spheres also have a share. The spiritual part must be given over to them by the third member that is provided with its own laws and administration, but this spiritual part cannot be governed nor influenced by the other spheres more than member organs of a whole organism are influenced by one another.

Already today what has been said here to be necessary for the social organism can be quite scientifically substantiated and developed. Here there can only be given the guiding principles for all those who would follow up what is necessary.

The establishment of the German Empire happened at a time when these necessities were first appearing to modern humanity. Its Government did not understand how to give the Empire a task through insight into these necessities. This insight would alone have given it the right inner structure, it would also have given its foreign policy a competent direction, and enabled the Germans to live in common understanding with other peoples.

Insight must now ripen out of misfortune. We must develop the will for a social organism that is possible. It is not a Germany that no longer exists that should have to face the world outside, but a spiritual, political and economic system in its representatives must have the will to negotiate as independent delegations with those who have cast down that Germany which has been made into an impossible social form through the confusion of the three systems.

One fancies one can hear the ‘practical men’ becoming eloquent over the complexity of what has been said and finding it troublesome even to think about the working together of three corporate members. This is because they have no wish to know of the real demands of life, preferring to fashion everything according to the easier demands of their own thinking. They must come to see that they must accommodate themselves in their thought to the claims of reality or they will have learnt nothing from misfortune and in what arises further, will go on repeating the past ad infinitum.

While I was lecturing in Zurich, Basle and Berne, Herr Mott, Dr. Boos and. Herr Kühn were busy in Germany obtaining signatures for the Appeal. And in Austria others were similarly employed.

So far, although it is only a short time since we began, we can be well satisfied with our progress. For we have an Appeal as well supported as the former unfortunate one. And in the lectures recently given in Zurich—held there because Switzerland is the pivot for the connections of the civilised world—my object was to show that here and there people were to be found whose understanding was ripening. Thus, naturally it was important to learn the results before the last Zurich lecture. By 11th February I could make the happy announcement that about a hundred names had been collected, exclusive of those in Switzerland and Vienna. The news came from Germany where our fiends had been working everywhere, in a suitable way, to make this thing a reality. At the same time I received the following telegram from Vienna: “By midday 11th, 73 signatures, more certain tomorrow”. And on the following day: “Total 93 signatures”. That could be announced from Vienna, and more signatures were reported later. Results so far have been satisfactory. What we need next will be to find among them a number of signatures of well-known personalities capable of making the Appeal public, so that it is seen by those it concerns. For in a case of this kind much depends upon this. It actually concerns everyone today. And it may indeed be said that in the subconscious of man's soul something is calling upon him to understand such an affair as this. As I have told you in the course of these lectures, the idea appearing in this form is no new one to me. At the time when this catastrophic war was taking a decisive turn, I tried to help, on this necessary impulse towards reality wherever it came to my notice. I have described to you how this took place. I told those who had to do with the matter that this is not just a programme, not just an ideal, but that it should be considered as something having evolutionary force for modern mankind, something that certainly will be made a reality in the next ten, twenty or thirty years. It is not a question whether it is realised but solely how it is realised. I said to many of these people: You now have the choice either of having recourse to reason and of bringing about something through that, or of undergoing cataclysms and revolutions. It did not take long for people to be convinced that this was no false prophecy. It is hard, however, for the easy-going man of today to find the way from a certain understanding to that courage in life which, in accordance with his situation, is necessary for him to carry on the matter into the realm of reality.

Here in Switzerland, too, several signatures have already been obtained. We have always to consider here that in the first part of this Appeal something is said of the necessity for the German people to reflect about themselves and the errors in which they have been implicated. Thus, it has been said that it is impossible for the Swiss to give instructions across the frontier to the Germans. I do not believe that today we should still think like that. Before 1914 such things might have had a certain significance as old mummified thought, but now they have lost that significance. In these times the narrow-mindedness that comes from judging on national grounds must cease. The misfortunes of the last four-and-a-half years should have taught men this. Today even in Switzerland one should be able to think differently from the way one did four-and-a-half years ago. For here, too, something should have been learnt if thinking is to correspond to the picture we get by following the last four-and-a-half years with a little insight. They really appear like centuries which have been poured over mankind. And it seems most remarkable that people today have been willing to set up a new world-order, a new map of Europe, out of old national prejudices of a former age, or out of mummified thought, which really by 1914 should have come to an end. This map-building in Europe will be very quickly upset by other forces, the only ones with power at the present time and the only determining forces for what is called politics, that is, the social factors. For today all the rest is a mask. That, however, is the reality. The Europeans will very greatly deceive themselves if they form their judgments and criticisms out of ancient mummified, thinking.

Of course the objection can be made—I myself could easily give you a whole catalogue of objections—that with this impulses are given to all the States; that this can only come to pass when all States make a beginning. No! One single so-called State can make a beginning; it is indeed so, one single State can begin. And the beginning once made, the State will have done something for all mankind. It is indeed a misfortune for the German people that its Empire should have been set up at the start of more modern history, when at the time of its foundation the necessity already existed for the Empire to be given this as its task. And because the Empire did not accept this task it has never been understood why it should have any place in the world. Had it undertaken the task everything would have happened differently, for then men would have had before their very eyes the conditions of their existence and seen this existence justified.

Today people make their decisions out of mummified thoughts. There are many in Europe who cannot free themselves from mummified thinking and today regard the world-famous personality, Wilson, as a savior—perhaps out of some fear, it is difficult to express it. Nevertheless, if people should think without condemning Wilson, and put their question on a basis of fact, they must ask themselves why he has become such an influential man in his own country. This is because he is against all other Parties, and out of sound American instinct has carried out a policy utterly opposed to that of a great part of Europe. A great part of Europe wants to steer towards a community, the politics of a social community, in which the individual forces of liberty will go under. Wilson owes his election and his influence entirely to the circumstance that as an American democrat he has contributed to the release of the individual forces in economic life.

Let us suppose that Europe realised the ideal of Bolshevism, the ideal of the Berne social democracy, which means the social democracy of the Socialist Congress. What would be the consequence should these people achieve what they are dreaming of? Europe would take on a form so that despite every national prejudice all free forces would of necessity flood over into free America, where Wilson has become great by means of his opposite policy. Between Europe and America terrible competition would have to arise, making it impossible for anything to happen but pauperism in Europe and wealth in America—not from any injustice but out of the foolishness of European social politics. That would be the shape of things if Europeans do not, in accordance with their task, interpret and bring to realisation the social forces so that they meet the demands of a healthy social organism.

In this Appeal we have not to do with something merely thought out, but we are indicating forces everywhere present in what is reality, forces that must be brought to realisation, without which the fate not only of Germany and Austria but of all Europe can be simply a fall into poverty, suffering and alienation. from the spirit. We are living in serious times from which we cannot escape by trivial thinking. In men there lives something that attracts them to what is said in this Appeal, something that can already be observed. Because this is so, because one can hope to find the way to the hearts and souls of men, we are seeking now to reorganise what, as I said, was a necessary form to be sought during the catastrophe of the war, into the form necessary for present-day conditions.

I only hope no one thinks that this kind of Appeal has a significance that is absolute. I spoke of this to someone—concerned with it later—in January, 1918, as it was then drafted, and ended by saying: This can of course take on many different forms according to the different conditions prevailing at the time. It has nothing to do with a theory, nor a programme, nor an ideal, but with what has been thought out of reality. I said further that because the thought comes out of reality, for me it is nothing Utopian. Utopians who set up their programmes imagine everything to be bad that is not carried out according to their plan. It does not strike me at all in this way. It may happen, for example, that such a matter touches men's souls, and because they consider it practical they begin to put it into practice. And today it can be said quite clearly that a beginning has been made to put it into a practical form, suitable for life everywhere. I can quite well imagine that nothing may remain of all I have said here and in the lectures in Zurich, Berne and Basle, but that everything will take on a different form. For anyone who thinks in realities it is not a matter of his forms and phrases being put into practice, but that they should somewhere be laid hold of by reality. Then it will soon be seen what becomes of it. Perhaps it will go another way, there is always that possibility, but it is certain that the result must be in conformity with the conditions. For it is not any abstract ideal, any programme striven for, but simply a seizing hold of the forces of reality. What we are concerned with here should be as far removed as possible from all fantasy, from all dogmatising. Therefore I was much astonished when a well-known personality, whose signature one of the three friends mentioned above had undertaken to procure, let it be known that he would have thought, in making the appeal, I should have addressed it more to men's spirit, and went on to say that mankind's salvation could only come by their finding the way back to the Spirit.

Thus people want one always to be repeating spirit, spirit, spirit! But that is not what is of importance; what matters is that the Spirit should be shown and proved able really to give form to the facts. They are fundamentally dangerous who keep on speaking of the spirit without giving any indication of its reality; for they refer to it simply in the sense of an ideology. We have reason to be thankful that in the midst of our society personalities have been found with understanding, active understanding, at what is aimed at here, so that they will also actually do something. One hears constant echoes of this.

Our friend, Dr. Boos, after in my last lecture in Zurich I had referred to the results of our Appeal, issued an appeal on his own account that, from among the audience, people willing to take a practical part in this matter should come forward and give their addresses. The result of that evening, too, was extraordinarily satisfying. There were of course objections but I could well understand them. They were, however, of a nature to make one see that men today do not take their stand upon reality, they are carried away by enthusiasm. And this applies precisely to those considered the most practical. Hence, at Zurich, in a lecture when speaking of enthusiasts, I gave General Ludendorf as a good modern example. That is the type, the representative, of an enthusiast, a man who may be good or bad, but to my thinking bad at understanding strategy, and in regard to everything else remote from life and all reality, having no idea of the conditions of the reality in which he should have been active. He was an abstract idealist in a way that only a socialistic utopian can be. One should pay good heed to this insane concept of the ‘practical man’ which has done such harm to mankind. This being practical, up to now in such favour, is nothing but enthusiasm carried into actual fact through brutality, an unrealistic way of thinking, and it is above all this that must vanish. What has to come must be created spiritually, and the bearer of this will be the Anthroposophical Movement.

This is what I wanted to tell you on this eventful evening of our Lecture Cycle, as something that has proceeded out of the inner being of our movement.

Erster Vortrag

Unter den Vorträgen, die ich in der letzten Zeit hier gehalten habe, waren eine Anzahl über die jetzt drängende, brennende soziale Frage. Daß das, was man soziale Frage seit langem auch in der Gegenwart nennt, etwas im sozialen Leben der ganzen Menschheit Drängendes und Brennendes ist, das kann ja heute jeder wissen, der nicht wie ein seelisch Schlafender die Ereignisse, in die sein eigenes Dasein hinein versponnen ist, beobachtet. Inwiefern in den Lebensnotwendigkeiten der modernen Menschheit, und inwiefern in der ganzen neueren Entwickelung der Menschheit die soziale Frage eine bestimmte Gestaltung — die Gestaltung, die heute so einschneidend für das Leben ist — angenommen hat, das kann aus den Vorträgen ersehen werden, die ich hier gehalten habe, und die ich auch, wenigstens in ihrem Extrakt, an einzelnen Orten der Schweiz öffentlich gehalten habe. So ist unter uns, die wir in die anthroposophische Bewegung hinein verstrickt sind, gewissermaßen das Bedürfnis gekommen, auch von unserem Gesichtspunkte aus über die Schicksale der Menschheit, namentlich auch mit Bezug auf die soziale Frage, irgendwie zu einem Urteil zu kommen, das durch die uns mögliche Weise in die Wirklichkeit umgesetzt werden könnte.

Längere Zeit schon haben sich Mitglieder von uns bemüht, ihre Kraft in den Dienst unserer so schwierigen Zeit zu stellen. Mancherlei ist dabei bedacht, mancherlei in Aussicht genommen worden. Selbstverständlich, meine lieben Freunde, kann ja jeder nur in der Weise in die Ereignisse eingreifen wollen, in der er durch sein Schicksal, durch sein Karma, durch seine, sagen wir, Menschheitsposition vorbestimmt ist, die ihm vorgezeichnet ist. Nun, aus den verschiedenerlei Aspirationen, die aus unserer Mitte herausgekommen sind, ergab sich dann das Folgende: die drei Herren, welche es sich zur besonderen Aufgabe gesetzt haben, in Stuttgart zu arbeiten in einem Sinne, der den Lebensnotwendigkeiten der gegenwärtigen Zeit angemessen ist, diese drei Herren, die Sie ja gut kennen — Herr Molt, Herr Dr. Boos, Herr Kühn -, erschienen bei mir im Beginne des Februar, und es entstand die Absicht, dasjenige, was wir aus unserer Weltauffassung und Lebensanschauung gewinnen können, so gut es zunächst geht und wie es zunächst zweckmäßig erscheint, gewissermaßen praktisch zu machen. Nun, meine lieben Freunde, wenn es sich nicht um Betrachtungen, sondern wenn es sich um Wirklichkeiten handelt, dann kann ja immer nur die Rede davon sein, was in einem ganz bestimmten Zeitpunkte das Angemessene, das Entsprechende ist; was geeignet ist, in einer gewissen Beziehung einen Anfang zu machen. Wer nicht einen Anfang, einen angemessenen Anfang machen will, sondern gleich, wie man sagt, mit der Tür ins Haus fallen will, wird in der Regel nichts Besonderes erreichen.

Nach den Antezedenzien, die da vorlagen, handelte es sich uns darum, zunächst irgend etwas zu tun, was uns im gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt richtig scheinen kann gerade mit Bezug auf das schwergeprüfte deutsche Volk. Wenn man den Blick auf die gegenwärtigen Ereignisse wirft, dann stellt sich ja als zunächst bedeutsamste Erscheinung die heraus - ich habe sie oftmals hier charakterisiert —, daß eine Kluft, ein Abgrund ist zwischen den Menschenklassen: auf der einen Seite alles, was die bisher die Geschicke der Menschheit mehr oder weniger leitenden Kreise waren — und auf der anderen Seite das eben gerade mit den realen Forderungen der sozialen Frage heraufrückende Proletariat. Das Proletariat kommt allerdings für den Einsichtigen in zwei Gestalten in Betracht: das Proletariat als solches und die Führer des Proletariats. Ich habe oftmals hier auseinandergesetzt, wie alle die Gedanken, Empfindungen, die Aspirationen, die Impulse, welche die Führer des Proletariats in ihren Köpfen haben, und von denen aus sie ihren Einfluß gewinnen innerhalb des Proletariats, im Grunde die Erbschaft des bourgeoisen Denkens der letzten Jahrhunderte sind. Nun, darüber haben wir von den verschiedensten Gesichtspunkten aus hier ja gesprochen und die Dinge zu erhärten versucht.

Also eine der bedeutsamsten Erscheinungen aber blieb doch diese, daß eine tiefe Kluft zwischen diesen beiden, sagen wir, Menschengruppen ist. In den letzten Tagen konnte ja jedem, der die Zeitgeschichte miterlebt, diese Kluft deutlich vor Augen treten: auf der einen Seite Paris, wo von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus, der eben derjenige der bisher leitenden Kreise der Menschheit ist, diese Geschicke der Menschheit und der Gegenwart in die Hand genommen werden — auf der anderen Seite Bern mit einer Versammlung, in der alles dasjenige lebt, was durch eine tiefe Kluft geschieden ist von dem anderen. Wer aufmerksam verfolgt hat, was von Paris ausgeht, wer aufmerksam verfolgt hat, was in Bern versucht worden ist auf dem sozialistischen Kongreß, der wird nicht umhin können, sich zu gestehen, daß das Wesentliche, das, was bedeutsam, dauernd eingreifen wird in die Menschheitsentwickelung, zunächst wohl gar nicht dasjenige ist, was in Paris, in Bern gedacht und gewollt wird, sondern das Wesentliche ist, daß an diesen zwei Orten zwei ganz verschiedene soziale Sprachen gesprochen werden. Und wenn man innerlich ehrlich ist, so kann man nicht anders, als sich gestehen: das sind zwei total voneinander verschiedene Sprachen, in denen man sich vorläufig nicht verstehen kann.

Das ist eine so fundamental wichtige Erscheinung, eine so bedeutsame Erscheinung, daß gerade bei gehöriger Betrachtung jedem die Richtigkeit dessen auffallen kann, was ich hier oftmals gesagt habe: daß das Aufsuchen viel tieferer Grundlagen nötig ist, um diese Dinge zu verstehen, um an den Lösungsmöglichkeiten dieser Dinge mitzuarbeiten, als die Grundlagen sind, die auf der einen oder anderen Seite heute noch gesucht werden. Es kommt einem immer wiederum so vor, wie ich vorgestern im öffentlichen Vortrage in Basel gesagt habe: da ist heute die soziale Frage, die soziale Bewegung über einen großen Teil der zivilisierten Menschheit schon als eine Tatfrage, als eine Freignisfrage von so einschneidender Bedeutung im geschichtlichen Leben der Menschheit da, daß wohl kaum in diesem geschichtlichen Leben je etwas so tief Einschneidendes für die ganze Menschheit der Erde da war; denn so läßt es sich für jeden Einsichtigen an. Die Grundlagen müssen tiefer sein. Und wie oft habe ich hier darauf aufmerksam gemacht: die tieferen Grundlagen findet man nur in jener Wirklichkeitsbetrachtung, von der hier in der geisteswissenschaftlichen Bewegung, in der anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft, auch für die soziale Betrachtung des Lebens und der Dinge ausgegangen wird.

Ich habe gerade bei unserer Silvesterbetrachtung auf etwas Bedeutsames, wie ich glaube, hingewiesen, darauf, daß es heute möglich ist, ganz und gar in bezug auf die Menschheit pessimistisch zu sein, pessimistisch zu sein nicht auf Grundlage irgendeines emotionellen Urteiles, sondern auf Grundlage wirklicher sozialer Rechnung. Ich habe Ihnen dazumal einen Aufsatz vorgelesen von einem Manne, der wirklich so sozial rechnen kann. Und ich habe Ihnen gesagt: es ist nur nüchtern, so pessimistisch zu denken, wenn man nicht auf der anderen Seite das volle Bewußtsein noch haben kann, daß das Sich-Wenden an den Geist noch helfen kann. Aber dieses Bewußtsein sollte sich immer weiter und weiter verbreiten, daß nur Grund ist zum Glauben an zerstörerische Kräfte, die furchtbar wirken werden in den nächsten Jahrzehnten, wenn die Menschen sich nicht an das, was für die Wirklichkeitsbetrachtung aus der Geisteswissenschaft folgt, wenden wollen. Selbstverständlich sind nicht die Dogmen der einen oder anderen geisteswissenschaftlichen Richtung gemeint, sondern gemeint ist überhaupt ein Appellieren an die Geisteskräfte, welche in diesem bedeutsamen Wendepunkte der Entwickelung der Menschheit die einzig heilsamen und helfenden Kräfte sein können.

So wird in einer gewissen Weise diese anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft, weil sie ja nicht aus einer Willkür hervorgegangen ist, sondern aus der Beobachtung der Zeitenkräfte, zugleich in einem ihrer Glieder im eminentesten Sinne ein Zeitheilmittel. Sie ist ja wirklich nicht aus der Willkür entsprungen. Sie ist ja wirklich nicht ein Programm eines Einzelnen oder einzelner Individuen, sondern sie ist hervorgegangen aus der Beobachtung dessen, was die geistige Weltenlenkung selber diktiert als notwendig zum Hereinkommen in den gegenwärtigen Menschheitsverlauf. Deshalb nur kann man von anthroposophisch orientierter Geisteswissenschaft so sprechen, sonst wäre solches Sprechen ja selbstverständlich eine Anmaßung. Aber was seinem Ursprunge nach aus ehrlicher Bescheidenheit hervorgeht, braucht, wenn es sich geltend machen will, nicht vor dem Vorwurf zurückzuschrecken, den die Torheit machen kann, daß es sich um eine Anmaßung handelt.

Man kann sagen, von Paris strahlt aus alles dasjenige, was auf den Schwingen einer Lebensauffassung strömte, welche deutlich zeigt, daß sie sich in den letzten viereinhalb Jahren ad absurdum geführt hat. Von Bern strömte aus, was eine Anzahl von Menschen für ein Heilmittel hält, was aber aus einem nicht genügend tiefen Quell geschöpft ist. Von Paris strömt aus, wovor sich fast die ganze Menschheit fürchtet; von Bern wollte dasjenige ausströmen, worauf eine große Anzahl von Menschen glaubt hoffen zu können. Und diese beiden Dinge sprechen heute noch eine ganz verschiedene Sprache. Man kann sich hinüber und herüber über den Abgrund nicht verständigen. Man wird sich erst verständigen, wenn man den inneren Appell der Seele an die Geisteswissenschaft wird stellen wollen.

Aus solchen Impulsen heraus entstand der Gedanke, zunächst zum Verständnis wenigstens eines Teiles der Menschen zu sprechen. Denn auf Verständnis kommt es an. Das habe ich immer wieder und wiederum betont: wir kommen nicht weiter im sozialen Chaos, wenn es uns nicht gelingt, bevor die Instinkte allzu zügellos werden, bei einer genügend großen Anzahl von Menschen der zivilisierten Welt Verständnis hervorzurufen. Das ist ja auch dasjenige, was dem Geiste meiner Vorträge Jetzt zugrunde gelegen hat in Zürich, Bern und Basel. Mit den verschiedenen Menschen, mit denen ich gesprochen habe in dieser Zeit, konnte immer wieder und wiederum die Frage erörtert werden: Wie kann man den Zugang zum Verständnisse finden -, oder: Ist es denn überhaupt noch möglich, bevor ein vollständiges Debakel hereinbricht, den Weg zum Verständnis der Menschen zu finden? - Nun, die letztere Frage kann ja für einen in der Wirklichkeit denkenden Menschen nicht aufgeworfen werden. Denn ein in der Wirklichkeit denkender Mensch stellt nicht Hypothesen auf über dasjenige, was möglich oder unmöglich ist, sondern er greift zu dem, von dem er für notwendig hält, daß es getan werde. Wenn man einen Weg geht, dann handelt es sich darum, den ersten Schritt zu machen. Und man soll ja nicht glauben, wenn der erste Schritt anders ausschaut als das, was man als Ziel ansehen will, daß deshalb dieser erste Schritt unzweckmäßig sein könnte. Der erste Schritt eines weiten Weges kann sich ja immer nur erstrecken über eine sehr kleine Strecke dieses Weges. Es handelt sich nur darum, daß, wenn man nach einem bestimmten Ziele geht, man erstens nicht nach der entgegengesetzten Richtung oder nach links oder nach rechts von dem Ziele geht, und zweitens handelt es sich darum, daß man den Willen hat, wenn man die Wegrichtung einmal angetreten hat, bei dieser Wegrichtung auch zu verbleiben, sich nicht durch alles mögliche nach links und rechts stoßen zu lassen. Außerdem muß man bei Zeitereignissen anknüpfen an dasjenige, was da ist, nicht in die Luft hinein bauen, wenn man sich auf einen gewissen Wirklichkeitsstandpunkt stellen will. Der Gedanke muß an irgend etwas anknüpfen, was gewissermaßen gezeigt hat, daß sich nach einer Richtung hin eine reale Strömung ergießt. Manchmal kann es auch scheinen, als ob der erste Schritt etwas höchst Unglückseliges wäre. Daß er es nicht ist, kann sich vielleicht erst nach einiger Zeit herausstellen.

Als nun die drei genannten Herren, Herr Molt, Herr Dr. Boos und Herr Kühn, mit mir verhandeln wollten über die Sache, so konnte es sich zunächst einmal darum handeln — da es sich ja um einen geistigen Anhub handeln mußte, um einen Appell an das Verständnis der Menschen -, die Frage aufzuwerfen: Wo hat man gesehen, daß zunächst auf die Gedanken der Menschen etwas wirkte? Da erinnern Sie sich einmal an jenen Aufruf an die Kulturwelt, sogenannte Kulturwelt, welchen einmal — es waren größtenteils, glaube ich, Professoren — neunundneunzig deutsche Persönlichkeiten erlassen haben. Man kann vielleicht gar nicht einmal, wenn man nicht aus Emotionen heraus, sondern wieder aus der Wirklichkeit heraus urteilt, ein-anderes Urteil fällen, als daß dieser Aufruf an die Kulturwelt reichlich ungeschickt war. Na, es waren Professoren zum großen Teil. Aber er hat Eindruck gemacht, er hat den Weg zu den Gedanken in einer recht unglückseligen Weise gefunden. Und er spukt heute noch immer. Er war in einem gewissen Sinne eine Wirklichkeit, gerade eine Wirklichkeit, die zum Unheil des deutschen Volkes mehr beigetragen hat als manches andere, denn er hat Wellen geschlagen.

Und so konnte man denken: Wie wäre es, wenn man dieser Summe von Gedanken, die dazumal zur Unzeit erlassen worden ist — losgelassen worden ist auf die Menschheit aus Vorstellungen heraus, die ihre Antiquiertheit an der Stirne trugen —, wie wäre es, wenn man jetzt, wo alles drängt und brennt, um etwas zu tun zur Verständigung, wenn man jetzt einen aus den wirklichen Lebensverhältnissen der gegenwärtigen Menschheit herausgeholten Appell an die Menschheit richten würde; zunächst, wie sich aus der Sache selbst ergibt, gerade an das deutsche Volk, welches ja das Schicksal erlebt hat, seine vermeintliche Aufgabe in einem gewissen Staatsrahmen dadurch verloren zu sehen, daß dieser Staatsrahmen einfach weggefegt ist, wenn man zunächst an dieses deutsche Volk appelliert, es aufmerksam macht darauf, daß ja die Tatsachen zu ihm sprechen, nicht bloß irgendwelche Worte, nicht bloß irgendwelche Urteile, irgendwelche Gedanken, sondern die Tatsachen. Während einem großen Teile der Menschheit gegenüber vielleicht ein solches Wort noch deshalb vergeblich ist, weil die alten Rahmen noch da sind, wird vielleicht doch das deutsche Volk hören - so kann man wohl denken -, weil der alte Rahmen ihm einfach entzogen ist, weil es nicht mehr auf dem Boden des Alten stehenbleiben kann, sondern einen neuen Boden für seine Lebensaufgabe notwendig suchen muß. Die Menschen sind ja einmal so: solange das Alte nur ein bißchen hält — wenn es nicht gerade Röcke sind —, halten sie am Alten unbedingt fest und verschlafen alles, was sagt, daß es unmöglich ist, an diesem Alten noch festzuhalten. Man glaubt gar nicht, welche Rolle Bequemlichkeit im innersten Leben des Menschen eigentlich spielt.

Aus diesem Gedanken heraus, meine lieben Freunde, habe ich nun eine Art Manifest verfaßt, von dem ich mir denke, daß es gehört werden könnte von den Seelen, die heute für eine Verständigung auf einem gesunden Boden der Wirklichkeit in bezug auf unsere eigentümliche Kulturfrage zu gewinnen sind; daß es verstanden werden kann zunächst von den verständigen Menschen des deutschen Volkes, an das es unmittelbar gerichtet ist. Ich meine aber, daß es auch von den Feinden des deutschen Volkes gelesen werden sollte als etwas, was angemessen gefunden wird in der Gegenwart, von diesem deutschen Volke bedacht und in die Wirklichkeit umgesetzt zu werden. Ich dachte: neunundneunzig haben dazumal unterschrieben; wenn man wiederum neunundneunzig findet aus den Reihen der Deutschen Deutschlands, des ehemaligen Deutschlands, des ehemaligen Österreichs und vielleicht diese neunundneunzig vermehren kann um eine kleine Anzahl von Persönlichkeiten, die für ein Verständnis der gegenwärtigen Lebensnotwendigkeiten in neutralen Ländern, namentlich in der Schweiz, zu gewinnen sind, so wäre etwas Positives getan im Gegensatze zu dem damals von den neunundneunzig unternommenen Negativen.

Also ich bitte, mich richtig zu verstehen: Der Appell ist zunächst an das deutsche Volk gerichtet. Es ist aber gewollt, daß das, was innerhalb des deutschen Volkes dergestalt besprochen wird, in der ganzen Kulturwelt gehört werde. Ich werde nun diesen Appell hier zur Verlesung bringen, meine lieben Freunde. Die Gedanken werden Ihnen ja bekannt und vertraut sein, weil wir sie oftmals besprochen haben. Natürlich, in aller Kürze kann auch nur alles ganz kurz sein. Dasjenige, was gewollt wird, ist ja nicht, jemanden zu belehren, sondern etwas zu sagen, was die Menschen aufmerksam darauf machen kann, daß es einen Weg gibt, und was sie aufmerksam darauf machen soll, den rechten Zugang zu diesem Wege zu finden. Gewiß, man kann Anstoß nehmen an der Kürze der Darstellung. Aber es handelt sich ja nicht um ein Schulbuch, sondern es handelt sich darum, etwas zu sagen als Hinweis darauf, daß innerhalb der Menschheit etwas da ist, was helfen kann. Also der Aufruf heißt:

An das deutsche Volk und an die Kulturwelt!

Sicher gefügt für unbegrenzte Zeiten glaubte das deutsche Volk seinen vor einem halben Jahrhundert aufgeführten Reichsbau. Im August 1914 meinte es, die kriegerische Katastrophe, an deren Beginn es sich gestellt sah, werde diesen Bau als unbesieglich erweisen. Heute kann es nur auf dessen Trümmer blicken. Selbstbesinnung muß nach solchem Erlebnis eintreten. Denn dieses Erlebnis hat die Meinung eines halben Jahrhunderts, hat insbesondere die herrschenden Gedanken der Kriegsjahre als einen tragisch wirkenden Irrtum erwiesen. Wo liegen die Gründe dieses verhängnisvollen Irrtums? Diese Frage muß Selbstbesinnung in die Seelen der Glieder des deutschen Volkes treiben. Ob jetzt die Kraft zu solcher Selbstbesinnung vorhanden ist, davon hängt die Lebensmöglichkeit des deutschen Volkes ab. Dessen Zukunft hängt davon ab, ob es sich die Frage in ernster Weise zu stellen vermag: Wie bin ich in meinen Irrtum verfallen? - Stellt es sich diese Frage heute, dann wird ihm die Erkenntnis aufleuchten, daß es vor einem halben Jahrhundert ein Reich gegründet, jedoch unterlassen hat, diesem Reich eine aus dem Wesensinhalt der deutschen Volkheit entspringende Aufgabe zu stellen. - Das Reich war gegründet. In den ersten Zeiten seines Bestandes war man bemüht, seine inneren Lebensmöglichkeiten nach den Anforderungen, die sich durch alte Traditionen und neue Bedürfnisse von Jahr zu Jahr zeigten, in Ordnung zu bringen. Später ging man dazu über, die in materiellen Kräften begründete äußere Machtstellung zu festigen und zu vergrößern. Damit verband man Maßnahmen in bezug auf die von der neuen Zeit geborenen sozialen Anforderungen, die zwar manchem Rechnung trugen, was der Tag als Notwendigkeit erwies, denen aber doch ein großes Ziel fehlte, wie es sich hätte ergeben sollen aus einer Erkenntnis der Entwickelungskräfte, denen die neuere Menschheit sich zuwenden muß. So war das Reich in den Weltenzusammenhang hineingestellt ohne wesenhafte, seinen Bestand rechtfertigende Zielsetzung. Der Verlauf der Kriegskatastrophe hat dieses in trauriger Weise geoffenbart. Bis zum Ausbruche derselben hatte die außerdeutsche Welt in dem Verhalten des Reiches nichts sehen können, was ihr die Meinung hätte erwecken können: die Verwalter dieses Reiches erfüllen eine weltgeschichtliche Sendung, die nicht hinweggefegt werden darf. Das Nichtfinden einer solchen Sendung durch diese Verwalter hat notwendig die Meinung in der außerdeutschen Welt erzeugt, die für den wirklich Einsichtigen der tiefere Grund des deutschen Niederbruches ist.

Unermeßlich vieles hängt nun für das deutsche Volk an seiner unbefangenen Beurteilung der Sachlage. Im Unglück müßte die Einsicht auftauchen, welche sich in den letzten fünfzig Jahren nicht hat zeigen wollen. An die Stelle des kleinen Denkens über die allernächsten Forderungen der Gegenwart müßte jetzt ein großer Zug der Lebensanschauung treten, welcher die Entwickelungskräfte der neueren Menschheit mit starken Gedanken zu erkennen strebt, und der mit mutigem Wollen sich ihnen widmet. Aufhören müßte der kleinliche Drang, der alle diejenigen als unpraktische Idealisten unschädlich macht, die ihren Blick auf diese Entwickelungskräfte richten. Aufhören müßte die Anmaßung und der Hochmut derer, die sich als Praktiker dünken, und die doch durch ihren als Praxis maskierten engen Sinn das Unglück herbeigeführt haben. Berücksichtigt müßte werden, was die als Idealisten verschrieenen, aber in Wahrheit wirklichen Praktiker über die Entwickelungsbedürfnisse der neuen Zeit zu sagen haben.

Die «Praktiker» aller Richtungen sahen zwar das Heraufkommen ganz neuer Menschheitsforderungen seit langer Zeit. Aber sie wollten diesen Forderungen innerhalb des Rahmens altüberlieferter Denkgewohnheiten und Einrichtungen gerecht werden. Das Wirtschaftsleben der neueren Zeit hat die Forderungen hervorgebracht. Ihre Befriedigung auf dem Wege privater Initiative schien unmöglich. Überleitung des privaten Arbeitens in gesellschaftliches drängte sich der einen Menschenklasse auf einzelnen Gebieten als notwendig auf; und sie wurde verwirklicht da, wo es dieser Menschenklasse nach ihrer Lebensanschauung als ersprießlich schien. Radikale Überführung aller Einzelarbeit in gesellschaftliche wurde das Ziel einer anderen Klasse, die durch die Entwickelung des neuen Wirtschaftslebens an der Erhaltung der überkommenen Privatziele kein Interesse hat.

Allen Bestrebungen, die bisher in Anbetracht der neueren Menschheitsforderungen hervorgetreten sind, liegt ein Gemeinsames zugrunde. Sie drängen nach Vergesellschaftung des Privaten und rechnen dabei auf die Übernahme des letzteren durch die Gemeinschaften (Staat, Kommune), die aus Voraussetzungen stammen, welche nichts mit den neuen Forderungen zu tun haben. Oder auch, man rechnet mit neueren Gemeinschaften (z.B. Genossenschaften), die nicht voll im Sinne dieser neuen Forderungen entstanden sind, sondern die aus überlieferten Denkgewohnheiten heraus den alten Formen nachgebildet sind.

Die Wahrheit ist, daß keine im Sinne dieser alten Denkgewohnheiten gebildete Gemeinschaft aufnehmen kann, was man von ihr aufgenommen wissen will. Die Kräfte der Zeit drängen nach der Erkenntnis einer sozialen Struktur der Menschheit, die ganz anderes ins Auge faßt, als was heute gemeiniglich ins Auge gefaßt wird. Die sozialen Gemeinschaften haben sich bisher zum größten Teil aus den sozialen Instinkten der Menschheit gebildet. Ihre Kräfte mit vollem Bewußtsein zu durchdringen, wird Aufgabe der Zeit.

Der soziale Organismus ist gegliedert wie der natürliche. Und wie der natürliche Organismus das Denken durch den Kopf und nicht durch die Lunge besorgen muß, so ist dem sozialen Organismus die Gliederung in Systeme notwendig, von denen keines die Aufgabe des anderen übernehmen kann, jedes aber unter Wahrung seiner Selbständigkeit mit den anderen zusammenwirken muß.

Das wirtschaftliche Leben kann nur gedeihen, wenn es als selbständiges Glied des sozialen Organismus nach seinen eigenen Kräften und Gesetzen sich ausbildet, und wenn es nicht dadurch Verwirrung in sein Gefüge bringt, daß es sich von einem anderen Gliede des sozialen Organismus, dem politisch wirksamen, aufsaugen läßt. Dieses politisch wirksame Glied muß vielmehr in voller Selbständigkeit neben dem wirtschaftlichen bestehen, wie im natürlichen Organismus das Atmungssystem neben dem Kopfsystem. Ihr heilsames Zusammenwirken kann nicht dadurch erreicht werden, daß beide Glieder von einem einzigen Gesetzgebungs- und Verwaltungsorgan aus versorgt werden, sondern daß jedes seine eigene Gesetzgebung und Verwaltung hat, die lebendig zusammenwirken. Denn das politische System muß die Wirtschaft vernichten, wenn es sie übernehmen will; und das wirtschaftliche System verliert seine Lebenskräfte, wenn es politisch werden will.

Zu diesen beiden Gliedern des sozialen Organismus muß in voller Selbständigkeit und aus seinen eigenen Lebensmöglichkeiten heraus gebildet ein drittes treten: das der geistigen Produktion, zu dem auch der geistige Anteil der beiden anderen Gebiete gehört, der ihnen von dem mit eigener gesetzmäßiger Regelung und Verwaltung ausgestatteten dritten Gliede überliefert werden muß, der aber nicht von ihnen verwaltet und anders beeinflußt werden kann, als die nebeneinander bestehenden Gliedorganismen eines natürlichen Gesamtorganismus sich gegenseitig beeinflussen. Man kann schon heute das hier über die Notwendigkeiten des sozialen Organismus Gesagte in allen Einzelheiten vollwissenschaftlich begründen und ausbauen. In diesen Ausführungen können nur die Richtlinien hingestellt werden, für alle diejenigen, welche diesen Notwendigkeiten nachgehen wollen.

Die deutsche Reichsgründung fiel in eine Zeit, in der diese Notwendigkeiten an die neuere Menschheit herantraten. Seine Verwaltung hat nicht verstanden, dem Reich eine Aufgabe zu stellen durch den Blick auf diese Notwendigkeiten. Dieser Blick hätte ihm nicht nur das rechte innere Gefüge gegeben; er hätte seiner äußeren Politik auch eine berechtigte Richtung verliehen. Mit einer solchen Politik hätte das deutsche Volk mit den außerdeutschen Völkern zusammenleben können.

Nun müßte aus dem Unglück die Einsicht reifen. Man müßte den Willen zum möglichen sozialen Organismus entwickeln. Nicht ein Deutschland, das nicht mehr da ist, müßte der Außenwelt gegenübertreten, sondern ein geistiges, politisches und wirtschaftliches System in ihren Vertretern müßten als selbständige Delegationen mit denen verhandeln wollen, von denen das Deutschland niedergeworfen worden ist, das sich durch die Verwirrung der drei Systeme zu einem unmöglichen sozialen Gebilde gemacht hat.

Man hört im Geiste die Praktiker, welche über die Kompliziertheit des hier Gesagten sich ergehen, die unbequem finden, über das Zusammenwirken dreier Körperschaften auch nur zu denken, weil sie nichts von den wirklichen Forderungen des Lebens wissen mögen, sondern alles nach den bequemen Forderungen ihres Denkens gestalten wollen. Ihnen muß klar werden: entweder man wird sich bequemen, mit seinem Denken den Anforderungen der Wirklichkeit sich zu fügen, oder man wird vom Unglücke nichts gelernt haben, sondern das herbeigeführte durch weiter entstehendes ins Unbegrenzte vermehren.


Mit diesem Aufrufe sind nun die drei genannten Herren nach Deutschland gereist, und in der Zeit, während ich meine Zürcher, Basler und Berner Vorträge hielt, haben sie sich bemüht, das in Wirklichkeit überzuführen, was wir uns vorgenommen hatten: etwa gegen hundert Unterschriften zu finden. Herr Stein hat die Aufgabe für Österreich übernommen, andere Herren haben sich hier in der Schweiz bemüht.

Nun, es war ja bisher nur kurze Zeit, aber immerhin, wir, die wir ja einen ersten Schritt machen wollten, können voll damit zufrieden sein, was sich bis jetzt ergeben hat, denn einen solchen Aufruf, der unterstützt ist in der gleichen Weise, wie es der unglückselige Aufruf von dazumal war, den haben wir. Bei meinen letzten Vorträgen in Zürich — die ja ganz absichtlich in Zürich gehalten wurden, weil gewissermaßen jetzt die Schweiz der Drehpunkt ist für alle Verhältnisse der zivilisierten Welt —, bestand für mich die Absicht, schon darauf hinweisen zu können, daß da oder dort Menschen sich finden, bei denen das Verständnis angreift. Und so war es natürlich darum zu tun, das Ergebnis kennenzulernen vor dem letzten Zürcher Vortrage. Und es ergab sich das sehr Erfreuliche, daß mir schon am 11. gemeldet werden konnte: bis jetzt ungefähr hundert Namen, exklusive Schweiz und Wien, beisammen. Das wurde mir von Deutschland gemeldet, wo sich unsere Freunde nach allen Richtungen hin auf die Strümpfe gemacht haben, um diese Sache in der entsprechenden Weise in Wirklichkeit umzusetzen. Von Wien bekam ich das Telegramm an demselben Tage: Haben derzeit, 11. mittags, dreiundsiebzig Unterschriften, morgen sicher mehr. - Und am folgenden Tage: Gesamtresultat dreiundneunzig Unterschriften. — Das konnte Herr Stein melden. Dann ergaben sich noch eine weitere Anzahl von Unterschriften, die nachträglich gemeldet worden sind. Es sind also die Resultate bisher durchaus in befriedigender Weise zu verzeichnen. Und es wäre zu wünschen, da wir ja jetzt so weit sind, daß eine Anzahl von Menschen, und darauf kommt es ja bei einer solchen Aktion immer an, unter denen immerhin auch solche sind, die bekannt sind, auf die man etwas geben wird, daß eine Anzahl von Menschen einen solchen Aufruf, wo es nur sein kann, veröffentlichen, so daß er gesehen, gelesen wird, damit er vor die Augen derer kommt, die es angeht. Eigentlich geht er alle Menschen in der Gegenwart an. Man kann schon sagen: in den Untergründen der menschlichen Seelen gibt es etwas, was die Menschen dazu aufruft, sich an das Verständnis einer solchen Sache zu machen.

Ich habe Ihnen ja im Laufe der Vorträge erzählt, wie die Idee, die jetzt in dieser Form zutage tritt, ja durchaus bei mir nicht neu ist, sondern in der Zeit, in der die kriegerische Katastrophe in eine entscheidende Wendung eingetreten war, habe ich mich bemüht, diesem notwendigen Impuls an den Stellen, die für mich in Betracht kamen, zur Wirksamkeit zu verhelfen. Ich habe Ihnen geschildert, wie das geschehen ist. Ich sagte dazumal Leuten, die für die Sache in Betracht kamen: Es ist nicht ein Programm, nicht ein Ideal, sondern es ist dasjenige, was beobachtet ist als Entwickelungskräfte der neueren Menschheit, was sich unbedingt in den nächsten zehn, zwanzig, dreißig Jahren verwirklichen will und verwirklichen wird. Nicht darum kann es sich handeln, ob es sich verwirklicht oder nicht, sondern lediglich darum, wie es sich verwirklicht. Und gar manchem, auf den es dazumal ankam, sagte ich: Sie haben nun die Wahl, entweder Vernunft anzunehmen und durch Vernunft so etwas zu verwirklichen — oder soziale Kataklysmen und Revolutionen zu erleben. Überzeugen konnten sich die Leute nur zu bald, daß das letztere keine falsche Prophezeiung war. Aber schwer findet der heutige bequeme Mensch den Weg von einem gewissen Verständnis zu dem Lebensmut, der notwendig ist, um so, wie es ihm nach seiner Position möglich ist, die Sache in die Wirklichkeit überzuführen.

Hier in der Schweiz sind ja auch schon einzelne Unterschriften geleistet worden. Man hat hier immer das Bedenken, daß ja im ersten Teile dieses Aufrufes einiges gesagt ist über die notwendige Selbstbesinnung des deutschen Volkes und über den Irrtum, in dem das deutsche Volk befangen war. Da sagt man dann, man habe als Schweizer doch nicht die Möglichkeit, dem deutschen Volke Lehren zu geben über die Grenzen hinüber. Ich glaube, meine lieben Freunde, so sollte man heute nicht mehr sprechen. Solche Dinge mögen als alte Gedankenmumien eine gewisse Bedeutung gehabt haben vor dem Jahre 1914; aber in der Gegenwart haben diese Dinge keine Bedeutung mehr. In der Gegenwart sollte auch die Engherzigkeit, die aus einer solchen nationalen Beurteilungsweise kommt, aufhören. Das sollte nämlich das Unglück der letzten viereinhalb Jahre die Menschen gelehrt haben. Man sollte schon heute anders denken können - verzeihen Sie — auch in der Schweiz, als man vor viereinhalb Jahren gedacht hat; man sollte das. Denn man sollte auch hier einiges gelernt haben, so daß es entspricht dem, was einen da überkommt, wenn man mit einiger Einsicht die letzten viereinhalb Jahre verfolgt hat. Sie erscheinen einem dann wirklich wie Jahrhunderte, die sich über die Menschheit ergossen haben. Und höchst merkwürdig erscheint es einem, wenn aus den alten nationalen und sonstigen Vorurteilen heraus, die nun wirklich mit dem Jahre 1914 ihren Abschluß gefunden haben sollten, wenn aus diesen nationalen Vorurteilen oder aus Gedankenmumien heraus die Leute heute eine neue Weltordnung gestalten wollen, eine neue europäische Karte gestalten wollen. Dieses europäische Kartengebäude, das wird schnellstens umgeworfen durch die anderen Kräfte, die die allein mächtigen sind in der Gegenwart, die die einzigen bestimmenden sind für das, was man Politik genannt hat: die sozialen Faktoren. Denn alles übrige ist heute Maske. Das aber ist die Wirklichkeit. Und die Europäer werden sich sehr täuschen, wenn sie aus den alten Gedankenmumien heraus urteilen und auch ihre Einwände machen.

Natürlich kann man sagen — ich könnte Ihnen nämlich sehr leicht ein Vademecum aller Widerlegungen geben -, natürlich kann jemand sagen: Ja, aber das ist ja gewissermaßen eine Angabe der Impulse für alle Staaten, das könnte ja erst werden, wenn alle Staaten den Anfang damit machen. Nein, meine lieben Freunde, ein einziger sogenannter Staat kann damit den Anfang machen; es ist dazu geeignet, daß ein einziger den Anfang machen kann. Und wenn einer den Anfang macht, dann hat er etwas getan für die ganze Menschheit. Das ist ja eben gerade das Unglück für das deutsche Volk, daß seine Reichsgründung in die Zeit der neueren Geschichte hineingefallen ist, in der, wenn ein neues Reich gegründet wurde, schon die Notwendigkeit vorhanden war, dieses Reich anzufüllen mit dieser Aufgabe. Und weil es dieses Reich nicht anfüllte mit dieser Aufgabe, hat man nicht verstanden, wozu es überhaupt in der Welt da ist. Wäre es angefüllt gewesen mit dieser Aufgabe, so wären alle Ereignisse anders verlaufen, denn man hätte seine Daseinsbedingungen ad oculus gesehen, oder seine Daseinsberechtigung eingesehen.

Heute urteilen ja die Leute aus Gedankenmumien heraus. Sehen Sie, es gibt auch eine Menge von Leuten in Europa, die nicht von ihren alten europäischen Gedankenmumien loskommen und die aber doch die Allerweltspersönlichkeit Wilson heute aus einem gewissen Schreck heraus — ich weiß nicht, wie ich es sagen soll — wie einen Erlöser betrachten. Aber die Leute müssen sich doch sagen: Sehen wir jetzt ganz ab von einer Beurteilung Wilsons, stellen wir aber die Tatsachenfrage: Wodurch ist denn dieser Wilson in seinem Lande der einflußreiche Mensch geworden, der er ist? — Dadurch, daß er gegen alle anderen Parteien diejenige Politik getrieben hat, aus einem gesunden amerikanischen Instinkt heraus, die genau entgegengesetzt ist dem, wohinein jetzt ein großer Teil von Europa segeln will. Ein großer Teil von Europa will hineinsegein in eine Gemeinschaft, in eine gesellschaftliche Gemeinschaftspolitik, in der die freiheitlichen, individuellen Kräfte des einzelnen Menschen untergehen. Wilson verdankt seine Wahl, seinen Einfluß, einzig und allein dem Umstande, daß er als amerikanischer Demokrat zur Entfesselung derjenigen Kräfte beigetragen hat, die als individuelle Kräfte im Wirtschaftsleben drinnensteckten. Nehmen wir einmal hypothetisch an: Europa erreicht die Ideale des Bolschewismus, erreicht die Ideale der Berner Sozialdemokratie, das heißt der Sozialdemokratie des sozialistischen Kongresses. Nehmen wir an, das werde verwirklicht; die Leute erreichten das, wovon sie träumen. Dann würde Europa ein Gebilde, aus dem - trotz aller nationalen Vorurteile — nach dem freien Amerika hinüber, in dem Wilson gerade durch das Entgegengesetzte groß geworden ist, alle freien Kräfte notwendigerweise abfluten würden. Eine furchtbare Konkurrenz zwischen Europa und Amerika müßte sich entspinnen, bei der unmöglich anderes geschehen kann, als daß Europa in Pauperismus verfällt und Amerika reich würde, nicht aus einem Unrecht heraus, sondern aus einer Torheit der europäischen Sozialpolitik heraus. Denn die Dinge würden sich so gestalten, wenn nicht die sozialen Kräfte, die zu entwickeln geradezu die Aufgabe der europäischen Menschheit ist, wenn nicht diese sozialen Kräfte so gedacht und verwirklicht würden, daß sie dem gesunden sozialen Organismus entsprechen.

Wir haben es in diesem Aufrufe nicht etwa bloß mit etwas zu tun, was ausgedacht ist, sondern mit etwas, das auf Kräfte verweist, die überall in der Wirklichkeit vorhanden sind, die verwirklicht werden müssen, ohne deren Verwirklichung wahrhaftig nicht nur das Schicksal Deutschlands und Österreichs, sondern das Schicksal von ganz Europa das sein muß, der Verarmung, der Verelendung und der Ungeistigkeit zu verfallen.

Wir leben eben in einer ernsten Zeit, in der sich mit kleinen Gedanken nicht auskommen läßt. In den Leuten lebt auch etwas, was sie hinzieht zu dem, was in diesem Aufrufe ausgesprochen ist. Man kann das schon beobachten. Und weil das so ist, weil man hoffen kann, doch den Zugang zu den Seelen, zu den Herzen der Menschen zu finden, ist nun versucht worden, das, was während der kriegerischen Katastrophe in der damals notwendigen Form versucht worden ist, wie ich es Ihnen erzählt habe, so umzugestalten, wie es für die heutigen Verhältnisse notwendig ist.

Ich möchte nur hoffen, daß niemand denke, daß so eine Sache eine absolute Bedeutung hat. Ich habe einem Herrn, auf den es später ankam, im Januar 1918 in der Form, in der es dazumal verfaßt war, von dieser Sache gesprochen, aber so, daß ich sagte: Diese Sache kann natürlich nach den Zeitverhältnissen immer andere und andere Formen annehmen, denn es handelt sich nicht um eine Theorie, nicht um ein Programm, nicht um ein Ideal, sondern es handelt sich um etwas, was aus der Wirklichkeit heraus gedacht ist. - Und ich habe weiter gesagt: Weil es aus der Wirklichkeit heraus gedacht ist, so handelt es sich mir gar nicht darum, worum es sich vielen Utopisten handelt. Die Utopisten, die Programme aufstellen, denken sich, daß alles schlecht ist, wenn diese Dinge nicht so verwirklicht werden, wie sie sie in ihren Programmen formulieren. Mir kommt es darauf überhaupt nicht an. Es könnte zum Beispiel sein, daß eine solche Sache in die Seelen einschlägt, daß man sie, weil sie praktisch gedacht ist, beginnt, in das praktische Leben umzusetzen. Es kann auf jedem Gebiete heute schon ganz klar gesagt werden, wie man es anzufangen hat, um es auf einem Gebiete ins praktische Leben umzusetzen. Aber ich könnte mir denken, daß dann von dem, was hier gesagt ist, was auch in meinen Vorträgen in Zürich, Bern und Basel gesagt worden ist, kein Stein bleibt, sondern sich alles anders gestaltet. Wer wirklichkeitsgemäß denkt, dem kommt es nicht darauf an, daß seine Formeln, seine Sätze sich verwirklichen, sondern daß irgendwo in der Wirklichkeit angefaßt wird. Man wird dann schon sehen, was herauskommt. Darauf kommt es an; vielleicht wird alles anders — das will ich durchaus als eine Möglichkeit andeuten —, daß aber dasjenige herauskommen muß, was den Verhältnissen angemessen ist, das ist sicher. Denn es ist nicht irgendein abstraktes Ideal, nicht irgendein Programm aufgestellt, sondern es sind einfach die Wirklichkeitskräfte angefaßt. So weit als möglich entfernt von aller Phantasterei, von aller Schulmeisterei soll dasjenige sein, um was es sich jetzt handelt. Daher war ich so erstaunt, als mir eine vielgenannte Persönlichkeit, von der die Voraussetzung gemacht wurde durch einen der drei Herren, die ich genannt habe, daß sie auch diesen Aufruf unterschreiben könnte, als mir diese vielgenannte Persönlichkeit sagen ließ: Ja, er hätte geglaubt, daß gerade ich, wenn ich einen solchen Aufruf machte, mehr an den Geist der Menschheit appellierte und sagte, daß jetzt nur ein Heil in die Menschheit kommen kann, wenn die Menschheit den Weg wiederum zum Geist findet.

Also die Leute wollen, daß man die Phrase vom Geist immer wieder und wiederum wiederholt: Geist, Geist und Geist! Aber darum handelt es sich nicht; sondern darum, daß sich der Geist zeigt, daß der Geist sich imstande erweist, die Tatsachen wirklich zu gestalten. Das sind die größten Schädlinge im Grunde, die fortwährend vom Geiste reden, ohne irgendwie auf die Wirklichkeit dieses Geistes hindeuten zu wollen. Denn sie reden eigentlich nur im Sinne einer Ideologie und nicht vom Geiste. Und es ist dankenswert, meine lieben Freunde, daß sich aus dem Schoße unserer Gesellschaft heraus Persönlichkeiten gefunden haben, welche Verständnis haben — aber Tatverständnis, so daß sie auch wirklich etwas tun -, Tatverständnis haben für dasjenige, was hier gewollt wird. Und immerhin zeigen sich ja die Echos.

Unser Freund Dr. Boos hat dann, nachdem mein letzter Vortrag in Zürich geschlossen war und ich hingewiesen hatte auf das Ergebnis und auf diesen Aufruf, seinerseits seinen Appell erlassen, daß sich gleich aus der Versammlung heraus eine Anzahl von Menschen melden sollten und ihre Adressen abgeben sollten, die gewillt waren, praktisch an der Sache mitzuarbeiten. Und auch da war das Ergebnis ein für diesen Abend ja außerordentlich befriedigendes. Gewiß, es sind auch Einwendungen gemacht worden. Ich kann die Einwendungen gut verstehen. Aber diese Einwendungen sind so, daß man eben daraus sieht: die Leute stehen heute nicht in der Wirklichkeit, sind Schwarmgeister. Wirklich, es sind ja gerade diejenigen, die man bis heute für die größten Praktiker gehalten hat, eigentlich Schwarmgeister. Deshalb habe ich in Zürich bei einem Vortrage gesagt: Was ist so recht ein Beispiel für einen Schwarmgeist der Gegenwart, für einen Schwärmer? — Der General Ludendorff! Das ist der Typus, der Repräsentant eines Schwarmgeistes; ein Mensch, der sich meinetwillen gut oder schlecht — aber meiner Meinung nach schlecht — auf Strategie verstanden hat, aber in bezug auf alles andere ganz fern allem Leben gestanden hat, zum Unheil einen großen Einfluß gehabt hat, ganz fern aller Wirklichkeit gestanden hat, nichts ahnte von den Bedingungen der Wirklichkeit, in der er tätig sein sollte, ein so abstrakter Idealist war, wie nur irgendein sozialistischer Utopist abstrakter Idealist ist. Man sollte endlich diesen verruchten Begriff des «Praktikers», der so unendliches Unheil über die Menschheit gebracht hat, einmal ganz tüchtig ins Auge fassen. Diese Praxis, die bisher gegolten hat, die nichts anderes ist, als durch Brutalität in Wirklichkeit umgesetzte Schwarmgeisterei, unwirkliche Denkungsweise, die ist es, die vor allen Dingen verschwinden muß. Darauf kommt es an, meine lieben Freunde. Und aus solchem Geiste heraus ist dasjenige, was kommen muß gerade aus anthroposophisch orientierter geisteswissenschaftlicher Bewegung.

Das habe ich Ihnen heute als etwas, was ja immerhin auch aus dem Schoße unserer Bewegung hervorgegangen ist, mitteilen wollen in diesem episodisch sich in unsere Vortragsreihe einreihenden Abend.

First Lecture

Among the lectures I have given here recently, a number have dealt with the pressing and burning social question of our time. That what has long been called the social question is something urgent and burning in the social life of all humanity is something that everyone today can see, unless they are spiritually asleep and observe the events in which their own existence is entangled. The extent to which the social question has taken on a specific form — the form that is so decisive for life today — in the necessities of modern human life and in the entire recent development of humanity can be seen from the lectures I have given here and which I have also given publicly, at least in extract form, in various places in Switzerland. Thus, among us who are involved in the anthroposophical movement, there has arisen a certain need to come to some kind of judgment from our point of view about the fate of humanity, especially with regard to the social question, which could be translated into reality in the way that is possible for us.

For some time now, members of our movement have been striving to put their energies at the service of our difficult times. Many things have been considered and many things have been planned. Of course, my dear friends, everyone can only want to intervene in events in the way that is predetermined for them by their destiny, by their karma, by their, let us say, position in humanity. Now, from the various aspirations that have emerged from our midst, the following has resulted: the three gentlemen who have set themselves the special task of working in Stuttgart in a spirit appropriate to the necessities of life in the present time, these three gentlemen, whom you know well — Mr. Molt, Dr. Boos, Mr. Kühn—came to see me at the beginning of February, and the intention arose to put into practice, as far as possible and as appropriate, what we can gain from our worldview and outlook on life. Now, my dear friends, when it is not a matter of considerations but of realities, then we can only speak of what is appropriate and corresponding at a very specific point in time; what is suitable for making a start in a certain context. Those who do not want to make a beginning, an appropriate beginning, but want to get straight to the point, as they say, will generally achieve nothing special.

Given the antecedents that existed, it was important for us to do something that seemed right to us at the present moment, especially in relation to the severely tested German people. If one looks at current events, the most significant phenomenon that emerges—I have often characterized it here—is that there is a gulf, an abyss between the classes of people: on the one hand, everything that has more or less guided the destiny of humanity up to now — and on the other hand, the proletariat, which is advancing with the real demands of the social question. To those who understand, the proletariat appears in two forms: the proletariat as such and the leaders of the proletariat. I have often discussed here how all the ideas, feelings, aspirations, and impulses that the leaders of the proletariat have in their heads, and from which they derive their influence within the proletariat, are basically the legacy of bourgeois thinking of the last centuries. Well, we have discussed this here from various points of view and tried to substantiate our arguments.

One of the most significant phenomena, however, remained the deep divide between these two, let us say, groups of people. In recent days, this divide has become clear to anyone who is witnessing contemporary history: on the one hand, Paris, where, from a certain point of view, namely that of the circles that have hitherto guided humanity, the fate of humanity and the present is being taken into their own hands; on the other hand, Bern, with an assembly in which everything that is separated from the former by a deep divide is alive. Anyone who has closely followed what has been happening in Paris, anyone who has closely followed what has been attempted at the socialist congress in Bern, cannot help but admit that what is essential, what is significant and will have a lasting impact on the development of humanity, is not what is being thought and desired in Paris and Bern. but rather that the essential thing is that two completely different social languages are spoken in these two places. And if one is inwardly honest, one cannot help but admit that these are two totally different languages in which it is impossible to understand each other for the time being.

This is such a fundamentally important phenomenon, such a significant phenomenon, that upon proper consideration, everyone can see the truth of what I have often said here: that in order to understand these things, in order to work on possible solutions to these things, it is necessary to seek much deeper foundations than those that are still being sought on one side or the other today. It always seems to me, as I said the day before yesterday in my public lecture in Basel, that Today, the social question, the social movement, is already present in a large part of civilized humanity as a question of action, as a question of freedom of such decisive importance in the historical life of humanity that there has hardly ever been anything so profoundly decisive for the whole of humanity on earth in this historical life; for this is how it appears to everyone who is perceptive. The foundations must be deeper. And how often have I pointed this out here: the deeper foundations can only be found in that view of reality which is taken as the starting point here in the spiritual scientific movement, in anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, also for the social consideration of life and things.

During our New Year's Eve reflection, I pointed out something that I believe is significant, namely that it is possible today to be completely pessimistic about humanity, not on the basis of some emotional judgment, but on the basis of real social calculations. I read you an essay by a man who is truly capable of such social calculation. And I told you that it is only sober to think so pessimistically if one cannot still be fully aware that turning to the spirit can still help. But this awareness should spread further and further, that there is only reason to believe in destructive forces that will have terrible effects in the coming decades if people do not want to turn to what follows from a spiritual scientific view of reality. Of course, this does not mean the dogmas of one or another spiritual scientific direction, but rather an appeal to the spiritual forces which, at this significant turning point in the development of humanity, can be the only healing and helping forces.

In a certain sense, this anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, because it did not arise arbitrarily but from the observation of the forces of the times, is at the same time, in one of its members, a remedy for the times in the most eminent sense. It did not really arise arbitrarily. It is not really a program of a single person or a few individuals, but has emerged from the observation of what the spiritual world itself dictates as necessary for entering into the present course of human history. That is the only reason why one can speak of anthroposophically oriented spiritual science in this way; otherwise, such talk would of course be presumptuous. But what arises from honest modesty does not need to shy away from the accusation of presumption if it wants to assert itself.

One can say that everything that flowed on the wings of a view of life that clearly shows that it has been reduced to absurdity in the last four and a half years radiates from Paris. From Bern flowed what a number of people consider to be a remedy, but which is drawn from a source that is not deep enough. From Paris flows what almost all of humanity fears; from Bern flowed what a large number of people believe they can hope for. And these two things still speak very different languages today. It is impossible to communicate across the gulf between them. Communication will only be possible when people are willing to heed the inner call of the soul to spiritual science.

Such impulses gave rise to the idea of speaking first to at least some of the people in order to gain their understanding. For understanding is what matters. I have emphasized this again and again: we will not make any progress in the social chaos unless we succeed, before instincts become too unrestrained, in awakening understanding in a sufficiently large number of people in the civilized world. This is also what has been at the heart of my recent lectures in Zurich, Bern, and Basel. With the various people I have spoken to during this time, the question has come up again and again: How can we find a way to understanding? Or: Is it even possible to find a way to understanding people before a complete debacle ensues? Well, the latter question cannot be raised for someone who thinks realistically. For a person who thinks realistically does not speculate about what is possible or impossible, but rather does what he considers necessary. When you set out on a path, the first thing you have to do is take the first step. And you should not think that if the first step looks different from what you want to achieve, that this first step is therefore inappropriate. The first step on a long journey can only ever cover a very small distance of that journey. It is only important that, when you are heading toward a specific goal, you do not go in the opposite direction or to the left or right of the goal, and secondly, that once you have set out in that direction, you have the will to stay on that path and not let yourself be pushed left and right by all sorts of things. Furthermore, when dealing with events in time, one must build on what is there and not build castles in the air if one wants to take a certain realistic point of view. The thought must be based on something that has, so to speak, shown that a real current is flowing in a certain direction. Sometimes it may seem as if the first step is something highly unfortunate. That it is not so may only become apparent after some time.

When the three gentlemen mentioned, Mr. Molt, Dr. Boos, and Mr. Kühn, wanted to discuss the matter with me, the first thing to do was to raise the question: Where has it been seen that something has had an effect on people's minds in the first place? Remember that appeal to the cultural world, the so-called cultural world, which was once issued by ninety-nine German personalities, most of whom, I believe, were professors. Perhaps one cannot even, if one judges not out of emotion but out of reality, come to any other conclusion than that this appeal to the cultural world was extremely clumsy. Well, they were mostly professors. But it made an impression; it found its way into people's minds in a rather unfortunate way. And it still haunts us today. In a sense, it was a reality, a reality that contributed more to the misfortune of the German people than many other things, because it caused a stir.

And so one might think: What if this collection of ideas, which was enacted at the wrong time back then—released upon humanity out of ideas that were antiquated to the core—what would happen if, now that everything is pressing and urgent, if we wanted to do something to promote understanding, if we were to make an appeal to humanity based on the real living conditions of contemporary humanity; first of all, as is evident from the matter itself, to the German people, who have experienced the fate of seeing their supposed task within a certain state framework lost because that state framework has simply been swept away, if one appeals first to this German people, making them aware that the facts speak to them, not just any words, not just any judgments, any thoughts, but the facts. While such words may be futile for a large part of humanity because the old framework still exists, the German people may listen—one might think—because the old framework has simply been taken away from them, because they can no longer stand on the ground of the old, but must seek new ground for their life's task. People are like that: as long as the old holds on just a little—unless it's skirts—they cling to it and miss everything that says it's impossible to hold on to it anymore. You wouldn't believe how big a role comfort plays in people's inner lives.

Based on this idea, my dear friends, I have now written a kind of manifesto, which I believe could be heard by the souls who today are to be won over to an understanding based on a healthy foundation of reality with regard to our peculiar cultural question; that it can be understood first of all by the intelligent people of the German nation, to whom it is directly addressed. But I believe that it should also be read by the enemies of the German people as something that is appropriate in the present, to be considered by this German people and put into practice. I thought: ninety-nine signed it back then; if we can find another ninety-nine from the ranks of the Germans of Germany, of the former Germany, of former Austria, and perhaps add to these ninety-nine a small number of personalities who can be won over to an understanding of the present necessities of life in neutral countries, namely Switzerland, then something positive would be done in contrast to the negative action taken by the ninety-nine at that time.

So please understand me correctly: this appeal is primarily directed at the German people. However, it is intended that what is discussed in this way within the German people be heard throughout the entire cultural world. I will now read this appeal aloud, my dear friends. The thoughts will be familiar to you, because we have discussed them many times. Of course, in a few words, everything can only be very brief. The intention is not to lecture anyone, but to say something that will make people aware that there is a way, and that will make them aware of how to find the right approach to this way. Certainly, one may take offense at the brevity of the presentation. But this is not a school textbook; it is about saying something to indicate that there is something within humanity that can help. So the appeal is:

To the German people and to the cultural world!

Half a century ago, the German people believed that their empire was secure for all time. In August 1914, they believed that the catastrophic war they were facing would prove that their empire was invincible. Today, they can only look at its ruins. After such an experience, self-reflection is necessary. For this experience has proved the opinions of half a century, and in particular the prevailing ideas of the war years, to be a tragic mistake. What are the reasons for this fateful mistake? This question must drive self-reflection into the souls of the members of the German people. The very survival of the German people depends on whether the strength for such self-reflection is now available. Its future depends on whether it is able to ask itself seriously: How did I fall into error? If it asks itself this question today, it will realize that half a century ago it founded an empire but failed to give it a task arising from the essence of the German people. The empire was founded. In the early days of its existence, efforts were made to organize its internal life in accordance with the demands that arose from year to year as a result of old traditions and new needs. Later, the focus shifted to consolidating and expanding the empire's external power, which was based on material forces. This was accompanied by measures relating to the social demands born of the new era, which, although they took account of some of the necessities of the day, lacked a great goal, such as should have resulted from an understanding of the forces of development to which modern humanity must turn. Thus, the empire was placed in the world context without any essential goal that would justify its existence. The course of the catastrophe of war revealed this in a sad way. Until the outbreak of the war, the non-German world had seen nothing in the behavior of the empire that could have given rise to the opinion that the administrators of this empire were fulfilling a world-historical mission that could not be swept away. The failure of these administrators to find such a mission necessarily gave rise to the opinion in the non-German world which, for those who are truly insightful, is the deeper reason for Germany's downfall.

An immeasurable amount now depends on the German people's unbiased assessment of the situation. In this misfortune, the insight that has failed to emerge over the last fifty years must come to the fore. Small-minded thinking about the immediate demands of the present must now give way to a broad outlook on life that strives to recognize the forces of development in modern humanity with powerful ideas and devotes itself to them with courageous determination. The petty urge to dismiss as impractical idealists all those who turn their gaze to these forces of development must cease. The presumption and arrogance of those who consider themselves practitioners, but who have brought about misfortune through their narrow-mindedness masked as practicality, must cease. Consideration must be given to what those who are denounced as idealists, but who are in truth real practitioners, have to say about the developmental needs of the new age.

The “practitioners” of all persuasions had long seen the emergence of entirely new demands on humanity. But they wanted to meet these demands within the framework of traditional ways of thinking and institutions. The economic life of modern times has given rise to these demands. Satisfying them through private initiative seemed impossible. The transition from private work to social work became necessary for one class of people in certain areas, and it was realized where this class of people considered it beneficial according to their outlook on life. The radical conversion of all individual work into social work became the goal of another class, which, due to the development of the new economic life, had no interest in preserving the traditional private goals.

All efforts that have emerged so far in response to the newer demands of humanity have one thing in common. They push for the socialization of the private sphere and count on the latter being taken over by communities (state, municipality) that originate from conditions that have nothing to do with the new demands. Or else one counts on newer communities (e.g., cooperatives) which have not arisen entirely in accordance with these new demands, but which are modeled on the old forms out of traditional habits of thought.

The truth is that no community formed in accordance with these old habits of thought can take up what one wants it to take up. The forces of the times are pushing for the recognition of a social structure of humanity that envisages something completely different from what is commonly envisaged today. Social communities have so far been formed largely out of the social instincts of humanity. It will be the task of the times to penetrate their forces with full consciousness.

The social organism is structured like the natural organism. And just as the natural organism must think through the head and not through the lungs, so the social organism requires a structure of systems, none of which can take over the task of another, but each of which must cooperate with the others while preserving its independence.

Economic life can only flourish if it develops as an independent member of the social organism according to its own powers and laws, and if it does not bring confusion into its structure by allowing itself to be absorbed by another member of the social organism, the politically active one. This politically active member must rather exist in full independence alongside the economic member, just as in the natural organism the respiratory system exists alongside the head system. Their beneficial interaction cannot be achieved by both members being supplied by a single legislative and administrative organ, but rather by each having its own legislation and administration, which interact in a living manner. For the political system must destroy the economy if it wants to take it over, and the economic system loses its vitality if it wants to become political.

A third element must emerge in full independence and from its own vital forces alongside these two elements of the social organism: that of spiritual production, to which also belongs the spiritual share of the other two areas, which must be handed over to them by the third member, equipped with its own lawful regulation and administration, but which cannot be administered by them or influenced in any other way than the coexisting member organisms of a natural total organism influence each other. Even today, it is possible to justify and expand upon in scientific detail everything that has been said here about the necessities of the social organism. These remarks can only provide guidelines for all those who wish to pursue these necessities.

The founding of the German Empire came at a time when these necessities were becoming apparent to the modern human race. Its administration did not understand how to set the Empire a task by looking at these necessities. This view would not only have given it the right internal structure; it would also have given its external policy a justified direction. With such a policy, the German people could have lived together with the non-German peoples.

Now insight must mature from this misfortune. The will to create a possible social organism must be developed. It is not a Germany that no longer exists that must face the outside world, but a spiritual, political, and economic system represented by its delegates, who must be willing to negotiate with those who brought Germany down, a country that has made itself an impossible social construct through the confusion of the three systems.

One can hear in one's mind the practitioners who dwell on the complexity of what has been said here, who find it uncomfortable even to think about the interaction of three bodies because they do not want to know anything about the real demands of life, but want to shape everything according to the convenient demands of their thinking. They must realize that either they will adapt their thinking to the demands of reality, or they will have learned nothing from misfortune and will only multiply the misery they have brought upon themselves by creating more of it.


With this appeal, the three gentlemen mentioned above traveled to Germany, and during the time I was giving my lectures in Zurich, Basel, and Bern, they endeavored to put into practice what we had set out to do: to collect about a hundred signatures. Mr. Stein took on the task for Austria, while other gentlemen made efforts here in Switzerland.

Well, it has only been a short time, but nevertheless, we who wanted to take a first step can be fully satisfied with what has happened so far, because we have a call that is supported in the same way as the unfortunate call of that time. During my last lectures in Zurich—which were deliberately held in Zurich because Switzerland is now, in a sense, the hub for all conditions in the civilized world—it was my intention to be able to point out that there are people here and there who are beginning to understand. And so, of course, it was important to find out the results before the last lecture in Zurich. And it turned out very happily that I was informed on the 11th that so far about a hundred names had been collected, excluding Switzerland and Vienna. This was reported to me from Germany, where our friends have been working hard in all directions to implement this matter in the appropriate manner. I received a telegram from Vienna on the same day: We currently have, at noon on the 11th, seventy-three signatures, and tomorrow there will certainly be more. — And the following day: Total result: ninety-three signatures. — That was what Mr. Stein was able to report. Then there were a number of additional signatures that were reported later. So the results so far are quite satisfactory. And now that we have come this far, it would be desirable for a number of people, and that is always important in such an action, including those who are well known and respected, to publish such an appeal wherever possible, so that it can be seen and read and come to the attention of those whom it concerns. Actually, it concerns all people in the present. One can already say that there is something in the depths of the human soul that calls people to understand such a thing.

I have told you in the course of my lectures how the idea that is now coming to light in this form is by no means new to me, but rather that at the time when the war catastrophe had reached a decisive turning point, I endeavored to help this necessary impulse become effective in the places that I considered appropriate. I have described to you how this happened. At that time, I said to people who were considering the matter: It is not a program, not an ideal, but rather what has been observed as the developmental forces of the new humanity, which will inevitably come to fruition in the next ten, twenty, or thirty years. It is not a question of whether it will be realized or not, but only of how it will be realized. And to many who were important at the time, I said: You now have the choice of either accepting reason and realizing something like this through reason—or experiencing social cataclysms and revolutions. People were soon convinced that the latter was not a false prophecy. But today's comfortable people find it difficult to find the path from a certain understanding to the courage necessary to bring things into reality in the way that is possible for them according to their position.

Here in Switzerland, individual signatures have already been collected. People here always have reservations about the fact that the first part of this appeal says something about the necessary self-reflection of the German people and about the error in which the German people were caught up. They say that as Swiss people, they do not have the right to lecture the German people across the border. I believe, my dear friends, that we should no longer speak like this today. Such things may have had a certain significance as old mummies of thought before 1914, but in the present they no longer have any meaning. In the present, the narrow-mindedness that comes from such a national way of thinking should also cease. The misfortune of the last four and a half years should have taught people that. One should be able to think differently today—forgive me—even in Switzerland, than one did four and a half years ago; one should. For one should have learned something here too, so that it corresponds to what comes over one when one has followed the last four and a half years with some insight. They then really seem like centuries that have poured out over humanity. And it seems highly remarkable when, out of old national and other prejudices that should really have come to an end in 1914, when out of these national prejudices or mummified ideas, people today want to create a new world order, a new map of Europe. This European map will quickly be overturned by other forces, which are the only ones that are powerful in the present, the only ones that determine what has been called politics: social factors. For everything else today is a mask. But that is the reality. And Europeans will be very much mistaken if they judge and raise their objections based on old ideas.

Of course, one could say—and I could easily give you a handbook of all the refutations—that this is merely a statement of the impetus for all states, and that it could only happen if all states took the first step. No, my dear friends, a single so-called state can take the first step; it is possible for a single state to take the first step. And if one starts, then it has done something for the whole of humanity. That is precisely the misfortune of the German people, that the founding of their Reich fell into the period of modern history in which, when a new Reich was founded, there was already a need to fill that Reich with this task. And because this empire did not fill itself with this task, it was not understood why it existed in the world at all. If it had been filled with this task, all events would have taken a different course, because its conditions of existence would have been seen ad oculus, or its raison d'être would have been recognized.

Today, people judge from their mummified minds. You see, there are also a lot of people in Europe who cannot break free from their old European mummified minds, and yet, out of a certain fear—I don't know how to put it—they regard the run-of-the-mill personality Wilson as a savior. But people must ask themselves: Let us leave aside any judgment of Wilson for the moment and ask ourselves the factual question: How did this Wilson become the influential man he is in his country? By pursuing a policy against all other parties, out of a healthy American instinct, that is exactly the opposite of what a large part of Europe now wants to sail toward. A large part of Europe wants to sail into a community, into a social community policy in which the liberal, individual forces of the individual human being are lost. Wilson owes his election and his influence solely to the fact that, as an American democrat, he has contributed to unleashing the forces that were latent as individual forces in economic life. Let us assume hypothetically that Europe achieves the ideals of Bolshevism, achieves the ideals of Bernese social democracy, that is, the social democracy of the Socialist Congress. Let us assume that this is achieved; that people achieve what they dream of. Then Europe would become a construct from which—despite all national prejudices—all free forces would necessarily flow to free America, where Wilson has become great precisely because of the opposite. A terrible competition between Europe and America would unfold, in which the only possible outcome would be that Europe would fall into pauperism and America would become rich, not because of any injustice, but because of the folly of European social policy. For this is how things would turn out if the social forces that it is the very task of European humanity to develop were not conceived and realized in such a way as to correspond to a healthy social organism.

In this appeal, we are not merely dealing with something that has been thought up, but with something that points to forces that are present everywhere in reality, that must be realized, without whose realization not only the fate of Germany and Austria, but the fate of the whole of Europe must truly be of impoverishment, destitution, and spiritual decline.

We live in serious times in which small thoughts are not enough. There is something in people that draws them to what is expressed in this appeal. This can already be observed. And because this is so, because there is hope of finding access to the souls and hearts of the people, an attempt has now been made to transform what was attempted during the catastrophic war in the form that was necessary at the time, as I have told you, into a form that is necessary for today's circumstances.

I only hope that no one thinks that such a thing has absolute significance. I spoke about this matter to a gentleman who later became important in January 1918, in the form in which it was written at the time, but in such a way that I said: This matter can, of course, always take on different forms depending on the circumstances of the time, because it is not a theory, not a program, not an ideal, but something that is conceived from reality. And I went on to say: Because it is conceived from reality, I am not concerned with what many utopians are concerned with. The utopians who draw up programs think that everything is bad if these things are not realized as they formulate them in their programs. That is not important to me at all. It could be, for example, that such a thing strikes a chord in people's souls that, because it is practical, they begin to implement it in practical life. In every field today, it can already be said quite clearly how to begin to implement it in practical life. But I could imagine that then nothing will remain of what has been said here, what has also been said in my lectures in Zurich, Bern, and Basel, but that everything will turn out differently. Those who think realistically do not care whether their formulas, their statements are realized, but that something is grasped somewhere in reality. Then we will see what comes of it. That is what matters; perhaps everything will turn out differently—I certainly want to suggest that as a possibility—but what will emerge must be appropriate to the circumstances, that is certain. For it is not some abstract ideal, not some program that has been set up, but simply the forces of reality that are being addressed. What we are concerned with now should be as far removed as possible from all fantasy and pedantry. That is why I was so astonished when a well-known personality, who had been recommended by one of the three gentlemen I mentioned as someone who could also sign this appeal, sent me the following message: Yes, he had believed that I, of all people, in making such an appeal, was appealing more to the spirit of humanity and saying that salvation can now only come to humanity if humanity finds its way back to the spirit.

So people want the phrase “spirit” to be repeated over and over again: spirit, spirit, spirit! But that is not what it is about; it is about the spirit showing itself, proving itself capable of really shaping reality. Those who constantly talk about the spirit without wanting to point to the reality of this spirit are basically the greatest pests. For they are really only talking in terms of an ideology and not about the spirit. And it is commendable, my dear friends, that personalities have emerged from the bosom of our society who have understanding—but understanding in action, so that they actually do something—understanding in action for what is wanted here. And after all, the echoes are already being heard.

After my last lecture in Zurich had ended and I had pointed out the result and this appeal, our friend Dr. Boos issued his own appeal that a number of people from the audience should come forward and give their addresses if they were willing to work practically on this matter. And there, too, the result was extremely satisfying for that evening. Certainly, objections were raised. I can well understand the objections. But these objections are such that one can see from them that people today are not in touch with reality, that they are fanatics. Really, it is precisely those who have been considered the greatest practitioners to date who are actually fanatics. That is why I said in a lecture in Zurich: What is a good example of a fanatic of the present day, of an enthusiast? — General Ludendorff! He is the type, the representative of a fanatic; a man who, for all I care, was good or bad — but in my opinion bad — at strategy, but in relation to everything else was completely detached from life, had a great influence for evil, was completely detached from reality, had no idea of the conditions of the reality in which he was supposed to operate, was as abstract an idealist as any socialist utopian is an abstract idealist. We should finally take a good, hard look at this wicked concept of the “practitioner,” which has brought such endless disaster upon humanity. This practice, which has prevailed until now, which is nothing more than fanaticism put into action through brutality, an unreal way of thinking, is what must disappear above all else. That is what matters, my dear friends. And it is out of this spirit that what must come will come, precisely from an anthroposophically oriented spiritual scientific movement.

That is what I wanted to share with you today, as something that has emerged from the bosom of our movement, in this evening that is part of our series of lectures.