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The Social Question as a Question of Consciousness
GA 189

7 March 1919, Dornach

Lecture VI

In a lecture Kurt Eisner recently gave to students in Basle we find a remarkable sentence. Eisner starts with a really curious question about the present external world, namely, whether what can be expressed as the present situation of mankind is a reality or a mere dream; whether what mankind is now experiencing is not actually a sort of dreamed reality? What he said about it ran something like this: “Do we not hear, do we not see clearly that pressing for realisation there lives a longing in our life to know that this life, as we have to live it today, is only the outwardly expressed invention of some evil spirit? Picture to yourselves, gentlemen, some great thinker living about 2000 years ago and knowing nothing of our times, who dreamed what the world would look like in 2000 years. With the most vivid imagination he could never have a thought-out a world like the one in which we are destined to live. Nevertheless what persists is the one Utopia in the world, and what we want, what lives in us as this longing, is the final and deepest reality, and everything else is horrible. Only we are confusing dreaming and waking. Our task is to shake off the old dream of our present useless existence . Look at the war—can it reasonably be thought possible that such a thing could be thought-out? If the war were not what is called reality it was perhaps a dream out of which we are now waking. We are in a society in which, in spite of railway, steam and electricity, we men see nevertheless only a small part of the star on which we were born.” And so on and so forth …

This is what Kurt Eisner felt, and what he said about it shortly before his death in Basle. The reality makes us ask ourselves today whether we are awake or dreaming. Is this reality a reality at all? It would be a good thing today were the mass of humanity to set themselves such questions. Above all it is of importance that we should be in a position to discern the actual truth about what surrounds us in the external world. It is particularly important that what the world needs and above all what is needed for our social life should no longer be judged according to the old customary way of thinking during recent centuries. For it is this customary thinking that has led to the present catastrophe, which becomes plain when one really studies all the conditions. With this way of thinking many of those who think themselves really practical have started out with mere abstractions which they have tried to carry out in real life. And it is because such men have applied their customary way of thinking to social conditions in the common life of men that reality has gradually become unreality, a mere image incapable of dealing with life. And there man stands regarding it as reality, and he lacks the forces to bring about conditions possible for life.

These are things that cannot be too strongly emphasised today; they must be given clear and unmistakable expression by everyone who without prejudice looks facts in the face. These facts, working in the external everyday world, speak to us clearly and show us that the cure for existing conditions can come only from impulses out of the spiritual world. For what has become estranged from the spiritual world, what has held sway economically without regard to the spiritual world, has today lost its way in a blind alley. Believing as men do today that they can continue their economic life in the way that has brought the world to this catastrophe is simply refusing to think.

We have been living through a time in which existence was believed to have come to the highest point of material civilisation, Looking back before August, 1914, how comfortable life was, how easily, if we had the means, we could travel from country to country. Consider how simple it was to communicate by telegraph or telephone between the most distant places and across national frontiers. Think of all men called modern civilisation. And then think of what since August, 1914, has become of this modern European civilisation, consider the conditions in which we now live. Truly it does not need much thought to see that the one does not exist without the other, that in the life we led until August, 1914, so comfortable, so civilised, was contained the present situation, so much so indeed that in lectures given in Vienna before the war I referred to it as a carcinoma, a cancerous growth, in human society. We should give due weight to the fact that at the time everything was so ‘comfortable’ and the world so ‘civilised’ and all going according to the wishes of those whose social position allowed of their fulfillment, at that time Spiritual Science forced those who saw into the real state of affairs to say: this is not a healthy society we are living in, but an unhealthy one. It has long been offered the anthroposophical way of thinking for its healing. For this healing nothing will serve but the realisation that all other ways of thinking, not directed to what is really spiritual, are more or less quackery. Reality must come into the dreams men dream today. Whence is this reality to come? It does not exist in the region whence practical men derive their thoughts. Reality exists only where the spirit can be seen. From there the principles and impulses flowing into social life must be found. That is why the connection between such things must continually be stressed.

Now in connection with these lectures I have often mentioned the name Fritz Mauthner. When in a series of catchwords he classified alphabetically the thinking of the present-day, he made of this two volumes and called them a Philosophical Dictionary. In this philosophical dictionary, in Mauthner's own style, with his criticisms that were often caustic and biting, a description of present-day thinking was contained. There, among other things, he deals with the State, the res publica. From his outlook Mauthner even arrives at some sort of answer to the question: What exactly is the State? And his particular definition is that the State is a necessary evil, the necessity of which there is no denying. But it has dawned on some people that the social structure we today call the State has led to what we are living in the midst of now. That is why people call it a necessary evil, for its evil character in its present form is before their very eyes. The question, however, is how a positive conception is to be arrived at in contrast to all that is negative.

If something be rejected, what would be acceptable in its place must be indicated. If someone says that the State is a necessary evil it is important to define the good, in contrast to this evil of the State. What is this something of which this State should be the opposite: In the spiritual-scientific connection something very remarkable appears. To understand the State one must have insight into the form of the rights that prevail in the State, which is regulated according to possession, work and so on. One has also to ask to what this form of rights can be compared.

Now the conditions existing in the spiritual world in the time lived through by man between death and a new birth have often been described to you. How do these conditions existing between man and man between death and a new birth stand in relation to the conditions of rights established within the State community on the physical plane? As soon as this question is put intelligibly, we get the answer: All that the State consists in is the exact opposite of this. The human relations that are State-controlled are the exact opposite of those in the spiritual world. This gives you a true idea of the State. Men who know nothing of the spiritual world can get no idea of the State, because they have a purely negative attitude towards the relation between man and man. What is positive is the relation arising between one soul and another in the spiritual world. With this in view, read the chapter on the soul-world in my book Theosophy; you will there find a certain regulation existing in the relation of soul to soul, which may be described as the mutual working of soul to soul, continuing into what is called spirit-land, and governed by forces going from sympathy end antipathy. Read in this same chapter how sympathy and antipathy bring about a certain connection between the souls in the spiritual world. You will see that there in the spiritual world everything depends on the inner life, namely on what through the forces of sympathy and antipathy is working from soul to soul. In man on the physical plane the forces of antipathy between soul and soul are concealed by the physical body, and because this is so its place in the State has to be taken by all that is most external—what has to do with rights, Whereas we must describe the unfolding of the innermost forces of the soul as belonging to the actual spiritual world, what can live in the State is all that is most external in the relation between men. And the State is not in a healthy condition when seeking to establish anything beyond the external relation of rights. Therefore everything should be eliminated by the State that does not concern this most external relation. As opposed to the State itself on the one side must be the spiritual sphere, the administration of the affairs of spiritual culture, and on the other side the third member, the purely economic life of the social organism. Whereas the actual State represents the exact opposite of the spiritual world, the spiritual life signifies a continuation of what we experienced before we descended through birth into earthly existence. What we experience here in religion, schooling, education, art, science, and so forth, in company with others, what develops from our mutual relation as between man and man, all this, though a mere reflection, is the earthly continuation of the real spiritual life before birth.

And in the economic life, in what we call ordinary material life, we find the origin of much that we shall have to experience beyond the gate of death, that is, in the life after death.

But the State has nothing to do with spiritual life. It is its very opposite. To understand the terrible facts of today men must learn to penetrate this fact in all its significance. Present-day man must learn to grasp that, to come to a conception of external reality, it is essential once more to have in mind spiritual reality. In the spiritual world sympathy and antipathy work together. What persists in us from the spiritual world as antipathy, what has to go on working as antipathy, is experienced down here as spiritual culture. Through speech we learn as men to understand each other and to create a spiritual bond between man and man. And by understanding one another in speech we have to overcome certain antipathies still left over from the spiritual world. We learn to speak among ourselves in certain conceptions, developing thoughts in common, in a common art, in a common religious belief, thereby overcoming certain mutual antipathies we had in the spiritual world. We learn here in our economic life to help one another, to work for one another, to be of advantage to each other economically, thus laying foundations for certain sympathies to be woven into the life after death between souls who, through their ordinary karma have found no previous bond.

In this way we have to understand how to unite this earthly world with the spiritual world. Ultimately, the deepest and most active cause of our present time of catastrophe is that man has lost his connection with the spiritual world, which has largely become for him mere empty words. It has become so for the upper classes to an increasing degree during the last four centuries. And there has developed more and more in the dumb instincts of great masses of the proletariat a subconscious, unconscious yearning for something different from what the upper classes can offer as so-called culture, science, art, religion, and so forth.

Where the spiritual life is concerned people become accustomed with such difficulty to the necessity of gradually learning to understand a new language. They would prefer to go on speaking the old one for they think that will serve their purpose.

And we hear unctuous prophets today holding forth on their views—I have often referred to these views. One such prophet, greatly respected today, says for example how this war has shown that men have been living in a kind of external organisation but have not inwardly come nearer each other. And so in the guise of this war there has come a lapse into barbarism.—To rescue us from this barbarism only empty and sentimental words are forthcoming, exhorting men to return to a kind of inward spirituality. But today it is not a question of reprimanding people, telling them they should once more become good Christians, learn to love their fellow men, and to find an inward bond between man and man. It is far more important now to develop a power of the spirit able to give external relations a form in which the social organism can prosper. One cannot with honesty say that the real reason for man's sickness today is first and foremost his not believing in the spirit. There are still plenty of men who believe in the spirit. And every little village still has its church where I fancy there is much talk of the spirit. Even those who struggle against it have a certain respect for the spirit. In ordinary thought, too, there are still certain references to it. Those who would say in the true Anzengruber manner: “As sure as there is a God in Heaven I am an atheist” are no great rarity though they may not put this into words. The point is not whether the spirit is spoken of nor whether people believe in the spirit, but that the spirit should become effective in all material life and that it should be realised how there can never be any matter without spirit.

At present, however, we are farther than ever from such insight. One man may affect superiority, despise external material life, consider it a necessary evil and turn his attention to the inner life, perhaps becoming a theosophist so that he can develop an inner life alongside the external one. He thinks the external life to be without spirit and that it behooves him to give himself up to a life of inner contemplation. Another does not go directly this way—said by the socialist to be very middle-class and decadent—but still believes that on the one side there is material reality in which there lives all that is capital, human labour-power, credit, mortgages and money in any form; in short, spiritless reality. And on the other side he sees spiritual reality which has to be striven for out of the depths of the heart.

We could quote many variations of this particular way of understanding the connection between the material life and that of the spirit, as it holds sway today. For people generally feel that, to reach the spiritual, they have to turn away from external material reality. Ultimately this is all connected with the fact that in these days we see so many broken lives, so many people discontented with external existence. My dear friends, indeed I am not speaking just for the honour of the cause—pro domo—for it is my karma alone that obliges me to do this work. Had my karma led me to something different, I should be able to understand that too. No, I am speaking quite objectively. In spite of this I venture to say that there is nothing in life that is not interesting if only we have a healthy social organism in which man is rightly placed in accordance with his karma. Strictly speaking, no one has cause to consider any world-current of less worth than another. The healing of the social organism must, it is true, be brought about by every single worker having as much connection with the spiritual life as those who can now have the good fortune to occupy themselves with it. For it is one of the greatest defects in present social life that certain interests inaccessible to ethers are cultivated in exclusive circles. Just realise how today this exclusiveness has been increasingly fostered in religion, in art, and in everything else, in bourgeois circles, and how the proletariat stand outside all this. That is why the proletariat have been given ‘People's Institutions’, ‘People's Houses’, ‘People's Art’, and so forth. But all this has arisen out of the experiences of the middle-class. Received by the proletariat it becomes one of the lies of life, for only what has arisen out of general experience can become a common spiritual life. There is no general experience where one member of the community stands at a machine eight hours a day (you see I take the eight-hour day as an actual fact) whereas another is able to build a social life peculiar to his class, and then throws as crumbs to those working at the machines what, in its inner structure, can really be understood only by those who have always belonged to the governing classes.

Within these governing classes it is possible, with its up-bringing and education, to speak of the Sistine Madonna—to take a concrete example. I have taken working men into galleries and have seen how false it is to show them anything arousing the kind of impression the Sistine Madonna creates upon the bourgeoisie. It is an impossibility. By trying to do so one brings about a false situation, since there is no common life between the two classes. And where there is no common life there is no common speech. Those who up to now have formed the upper classes were destined during man's former evolution to receive something, even in art for example, that can take root in the experiences of their life. Through the way mankind has lived. until now, a picture like the Sistine Madonna has become a real gift for the upper classes. For the others it is incomprehensible. There has first to be sought a speech common to both, and that means efforts have to be made to find a cultural life common to all men. At present our schools and universities are very far from such a cultural life. In these there will never be realised what is so often striven for—a universal school for the people. In a school common to all must be taught what is derived from a free life of the spirit which, as an independently working member, has its roots in the social organism. We must teach something very different from what is taught today, for in his innermost being the proletarian does not understand what is now taught in the ordinary schools.

Now you may be right in saying that I am contradicting myself, and you may tell me that in the schools the people all are on a level, so why should the proletarian child understand less than the bourgeois child? But the bourgeois child in reality does not understand anything either, for the teaching in our ordinary schools is so unsound that everything is incomprehensible. And it is only because members of the upper classes, who have the means to go to the better schools, reflect something of what they learn there, like a shadow, on to the people's schools so that something of what was formerly learnt is understood. Those who have no opportunity to receive the reflection of what was learnt earlier cannot profit by the education which is present in our life like the dream of something real.

Due attention should be paid to this; it is deeply connected with the gravity of the present times and the present situation. And can we not actually feel that our only salvation lies in a new life of the spirit. Now try to be honest about what concerns one sphere or another. Consider what has happened in the course of the last centuries in the sphere of art, for example, and the appreciation of art. Try to look intelligently at what has been said about art, what artists themselves have said about the arts of painting and sculpture and so on, how critics have influenced public opinion. Follow this, than try to make it clear to the working-man, who is supposed to listen to it, after eight hours at a machine—for him it is just meaningless rubbish! For him it is a life lived by others from which he is excluded in an anti-social way, and he can form no idea of its necessity for human existence; to his mind it is simply luxury. It is not that I am giving judgment; I am merely stating facts that are comprehensible.

But now let us consider what fruits have been produced by this worthy middle-class society which continued to develop so comfortably up to the year 1914. I was still experiencing it in the eighties when, for instance, the young people of Vienna were imitating everything originating at the time in Paris as the new trend in art. These young people wrote a great deal of verse, and having done everything calculated to make dark rings under their eyes, wandered about in pensive mood declaring their preference for the decadent and their desire to sleep in rooms scented with hothouse flowers, and so forth. Then with this background they propounded how verse should be written. I have no wish to criticise all they did; it is just one side of the human being coming to expression in an extreme way. But eventually it was carried so far that something resulted which to a great many people today may seem merely an impulse towards cultural extravagance, cultural luxury, which in any case could not appear to them as necessary for a dignified human existence. Everything in life finally depends upon what pulsates in the human soul, and upon the way in which human souls can be moved in life. It was indeed a cancer breaking out in a dreadful way in human society. From all these things we must recognise that these facts are now so firmly established that we no longer speak with the some conceptions; we must learn a new language. And it is clearly manifest that we have to strive for something that besides being human is universal.

In our building we have striven for something universally human, but how far this is so will not immediately be understood. Within it there is meant to be nothing of interest only for the middle-class and incomprehensible to the proletariat. Even if the very highest spiritual claims are made, what is striven for is something everyone can understand. Much is certainly imperfect and what is middle-class still meets us in much of it, but on the whole—naturally I am not here referring to the people—the chief thing striven for is quite generally human. It can be understood from the point of view of life. And because men have various standpoints in life today we must speak to each one differently. But it is possible now to bring to the simplest, most primitive hearts and minds what is meant to be expressed in the forms and other features of our building. Thus the attempt has really to be made in every sphere of life to leave behind what is old, to speak a new language , and to see how it was the old ideas that landed us in this catastrophe.

Today it is often said that to oppose the aims of modern Socialists, really frightening to many people, we might hold up the spirit of the Sermon on the Mount, where not by class struggles but by love, the weary, heavy-laden should be led to a new world-order. This is not something just thought-out but the way of speaking adopted in the moral sermons of well known tub-thumpers and repeated over and over again in recent weeks. Only a few days ago in Berne you could have heard someone saying that we should go back to the pure spirit of Christianity, to the spirit of the Sermon on the Mount, which is not to be found in the modern class struggle. Unfortunately the speaker went on—The Christian spirit prevails only in private lives; it ought, however, to do so in the life of the State too; external public, life must be christianised.—Then people get up and say: Ah, that is spoken out of the spirit! And they finally show the path modern man must take to free himself from all this unfortunate materialism and turn back to the spirit of love. The fact remains, however, that for nearly two thousand years people have been talking thus, and it has not helped a whit, so that at last they ought to be able to see how today what we need in a new language.

But today the difference between the two languages often remains unnoticed. It is still unnoticed that something different is represented by this new life of the spirit that directly penetrates material reality. This is because the new spiritual life is convinced that spirit lives in all matter, and that matter must be regarded as matter and not in an unreal way as a thing to be despised. Where there appears to be nothing but matter one is simply not seeing the spirit. Therefore today we must be conscious of the pressing need to develop the spirit that can master reality and penetrate material life. This spirit will not teach us to say: Deepen yourself within and you then discover the God there; you will be able to unfold the source of love within you. You will then find the way out of the present social order to one in which men will stand inwardly united with one another! No, today it is a matter of finding such spirit, such speech, such Christianity, that we shall not merely talk of ethics and religion bit be so strong in spirit hat we are able to comprehend the most everyday things. Out of this spirit it must be asked: What should we do to discover the right way to heal the wastage, the ravages of this capitalism to which man's labour power is exposed?

As things are, people feel what is destructive and unsound in the social organism without knowing the causes. In matters great and small it can be seen how money is the root of much that is harmful. Many who may not themselves have money can see today in small matters around them that something is wrong with it. The time has come to end the old indifference when things were brushed aside with the saying: “One holds the purse, the other the money”. The time has come when this saying no longer holds good. People even when seldom crossing the frontier notice that much harm is created by money. Is it not true that though we now have peace, people cannot cross this frontier even as easily as during the war? Beyond it the mark has a certain value, here it is worth very little. With the money question is united that of standard values. In big things and small, people are realising that with money a situation has arisen that has to do with the most ordinary affairs of men. They wonder what the remedy may be for the harm done today, but they do not see the necessity of shaking off the ordinary superficial thoughts bound up with the situation, and of penetrating the thoughts that are original, primal. For certain primal thoughts are the basis of all human affair. It is, however, inherent in human life that these affairs gradually grow farther and farther away from the thought originally behind them. Then these original thoughts withdraw into the inner regions of man's being, and turn into feelings, instincts, that then express themselves in such a way that their original nature is no longer recognised. The social demands made today are the reaction of the primal thoughts on modern human relations. Men who formulate their thoughts merely in accordance with these relations are the most vexatious of all fanatics; for all the demands made by the proletariat are nothing but veiled feelings having their roots in primal thoughts. To such thoughts belongs the separation of the spiritual, political and economic spheres of life as we have seen it here, for which the instincts strive. And they will not rest until that direction at least is now taken again towards these archetypal thoughts. For it is because we have come so far from them that we are now going through this difficult crisis.

All other remedies are quackery, even where the most external material questions are concerned. For today the question is often put, even from the lecture platform, what actually is money? And there are innumerable discussions as to whether money is a commodity or a mere token of value. One person deems it a commodity among other commodities to be bartered in the economic market and considers that men have simply chosen a convenient commodity to avoid certain other difficultly in modern economic life. Suppose you were carpenter and there were no such thing as money. You would have to eat, to have vegetables, butter, cheese, but being a carpenter you would make only tables and chairs. So you would have to betake yourself with your tables and chairs to the market , and try, for example, to get rid of a chair so that someone will give you a certain amount of food in exchange for it. You have to get a table taken in exchange for something else, perhaps a suit of clothes. Imagine what all that would mean! In reality, however, it is exactly what one does. Only it is disguised by an ordinary marketable commodity, money, being there, for which one can exchange everything else, so that the other goods can then wait until needed.

Now it appears as if money were only there as a medium for the exchange of commodities. Thus many national economists hold the view that money is a commodity. Paper money is looked upon as a substitute for this commodity. For the commodity on which it depends is really gold and States have been obliged to introduce the gold-standard, having had today to follow the leading economic State, England, because it chose gold as its medium of adjustment and its sole standard of value. Thus the medium of exchange is there and the carpenter has no need to take his chairs to market, but sells his wares to those who want them, and gets money with which he can then, on his part, buy his vegetables and cheese.

Others hold a contrary opinion about money. For them it is not a question whether one has a piece of gold or not, but a matter of the existence of a substitute medium bearing a certain stamp. Our modern paper money, for example, bears a stamp stating its value. And there are economists who consider it quite unnecessary that the corresponding value in gold should be lying at the back. There are also, as you may know, individual States having only paper values with no corresponding gold. With it, however, under present conditions they can to a certain extent carry on their economy.

In any case you see—in our sphere we must take our stand on the basis of a purely human point of view—that now-a-days there are clever people who consider money to be a commodity, whereas other clever people regard it merely as something stewed, marked, a mere mark. But which is it in reality? Under present conditions it is actually both! It comes to this, that as things are today we see that on the one hand in international trade money has the character of a mere commodity, while on the other hand it represents outstanding debt. What serves as the real covering is the exchange of gold as a commodity carried on between States. Everything else depends upon there being the assurance that when a certain amount of paper or barter goes from one State to another, whoever has been responsible for this possesses the gold also, that the commodity gold is also there to be dealt with in the some way as any other commodity. A merchant is given credit no matter whether he possesses gold or fish or anything else, if only there is something real behind this as a covering. In this sense therefore money is a commodity in international trade.

But the State has interfered and has gradually made money into something assessed, something stamped. Thus the two things work together. The trouble that arises comes from the control of money not being given over to what we have called the third member of the social organism. Were money entirely controlled by the economic part of the organism, that means freed from the State member of the organism, money would then have to be a commodity and derive its commodity value in the commodity market. The present curious dependence expressing itself in the remarkable relation between value and wages would no longer exist. The curious thing now is that when wages rise, values fall, so that the worker often derives no benefit from higher pay, since he is unable to buy more than he could with his former smaller wage. When both wages and cost of living rise at the same time, which means that a change takes place in values, no other conditions can help. Help can come only by the economic commodity, money, being freed from the political State, and when the money that exists for the purpose of balance can be controlled by the third member, the economic member of the healthy social organism.

Thus on the path of the threefold order special problems too are resolved in the right way. Therefore whoever wants to work out sound ideas for the social organism must go back to the primal thought. Those administering the State today are asking what they should do in face of the chaos that has arisen in values. The answer, and the only answer, is that as long as they have to do with the control of the political State they should not meddle with values at all, but leave the control of money and values to the economic organism. Only there can the sound basis be created for these affairs. We must be able to get back to what today will create a healthy state of things. Before the catastrophe of the war there was the strange fact that because a condition existed between States upon which the internal political taxation had no influence, we had relations between individual States which, for example, in the economic life resulted from the economic life itself. Thus these relations arose internationally between the States. They did not take effect within the individual States because the States extended their control over the economic life, Therefore the conflict broke out from which the world can be freed only by real striving towards the threefold order. Then every time adjustment is needed facts of one member of the organism will be corrected by the facts of another. There are no other means possible than a return to primal ideas, to the practical trinity—spiritual life, political life, economic life. Only those so placed in a community thus organised will be able to solve our present problems from one or another point of view. The health of the social organism can be brought about only when economic matters are regulated by one member, democratic rights discussed in another, and all cultural, spiritual relations arranged by the third. For, as in the human being the three members, head-system, heart- and lung-system and digestive-system, work together naturally, so also do the three members in the healthy social organism. They work over into each other. And as in the head you can trace disorder in the stomach in spite of the separation of the systems because the stomach is not taking care of the head, so too in the healthy social organism one member, say the economic, works over into the rights member and the cultural member. They work together in the right way only when relatively independent. But this correct mutual working, when in order, really takes place only when the three members are independent and each governed by its own laws. How, for example, how does the spiritual life work into that of the economic? You know what is the spiritual element in the economic life? Capital is the spirit in economic life: And a great part of the present evil rests on the control of capital, the fructifying of capital, being withdrawn from the spiritual life. The relation between the physical workers to those organising with the help of capital, must in a healthy social organism be managed on a basis of mutual trust and understanding. Take, as an example of this, the election in our Waldorf School. In a healthy social organism the existing gulf between employer and worker will necessarily cease. Today the worker stands at a machine without knowing what it is producing. For this reason outside the factory he naturally wastes his time in trivialities. The employer, again, has his own life that corresponds to what he has made of it. I have already described the young men who went about with dark circles under their eyes and slept with tuberroses beside their beds! The employer leads this freed spiritual life, freed, that is, not for himself but for others. But when a spiritual, cultural life has been built up, which includes those who work physically and spiritually, capitalism will be out on a social basis, not, it is true, in the way the modern sentimentalist would approve, but so that a possibility is created for every individual worker to have a spiritual life in common with all those who organise his work in the social organism, and distribute the products throughout the world.

It must be regarded as essential that with the same degree of regularity with which work is done at the machine, discussions take place concerning business relations between employer end employed, so that the worker can have a comprehensive grasp of all that is happening. In future the aim must be to oblige the employer to have frank and full explanation of all details to the employed, so that factory and management may be limited in a common spiritual life. This is what is important. Only than will it be possible for the situation to arise when the worker will say: The employer is just as necessary as I am; for what would my work be in the social organism without him. He gives it its right place. But he is also obliged to give the worker his right place end to allow him to come into his own. Then everything will become quite clear.

There you see how the spiritual life must play into the working of capitalism. Everything else today is simply talk, sheer sentimentality. Sound relations between work and capital cannot come about in the social bureaucratic way, but only through a spiritual life common to all men having the individual capacity for it, all men who are in a position to out it into practice and to produce capital for a sound social organism. With this will come the free understanding of those who do the physical work. Understanding will then be able to arise for the initiative of the individual faculties which, in a free life of spirit, are socialised from the start. Today they work in an anti-social way because of unnatural relationships. Socialism must rest upon the free initiative of individual faculties and the free understanding of what these faculties promote. There is no other socialism that is genuine. From symptoms already appearing in the social organism we can realise the truth of this.

There are two things in the world the value of which for everyday life can be, and is, very differently estimated. The one is a piece of bread, the other a world-outlook. About a piece of bread everyone will admit that it is the means for satisfying man is hunger; there is no disputing the fact that he will have bread. But about a piece of world-outlook there is a great deal of despite what one man finds true the other thinks false. And however true a world-outlook is it cannot have universal value. There can be strife about the spirit but not about affairs of, the economic life. This is merely because the spirit is not working as a reality but only as something connected with the economic life and the life of the State. When it is based upon itself it will have to display its reality to the world and to reveal itself, and then reality will flash out from the spiritual. And then it will certainly not be found in the idle talk of the would-be moralist, in what is said by those who, because they regard as spiritual only what is entirely divorced from reality, exhort people to be good Christians, and uphold all manner of virtues having nothing to do with external, material reality. There must be a bridge between this abstract form of the spirit and the spirit working in capital, for capital is also spirit in its organising of labour. This organising, however, must in actual fact be the result of spiritual direction.

Thus on the one side the control of money must be left to the economic life, whereas the organising of labour by capital should be under the control of the life of the spirit. There you see the interworking of things which, to outward appearance, are separate; for naturally in industry capital is represented by money. The relation, however, between employee and employer, this whole relation based on trust and especially the fact that the employer has a certain position as giver of work—all this is organised from the spiritual sphere. The equivalent of a certain commodity in money will be regulated by the economic life, and for the health of the organism things will be woven into each other, just as they are in the three systems of the human organism.

In this way you will be able to penetrate into the things of everyday life, and you will see that what your attention has been called to here comes from the actual and real archetypal thoughts which must be the basis for the cure of the social organism.

Sechster Vortrag

In dem Vortrag, den Kurt Eisner vor der Basler Studentenschaft vor kurzem gehalten hat, findet sich ein sehr merkwürdiger Satz. Er geht aus von der der heutigen Außenwelt gegenüber wirklich kuriosen Frage, ob denn dasjenige, was man jetzt als den gegenwärtigen Menschheitszustand erleben kann, eine Wirklichkeit ist, oder ob das nicht vielleicht ein bloßer Traum sei, ob nicht das, was die Menschheit jetzt erlebt, eigentlich nur eine Art von geträumter Wirklichkeit sei. Der Satz lautet ja, wie er ihn dort gehalten hat:

«Höre ich nicht, oder sehe ich doch klar, daß tief in unserem Leben jene Sehnsucht lebt und nach Leben drängt, die erkennt, daß unser Leben, wie wir's heute leben müssen, doch nur die deutliche Erfindung irgendeines bösen Geistes ist. Stellen Sie sich vor, verehrte Anwesende, einen großen Denker, der nichts von unserer Zeit wüßte, und der ungefähr vor 2000 Jahren gelebt und geträumt hätte, wie etwa in 2000 Jahren die Welt aussehen würde, er hätte nicht mit blühendster Phantasie wohl eine Welt sich ausdenken können wie die, in der wir zu leben verurteilt sind. Das Bestehende ist doch in Wahrheit die einzige Utopie in der Welt, und das, was wir wollen, was als Sehnsucht in unserem Geiste lebt, ist die tiefste und letzte Wirklichkeit, und alles andere ist schauderbar. Wir verwechseln nur Traum und Wachen. Diesen alten Traum unseres heutigen sozialen Daseins abzuschütteln, ist unsere Aufgabe. Ein Blick in den Krieg: läßt sich eine menschliche Vernunft denken, die dergleichen ersinnen könnte? Wenn dieser Krieg nicht das gewesen ist, was man wirklich nennt, so haben wir vielleicht geträumt und wir wachen nun. Wir sind eine Gesellschaft, in der die Menschen trotz Eisenbahn und trotz Dampf und elektrischen Funken doch nur einen kleinen Teil dieses Sternes erblicken, auf dem wir geboren sind.»

Das ist die Empfindung, der Kurt Eisner kurz vor seinem Tode in Basel Ausdruck gegeben hat. Also die Wirklichkeit nötigt heute den Menschen, sich zu fragen: Träumen wir oder wachen wir? Ist diese Wirklichkeit überhaupt eine wahre Wirklichkeit? Und es wäre eigentlich ganz gut, wenn die Menschen sich heute in ausgiebigerem Maße diese oder eine ähnliche Frage stellen könnten. Denn vor allen Dingen handelt es sich darum, daß man gegenüber dem, was einen in der äußeren Welt umgibt, in der Lage ist, nun überhaupt die Wirklichkeit, die wahre Wirklichkeit zu durchschauen. Wir haben es ja verschiedentlich betonen müssen, daß es heute darauf ankommt, dasjenige, was der Welt nötig ist, was vor allen Dingen unserem sozialen Leben nötig ist, nicht mehr nach den Denkgewohnheiten zu beurteilen, in die man sich im Laufe der letzten Jahrhunderte und bis heute hineingefunden hat. Denn diese Denkgewohnheiten haben eben gerade — wenn man den Zusammenhang wirklich erkennt, so sieht man das zu der heutigen Katastrophe geführt. Innerhalb dieser Denkgewohnheiten hat man sich oftmals so recht als Praktiker, als Lebenspraktiker empfunden. Und dennoch, man ist ausgegangen von den allerallerärgsten Abstraktionen und hat versucht, diese Abstraktionen in Wirklichkeit überzuführen. Aber gerade dadurch, daß nun die sozialen Zustände, das Zusammenleben der Menschen zum Ausdruck gebracht hat, was die Menschen aus ihren Denkgewohnheiten haben einfließen lassen in diese Wirklichkeit, dadurch ist diese Wirklichkeit allmählich ein unwirkliches, lebensunfähiges Gebilde geworden, in dem der Mensch heute zwar drinnensteht, und das er für seine Wirklichkeit hält, das aber keine wirklichen Kräfte hat, um lebensmöglich zu sein.

Das sind die Dinge, die man heute nicht scharf genug betonen kann, die sich heute eigentlich jeder, der den Tatsachen mit unbefangenem Blick ins Auge schaut, klar und deutlich sagen müßte. Diese Tatsachen, wenn sie sich auch zunächst in der äußeren, alltäglichen Welt abspielen, führen eine Sprache, die deutlich hinweist darauf, daß die Heilung der Zustände nur aus dem Impulse der geistigen Welt kommen kann. Denn das, was sich der geistigen Welt in den letzten Jahrhunderten entfremdet hat, was gewissermaßen gewirtschaftet hat ohne Rücksicht auf diese geistige Welt, das ist heute in eine Sackgasse hineingekommen, aus der es sich nicht wieder herausfinden wird. Und es ist nur eine Gedankenlosigkeit, wenn heute noch immer geglaubt wird, daß man mit denselben Mitteln weiterwirtschaften könne, mit denen in diese Katastrophe hineingetrieben worden ist. Was haben wir denn eigentlich erlebt? Wir haben erlebt, daß die Menschheit glaubte, einen Zustand herbeigeführt zu haben, der zu bezeichnen sei als Zustand höchster materieller Zivilisation. — Denken wir zurück, wie bequem wir es eigentlich hatten, bevor der August 1914 angebrochen ist. Denken wir, wie wir auf leichteste Weise von Land zu Land kommen konnten, wenn wir gerade innerhalb derjenigen Menschheitsströmung waren, die sich in irgendeiner Weise die äußeren Mittel dazu verschaffen konnte. Denken wir, wie leicht es war, sich bis an die entferntesten Orte der Welt über die Landesgrenzen hinüber telegraphisch, selbst telephonisch zu verständigen. Denken wir an alles dasjenige, was die Menschheit eben die moderne Zivilisation genannt hat. Und denken wir an das, was seit dem August 1914 für Europa aus dieser modernen Zivilisation geworden ist. Bedenken wir die Zustände, in denen wir heute leben. Ja, meine lieben Freunde, es gehört wahrhaftig nicht gerade sehr viel dazu, um einzusehen, daß das eine nicht ohne das andere ist, daß in dem, wie wir lebten - so «bequem», so «zivilisiert» es war bis zum August 1914 —, daß in dem die jetzigen Zustände drinnensteckten, so drinnensteckten, daß ich es dazumal in dem Wiener Vortrag, der vor dem Kriege gehalten ist, als das Wirken einer gesellschaftlichen Krebskrankheit, eines Karzinoms innerhalb der menschlichen Gesellschaft bezeichnet habe. Man muß einen gewissen Wert darauf legen, daß einen die Geisteswissenschaft dazu nötigte —, dazumal, wo es noch so «bequem», wo die Welt noch so «zivilisiert» war, wo alles nach dem Wunsche der Menschen ging, die einen solchen Wunsch entsprechend ihrer sozialen Lage entwickeln konnten —, wenn man die Tatsachen durchblickte, nichts anderes sagen zu können als: wir leben aber doch gewissermaßen nicht in einer gesunden, sondern in einer kranken Gesellschaft. Zur Heilung wurde ja dieser kranken Gesellschaft seit langem angeboten, was anthroposophische Denkungsart ist. Und es wird nichts anderes geben, um zur Heilung zu kommen, als eben einzusehen, daß alles andere mehr oder weniger Kurpfuscherei ist, was nicht zu dieser nach dem wirklichen Geistigen hingewandten Denkweise greifen will. Wir müssen wiederum Wirklichkeit hineingießen in das, was die Menschheit heute träumt. Woher soll sie kommen? Da, wo die Lebenspraktiker ihre Gedanken hernehmen, ist sie nicht vorhanden. Allein da ist Wirklichkeit vorhanden, wo der Geist geschaut wird. Von da müssen auch die Prinzipien, die Impulse geholt werden, die in die Sozietät hineinfließen können. Deshalb muß auf diesen Zusammenhang der Dinge immer hingewiesen werden.

Ich habe Ihnen in dem Zusammenhange der Vorträge hier öfter auch den Namen Fritz Mauthner genannt. Er hat, indem er das Denken der Gegenwart abgeteilt hat in eine Reihe von Schlagworten, die er alphabetisch angeordnet hat, zwei Bände zusammengebracht, die er ein «Philosophisches Wörterbuch» nennt, in denen aber eigentlich in seiner Art und mit seiner Kritik, die manchmal eine ätzende, laugenhafte ist, das Denken der Gegenwart verzeichnet ist. Darin ist unter anderem auch vom Staate, von der res publica, die Rede. Fritz Mauthner ist aus seinen Anschauungen auch zu einer Art von Antwort gekommen auf die Frage: Was ist eigentlich der Staat? — Und er kommt zu keiner anderen Definition als: Der Staat ist ein notwendiges Übel. — Nicht wahr, seine Notwendigkeit ableugnen können die Leute nicht. Aber einigen Menschen ist doch schon aufgegangen, daß diejenige soziale Struktur, die wir heute den Staat nennen, eben schließlich zu dem geführt hat, in dem wir halt drin leben. Also nennen sie ihn ein notwendiges Übel, denn sein übler Charakter in seiner heutigen Gestalt steht den Leuten vor Augen. Es frägt sich aber nur, wie man zu einer positiven Vorstellung kommt gegenüber dieser negativen.

Nicht wahr, wenn einer etwas verneint, so muß eigentlich auf das Bejahende hingewiesen sein. Nun, wenn jemand sagt: der Staat ist ein notwendiges Übel, so handelt es sich eigentlich darum, auf das Positive hinzuweisen. Es wird ja da der Staat geradezu dargestellt wie das Gegenteil von etwas. Was ist denn also dieses Etwas, wovon er das Gegenteil sein soll? Da ergibt sich für den geisteswissenschaftlichen Zusammenhang etwas sehr Merkwürdiges. Nicht wahr, man versteht ja den Staat nur, wenn man die Rechtsstruktur, die sich im Staate ausbreitet und nach der Besitzverhältnisse, Arbeitsverhältnisse und so weiter geregelt werden, durchschaut und sich frägt: Womit läßt sich diese Rechtsstruktur denn eigentlich vergleichen?

Nun, meine lieben Freunde, Sie haben aus mancherlei Ausführungen aus meinen Büchern und Vorträgen Schilderungen der geistigen Welt kennengelernt, haben da die Beziehungen kennengelernt, die in der geistigen Welt, also in den Zeiten, die der Mensch durchlebt zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, stattfinden. Und die Frage ist: Wie verhalten sich diese Beziehungen, in denen Mensch zu Mensch ist zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, zu den Rechtsbeziehungen, die innerhalb der staatlichen Gemeinschaft auf dem physischen Plane hergestellt werden? — Sobald man diese Frage verständig aufwirft, bekommt man die Antwort: Das staatliche Gefüge ist das genaue Gegenteil; das staatliche Gefüge mit Bezug auf die menschlichen Beziehungen, die durch den Staat hergestellt werden, ist das genaue Gegenteil von dem, was die menschlichen Beziehungen in der geistigen Welt sind. — Das gibt Ihnen ja, meine lieben Freunde, eine wirkliche Vorstellung von dem Staate. Die Menschen, die nichts von der geistigen Welt kennen, sie können nämlich gar keine Vorstellung von dem Staate gewinnen, weil sie lauter negative Bestimmungen haben zwischen Mensch und Mensch. Die positiven Bestimmungen sind diejenigen, welche sich ergeben, wenn Seele sich zu Seele in Beziehung setzt in der geistigen Welt. Lesen Sie zu diesem Zwecke, der hier angedeutet wird, das Kapitel über die seelische Welt in meiner «Theosophie»; da werden Sie finden, daß eine gewisse Regelung der Beziehungen von Seele zu Seele stattfindet, die sich dann fortsetzt auch in dem, was man das Geisterland nennen kann, und Sie werden sehen, daß diese Beziehungen geregelt sind durch gewisse Kräfte, die von Seele zu Seele gehen, und die man ausdrücken kann durch das Zusammenwirken von Sympathie und Antipathie. Lesen Sie in diesem Kapitel in meiner «Theosophie», wie Sympathie und Antipathie ein gewisses Verhältnis zustande bringen zwischen Seele und Seele in der geistigen Welt, da werden Sie sehen, daß in der geistigen Welt alles auf Innerlichkeit beruht, nämlich auf dem, was von Seele zu Seele wirkt durch die Sympathie- und Antipathiekräfte. Das was da wirkt von Seele zu Seele durch die Antipathiekräfte, das wird zugedeckt durch die Leiblichkeit beim Menschen auf dem physischen Plan; und weil das zugedeckt wird, weil das eigentliche, wesenhafte Verhältnis von Seele zu Seele hier auf dem physischen Plan zugedeckt ist, muß das Äußerlichste gerade auf dem Staatsgebiete hier auf dem physischen Plane stattfinden: das Rechtsverhältnis. Während dasjenige, was geschildert werden muß von der eigentlichen Geisteswelt, die Entfaltung der innerlichsten Kräfte der Seele ist, ist das, was im Staate leben kann, allein das Alleräußerlichste in der Beziehung von Mensch zu Mensch. Und der Staat ist nicht gesund, wenn er ein anderes Verhältnis begründen will, als das alleräußerlichste Rechtsverhältnis. Deshalb muß von dem Staate alles ausgeschaltet werden, was nicht auf dem alleräußerlichsten Rechtsverhältnis zwischen Mensch und Mensch beruht. Und es muß dem eigentlichen Gebiete des Staates gegenüberstehen das geistige Gebiet, die Verwaltung der geistigen Kulturangelegenheiten, und es muß ihm auf der anderen Seite gegenüberstehen das reine Wirtschaften, der dritte Teil des sozialen Organismus. Während der eigentliche Staat das volle Gegenteil der geistigen Welt darstellt, so ist, wie ich Ihnen schon einmal von einem anderen Gesichtspunkte hier angedeutet habe, das geistige Leben eine Art Fortsetzung dessen, was wir in der wirklichen geistigen Welt durchgelebt haben, bevor wir durch die Geburt ins irdische Dasein heruntergestiegen sind. Was wir hier durchleben in Religion, in Schule, in Erziehung, in Kunst, in Wissenschaft und so weiter, neben anderem, was wir entwickeln in dieser Beziehung von Mensch zu Mensch, das ist die irdische Fortsetzung, aber nur als bloßer Abglanz, als bloße Spiegelung desjenigen, was wirkliches geistiges Leben vor der Geburt ist. Und was wir im Wirtschaftsleben haben, was wir in diesem gewöhnlich materiell genannten Leben haben, das ist die Ursache von mancherlei, was wir wiederum zu durchleben haben, wenn wir durch die Todespforte gegangen sind, also im nachtodlichen Leben. Aber der Staat hat keine Beziehung zu dem geistigen Leben. Er ist das volle Gegenteil des geistigen Lebens. Das muß der Mensch, der die Gegenwart verstehen will mit ihren schauderhaften Tatsachen durchschauen lernen. Der gegenwärtige Mensch muß verstehen lernen, wie notwendig es ist, die geistige Wirklichkeit wiederum ins Auge zu fassen, um zu einer Anschauung über die äußere Wirklichkeit zu kommen. Antipathie und Sympathie wirken zusammen in der geistigen Welt. Dasjenige, was in der geistigen Welt uns an Antipathien bleibt, wenn wir durch die Geburt ins irdische Dasein heruntersteigen, das, was noch weiter auszuleben ist wegen der Antipathien, die wir in der geistigen Welt uns erhalten haben, das lebt sich hier als geistige Kultur aus. Wir lernen als Menschen durch die Sprache uns verstehen und gewissermaßen dadurch ein geistiges Band von Mensch zu Mensch zu knüpfen, weil wir durch dieses Verstehen der Sprache gewisse Antipathien überwinden müssen, die uns geblieben sind aus der geistigen Welt. Wir lernen in gewissen Vorstellungen miteinander sprechen, gemeinsame Gedanken zu haben in einer gemeinsamen Kunst, in einem gemeinsamen Religionsbekenntnis, weil wir dadurch gewisse Antipathien überwinden, die wir in der geistigen Welt gegeneinander gehabt haben. Und wir lernen hier im Wirtschaftsleben aufeinander angewiesen sein, füreinander zu arbeiten, miteinander im Wirtschaftsleben Vorteile gegen Vorteile austauschen, weil wir dadurch die Grundlage legen für gewisse Sympathien, welche sich im nachtodlichen Leben zwischen den Seelen entspinnen sollen, zwischen denen nicht schon hier ein Anziehungsband da ist durch das gewöhnliche Karma.

So müssen wir zu verknüpfen verstehen die hiesige irdische Welt mit der geistigen Welt. Und schließlich ist schon die am intensivsten wirkende Ursache unserer heutigen katastrophalen Zeit die Tatsache, daß der Mensch ganz außer Zusammenhang gekommen ist mit der wirklichen geistigen Welt, und daß ihm in einem hohen Grade die geistige Welt eigentlich zu einer Art Phrase geworden ist. Immer mehr und mehr wurde diese geistige Welt zu einer Art Phrase im Laufe der letzten vier Jahrhunderte innerhalb der leitenden Menschenklassen. Und immer mehr und mehr entwickelten sich in dumpfen Instinkten in den weiten Massen des Proletariats die unterbewußten, unbewußten Sehnsuchten nach etwas anderem, als ihm die sogenannte Bildung, Wissenschaft, Kunst, Religion und so weiter der leitenden Kreise bieten kann.

Daran wollen sich die Menschen so schwer gewöhnen, daß wir in bezug auf das Geistesleben nötig haben, nach und nach eine ganz neue Sprache zu verstehen. Die Menschen wollen im Grunde genommen, daß die alten Sprachen weiter geredet werden. Denn es werde schon gehen, so meinen sie, wenn man in der alten Sprache weiterspricht. Da hört man salbungsvolle Propheten in der Gegenwart ihre Anschauungen entwickeln. Ich habe Sie schon einmal auf eine solche Anschauung hier hingewiesen. Es wird da gesagt zum Beispiel von einem, auf den eigentlich viel gegeben wird in der Gegenwart: dieser Weltkrieg hätte gezeigt, daß die Menschen wohl in einer Art äußerer Organisation lebten, daß sie aber einander innerlich nicht nahe gekommen wären. Und so hätte sich innerhalb dieses Weltkrieges wiederum ein Rückfall in die alte Barbarei ergeben. Und dann werden zur Rettung aus dieser Barbarei eigentlich nur gewisse, man könnte sagen, Phrasengefühle entwickelt, die die Menschen darauf verweisen, sich wiederum zu einer Art von innerlichem geistigem Leben zurückzuwenden. Allein, meine lieben Freunde, darauf kommt es heute nicht an, daß man die Menschen ermahnt, sie sollen wieder gut christlich werden, sie sollen wieder lernen, ihre Mitmenschen zu lieben, sie sollen ein innerliches Band von Mensch zu Mensch finden. Heute kommt es viel mehr darauf an, daß eine Kraft des Geistes entwickelt werden könne, welche imstande ist, die äußeren Verhältnisse wirklich zu beherrschen, den äußeren Verhältnissen wirklich eine Struktur zu geben, so daß der soziale Organismus lebensfähig werde. Man kann eigentlich, wenn man ganz ehrlich ist, gar nicht sagen, daß die Menschen der Gegenwart hauptsächlich und in erster Linie daran kranken, daß sie nicht an den Geist glauben. Es sind ja noch genügend viele Menschen in der Gegenwart, die an den Geist glauben, und schließlich hat ja noch jedes Dörfchen seine Kirche, wo, denke ich, viel vom Geiste geredet wird. Und einen gewissen Respekt vor dem Geiste haben sogar diejenigen, die ihn bekämpfen. Ein gewisses Reden vom Geiste liegt den Menschen noch in den Denkgewohnheiten. Der Anzengrubersche Mensch, der da sagt: «So wahr ein Gott im Himmel ist, bin ich ein Atheist», ist gar nicht eine so große Seltenheit, wenn er auch nicht immer diese Worte ausspricht. Nicht darauf kommt es an, daß vom Geiste gesprochen werde, oder auch nicht einmal darauf, daß die Menschen an den Geist glauben, sondern darauf kommt es heute an, daß der Geist wirksam werde in allem materiellen Leben, daß eingesehen werde, daß die Materie nirgends ohne den Geist sein kann.

Von dieser Einsicht ist man aber heute weiter entfernt, als man es je war. Der eine tut vornehm, verachtet das äußere materielle Leben, betrachtet es als ein notwendiges Übel und wendet sich dem innerlichen Leben zu, wird Theosoph vielleicht sogar, damit er neben dem äufßseren Leben sein inneres entwickeln könne, denn das äußere Leben ist geistlos, und man muß sich dem inneren, beschaulichen Leben hingeben. Ein anderer geht nicht gerade in dieser — das sozialistische Denken würde sagen — dekadentesten bürgerlichen Vorstellungsweise auf, denn es ist die letzte Ausgeburt der bürgerlichen Vorstellungsweise, die ich eben charakterisiert habe, aber er hat doch den Glauben: auf der einen Seite ist die materielle Wirklichkeit, in der lebt Kapital, menschliche Arbeitskraft, Kredit, Pfandbriefe, Obligationen, Geld überhaupt. Das ist die geistlose Wirklichkeit. Auf der anderen Seite ist dasjenige, was man aus dem innersten Herzen anstreben muß als die eigentliche Geistwirklichkeit.

Nun, man könnte noch viele Variationen über diese eigentümliche Auffassung des Verhältnisses von materiellem Leben zu geistigem Leben, wie es in der Gegenwart herrscht, anführen, denn die Menschen haben schon im allgemeinen das Gefühl, wenn man zum Geist geht, muß man sich eigentlich von der äußeren materiellen Wirklichkeit abkehren. Schließlich hängt ja damit auch zusammen, daß wir in der Gegenwart so viele gebrochene Existenzen, so viele Menschen haben, die mit dem äußeren Leben unzufrieden sind. Meine lieben Freunde, ich rede wahrhaftig nicht pro domo, denn ich bin eigentlich nur durch mein Karma gerade zu dem gemacht worden, als was ich wirke. Und wäre ich durch mein Karma zu etwas anderem gemacht worden, so würde ich das auch zu verstehen wissen. Ich rede nicht pro domo. Aber trotzdem darf ich sagen: es gibt nichts Uninteressantes im Leben, wenn nur ein gesunder sozialer Organismus da ist, in welchen der Mensch in der richtigen Weise gerade seinem Karma gemäß hineingestellt ist. Im Grunde genommen hat kein Mensch in der Welt Veranlassung dazu, irgendeine Strömung in der Welt als minderwertiger zu betrachten als eine andere. Aber herbeigeführt werden muß die Gesundung des sozialen Organismus, so daß der letzte Arbeiter ebenso mit einem geistigen Leben zusammenhängt, wie derjenige, der nun zufällig im geistigen Leben sich selbst beschäftigen kann. Denn das ist der größte Schaden in dem sozialen Leben der Gegenwart, daß es abgeschlossene Kreise gibt, innerhalb welcher sich besondere Interessen entwickeln, die den anderen eigentlich nicht zugänglich sind. Fühlen Sie doch nur, wie sich in der neueren Zeit immer mehr und mehr herausgebildet hat das Abgeschlossensein in Religion, in Kunst und in allem anderen innerhalb der bürgerlichen Kreise, und wie außerhalb dieses Abgeschlossenen die proletarischen Kreise stehen, denen man ja «Volksveranstaltungen» macht, «Volkshäuser» begründet, «Volkskunst» gibt und so weiter. Aber was man damit gibt, ist ja aus den Empfindungen der bürgerlichen Klasse heraus entstanden. Wenn es der Proletarier empfangen soll, so empfängt er es durch eine Lebenslüge; denn nur dasjenige kann ja gemeinsames Geistesleben sein, was aus gemeinsamem Erleben hervorgegangen ist. Das ist kein gemeinsames Erleben, wenn der eine im Tag acht Stunden — Sie sehen, ich nehme sogar den Achtstundentag schon als verwirklicht an —, acht Stunden an der Maschine steht, und der andere die Möglichkeit hat, ein soziales Leben innerhalb einer gewissen Klasse auszubauen, und dann nach den acht Stunden dem, der an der Maschine steht, das so wie Brocken hinwirft, was aber seiner innersten Struktur, seinem innersten Gefüge nach eigentlich nur verstanden werden kann von dem, der den bisher leitenden Klassen angehört.

Innerhalb der leitenden Kreise hat man heute die Möglichkeit, aus gewissen Bildungsgrundlagen, Erziehungsgrundlagen heraus doch dem Menschen - sagen wir, um ein konkretes Beispiel zu wählen — über die Sixtinische Madonna zu sprechen. Ja, meine lieben Freunde, ich habe Arbeiter herumgeführt in Galerien, ich habe sehen können, welch eine Lüge es ist, dem heutigen Proletarier irgend etwas vorzuführen, was, sagen wir ähnlich ist den Empfindungen, die der heutige Bürgerliche gegenüber der Sixtinischen Madonna haben kann. Das ist ja nicht möglich. Versucht man es doch, so setzt man nichts anderes als eine Lebenslüge in Szene, denn es gibt ja kein gemeinsames Leben zwischen den Klassen. Und wo kein gemeinsames Leben zwischen den Klassen da ist, kann man auch nicht in einer Sprache sprechen, die beide wirklich verstehen. Die bisher leitenden Kreise haben das Schicksal gehabt, durch die bisherige Menschheitsentwickelung auch zum Beispiel in der Kunst etwas zu bekommen, was in ihren Lebensempfindungen wurzeln kann. Durch die Art und Weise, wie bisher die Menschheit gelebt hat, ist so etwas wie die Sixtinische Madonna eine Gabe für die leitenden Kreise geworden. Für die nichtleitenden Kreise ist sie zunächst unverständlich. Da muß erst die Sprache gesucht werden, die beiden gemeinschaftlich sein kann, das heißt, es muß erst angestrebt werden, ein wirklich allgemein-menschliches Bildungsleben zu finden. Und von diesem allgemein-menschlichen Bildungswesen sind unsere Schulen, unsere Universitäten weit entfernt.

Damit wird es nicht getan sein, daß verwirklicht werde, was man so oft anstrebt: die allgemeine Volksschule. In einer allgemeinen Volksschule wird man ganz anderes lehren müssen, nämlich so, wie es nur von dem als ein Glied des gesunden sozialen Organismus abgegliederten freien Geistesleben herkommen kann. Man wird ganz anders lehren müssen, als man heute lehrt. Denn im tiefsten Innern versteht ja der Proletarier nicht, was heute in der Volksschule gelehrt wird.

Nun werden Sie einen Widerspruch finden in dem, was ich rede. Den können Sie auch mit Recht finden. Sie können sagen: Ja, aber in der Volksschule sind ja noch alle gleich, warum sollte das Proletarierkind weniger verstehen von dem, was gelehrt wird, als das bürgerliche Kind? — Das bürgerliche Kind versteht nämlich in Wirklichkeit auch nichts; denn unser ganzes Volksschulwesen ist so ungesund, daß eigentlich alles das nicht verstanden wird, was in der Volksschule gelehrt wird. Und nur einige, nämlich den leitenden Kreisen Angehörige, die das Geld haben, um auf höhere Schulen hinaufzukommen, bei denen werfen dann diese höheren Schulen einen Schatten zurück auf die Volksschule, und dadurch versteht man etwas von dem, was man früher gelernt hat. Und diejenigen, die keine Gelegenheit haben, Schatten zurückzuwerfen auf das, was man früher gelernt hat, die haben eben gar keine Möglichkeit, überhaupt die Schulbildung, die heute als eine geträumte Wirklichkeit unter uns lebt, irgendwie aufzunehmen.

Das ist es, was man sich als den Ernst der Zeit, als den Ernst der Situation vor Augen halten sollte. Und ist es denn nicht mit Händen zu greifen, daß nur ein neues Geistesleben dem Abhilfe schaffen kann? Denn versuchen Sie doch nur einmal, auf dem einen oder auf dem anderen Gebiete ehrlich zu sein. Nehmen Sie zum Beispiel dasjenige, was im Verlaufe der letzten Jahrzehnte sich abgespielt hat auf dem Gebiete der Kunst und des Verständnisses der Kunst. Ja, versuchen Sie einmal, sich geistig vor Augen zu führen, wie über Kunst geredet worden ist: was Künstler gesagt haben, wie gemalt, wie gebildhauert werden muß und dergleichen, was Kritiker dann als ihre Auffassung gegenüber diesen Malern und Bildhauern geltend gemacht haben. Verfolgen Sie das alles, und versuchen Sie es einmal klarzumachen dem Proletarier, der acht Stunden an der Maschine steht, und der das Ganze nun auch anhören soll. Das ist Quark für ihn, ist überhaupt nichts für ihn. Nur das ist real, daß er ein Leben sieht, das die anderen untereinander treiben, von dem er in antisozialer Weise ausgeschlossen ist, von dem er daher auch nicht die Vorstellung gewinnen kann, daß es zu einem menschenwürdigen Dasein gehört; von dem er nur die Vorstellung gewinnen kann: das ist alles Luxus.

Nun nehmen Sie das im Konkreten, meine lieben Freunde! Es ist nicht als ob ich die Dinge verurteile, ich will nur charakterisieren. Und die Dinge sind alle zu verstehen. Aber bedenken Sie, was diese gute bürgerliche Gesellschaftsordnung, die sich bis zum Jahre 1914 so bequem entwickelt hat, für Blüten getrieben hat. Ich habe es noch erlebt in den achtziger Jahren, wo zum Beispiel die Wiener Jünglinge alle nachgemacht haben dasjenige, was damals, von Paris ausgehend, als neue Kunstrichtung galt. Diese Jünglinge haben Verse über Verse gemacht, haben alles mögliche dazu getan, um möglichst dunkle Ringe um die Augen zu haben, sind sinnend auf der Straße herumgegangen, haben die Vorzüge der Decadence gepriesen, haben erklärt, daß sie überhaupt nur in einem Zimmer schlafen wollen, in dem der Duft der Tuberose alles durchströmt. Und dann hat man aus diesen Untergründen heraus besprochen, wie nun ein Vers wirklich gestaltet sein muß. Ich will das nicht verurteilen, was da zum Ausdruck gekommen ist; es ist da eben auch eine Seite der Menschheit zum Ausdruck gekommen, es ist ein extremer Fall. Aber zum Schlusse hat man es eben so getrieben, daß nur etwas herausgekommen ist, was einem großen Teil der neueren Menschheit nicht anders erscheinen konnte als ein luxuriöses Geistesgetriebe; was diesem Teil der Menschheit jedenfalls nicht als eine Notwendigkeit zu einem menschenwürdigen Dasein erscheinen konnte. Und schließlich hängt doch im Leben alles ab von dem, was in den Menschenseelen pulsiert, von der Art wie die Menschenseelen in dem Leben drinnen sich bewegen können. Es war schon ein soziales Karzinom, das in furchtbarer Weise zum Ausbruche gekommen ist.

Aus diesen Dingen muß gesehen werden, daß nun die Tatsachen soweit gediehen sind, daß wir eben nicht mit den alten Vorstellungen weiter reden dürfen, daß wir eine neue Sprache lernen müssen. Und ist es da nicht mit Händen zu greifen, meine lieben Freunde, daß nun etwas Allgemein-Menschliches angestrebt werden muß. Es wird nicht gleich verstanden werden, inwiefern es etwas Allgemein-Menschliches ist; aber mit unserem Bau wurde eben etwas Allgemein-Menschliches angestrebt. Da sollte nichts drinnen sein, was nur den Bürgerlichen interessieren oder wovon der Proletarier nichts verstehen kann. Wenn auch gerade höchste geistige Anforderungen gestellt werden, so ist das, was angestrebt worden ist, ganz allgemein menschlich; gewiß ist vieles daran unvollkommen und das Bürgerliche strömt einem ja aus mancherlei noch zu; aber im Ganzen, in der Hauptsache - ich meine selbstverständlich jetzt nicht die Menschen - ist das, was in der Sache angestrebt worden ist, ganz allgemein menschlich; es ist, wenn es auch aus dem Geistigen herausgeholte Formen sind, etwas, was jeder Mensch verstehen kann.

Von dem Lebensgesichtspunkte aus kann es verstanden werden. Gewiß, man muß heute noch in verschiedener Weise zu dem einen oder zu dem anderen reden, weil die Menschen von verschiedenen Lebensgesichtspunkten her kommen. Aber möglich ist es, auch dem allereinfachsten, primitivsten Gemüte heute dasjenige beizubringen, was aus unseren Formen und den sonstigen Dingen unseres Baues sprechen soll. Und so müßte auf jedem Lebensgebiete nun wirklich der Versuch gemacht werden, herauszukommen aus dem Alten und eine neue Sprache zu sprechen, einzusehen, wie es eben gerade die alten Vorstellungsarten waren, die uns in diese Katastrophe hineingeführt haben.

Sehen Sie, da wird heute gesagt: man schaue sich das moderne sozialistische Streben an - es jagt ja heute manchen Leuten einen rechten Schrecken ein — und vergleiche dieses sozialistische Streben zum Beispiel mit dem Geiste der Bergpredigt, wo die Mühseligen und Beladenen nicht durch den Klassenkampf, sondern durch die Liebe eine neue Weltordnung heraufführen wollten. Ich führe Ihnen nicht ausgedachte Redensarten an, sondern nur solche Dinge, die heute von sehr bekannten Moralpaukern gepredigt werden, und die in den letzten Wochen unzählige Male gesagt worden sind. Die Dinge sind alle aus dem Leben herausgegriffen. Sie hätten es erst vor ein paar Tagen in Bern hören können, wie jemand wiederum gesagt hat: man kehre zurück zu dem reinen Geiste des Christentums, zu dem Geiste der Bergpredigt; der stecke nicht im modernen Klassenkampf. Leider, so wurde gesagt, sei der christliche Geist bisher nur im Privatleben geltend gewesen; er müsse einziehen in das Leben der Staaten. Das Leben, das äußere öffentliche Leben müsse durchchristet werden. Da kommen dann die Menschen und sagen: Das ist mal vom Geiste gesprochen; da wird endlich gesagt, wie der Weg sein muß, damit sich die moderne Menschheit loslöst von dem unseligen Materialismus und sich wiederum zurückwendet zu dem Geiste der Liebe. — Aber, meine lieben Freunde, die Tatsache liegt nur vor, daß die Leute durch fast zweitausend Jahre so geredet haben und das nichts geholfen hat, und daß sie endlich merken könnten, daß heute eine andere Sprache notwendig ist.

Man merkt aber heute noch oftmals gar nicht, worin der Unterschied liegt zwischen den zwei Sprachen. Man merkt noch gar nicht, daß es etwa radikal anderes ist, jenes Geistesleben zu vertreten, das unmittelbar eingreifen will in die materiellste Wirklichkeit, weil es überzeugt davon ist, daß Materie nur als Materie, also als etwas Verächtliches genommen, überhaupt keine Wirklichkeit ist, denn in aller Wirklichkeit lebt ja Geist. Und wo scheinbar nur Materie lebt, da sieht man den Geist einfach nicht. Daher muß man sich auch klar darüber sein, daß es heute drängt, solchen Geist zu entwickeln, der eben die Wirklichkeit meistert, der in das materielle Leben eben untertauchen kann, der nicht nur zu sagen versteht: vertieft euch im Innern, ihr werdet den Gott im Innern finden, ihr werdet den Quell der Liebe in euch entwickeln können, ihr werdet den Weg dann finden von der heutigen sozialen Ordnung zu einer solchen, in welcher der Mensch innerlich dem Menschen nahe steht! Nein, es handelt sich heute darum, solchen Geist, solche Sprache, solche Christen zu finden, die nicht bloß von ethischen Dingen und von religiösen Dingen reden, sondern die so stark im Geiste sind, daß der Geist die alleralltäglichsten Dinge zu umfassen imstande ist, daß vom Geiste aus gesagt werden kann, was nun geschehen soll, um den Weg heraus zu finden, den heilenden Weg aus den Verheerungen des Kapitalismus, aus den Bedrückungen der menschlichen Arbeitskraft und so weiter.

Es liegt einmal die Sache so, daß die Menschen mit ihrem Empfinden wahrnehmen, was hemmend, was krankmachend ist im sozialen Organismus, daß sie aber nicht bis zu den Grundlagen sehen. Daß heute das Geld viel Schäden hervorruft, sieht man ja im Kleinen und im Großen. Im Kleinen, in seiner nächsten Nähe sieht es mancher, der es nicht hat, das Geld. Es ist eben die Zeit gekommen, wo die alte Gelassenheit aufgehört hat, die sich noch ein wenig über die Dinge hinweggesetzt hat mit dem Sprichwort: Der eine hat das Portemonnaie, der andere hat das Geld; es ist die Zeit gekommen, wo man solche Dinge, die in diesem Sprichworte leben, nicht mehr wahr haben will. Daß manche Schäden des Geldwesens vorhanden sind, merken die Leute, wenn sie auch jetzt selten noch über die Grenze kommen nicht wahr, es ist ja tiefer Friede eingetreten, aber die Leute können jetzt weniger über die Grenze, als sie während des Krieges gekonnt haben —- sie merken: da draußen, da bedeutet eine Mark so und so viel, hier bedeutet sie so wenig. An die Geldfrage schließt sich die Währungsfrage, die Valutafrage an. Also die Leute merken im Kleinen und im Großen, daß mit dem Gelde irgend etwas los ist, was schon mit den gewöhnlichsten Menschenzuständen zusammenhängt. Sie denken nach, wie man den Schäden, die heute eingetreten sind, abhelfen könnte. Aber die Leute merken nicht, daß es heute notwendig geworden ist, von den gewöhnlichen äußeren Gedanken, die sich an die Verhältnisse selbst anschließen, zu den Urgedanken vorzudringen.

Allen menschlichen Einrichtungen liegen gewisse Urgedanken zugrunde. Und führt das menschliche Leben dazu, daß sich die Einrichtungen nach und nach von diesen Urgedanken entfernen können, so ziehen sich diese Urgedanken zurück in das menschliche Innere und werden Empfindungen, werden Instinkte, die sich dann in einer Weise äußern, in der man die Urgedanken nicht gleich erkennt. Was heute als soziale Forderungen auftritt, ist die Reaktion der Urgedanken auf die heutigen menschlichen Verhältnisse. Und die Menschen, die sich ihre Gedanken bloß nach den heutigen Verhältnissen bilden, sind die ärgsten Schwarmgeister. Denn all die proletarischen Forderungen sind nichts anderes als maskierte Empfindungen, die in den Urgedanken wurzeln. Und zu solchen Urgedanken gehört die Trennung des geistigen Lebens, des politischen Staatslebens und des wirtschaftlichen Lebens, wie es hier vertreten worden ist. Danach streben eigentlich die Instinkte hin. Und nicht eher werden sie ruhen, bis nicht wenigstens die Richtung nach diesen Urgedanken wiederum genommen wird in der Zeit, in der wir in dieser schweren Krisis leben, da wir uns so weit von den Urgedanken entfernt haben.

Alles andere wird Quacksalberei sein, auch mit Bezug auf die alleräußerlichsten, materiellsten Fragen. Denn heute frägt mancher sogar von Lehrkanzeln herab: Was ist denn eigentlich Geld? — Über diese Frage wird ungeheuer viel diskutiert: Ist Geld eine Ware oder ist Geld ein bloßes Wertzeichen? Der eine ist der Meinung, daß das Geld auch eine Ware unter anderen Waren ist, die auf dem Wirtschaftsmarkte ausgetauscht werden; daß man nur eine bequeme Ware gewählt hat, damit man über gewisse sonstige Konflikte des heutigen Wirtschaftslebens hinwegkommt. Denn denken Sie einmal, Sie seien Tischler. Es gäbe kein Geld und Sie seien Tischler. Sie müssen essen, Sie müssen Gemüse haben, Käse haben, Butter haben; aber Sie sind Tischler, Sie verfertigen Tische und Stühle. Nun müssen Sie sich mit Ihren Tischen und Stühlen, wenn es kein Geld gibt, irgendwo auf den Markt begeben und müssen versuchen, einen Stuhl zum Beispiel loszukrie 129 gen, damit Ihnen der eine für den Stuhl eine nötige Menge von Nahrungsmitteln gibt. Einen Tisch müssen Sie loskriegen, damit Ihnen ein anderer einen Anzug gibt. Denken Sie sich nur, was das heißen würde! — Aber eigentlich tut man doch nichts anderes als dieses. Es ist nur maskiert dadurch, daß eine allgemein gangbare Ware, das Geld, da ist, in das man alles übrige eintauschen kann, und daß dann die anderen Waren warten können, bis die Menschen sie brauchen.

Nun aber scheint es so, als ob das Geld nur eine Zwischenware wäre. Daher sind manche Nationalökonomen der Ansicht: das Geld ist eine Ware. Wenn aber Papiergeld vorhanden ist, so ist es eben nur als Ersatz für die Ware da. Denn die Ware, auf die es ankommt, das ist eigentlich das Gold; und die Staaten seien schon einmal genötigt worden, die Goldwährung einzuführen, da der führende Wirtschaftsstaat der Gegenwart, England, das Gold als alleinige Wertware, Ausgleichsware gewählt hat und die anderen Staaten folgen müßten. Es ist nun eben so, daß diese Mittelware da ist, und der Tischler nicht mit seinen Stühlen zu Markte zu gehen braucht, sondern demjenigen verkauft, der sie gerade will, Geld dafür bekommt und sich dafür sein Gemüse und seinen Käse kaufen kann.

Ja aber, sagen die anderen, darin besteht gar nicht das Wesen des Geldes, denn das sei ganz gleichgültig - und die Praxis hat das auch bis zu einem gewissen Grade gezeigt -, ob man nun das Stückchen Gold, das im Vergleich mit anderen Waren so und so viel Wert ist, wirklich hat, oder ob es gar nicht da ist, sondern nur irgendein Ersatzmittel, auf dem der Stempel ist, daß es so und so viel gilt. Unser modernes Papiergeld ist ja etwas, was einen solchen Stempel trägt: es gilt so und so viel. Und es gibt heute durchaus Nationalökonomen, die betrachten es als etwas höchst Unnötiges, daß für das Papiergeld in den Banken der entsprechende Goldwert liegt. Es gibt ja auch, wie Sie vielleicht wissen, einzelne Staaten, die bloße Papierwährung haben, die keinen Goldschatz für die Papierwährung haben. Die können auch damit in einer gewissen Weise unter den heutigen Verhältnissen Wirtschaft treiben.

Jedenfalls sehen Sie daraus — und wir müssen ja auf unserem Gebiete diese Sache auf die Basis eines rein menschlichen Standpunktes stellen —, daß es heute gescheite Menschen gibt, die das Geld als eine Ware betrachten; und andere gescheite Menschen, die es als eine bloße Abstempelung, als bloße Marke betrachten. Was ist es denn nun eigentlich’? — Unter den heutigen Verhältnissen ist es beides. Darauf kommt es eben an, daß man einsieht, daß es unter den heutigen Verhältnissen beides ist, daß heute auf der einen Seite namentlich im internationalen Verkehr in vielfacher Weise das Geld nur den Charakter einer Ware hat, denn das andere sind alles Überschreibungen von Guthaben. Was wirklich als Deckung gilt im Ernste, das sind eigentlich die Goldwarenaustausche, die von Staat zu Staat gepflegt werden. Und alles übrige beruht nur darauf, daß man das Vertrauen hat: wenn so und so viel Papier oder Wechsel oder so etwas von einem Staat zum andern geliefert wird, so hat derjenige, der diesen Wechsel, dieses Papier liefert, wirklich auch den Goldbestand; daß also die Ware da ist, die Ware Gold, die dann behandelt wird wie eine andere Ware. Nicht wahr, Sie geben einem Kaufmann Kredit, gleichgültig ob er Gold hat oder Fische oder irgend etwas anderes, wenn er nur eine Deckung durch irgend etwas Reales hat. Also es ist namentlich im internationalen Verkehr das Geld Ware.

Aber der Staat hat sich hineingemischt. Der Staat hat das Geld allmählich zu etwas bloß Taxiertem, zu etwas bloß Abgestempeltem gemacht. Das eine wirkt mit dem anderen zusammen, und die Schäden, die da sind, rühren lediglich davon her. Die einzig mögliche Heilung besteht darin, daß Sie die ganze Verwaltung des Geldes dahin abschieben, was wir als das dritte Glied des gesunden sozialen Organismus betrachtet haben: die gesamte Geldverwaltung abschieben in den Wirtschaftsorganismus, loslösen alle Geldverwaltung vom Staatsorganismus — dann wird das Geld Ware und wird auf dem Warenmarkte seinen Warenwert haben müssen. Es würde nicht mehr jene kuriose Abhängigkeit stattfinden, die heute besteht und die ein merkwürdiges Verhältnis darstellt zwischen Währung und Lohn. Das Kuriose ist heute, daß die Währung sinkt, wenn der Lohn steigt, und der Arbeiter oftmals gar nichts hat, wenn man ihm noch so viel Lohn gibt, weil er sich für diesen Lohn nichts anderes kaufen kann, als er sich früher kaufen konnte um seinen viel geringeren Lohn. Wenn die Löhne sich steigern und zugleich die Lebensmittelpreise steigen, das heißt, die Währung eine ganz andere wird, dann helfen alle übrigen Verhältnisse nichts. Dem kann nur Abhilfe geschaffen werden, wenn Sie die Verwaltung auch dieses Wirtschaftsgutes, des Geldes, loslösen vom politischen Staate und wenn das Geld, das da ist, um eben Vergleiche des einen mit dem andern hervorzurufen, auch von dem dritten, von dem Wirtschaftsgliede des gesunden sozialen Organismus verwaltet werden kann.

So lösen sich wirklich mit der Grundlösung in die Dreigliedrigkeit die Spezialprobleme in einer gesunden Weise mit. Deshalb muß heute zu den Urgedanken zurückgehen, wer überhaupt daran denken will, für den sozialen Organismus gesunde Gedanken zu entwickeln. Heute fragen die Verwalter der Staaten: Was sollen wir gegenüber der in das Chaos hineingekommenen Währung tun? — Die einzige Antwort, die ihnen gegeben werden muß, ist diese: Um Gotteswillen laßt die Hände davon, insofern ihr Verwalter des politischen Staates seid und tretet die Verwaltung von Währung und Geld an den Wirtschaftsorganismus ab. Da können einzig und allein die gesunden Grundlagen geschaffen werden für diese Angelegenheiten. Man muß wirklich zurückgehen können auf das, was heute die Dinge gesund macht. Wir hatten ja vor der Kriegskatastrophe die sonderbare Tatsache — weil von Staat zu Staat ein Zustand da war, auf den die politischen Taxationen, die innerstaatlich galten, keinen Einfluß hatten -, daß von Staat zu Staat Verhältnisse wirkten, die sich notwendig zum Beispiel im Wirtschaftsleben durch das Wirtschaftsleben selbst ergaben. Von Staat zu Staat, also international wirkten sie. Innerhalb der einzelnen Staaten wirkten sie nicht, weil da der Staat seine Struktur über das Wirtschaftsleben ausdehnte. Das brachte die Konflikte hervor, die nur aus der Welt geschafft werden können, wenn wir die Dreigliedrigkeit wirklich anstreben. Dann werden jederzeit die Tatsachen des einen Gliedes in der sozialen Organisation die Tatsachen des anderen Gliedes korrigieren, wenn diese korrigiert werden sollen. Es ist gar nicht anders möglich, als heute zu den Urgedanken zurückzugehen - zu dieser praktischen Trinität: Geistesleben, Wirtschaftsleben, Staatsleben. Denn nur die Menschen, die in eine solche gesellschaftliche Organisation hineingestellt sein werden, werden die Fragen, die heute zu lösen sind, von dem einen oder von dem andern Gesichtspunkte her lösen können. Nur wenn in dem einen Gliede gewirtschaftet wird, in dem andern demokratisch Recht gesprochen, respektive Recht festgesetzt wird, in dem dritten alle geistigen Verhältnisse geordnet werden, nur dann kann eine Gesundung des sozialen Organismus herbeigeführt werden. Aber geradeso wie im menschlichen Organismus die drei Glieder zusammenwirken: das Kopfsystem mit dem Herz-Lungensystem, mit dem Stoffwechselsystem, so wirken natürlich auch im gesunden sozialen Organismus die drei Glieder zusammen. Das eine wirkt in das andere hinüber. So wie Sie eine Magenindisposition im Kopfe verspüren, einfach weil der Kopf vom Magen nicht ordentlich versorgt wird, obwohl die drei Systeme getrennt sind, so wirkt auch im sozialen Organismus, wenn er ganz gesund ist, das eine Glied, sagen wir das Wirtschaftsglied hinüber in das Rechtsglied, in das geistige Glied. Gerade dann wirken sie in der richtigen Weise zusammen, wenn sie in sich relativ selbständig sind. Aber dieses richtige Zusammenwirken ohne Indisposition stellt sich eben nur dann heraus, wenn die drei Glieder selbständig sind und jedes nach seinen Gesetzen verwaltet wird.

Wie ragt zum Beispiel das Geistesleben in das Wirtschaftsleben mit seinem Wirken hinein? Was ist denn im Wirtschaftsleben vom Geist eigentlich so recht wirtschaftlich vorhanden? Wissen Sie, was da ist? Das ist nämlich gerade das Kapital. Das Kapital ist der Geist des Wirtschaftslebens. Und ein großer Teil der Schäden unserer heutigen Zeit beruht darauf, daß die Kapitalverwaltung, die Kapitalfruktifizierung dem Geistesleben entzogen ist. Darum handelt es sich gerade, daß das Verhältnis, sagen wir, des körperlich Arbeitenden zu dem mit Hilfe des Kapitals Organisierenden, ebenso behandelt werden kann im gesunden sozialen Organismus als ein bloßes, auf gegenseitigem Verständnis ruhendes Vertrauensverhältnis, wie zum Beispiel die Wahl der freien Schule. Im gesunden sozialen Organismus kann gar nicht jene Abschließung zwischen dem Unternehmer und dem Arbeiter weiter bestehen. Heute steht der Arbeiter an der Maschine und weiß nichts, als was an der Maschine vorgeht. Daher treibt er natürlich seine Allotria außerhalb der Fabrik. Und der Unternehmer wiederum hat sein eigenes Leben — ich habe es Ihnen vorhin geschildert —, wie es sich herausgebildet hat, daß die Jünglinge mit tiefen Rändern unter den Augen herumliefen und Tuberosen am Bette hatten, wenn sie schliefen. Der Unternehmer führt das losgelöste Geistesleben - losgelöst eben für andere, nicht für ihn. Aber ein gewisses Geistesleben muß vordringen, das nicht körperlich Arbeitende und geistig Arbeitende trennt — dann ist der Kapitalismus auf eine soziale Grundlage gestellt, allerdings nicht wie die Schwarmgeister der Gegenwart meinen, sondern dadurch, daß nun wirklich eine Möglichkeit geschaffen werde, daß jeder einzelne Arbeiter in einem Geisteszusammenhang steht mit all denen, die seine Arbeit organisieren und wiederum das Produkt seiner Arbeit in den sozialen Organismus oder sogar in die ganze Welt überleiten.

Es muß als eine Notwendigkeit angesehen werden, daß ebenso wie an der Maschine gearbeitet wird, ebenso regelmäßig in Besprechungsstunden zwischen dem Unternehmer und dem Arbeiter die geschäftlichen Verhältnisse besprochen werden, so daß der Arbeiter fortdauernd ganz genau den Überblick hat über dasjenige, was geschieht — das ist es, was für die Zukunft angestrebt werden muß — und daß der Unternehmer wiederum jederzeit genötigt ist, sich völlig zu decouvrieren vor dem Arbeiter und mit ihm alle Einzelheiten zu besprechen, so daß ein gemeinsames Geistesleben die Fabrik, die Unternehmung umschließt. Darauf kommt es an. Denn ist es erst möglich, daß sich jenes Verhältnis herausstellt, auf Grund dessen der Arbeiter sich sagt: Ja, der ist ja ebenso notwendig wie ich, denn was soll meine Arbeit im gesellschaftlichen Organismus, wenn der nicht da ist? Der stellt meine Arbeit an den richtigen Platz. — Aber der Unternehmer wird auch genötigt sein, diese Arbeit wirklich an den richtigen Platz zu stellen und ihm das seinige zukommen zu lassen, denn alles wird durchschaubar sein.

Da sehen Sie, meine lieben Freunde, wie in das Wirken des Kapitalismus hinein das geistige Leben spielen muß. Und alles andere ist heute eine bloße Rederei, eine bloße Schwarmgeisterei. Ein gesundes Verhältnis zwischen der Arbeit und dem Kapital kann nicht in sozialistisch-bürokratischer Weise herbeigeführt werden, sondern lediglich dadurch, daß durch ein gemeinsames Geistesleben derjenige, der die individuellen Fähigkeiten dazu hat, auf diesem Gebiete, also kapitalistisch, auch wirklich produzieren kann, seine individuellen Fähigkeiten für den gesunden sozialen Organismus fruktifizieren kann und ihm freies Verständnis entgegenkommen wird von demjenigen, der körperlich arbeiten wird. Verständnis wird entstehen können für die Initiative der individuellen Fähigkeiten, die im freien Geistesleben von vornherein sozualisiert sind, die nur heute antisozial wirken, weil wir in unnatürlichen Verhältnissen drinnen sind. Auf der freien Initiative der individuellen Fähigkeiten und auf dem freien Verständnis, das den Leistungen der individuellen Fähigkeiten entgegenkommt, muß die Sozialisierung beruhen; eine andere gibt es nicht. Alles andere ist Kurpfuscherei. Schon aus den Symptomen, die sich im sozialen Organismus zeigen, könnte man die Wahrheit dessen entnehmen, was ich gesagt habe.

Meine lieben Freunde, bedenken Sie, daß es in der Welt zwei Dinge gibt, über deren Wert man im alleralltäglichsten Leben der verschiedensten Ansichten sein kann und ist. Das eine ist ein Stück Brot, das andere ist die Behauptung einer Weltanschauung. Von einem Stück Brot wird jeder behaupten, daß es wahrhaftig dem Menschen entspricht, wenn er Hunger hat; da diskutiert man nicht darüber, sondern man will das Brot haben. Um ein Stück einer Weltanschauung, da wird heute viel gestritten; das findet der eine wahr, der andere falsch. Und wenn sie noch so wahr ist, kann sie sich nicht Geltung verschaffen. Über den Geist kann man streiten; über die Dinge des Wirtschaftslebens kann man nicht streiten. Worauf beruht denn das? — Das beruht nur darauf, daß der Geist wirklich zu einer Ideologie geworden ist, daß er nicht als eine Wirklichkeit wirkt, sondern nur als ein Anhängsel zum Wirtschaftsleben und zum Staatsleben wirkt. Wird er auf sich selber gestellt, ist er dadurch genötigt, seine eigene Wirklichkeit der Welt darzubieten und sich zu offenbaren, dann wird Wirklichkeit aus ihm sprühen. Allerdings wird er dann auch nicht bloß in die müßigen Redereien und Phrasen der Moralpauker hineingehen, nicht bloß in die Reden derjenigen hineingehen, die den Leuten erzählen, ihr sollt gut christlich sein und so weiter, und allerlei Tugenden aufstellen, die aber vor der äußeren materiellen Wirklichkeit stehenbleiben, weil sie nur das als Geist achten, was eben frei ist von der materiellen Wirklichkeit. Die Brücke muß geschlagen werden von dieser abstrakten Form des Geistes zu dem Geiste, der ja nun wirklich auch Geist ist: der zum Beispiel im Kapital wirkt, denn das Kapital organisiert die Arbeit. Aber diese Organisierung muß dann tatsächlich von der geistigen Verwaltung ausgehen.

So haben Sie auf der einen Seite das Praktische, daß die Geldverwaltung dem Wirtschaftsleben überlassen werden muß, auf der andern Seite, daß die Organisierung der Arbeit durch das Kapital dem Geistesleben unterstellt wird. Da sehen Sie das Zusammenwirken von Dingen, die äußerlich eines sind; denn natürlich wird das Kapital in der Fabrik in Geld repräsentiert. Aber das Verhältnis zwischen Arbeiter und Arbeitgeber, dieses ganze Vertrauensverhältnis, die Tatsache namentlich, daß an einer bestimmten Stelle ein Arbeitgeber steht, das wird von der geistigen Welt heraus organisiert. Was aber eine bestimmte Ware wert ist im Vergleiche zum Geld, das wird vom Wirtschaftsleben aus organisiert; und die Dinge fließen zusammen, wie im menschlichen Organismus die Ergebnisse der drei Systeme zusammenfließen, damit der Organismus gesund ist.

So können Sie in die konkreten Dinge hineingehen, in die Dinge des alleralltäglichsten Lebens, und Sie werden sehen, daß dasjenige, auf was hier aufmerksam gemacht wird, wirklich Urgedanken sind, aber reale Urgedanken, die der Gesundung des sozialen Organismus zugrunde liegen müssen.

Sixth Lecture

In the lecture that Kurt Eisner recently gave to the Basel student body, there is a very curious sentence. It starts from the question, which is truly curious in relation to today's external world, whether what we now experience as the present state of humanity is reality, or whether it is perhaps merely a dream, whether what humanity is now experiencing is actually only a kind of dreamed reality. The sentence, as he put it there, reads as follows:

“Do I not hear, or do I not see clearly, that deep within our lives there lives a longing that urges us toward life, that recognizes that our life as we must live it today is only the clear invention of some evil spirit? Imagine, dear audience, a great thinker who knew nothing of our time and who lived and dreamed about 2000 years ago what the world would look like in 2000 years. Even with the most vivid imagination, he could not have conceived of a world like the one in which we are condemned to live. What exists is, in truth, the only utopia in the world, and what we want, what lives as a longing in our minds, is the deepest and ultimate reality, and everything else is appalling. We are merely confusing dreams and reality. It is our task to shake off this old dream of our present social existence. A glance at the war: can one imagine a human reason that could conceive of such a thing? If this war has not been what it is really called, then perhaps we have been dreaming and are now awake. We are a society in which, despite railways and steam and electric sparks, people see only a small part of this star on which we were born."

This is the sentiment expressed by Kurt Eisner shortly before his death in Basel. So reality today forces people to ask themselves: Are we dreaming or are we awake? Is this reality even true reality? And it would actually be quite good if people today could ask themselves this or a similar question more extensively. For above all, it is important to be able to see through the outer world that surrounds us and perceive reality, true reality. We have had to emphasize on various occasions that what is important today is to no longer judge what the world needs, what our social life needs above all, according to the habits of thinking that have become established over the last few centuries and continue to this day. For these habits of thinking have precisely — if one really recognizes the connection — led to the catastrophe we find ourselves in today. Within these ways of thinking, people often felt that they were practical, that they were practitioners of life. And yet they started from the most extreme abstractions and tried to translate these abstractions into reality. But precisely because social conditions, the coexistence of human beings, have now expressed what people have brought into this reality from their habits of thinking, this reality has gradually become an unreal, unviable construct in which human beings today find themselves and which they consider to be their reality, but which has no real forces to make life possible.

These are things that cannot be emphasized enough today, things that everyone who looks at the facts with an unbiased eye should be able to say clearly and unequivocally. These facts, even if they initially play out in the external, everyday world, speak a language that clearly indicates that healing can only come from the spiritual world. For what has become alienated from the spiritual world in recent centuries, what has, so to speak, been managed without regard for this spiritual world, has now reached a dead end from which it will not be able to find its way out. And it is sheer thoughtlessness to believe today that we can continue to operate with the same means that have led us into this catastrophe. What have we actually experienced? We have experienced that humanity believed it had brought about a state that could be described as the highest state of material civilization. Let us think back to how comfortable we actually had it before August 1914. Let us think of how easily we could travel from country to country if we were part of the human current that was able to obtain the external means to do so in some way. Let us think of how easy it was to communicate across national borders to the most remote places in the world by telegraph or even telephone. Let us think of everything that humanity has called modern civilization. And let us think of what has become of this modern civilization in Europe since August 1914. Let us consider the conditions in which we live today. Yes, my dear friends, it really does not take much to see that one cannot exist without the other, that in the way we lived — so “comfortably,” so “civilized” it was until August 1914 — that the present conditions were inherent, so inherent that I described them at that time in the Vienna lecture given before the war as the effect of a social cancer, a carcinoma within human society. One must attach a certain value to the fact that spiritual science compelled one to do so — at that time, when everything was still so “comfortable,” when the world was still so “civilized,” when everything went according to the wishes of people who were able to develop such wishes in accordance with their social situation — when one saw through the facts, one could say nothing else but: we do not live in a healthy society, but in a sick one. The anthroposophical way of thinking has long been offered as a cure for this sick society. And there will be no other way to achieve healing than to recognize that everything else is more or less quackery if it does not want to embrace this way of thinking, which is turned toward the real spiritual. We must pour reality back into what humanity is dreaming today. Where should it come from? It is not to be found where the practitioners of life take their ideas from. Reality exists only where the spirit is seen. It is from there that the principles and impulses that can flow into society must be drawn. That is why this connection between things must always be pointed out.

In the context of the lectures here, I have often mentioned the name Fritz Mauthner. By dividing contemporary thinking into a series of keywords, which he arranged alphabetically, he compiled two volumes, which he called a “Philosophical Dictionary,” but which, in his own way and with his criticism, which is sometimes caustic and caustic, actually record contemporary thinking. Among other things, it also discusses the state, the res publica. Fritz Mauthner's views have also led him to a kind of answer to the question: What is the state? — And he comes to no other definition than: The state is a necessary evil. — People cannot deny its necessity, can they? But some people have already realized that the social structure we call the state today has ultimately led to the situation in which we live. So they call it a necessary evil, because its evil character in its present form is obvious to people. The question is, however, how to arrive at a positive conception of it in contrast to this negative one.

Isn't it true that when someone denies something, they must also point to its affirmation? Well, when someone says that the state is a necessary evil, they are actually pointing to its positive aspects. The state is presented as the very opposite of something. So what is this something that it is supposed to be the opposite of? This gives rise to something very strange in the context of spiritual science. You can only understand the state if you understand the legal structure that spreads throughout the state and regulates ownership, working conditions, and so on, and ask yourself: What can this legal structure actually be compared to?

Well, my dear friends, from various explanations in my books and lectures, you have become acquainted with descriptions of the spiritual world and have learned about the relationships that exist in the spiritual world, that is, in the times that human beings experience between death and a new birth. And the question is: How do these relationships between human beings between death and a new birth relate to the legal relationships established within the state community on the physical plane? As soon as you raise this question intelligently, you get the answer: the state structure is the exact opposite; the state structure, with regard to the human relationships established by the state, is the exact opposite of what human relationships are in the spiritual world. This gives you, my dear friends, a real idea of the state. People who know nothing of the spiritual world cannot form any conception of the state, because they have only negative determinations between human beings. The positive determinations are those that arise when soul enters into relationship with soul in the spiritual world. For this purpose, read the chapter on the soul world in my Theosophy; there you will find that a certain regulation of the relationships between souls takes place, which then continues in what can be called the spirit world, and you will see that these relationships are regulated by certain forces that pass from soul to soul and can be expressed through the interaction of sympathy and antipathy. Read in this chapter of my “Theosophy” how sympathy and antipathy bring about a certain relationship between soul and soul in the spiritual world, and you will see that in the spiritual world everything is based on inwardness, namely on what works from soul to soul through the forces of sympathy and antipathy. That which works from soul to soul through the forces of antipathy is covered up by the physical body in human beings on the physical plane; and because it is covered up, because the actual, essential relationship between soul and soul is covered up here on the physical plane, the most external must take place precisely in the realm of the state here on the physical plane: the legal relationship. While what must be described of the actual spiritual world is the unfolding of the innermost forces of the soul, what can live in the state is only the outermost in the relationship between human beings. And the state is not healthy if it wants to establish a relationship other than the outermost legal relationship. Therefore, everything that is not based on the most external legal relationship between human beings must be eliminated from the state. And the spiritual realm, the administration of spiritual cultural affairs, must stand opposite the actual realm of the state, and on the other side it must be opposed by pure economic activity, the third part of the social organism. While the actual state represents the complete opposite of the spiritual world, spiritual life is, as I have already indicated to you here from another point of view, a kind of continuation of what we experienced in the real spiritual world before we descended into earthly existence through birth. What we experience here in religion, in school, in education, in art, in science, and so on, alongside other things we develop in our relationships with other people, is the earthly continuation, but only as a mere reflection, as a mere mirror image of what real spiritual life is before birth. And what we have in economic life, what we have in this life that is usually called material, is the cause of many things that we in turn have to go through when we have passed through the gates of death, that is, in the afterlife. But the state has no relation to spiritual life. It is the complete opposite of spiritual life. People who want to understand the present with its terrifying facts must learn to see through this. People today must learn to understand how necessary it is to take spiritual reality into account in order to gain an understanding of external reality. Antipathy and sympathy work together in the spiritual world. That which remains in the spiritual world as antipathy when we descend into earthly existence through birth, that which still has to be lived out because of the antipathies we have retained in the spiritual world, is lived out here as spiritual culture. As human beings, we learn through language to understand each other and, in a sense, to form a spiritual bond between one person and another, because through this understanding of language we have to overcome certain antipathies that have remained with us from the spiritual world. We learn to speak to one another in certain ways, to have common thoughts in a common art, in a common religious belief, because in this way we overcome certain antipathies that we had toward one another in the spiritual world. And here in economic life we learn to depend on one another, to work for one another, to exchange advantages for advantages in economic life, because in this way we lay the foundation for certain sympathies which are to develop in the afterlife between souls between whom there is not already a bond of attraction through ordinary karma.

Thus we must understand how to connect the earthly world with the spiritual world. And finally, the most intensely effective cause of our present catastrophic times is the fact that human beings have become completely disconnected from the real spiritual world, and that to a high degree the spiritual world has actually become a kind of phrase for them. Over the last four centuries, this spiritual world has increasingly become a kind of phrase among the ruling classes. And more and more, the dull instincts of the broad masses of the proletariat developed subconscious, unconscious longings for something other than what so-called education, science, art, religion, and so on, offered them.

People find this so difficult to get used to that, in terms of intellectual life, we need to gradually learn a whole new language. Deep down, people want the old languages to continue to be spoken. They believe that everything will be fine if we continue to speak the old language. We hear unctuous prophets of the present day expounding their views. I have already pointed out such a view to you here. For example, someone who is actually highly regarded at present says that this world war has shown that people lived in a kind of external organization but did not come close to one another inwardly. And so, within this world war, there has been a relapse into the old barbarism. And then, to rescue us from this barbarism, only certain, one might say, phraseological feelings are developed, which urge people to turn back to a kind of inner spiritual life. But, my dear friends, what matters today is not that people are exhorted to become good Christians again, to learn to love their fellow human beings again, to find an inner bond between one person and another. What matters much more today is that a power of the spirit can be developed that is capable of truly mastering external circumstances, of truly giving structure to external circumstances, so that the social organism becomes viable. If we are completely honest, we cannot really say that people today suffer primarily and foremost from a lack of belief in the spirit. There are still enough people today who believe in the spirit, and after all, every village still has its church, where I imagine there is much talk about the spirit. And even those who fight against the spirit have a certain respect for it. A certain talk about the spirit is still part of people's habits of thought. The Anzengruber man who says, “As sure as there is a God in heaven, I am an atheist,” is not so rare, even if he does not always express it in these words. It is not important that people talk about the spirit, or even that they believe in the spirit, but what is important today is that the spirit becomes effective in all material life, that it is recognized that matter cannot exist anywhere without the spirit.

However, today we are further away from this insight than we have ever been. Some people act superior, despise external material life, regard it as a necessary evil, and turn to inner life, perhaps even becoming theosophists so that they can develop their inner life alongside their outer life, because outer life is spiritless and one must devote oneself to inner, contemplative life. Others do not exactly adopt this—what socialist thinking would call—most decadent bourgeois way of thinking, for it is the last spawn of the bourgeois way of thinking that I have just characterized, but they still believe that, on the one hand, there is material reality, in which capital, human labor, credit, mortgage bonds, obligations, money in general live. That is the spiritless reality. On the other side is that which one must strive for from the innermost heart as the true spiritual reality.

Now, one could cite many variations on this peculiar view of the relationship between material life and spiritual life as it prevails at present, for people generally have the feeling that when one turns to the spirit, one must actually turn away from external material reality. After all, this is also connected with the fact that we have so many broken existences in the present, so many people who are dissatisfied with their outer lives. My dear friends, I am truly not speaking pro domo, for I have actually been made what I am by my karma. And if my karma had made me something else, I would understand that too. I am not speaking pro domo. But nevertheless, I may say that there is nothing uninteresting in life, provided there is a healthy social organism in which human beings are placed in the right way, in accordance with their karma. Basically, no one in the world has any reason to regard any current in the world as inferior to another. But the social organism must be restored to health so that the lowliest worker is just as connected to spiritual life as someone who happens to be able to engage in spiritual life. For the greatest harm in contemporary social life is that there are closed circles within which particular interests develop that are not accessible to others. Just consider how, in recent times, this isolation has become increasingly pronounced in religion, art, and everything else within bourgeois circles, and how, outside this isolation, stand the proletarian circles, for whom “popular events” are organized, “people's houses” are established, “folk art” is provided, and so on. But what is given to them has arisen from the feelings of the bourgeois class. If the proletarian is to receive it, he receives it through a lie, because only that which has arisen from common experience can be a common spiritual life. It is not a common experience when one person stands at a machine for eight hours a day—you see, I am even assuming that the eight-hour day has already been achieved—and another has the opportunity to develop a social life within a certain class and then, after the eight hours, throws the crumbs to the person standing at the machine, but which, according to its innermost structure, its innermost fabric, can only be understood by those who belong to the ruling classes.

Within the ruling circles today, it is possible, on the basis of certain educational foundations, to talk to people—let's take a concrete example—about the Sistine Madonna. Yes, my dear friends, I have shown workers around galleries, and I have seen what a lie it is to show today's proletarians anything that is, let us say, similar to the feelings that today's bourgeoisie may have toward the Sistine Madonna. That is simply not possible. If one tries to do so, one is merely staging a lie, because there is no common life between the classes. And where there is no common life between the classes, it is impossible to speak in a language that both sides truly understand. The ruling circles of the past have had the good fortune, through the development of humanity to date, to acquire something, for example in art, that can take root in their feelings about life. The way humanity has lived up to now has made something like the Sistine Madonna a gift for the ruling circles. For the non-ruling circles, it is initially incomprehensible. First, a language must be found that can be common to both, that is, the goal must first be to find a truly universal human educational life. And our schools and universities are far removed from this universal human education.

It will not be enough to achieve what is so often strived for: universal elementary education. In a universal elementary school, something completely different will have to be taught, namely, something that can only come from a free spiritual life that is separated as a member of a healthy social organism. We will have to teach in a completely different way than we do today. For deep down, the proletarian does not understand what is taught in elementary school today.

Now you will find a contradiction in what I am saying. You are right to find it. You may say: Yes, but in elementary school everyone is still equal, so why should the proletarian child understand less of what is taught than the bourgeois child? — In reality, the bourgeois child does not understand anything either, because our entire elementary school system is so unhealthy that nothing that is taught in elementary school is actually understood. And only a few, namely those belonging to the ruling circles who have the money to go to higher schools, cast a shadow back onto elementary school, and as a result, one understands something of what one learned earlier. And those who have no opportunity to cast a shadow back on what they learned in the past have no chance whatsoever of absorbing the school education that today exists among us as a dream reality.

This is what we should keep in mind as the seriousness of the times, as the seriousness of the situation. And is it not obvious that only a new intellectual life can remedy this? Just try to be honest in one area or another. Take, for example, what has happened over the last few decades in the field of art and the understanding of art. Yes, try to imagine how people have talked about art: what artists have said, how paintings and sculptures should be made, and so on, and what critics have then asserted as their opinion of these painters and sculptors. Follow all this and try to explain it to the proletarian who stands at the machine for eight hours and is now supposed to listen to the whole thing. That is nonsense to him, it means nothing to him. The only thing that is real to him is the life that others lead among themselves, from which he is excluded in an antisocial manner, and of which he therefore cannot conceive that it belongs to a human existence; of which he can only conceive that it is all luxury.

Now take that in concrete terms, my dear friends! It's not that I condemn things, I just want to characterize them. And the things are all understandable. But consider what this good bourgeois social order, which had developed so comfortably until 1914, had brought to fruition. I still experienced it in the 1880s, when, for example, the young men of Vienna all imitated what was then considered a new art movement originating in Paris. These young men wrote verse after verse, did everything possible to have dark circles around their eyes, walked around the streets in a pensive mood, praised the virtues of decadence, and declared that they only wanted to sleep in a room filled with the scent of tuberose. And then, from these underground circles, they discussed how a verse should really be structured. I do not wish to condemn what was expressed there; it was simply an expression of one side of humanity, an extreme case. But in the end, it was taken to such extremes that the result could only appear to a large part of modern humanity as a luxurious mental exercise; something that this part of humanity could not regard as necessary for a dignified existence. And ultimately, everything in life depends on what pulsates in human souls, on the way human souls can move within life. It was a social cancer that broke out in a terrible way.

From these things it must be seen that the facts have now progressed to such an extent that we cannot continue to talk with the old ideas, that we must learn a new language. And is it not obvious, my dear friends, that something universal and human must now be strived for? It will not be immediately understood in what sense it is something universal to humanity, but with our building, something universal to humanity was sought. There should be nothing in it that is only of interest to the bourgeoisie or that the proletariat cannot understand. Even if the highest intellectual demands are made, what has been sought is is entirely universal; certainly, much of it is imperfect, and bourgeois elements still flow from it in many ways; but on the whole, in the main—I do not mean the people, of course—what has been strived for in this matter is entirely universal; even if the forms are drawn from the spiritual realm, it is something that every human being can understand.

It can be understood from the point of view of life. Certainly, today one must still speak in different ways to one person or another, because people come from different points of view in life. But it is possible today to teach even the simplest, most primitive mind what our forms and other aspects of our structure are meant to express. And so, in every sphere of life, we must now make a real effort to break out of the old ways and speak a new language, to see how it was precisely the old ways of thinking that led us into this catastrophe.

Look, people say today: look at modern socialist aspirations—they strike fear into the hearts of many people today—and compare these socialist aspirations, for example, with the spirit of the Sermon on the Mount, where the weary and burdened wanted to bring about a new world order not through class struggle but through love. I am not quoting made-up sayings, but only things that are being preached today by well-known moralists and that have been said countless times in recent weeks. These things are all taken from real life. Just a few days ago in Bern, you could have heard someone say once again: let us return to the pure spirit of Christianity, to the spirit of the Sermon on the Mount; that is not to be found in the modern class struggle. Unfortunately, it was said, the Christian spirit has so far only been valid in private life; it must enter into the life of states. Life, external public life, must be permeated by Christianity. Then people come and say: That is spoken from the spirit; at last someone is saying what the way forward must be if modern humanity is to break away from its unfortunate materialism and turn back to the spirit of love. But, my dear friends, the fact is that people have been talking like this for almost two thousand years and it has not helped, and that they may finally realize that a different language is necessary today.

But today we often do not even notice the difference between the two languages. We do not yet realize that it is something radically different to represent a spiritual life that wants to intervene directly in the most material reality because it is convinced that matter, taken only as matter, that is, as something contemptible, is not reality at all, for in all reality it is spirit that lives. And where only matter seems to live, one simply does not see the spirit. Therefore, one must also be clear that today there is an urgent need to develop a spirit that masters reality, that can immerse itself in material life, that does not just say: “Look deep within yourselves, you will find God within, you will be able to develop the source of love within yourselves, you will then find the way from today's social order to one in which people are close to each other in their inner lives!” No, what is needed today is to find such a spirit, such a language, such Christians who do not merely talk about ethical and religious matters, but who are so strong in spirit that the spirit is able to encompass the most everyday things, that it is possible to say from the spirit what must now be done in order to find the way out, the healing way out of the devastation of capitalism, out of the oppression of human labor, and so on.

The fact is that people perceive with their feelings what is inhibiting and what is making them ill in the social organism, but they do not see the underlying causes. That money causes a great deal of damage today can be seen on both a small and a large scale. On a small scale, in their immediate surroundings, many who do not have money can see this. The time has come when the old complacency, which still overlooked things a little with the saying, “One has the wallet, the other has the money,” has come to an end; the time has come when people no longer want to believe in things like this saying. People are aware that there is some damage to the monetary system, even if they rarely cross the border now. It is true that a deep peace has been established, but people can now cross the border less than they could during the war—they realize that out there, a mark is worth so much, while here it is worth so little. The question of money is followed by the question of currency, the question of exchange rates. So people notice, in small ways and in large, that something is wrong with money, something that is connected with the most ordinary conditions of human life. They think about how the damage that has been done today might be repaired. But people do not realize that it has become necessary today to advance from the ordinary external thoughts that are connected with the circumstances themselves to the original thoughts.

All human institutions are based on certain original ideas. And if human life leads to these institutions gradually moving away from these original ideas, then these original ideas retreat into the human inner life and become feelings, become instincts, which then express themselves in a way that does not immediately reveal the original ideas. What appears today as social demands is the reaction of the original ideas to present-day human conditions. And people who form their thoughts solely on the basis of present-day conditions are the worst fanatics. For all proletarian demands are nothing more than masked feelings rooted in the original ideas. And such primal thoughts include the separation of spiritual life, political state life, and economic life, as has been advocated here. This is what instincts actually strive for. And they will not rest until at least the direction toward these primal thoughts is taken again in the time in which we live in this serious crisis, since we have strayed so far from the primal thoughts.

Everything else will be quackery, even with regard to the most external, most material questions. For today, some people even ask from their pulpits: What is money, actually? — This question is the subject of tremendous debate: Is money a commodity or is money merely a token of value? Some believe that money is just another commodity among other commodities that are exchanged on the economic market; that it is simply a convenient commodity that has been chosen to overcome certain other conflicts of modern economic life. Just imagine you are a carpenter. There is no money and you are a carpenter. You have to eat, you need vegetables, cheese, butter; but you are a carpenter, you make tables and chairs. Now, if there is no money, you have to go somewhere to the market with your tables and chairs and try to sell a chair, for example, so that someone will give you the necessary amount of food in exchange for the chair. You have to sell a table so that someone else will give you a suit. Just think what that would mean! — But actually, that's all we do. It's just masked by the fact that there is a generally accepted commodity, money, which can be exchanged for everything else, and that other commodities can wait until people need them.

Now, however, it seems that money is only an intermediate commodity. That is why some economists believe that money is a commodity. But if paper money exists, it is only there as a substitute for commodities. For the commodity that matters is actually gold; and states have already been forced to introduce the gold standard because the leading economic state of the present day, England, has chosen gold as its sole commodity of value and means of exchange, and the other states have had to follow suit. The fact is that this commodity is available, and the carpenter does not need to go to market with his chairs, but sells them to whoever wants them, receives money for them, and can buy his vegetables and cheese with it.

Yes, but, say the others, that is not the essence of money, because it is completely irrelevant – and practice has shown this to a certain extent – whether one actually has the piece of gold that is worth so much in comparison with other commodities, or whether it does not exist at all, but is only a substitute bearing a stamp indicating that it is worth so much. Our modern paper money is something that bears such a stamp: it is worth so much. And there are economists today who consider it highly unnecessary for paper money to have a corresponding gold value in the banks. As you may know, there are also individual states that have a purely paper currency and no gold reserves to back it up. They can also conduct business with it in a certain way under today's conditions.

In any case, you can see from this — and we must, of course, place this matter on a purely human footing in our field — that there are intelligent people today who regard money as a commodity, and other intelligent people who regard it as a mere stamp, a mere mark. So what is it actually? Under today's conditions, it is both. What matters is to understand that under today's conditions it is both, that today, on the one hand, especially in international transactions, money in many ways has only the character of a commodity, because the other side of the coin is all transfers of credit balances. What really counts as cover in earnest is actually the exchange of gold goods between states. And everything else is based solely on the trust that if a certain amount of paper or bills of exchange or something similar is delivered from one state to another, then the person delivering these bills of exchange or paper really does have the gold reserves, i.e., that the commodity is there, the commodity gold, which is then treated like any other commodity. Isn't that true? You give a merchant credit, regardless of whether he has gold or fish or anything else, as long as he has something real to back it up. So, especially in international trade, money is a commodity.

But the state has interfered. The state has gradually turned money into something merely assessed, something merely stamped. The one interacts with the other, and the damage that is done stems solely from this. The only possible remedy is to transfer the entire administration of money to what we have regarded as the third link in the healthy social organism: transfer the entire administration of money to the economic organism, detach all money administration from the state organism — then money will become a commodity and will have to have its commodity value on the commodity market. The curious dependence that exists today, which represents a strange relationship between currency and wages, would no longer exist. What is curious today is that the currency falls when wages rise, and the worker often has nothing, no matter how much he is paid, because he cannot buy anything else for his wages than he could buy before for his much lower wages. When wages rise and food prices rise at the same time, that is, when the currency becomes completely different, then all other conditions are of no help. This can only be remedied if you separate the administration of this economic good, money, from the political state, and if the money that is there to bring about comparisons between one thing and another can also be administered by the third, by the economic member of the healthy social organism.

Thus, with the fundamental solution of the threefold social order, the special problems are also solved in a healthy way. That is why anyone who wants to develop healthy ideas for the social organism must return to the original ideas. Today, the administrators of states ask: What should we do about the currency that has fallen into chaos? The only answer that can be given to them is this: For God's sake, keep your hands off it, insofar as you are administrators of the political state, and hand over the administration of currency and money to the economic organism. Only there can healthy foundations be laid for these matters. We really must be able to go back to what makes things healthy today. Before the catastrophe of war, we had the strange situation — because there was a state of affairs from state to state over which the political assessments that applied within the state had no influence — that conditions prevailed from state to state which necessarily arose, for example, in economic life through economic life itself. They operated from state to state, that is, internationally. They did not operate within individual states because there the state extended its structure over economic life. This gave rise to conflicts that can only be eliminated if we truly strive for the threefold social order. Then the facts of one member of the social organization will always correct the facts of another member if they need to be corrected. There is no other way than to return to the original idea today—to this practical trinity: spiritual life, economic life, and state life. For only people who are placed in such a social organization will be able to solve the questions that need to be solved today from one perspective or another. Only when the one member is economically managed, the other democratically administers justice or establishes law, and the third orders all spiritual relationships, only then can a healing of the social organism be brought about. But just as in the human organism the three parts work together: the head system with the heart-lung system and the metabolic system, so too do the three parts naturally work together in a healthy social organism. One part influences the other. Just as you feel stomach discomfort in your head simply because your head is not being properly nourished by your stomach, even though the three systems are separate, so too in a healthy social organism, one member, say the economic member, influences the legal member, the spiritual member. They work together in the right way when they are relatively independent of each other. But this correct interaction without indisposition only occurs when the three members are independent and each is managed according to its own laws.

How, for example, does spiritual life extend into economic life with its activities? What is actually economically present in economic life in terms of spirit? Do you know what it is? It is precisely capital. Capital is the spirit of economic life. And a large part of the damage of our time is due to the fact that the management of capital, the fructification of capital, has been withdrawn from spiritual life. This is precisely why the relationship between, say, the physical worker and the organizer who uses capital can be treated in a healthy social organism as a mere relationship of trust based on mutual understanding, such as the choice of a free school. In a healthy social organism, this separation between the entrepreneur and the worker cannot continue to exist. Today, the worker stands at the machine and knows nothing except what is going on at the machine. Therefore, he naturally pursues his diversions outside the factory. And the entrepreneur, in turn, has his own life — I described it to you earlier — which has developed in such a way that young men walk around with deep circles under their eyes and have tuberoses by their beds when they sleep. The entrepreneur leads a detached intellectual life — detached from others, but not from himself. But a certain intellectual life must prevail, that does not separate physical labor from intellectual labor—then capitalism is placed on a social foundation, though not in the way the swarm spirits of the present day think, but by creating a real possibility for each individual worker to be connected in spirit with all those who organize his work and, in turn, transfer the product of his work into the social organism or even into the whole world.

It must be regarded as a necessity that, just as work is carried out on the machine, the business conditions are discussed just as regularly in meetings between the entrepreneur and the worker, so that the worker has a constant and precise overview of what is happening — this is what must be strived for in the future — and that the entrepreneur, in turn, is obliged at all times to reveal himself completely to the worker and discuss all details with him, so that a common intellectual life encompasses the factory, the enterprise. That is what matters. For once it is possible for that relationship to develop, on the basis of which the worker says to himself: Yes, he is just as necessary as I am, for what would my work be in the social organism if he were not there? He puts my work in its proper place. — But the entrepreneur will also be compelled to really put this work in its proper place and give him his due, because everything will be transparent.

You see, my dear friends, how spiritual life must play a part in the workings of capitalism. And everything else today is mere rhetoric, mere swarm spirit. A healthy relationship between labor and capital cannot be brought about in a socialist-bureaucratic manner, but only through a common spiritual life in which those who have the individual abilities to do so in this field, i.e., capitalistically, can actually produce, can make their individual abilities fruitful for the healthy social organism, and will be met with free understanding by those who will do physical work. Understanding will be able to develop for the initiative of individual abilities, which are socialized from the outset in free intellectual life and which only appear antisocial today because we are living in unnatural conditions. Socialization must be based on the free initiative of individual abilities and on the free understanding that meets the achievements of individual abilities; there is no other way. Everything else is quackery. The symptoms that appear in the social organism alone are enough to prove the truth of what I have said.

My dear friends, consider that there are two things in the world about whose value one can and does hold the most diverse views in everyday life. One is a piece of bread, the other is the assertion of a worldview. Everyone will claim that a piece of bread truly satisfies a person when they are hungry; there is no discussion about it, people simply want the bread. Today, there is much dispute about a piece of a worldview; one person finds it true, another false. And no matter how true it may be, it cannot assert itself. One can argue about the spirit; one cannot argue about the things of economic life. What is the basis for this? It is based solely on the fact that the spirit has truly become an ideology, that it does not function as a reality, but only as an appendage to economic life and state life. When it is placed on its own, it is compelled to present its own reality to the world and to reveal itself, and then reality will spring forth from it. However, it will not then merely enter into the idle talk and phrases of the moralizers, not merely enter into the speeches of those who tell people that they should be good Christians and so on, and set up all kinds of virtues which, however, remain outside external material reality because they regard as spirit only that which is free from material reality. A bridge must be built from this abstract form of spirit to the spirit that is really spirit: the spirit that works in capital, for example, because capital organizes labor. But this organization must then actually come from spiritual administration.

So, on the one hand, you have the practical fact that the administration of money must be left to economic life, and on the other hand, that the organization of labor by capital is subordinated to spiritual life. Here you see the interaction of things that are outwardly one, for capital is, of course, represented by money in the factory. But the relationship between worker and employer, this whole relationship of trust, the fact that an employer stands in a certain position, is organized by the spiritual world. But what a particular commodity is worth in comparison to money is organized by economic life; and things flow together, just as in the human organism the results of the three systems flow together to keep the organism healthy.

So you can go into concrete things, into the things of everyday life, and you will see that what is being pointed out here are really fundamental ideas, but real fundamental ideas that must underlie the healing of the social organism.