The Mysteries of Light, of Space, and of the Earth
GA 194
15 December 1919, Dornach
IV. The Old Mysteries of Light, Space, and Earth
The tasks assigned to the humanity of the present and of the immediate future are great, significant, and peremptory; and it is really necessary to bring forth a strong soul courage in order to do something toward their accomplishment. Anyone who today examines these tasks closely, and tries to get a true insight into the needs of humanity, must often reflect how superficially so-called public affairs are treated. We might say that people today talk politics aimlessly. From a few emotions, from a few entirely egotistic points of view—personal or national—people form their opinions about life, whereas a real desire to gain the factual foundations for a sound judgment would be more in conformity with the seriousness of the present time. In the course of recent months, and even years, I have inquired into the most varied subjects, including the history and the demands of the times, and have given lectures here on such subjects, always with the purpose of furnishing facts which will enable people to form a judgment for themselves—not with the purpose of placing the ready-made judgment before them. The longing to know the realities of life, to know them more and more fundamentally, in order to have a true basis for judgment—that is the important thing today. I must say this especially because the various utterances and written statements which I have made regarding the so-called social question, and regarding the threefold structure of the social organism, are really taken much too lightly, as anyone can clearly see, for the questions asked about these things are concerned far too little with the actual, momentous, basic facts. It is so difficult for people of the present time to arrive at these basic facts, because they are really theoreticians in all realms of life, although they will not acknowledge it. The people who today most fancy themselves to be practical are the most decidedly theoretical, for the reason that they are usually satisfied to form a few concepts about life, and from these to insist upon judging life; whereas it is possible today only by means of a real, universal, and comprehensive penetration into life to form a relevant judgment about what is necessary. One can say that in a certain sense it is at least intellectually frivolous when, without a basis of facts, a man talks politics at random, or indulges in fanciful views about life. It makes one wish for a fundamentally serious attitude of soul toward life.
When in the present time the practical side of our spiritual scientific effort, the Threefold Social Order, is placed before the world as the other side has been, it is a fact that the whole mode of thought and conception employed in the elaboration of this Threefold Social Order is met with prejudices and misgivings. Where do these prejudices and misgivings originate? Well, a man forms concepts about truth (I am still speaking of the social life), concepts about the good, the right, the useful, and so forth, and when he has formed them, he thinks they have absolute value everywhere and always. For example, take a man of western, middle, or eastern Europe with a socialistic bias. He has quite definite socialistically-formulated ideals; but what kind of fundamental concepts underlie these ideals? His fundamental concept is that what satisfies him must satisfy everyone everywhere, and must possess absolute validity for all future time. The man of today has little feeling for the fact that every thought that is to be of value to the social life must be born out of the fundamental character of the time and the place. Therefore he does not easily come to realize how necessary it is for the Threefold Social Order to be introduced with different nuances into our present European culture, with its American appendage. If it is adopted, then the variations suited to the peoples of the different regions will come about of themselves. And besides, when the time comes, on account of the evolution of humanity, that the ideas and thoughts mentioned by me in The Threefold Commonwealth are no longer valid, others must again be found.
It is not a question of absolute thoughts, but of thoughts for the present and the immediate future of mankind. In order, however, to comprehend in its full scope how necessary is this three-membering of the social organism in an independent spiritual life, an independent rights and political life, and an independent economic life, one must examine without prejudice the way in which the interaction of the spiritual, the political, and the economic has come about in our European-American civilization. This interweaving of the threads—the spiritual threads, those of rights or government, and the economic threads—is by no means an easy matter. Our culture, our civilization, is like a ball of yarn, something wound up, in which are entangled three strands of entirely different origins. Our spiritual life is of essentially different origin from that of our rights or political life, and entirely different again from that of our economic life; and these three strands with different origins are chaotically entangled. I can naturally give only a sketchy idea to-day, because I shall briefly follow these three streams, I might say, to their source.
First, our spiritual life, as it presents itself to one who regards as real the external things, the obvious, is acquired by people through the influence of what still persists of the ancient Greek and Latin cultural life, the Greco-Latin spiritual life, as it has flowed through what later became our high schools and universities. All the rest of our so-called humanistic culture, even down to our elementary schools, is entirely dependent upon that which, as one stream let us say, flowed in first from the Greek element (Diagram 13. orange); for our spiritual life, our European spiritual life, is of Greek origin; it merely passed through the Latin as a sort of way-station. It is true that in modern times something else has mingled with the spiritual life which originated in Greece: namely, that which is derived from what we call technique in the most varied fields, which was not yet accessible to the Greek, the technique of mechanics, the technique of commerce, etc., etc. I might say that the technical colleges, the commercial schools, and so forth, have been annexed to our universities, adding a more modern element to what flows into our souls through our humanistic schools, which reach back to Greece—and by no means flows only into the souls of the so-called educated class; for the socialistic theories which haunt the heads even of the proletariat are only a derivative of that which really had its origin in the Grecian spiritual life; it has simply gone through various metamorphoses. This spiritual life reaches back, however, to a more distant origin, far back in the Orient. What we find in Plato, what we find in Heraclitus, in Pythagoras, in Empedocles, and especially in Anaxagoras, all reaches back to the Orient. What we find in Aeschylus, in Sophocles, in Euripides, in Phidias, reaches back to the Orient. The entire Greek culture goes back to the Orient, but it underwent a significant change on its way to Greece. Yonder in the Orient this spiritual life was decidedly more spiritual than it was in ancient Greece; and in the Orient it issued from what we may call the Mysteries of the Spirit—I may also say the Mysteries of Light (Drawing). The Grecian spiritual life was already filtered and diluted as compared with that from which it had its origin: namely, the spiritual life of the Orient, which depended upon quite special spiritual experiences.
Naturally, we must go back into prehistoric times, for the Mysteries of Light, or the Mysteries of the Spirit, are entirely prehistoric phenomena. If I am to represent to you the character of this spiritual life, the manner of its development, I must do so in the following way: We know, of course, that if we go very far back in human evolution, we find increasingly that human beings of ancient times had an atavistic clairvoyance, a dream-like clairvoyance, through which the mysteries of the universe were revealed to them; and we speak with entire correctness when we say that over the whole civilized Asiatic earth, in the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh millennium before the Mystery of Golgotha, there dwelt people to whom spiritual truths were revealed through clairvoyance—a clairvoyance that was completely bound to nature, to the blood, and to the bodily organization. This was true of a widely dispersed population; but this atavistic clairvoyance was in a state of decline, and became more and more decadent. This “becoming decadent” of the atavistic clairvoyance is not merely a cultural-historical phenomenon, but is at the same time a phenomenon of the social life of mankind.
Why? Because from various centers of this wide-spread population, but chiefly from a point in Asia, there arose a special kind of human being, so to speak, a human being with special faculties. Besides the atavistic clairvoyance, which still remained to these people in a certain sense—for there still arose out of their inner soul-life a dream-like comprehension of the mysteries of the world—besides this they also had what we call the thinking faculty; and indeed they were the first in the evolution of humanity to have this power. They were the first to have dawning intelligence.
That was a significant social phenomenon when the people of those ancient times, who had only dream-like visions of the mysteries of the world arising within them, saw immigrants enter their territories whom they could still understand, because they also had visions, but who had besides something which they themselves lacked: the power of thought. That was a special kind of human being. The Indians regarded that caste which they designated as Brahman as the descendants of these people who combined the thinking power with atavistic clairvoyance; and when they came down from the higher-lying regions of northern Asia into the southern regions, they were called Aryans. They formed the Aryan population, and their primal characteristic is that they combined the thinking-power with—if I may now use the expression of a later time—with the plebeian faculties of atavistic clairvoyance.
And those mysteries which are called the Mysteries of the Spirit, or particularly, the mysteries of Light, were founded by those people who combined atavistic clairvoyance with the first kindling of intelligence, the inner light of man; and our spiritual culture derives from that which entered humanity at that time as an illuminating spark—it is nothing but a derivative of it.
Much has been preserved in humanity of what was revealed at that time; but we must consider that even the Greeks—just the better educated personalities among them—had seen the ancient gift of atavistic clairvoyance gradually wane and become extinguished, and the thinking-power remained to them. Among the Romans the power of thought alone remained. Among the Greeks there was still a consciousness that this faculty comes from the same source as the ancient atavistic clairvoyance; and therefore Socrates still clearly expressed something which he knew as experience when he spoke of his Daemon as inspiring his truths, which were of course merely dialectic and intellectual.
In art, as well, the Greeks significantly represented the pre-eminence of the intelligent human being, or better, the development of the intelligent human being from the rest of humanity; for the Greeks have in their sculpture (one need only study it closely) three types differing sharply from one another. They have the Aryan type, to which the Apollo head, the Pallas Athene head, the Zeus head, the Hera head belong. Compare the ears of the Apollo with those of a Mercury head, the nose of the Apollo with that of a Mercury head, and you will see what a different type it is. The Greek wanted to show in the Mercury-type that the ancient clairvoyance, which still persisted as superstition and was a lower form of culture, had united with intelligence in the Greek civilization; that this existed at the bottom of Greek culture; and that towering above it was the Aryan whose artistic representation was the Zeus head, the Pallas Athene head, and so forth. And the very lowest races, those with dim remnants of ancient clairvoyance—who also still lived in Greece but were especially to be observed near the borders—are plastically preserved in another type, the Satyr-type, which in turn is quite different from the Mercury-type. Compare the Satyr nose with the Mercury nose, the Satyr ears with the Mercury ears, and so forth. The Greek merged in his art what he bore in his consciousness concerning his development.
What gradually filtered through Greece at that time, by means of the Mysteries of the Spirit or of the Light, and then appeared in modern times, had a certain peculiarity as spirit-culture. It was possessed of such inner impulsive force that it could at the same time, out of itself, establish the rights life of man. Therefore we have on the one hand the revelation of the gods in the Mysteries bringing the spirit to man, and on the other, the implanting of this spirit acquired from the gods into the external social organism, into the theocracies. Everything goes back to the theocracies; and these were able not only to permeate themselves with the legal system, the political system, out of the very nature of the Mysteries, but they were able also to regulate the economic life out of the spirit. The priests of the Mysteries of Light were at the same time the economic administrators of their domains; and they worked according to the rules of the Mysteries. They constructed houses, canals, bridges, looked after the cultivation of the soil, and so forth.
In primitive times civilization grew entirely out of the spiritual life, but it gradually became abstract. From being a spiritual life it became more and more a sum of ideas. Already in the Middle Ages it had become theology, that is, a sum of concepts, instead of the ancient spiritual life, or it had to be confined to the abstract, legalistic form, because there was no longer any relation to the spiritual life. When we look back at the old theocracies we find that the one who ruled received his commission from the gods in the Mysteries. The last derivative is the occidental ruler, but he no longer gives any evidence of having originated from the ruler of the theocracy, with his commission from the gods of the Mysteries. All that remains is crown and coronation robe, the outer insignia, which in later times became more like decorations. If one understands such things it may often be observed that titles go back to the time of the Mysteries; but everything is now externalized.
Scarcely less externalized is that which moves through our secondary schools and universities as spiritual culture, the final echo of the divine message of the Mysteries. The spiritual has flowed into our life, but this has now become utterly abstract, a life of mere ideas. It has become what the socialistically-orientated groups latterly call an ideology, that is, a sum of thoughts that are only thoughts. That is what our spiritual life has really become.
Under its influence the social chaos of our time has developed, because the spiritual life that is so diluted and abstract has lost all impulsive force. We have no choice but to place it again on its own foundation, for only so can it thrive. We must find the way again from the merely rational to the creative spirit, and we shall be able to do so only if we seek to develop out of the spiritual life prescribed by the State the free spiritual life,1The human being is essentially a spiritual being. When he is engaged in art, science, and religion, he is active spiritually; this activity is his spiritual life.—Editor. which will then have the power to awake to life again. For neither a spiritual life controlled by the Church, nor one maintained and protected by the State, nor a spiritual life panting under economic burdens, can be fruitful for humanity, but only an independent spiritual life.
Indeed the time has come for us to find the courage in our souls to proclaim quite frankly before the world that the spiritual life must be placed on its own foundation. Many people are asking: Well, what are we to do? The first thing of importance is to inform people about what is needed: to get as many people as possible to comprehend the necessity, for example, of establishing the spiritual life on its own foundation; to comprehend that what the pedagogy of the 19th century has become can no longer suffice for the welfare of mankind, but that it must be built anew out of a free spiritual life. There is as yet little courage in souls to present this demand in a really radical way; and it can be thus presented only by trying to bring to as many people as possible a comprehension of these conditions. All other social work today is provisional. The most important task is this: to see that it is made possible for more and more people to gain insight into the social requirements, one of which has just been characterized. To provide enlightenment concerning these things through all the means at our disposal—that is now the matter of importance.
We have not yet become productive with regard to the spiritual life, and we must first become productive in this field. Beginnings have been made in this direction, of which I shall speak presently—but we have not yet become productive with regard to the spiritual life; and we must become productive by making the spiritual life independent.
Everything that comes into being on earth leaves remnants behind it. The Mysteries of Light in the present-day oriental culture, the oriental spiritual life, are less diluted than in the Occident, but of course they no longer have anything like the form they had at the time I have described. Yet if we study what the Hindus, the oriental Buddhists, still have today, we shall be much more likely to perceive the echo of that from which our own spiritual life has come; only in Asia it has remained at another stage of existence. We, however, are unproductive; we are highly unproductive. When the tidings of the Mystery of Golgotha spread in the West, whence did the Greek and Latin scholars get the concepts for the understanding of it? They got them from the oriental wisdom. The West did not produce Christianity. It was taken from the Orient. And further: When in English-speaking regions the spiritual culture was felt to be very unfruitful, and people were sighing for its fructification, the Theosophists went to the subjugated Indians to seek the wellsprings for their modern Theosophy. No fruitful source existed among themselves for the means to improve their spiritual life: so they went to the Orient. In addition to this significant fact, you could find many proofs of the unfruitfulness of the spiritual life of the West; and each such proof is at the same time a proof of the necessity for making the spiritual life an independent member in the threefold social organism.
A second strand in the tangled ball is the political or rights current.
There is the crux of the cultural problem, this second current. If we look for it today in the external world, we see it when our honorable judges sit on their benches of justice with the jurors and pass judgment upon crime or offence against the law, or when the magistrates in their offices rule throughout the civilized world—to the despair of those thus ruled. All that we call jurisprudence or government, and all that results as politics from the interaction of jurisprudence and government, constitutes this current (see drawing, white). I call that (orange) the current of the spiritual life, and this (white) the current of rights, or government.

Where does this come from? As a matter of fact this too goes back to the Mystery-culture. It goes back to the Egyptian Mystery-culture, which passed through the southern European regions, then through the prosaic, unimaginative Roman life, where it united with a side branch of the oriental life, and became Roman Catholic Christianity, that is, Roman Catholic ecclesiasticism. Speaking somewhat radically, this Roman Catholic ecclesiasticism is also fundamentally a jurisprudence; for from single dogmas to that great and mighty Judgment, always represented as the Last Judgment throughout the Middle Ages, the utterly different spiritual life of the Orient, which had received the Egyptian impulse from the Mysteries of Space (see drawing), was really transformed into a society of world-magistrates with world-judgments and world-punishments, and sinners, and the good and the evil: it is a jurisprudence. That is the second element existing in our spiritual tangle which we call civilization, and it has been by no means organically combined with the other. That this is the case anyone can learn who goes to a university and hears one after the other, let us say a juridical discourse on political law, and then a theological discourse even on canonical law, if you like, for these are found side by side. Such things have shaped mankind; even in later times, when their origins have been forgotten, they are still shaping human minds. The rights life caused the later spiritual life to become abstract; but externally it influenced human customs, human habits, human systems.
What is the last social offshoot in the decadent oriental spiritual current, whose origin has been forgotten? It is feudal aristocracy. You could no longer recognize that the aristocrat had his origin in the oriental, theocratic spiritual life, for he has stripped off all that; only the social configuration remains (drawing). The journalistic intelligence often has very strange nightmarish visions. One such it had recently when it invented a curious phrase of which it was especially proud: “spiritual aristocracy”—this could be heard now and then. What is that which passed through the Roman Church system, through theocratising jurisprudence, juridical theocracy, became secularized in the civic systems of the Middle Ages, and completely secularized in modern times—what is it in its ultimate derivative? It is the bourgeoisie (drawing). And thus are these spiritual forces in their ultimate derivatives actually jumbled up among men.
And now still a third stream unites itself with the other two. If you would observe it today in the external world, where does this third current appear in an especially characteristic way? Well, there actually was in Central Europe a method of demonstrating to certain people where these final remnants of something originally different were to be found. It happened when the man of Central Europe sent his son to an office in London or New York to learn the methods of the economic system. In the methods of the economic life, whose roots are to be found in the popular customs of the Anglo-American world, the final consequence is to be seen of that which has been developed as outgrowths from what I might call the Mysteries of the Earth, of which, for example, the Druid Mysteries are only a special variety. In the times of the primitive European people the Mysteries of the Earth still contained a peculiar kind of wisdom-filled life. That European population, which was quite barbaric, which knew nothing regarding the revelations of oriental wisdom, or of the Mysteries of Space, or of what later became Roman Catholicism—that population which advanced to meet the spreading Christianity possessed a strange kind of life-steeped-in-wisdom, peculiar to it, which was entirely physical wisdom. Of this one can at best study only the most external usages, which are recorded in the history of this current: namely, the festivals of those people from whom have come the customs and habits of England and America. The festivals were here brought into entirely different relations from those in Egypt, where the harvest was connected with the stars. Here the harvest as such was the festive occasion; and the highest solemn festivals of the year were connected with other things than was the case in Egypt: namely, with things that belong entirely to the economic life. We have here without doubt something which goes back to the economic life.
If we wish to comprehend the whole spirit of this matter, we must say to ourselves: Over from Asia and up from the South men transplanted a spiritual life and a rights life which they had received from above and brought down to earth. Then, in the third current, an economic life sprang up which had to develop of itself and work its way up, which really was originally so completely economic in its legal customs and in its spiritual adaptations that, for example, one of the yearly festivals consisted in the celebration of the fructification of the herds as a special festival in honor of the gods; and there were similar festivals all derived from the economic aspect of life. If we go through the regions of northern Russia, middle Russia, Sweden, Norway, or into those regions which until a short time ago were parts of Germany, or to France, at least northern France, and to what is now Great Britain—if we go through these regions, we find dispersed everywhere a population which, before the spread of Christianity in ancient times, undoubtedly had a pronounced economic life. And what ancient customs can still be found, such as festivals of legal practices and festivals in honor of the gods, are an echo of this ancient economic culture.
This economic culture met what came from the other side. At first it did not succeed in developing an independent rights life and spiritual life. The primitive legal customs were discarded because Roman law flowed in, and the primitive spiritual customs were cast aside because the Greek spiritual life had entered. And so this economic life becomes sterile at first, and only gradually works its way out of this sterility; it can succeed in this, however, only by overcoming the chaotic condition created by the introduction of the spiritual life and rights life from outside. Consider the present Anglo-American spiritual life. In this you have two things very sharply differentiated from one another. First, you have everywhere in the Anglo-American spiritual life, more than anywhere else on earth, the so-called secret societies, which have considerable influence, much more than people know. They are undoubtedly the keepers—and are proud to be the keepers—of the ancient spiritual life, of the Egyptian or oriental spiritual life, which is completely diluted and evaporated into mere symbols,—symbols no longer understood but having a certain great power among those in authority. That, however, is ancient spiritual life, not spiritual life grown in its own soil. Side by side with this there is a spiritual life which does grow entirely in economic soil, but hitherto it has produced only very small blossoms, and these in abundance.

Anyone who studies such things and is able to understand them knows very well that Locke, Hume, Mill, Spencer, Darwin, and others, are nothing but these little blossoms springing from the economic life. You can get quite exactly the thoughts of a Mill or a Spencer from the economic life. Social democracy has elevated this to a theory, and considers the spiritual life as a derivative of the economic life. That is what we encounter first: everything is brought forth from the so-called practical—actually from life's routine, not from its real practice. So that going along side by side are such things as Darwinism, Spencerism, Millism, Humeism—and the diluted Mystery teachings, which are perpetuated in the various sectarian developments, such as the Theosophical Society, the Quakers, and so forth. The economic life has the will to rise, but has not yet made much progress, having produced thus far only these small blossoms. The spiritual life and the rights life are exotic plants and—I beg you to note this well—they are more and more exotic the farther we go toward the West in the European civilization.
There has always been in Central Europe something—I might say like a resistance, a struggling against the Greek spiritual life on the one hand and against the Roman Catholic rights life on the other. An opposition has always been there. An illustration of it is the Central European philosophy, of which really nothing is known in England. Actually, Hegel cannot be translated into the English language; it is impossible. Hence, nothing is known of him in England, where German philosophy is called Germanism, by which is meant something an intelligent person cannot be bothered with. In just this German philosophy, however—with the exception of one incident, namely, when Kant was completely ruined by Hume, and there divas brought into German philosophy that abominable Kant-Hume element, which has really caused such devastation in the heads of Central European humanity—with the exception of this incident, we have later, after all, the second blossoming of this struggle in Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel; and we already have the search for a free spiritual life in Goethe, who would have nothing to do with the final echo of the Roman Catholic jurisprudence in what is called the law of nature. Just feel the legal element in the shabby robes and the strange caps which the judges still have from ancient times, and feel it likewise in the science of nature, the law of nature—the legal element is still there! The expression “law of nature” has no sense in connection, for example, with the Goethean science of nature, which deals only with the primordial phenomenon, the primordial fact.
There for the first time is radical protest made; but naturally it remained only a beginning. That was the first advance toward the free spiritual life: the Goethean science of nature; and in Central Europe there already exists the first impulse even toward the independent rights life, or political life. Read such a work as that of Wilhelm van Humboldt, who was even Prussian minister of public instruction—read The Sphere and Duties of Government,2Translated by Joseph Coulthard, London, 1845. and you will see the first beginning toward the construction of an independent rights life, or political life, of the independence of the true political realm. It is true it has never gone beyond beginnings, and these are found as far back as the first half of the 19th century, even at the end of the 18th century. It must be borne in mind, however, that there are nevertheless in Central Europe important impulses in this very direction, impulses which can be carried on, which must not be left unconsidered, and which may flow into the impulse of the Threefold Social Organism.
In his first book Nietzsche wrote that passage that I have quoted in my book on Nietzsche3“Extirpation des deutschen Geistes zu Gunsten des deutschen Reiches,” Extirpation of the German Spirit in favor of the German Empire—quoted in Friedrich Nietzsche, ein Kampfer gegen seine Zeit (not translated). in the very first pages, a premonition of something tragic in the German spiritual life. Nietzsche tried at that time in the foreword to his work, The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music, to characterize the events of 1870–71, the founding of the German Empire. Since then this strangulation of the German spirit has been thoroughly accomplished; and when in the last five or six years three-fourths of the world fell upon this former Germany (I do not wish to speak about the causes or the guilty, but only to sketch the configuration, the world situation), it was really then already the corpse of the German spiritual life. But when anyone speaks as I did yesterday, characterizing the facts without prejudice, no one should infer that there is not still in this German spiritual life much that must come forth, that must be considered, that intends to be considered, in spite of the future gypsy-like condition. For what was the real cause of the ruin of the German people? This question must also be answered without prejudice. They were ruined because they too wanted to share in materialism, and they have no talent for materialism. The others have good talents for it. The Germans have in general that quality which Herman Grimm characterized excellently when he said: The Germans as a rule retreat when it would be beneficial for them to go boldly forward, and they storm ahead with terrific energy when it would be better for them to hold back. That is a very good description of an inner quality of character of this German people; for the Germans have had propulsive force throughout the centuries, but not the ability to sustain this force. Goethe was able to present the primordial phenomenon, but he could not reach the beginnings of spiritual science. He could develop a spirituality, as, for example, in his Faust, or in his Wilhelm Meister, which could have revolutionized the world if the right means had been found; but the outer personality of this gifted man achieved nothing more than that in Weimar he put on fat and had a double chin, became a stout privy counselor, who was also uncommonly industrious as minister, but still was obliged at times to wink at certain things, especially in political life.
The world ought to understand that such phenomena as Goethe and Humboldt represent everywhere beginnings, and that it would really be a loss to the world and not a profit, to fail to take into account what lives in the German evolution in an unfinished state, but to which must come forth. For after all, the Germans do not have the predisposition which the others have in such remarkable degree the farther we go toward the West: namely, to rise on all occasions to ultimate abstractions. What the Germans have in their spiritual life is called “abstractions” only by those who are unable to experience it; and because they themselves have squeezed out the life, they believe others lack it too. The Germans have not the talent for pressing on to ultimate abstractions. This was shown in their political life, in their most unfortunate political life! If the Germans had had from the beginning the great talent for monarchy which the French have preserved so brilliantly to this day, they would never have become the victims of “Wilhelmism”; they would neither have countenanced this strange caricature of a monarch, nor have needed him. It is true that the French call themselves republicans, but they have among them a secret monarch who firmly holds together the structure of the state, who keeps a terribly tight rein on the people's minds; for in reality the spirit of Louis XIV is everywhere present. Naturally, only a decadent form remains, but it is there. There is no doubt that a secret monarch is there among the French people; for it is really shown in every one of their cultural manifestations. And the talent for abstraction demonstrated in Woodrow Wilson is the ultimate talent for abstraction in the political field. Those fourteen points of the world's schoolmaster, which in every word bear the stamp of the impractical and unachievable, could only originate in a mind wholly formed for the abstract, with no discernment whatever for true realities.
There are two things which the cultural history of civilization will doubtless find it difficult to understand. One I have often characterized in the words of Herman Grimm—the Kant-Laplace theory, in which many people still believe. Herman Grimm said so finely in his Goethe: People will some day have difficulty in comprehending that malady now called science, which makes its appearance in the Kant-Laplace theory, according to which all that we have around us today arose through agglomeration, out of a universal world-mist; and this is supposed to continue until the whole thing falls back again into the sun. A putrid bone around which a hungry dog circles is a more appetizing morsel than these fanciful ideas, this fantastic concept of world-evolution. So thinks Herman Grimm. Naturally, there will some day be great difficulty in explaining this Kant-Laplace theory from the standpoint of the scientific insanity of the 19th and 20th centuries!
The second thing will be the explanation of the unbelievable fact that there ever could be a large number of people to take seriously the humbug of the fourteen points of Woodrow Wilson—in an age that is socially so serious.
If we study the things that stand side by side in the world we find in what a peculiar way the economic life, the political rights life, and the spiritual life are entangled. If we do not wish to perish because of the extreme degeneration which has come into the spiritual life and the rights life, we must turn to the Threefold Social Order, which from independent roots will build an economic life now struggling to emerge, but unable to do so unless a rights life and a spiritual life, developed in freedom, come to meet it. These things have their deep roots in the whole of humanity's evolution and in human social life; and these roots must be sought. People must now be made to realize that way down at the bottom, on the ground I might say, crawls the economic life, managed by Anglo-American habits of thought; and that it will be able to climb up only when it works in harmony with the whole world, with that for which others also are qualified, for which others also are gifted. Otherwise the gaining of world dominion will become a fatality for it.
If the world continues in the course it has been taking under the influence of the degenerating spiritual life derived from the Orient, then this spiritual life, although at one end it was the most sublime truth, will at the other rush into the most fearful lies. Nietzsche was impelled to describe how even the Greeks had to guard themselves from the lies of life through their art. And in reality art is the divine child which keeps men from being swallowed up in lies. If this first branch of civilization is pursued only one-sidedly, then this stream empties into lies. In the last five or six years more lies have been told among civilized humanity than in any other period of world history; in public life the truth has scarcely been spoken at all; hardly a word that has passed through the world was true. While this stream empties into lies (see drawing), the middle stream empties into self-seeking; and an economic life like the Anglo-American, which should end in world-dominion—if the effort is not made to bring about its permeation by the independent spiritual life and the independent political life, it will flow into the third of the abysses of human life, into the third of these three. The first abyss is lies, the degeneration of humanity through Ahriman; the second is self-seeking, the degeneration of humanity through Lucifer; the third is, in the physical realm, illness and death; in the cultural realm, the illness and death of culture.
The Anglo-American world may gain world dominion; but without the Threefold Social Order it will, through this dominion, pour out cultural death and cultural illness over the whole earth; for these are just as much a gift of the Asuras as lies are a gift of Ahriman, and self-seeking, of Lucifer. So the third, a worthy companion of the other two, is a gift of the Azuric powers!
We must get the enthusiasm from these things which will fire us now really to seek ways of enlightening as many people as possible. Today the mission of those with insight is the enlightenment of humanity. We must do as much as possible to oppose to that foolishness which fancies itself to be wisdom, and which thinks it has made such marvellous progress—to oppose to that foolishness what we can gain from the practical aspect of anthroposophically-orientated spiritual science.
My dear friends, if I have been able to arouse in you in some measure the feeling that these things must be taken with profound seriousness, then I have attained a part of what I should very much like to have attained through these words.
When we meet again in a week or two, we shall speak further of similar things. Today I wished only to call forth in you a feeling that at the present time the really most important work is to enlighten people in the widest circles.
Zwolfter Vortrag
Die Aufgaben, welche der Menschheit in der Gegenwart und in der nächsten Zukunft gestellt sind, sind einschneidende, bedeutsame, große. Und es handelt sich darum, daß in der Tat ein starker seelischer Mut aufgebracht werden muß, um etwas zur Bewältigung dieser Aufgaben zu tun. Wer heute diese Aufgaben sich besieht und einen wirklichen Einblick sich zu verschaffen sucht in dasjenige, was der Menschheit not tut, der muß oftmals denken an die oberflächliche Leichtigkeit, mit der heute die öffentlichen, die sogenannten öffentlichen Angelegenheiten genommen werden. Man möchte sagen, die Menschen politisieren heute ins Blaue hinein. Aus ein paar Emotionen heraus, aus ein paar ganz egoistischen oder volksegoistischen Gesichtspunkten heraus bilden sich die Menschen ihre Anschauung über das Leben, während es dem Ernste der Gegenwart angemessen wäre, eine gewisse Sehnsucht danach zu haben, die tatsächlichen Untergründe für ein gesundes Urteil wirklich zu gewinnen. Ich habe im Laufe der letzten Monate und auch Jahre hier über die verschiedensten Gegenstände, auch der Zeitgeschichte und der Zeitforderungen Vorträge gehalten und Betrachtungen angestellt, immer zu dem Ziel, Tatsachen zu liefern, welche den Menschen in den Stand setzen können, sich ein Urteil zu bilden, nicht um das Urteil vor Sie fertig hinzustellen. Die Sehnsucht, die Tatsachen des Lebens kennenzulernen, gründlicher und immer gründlicher kennenzulernen, um eine wirkliche Unterlage für ein Urteil zu haben, darauf kommt es heute an. Ich muß dieses insbesondere deshalb sagen, weil die verschiedenen Äußerungen, die verschiedenen schriftstellerischen Darlegungen, die ich getan habe mit Bezug auf die sogenannte soziale Frage und mit Bezug auf die Dreigliederung des sozialen Organismus, wirklich, wie man deutlich sehen kann, viel zu leicht genommen werden, weil diesen Dingen gegenüber viel zu wenig die Fragen gestellt werden nach den schwerwiegenden tatsächlichen Grundlagen. Die Menschen der Gegenwart kommen so schwer zu diesen tatsächlichen Grundlagen, weil sie, trotzdem sie das nicht wahr haben wollen, eigentlich auf allen Gebieten des Lebens Theoretiker sind. Diejenigen, die sich heute am meisten einbilden, Praktiker zu sein, die sind die stärksten Theoretiker, aus dem Grund, weil sie sich gemeiniglich damit begnügen, ein paar Vorstellungen, wenige Vorstellungen über das Leben sich zu bilden und von diesen wenigen Vorstellungen über das Leben dieses Leben beurteilen wollen, während es heute nur einem wirklichen, universellen und umfassenden Eingehen auf das Leben möglich ist, ein sachgemäßes Urteil über dasjenige zu gewinnen, was notwendig ist. Man kann sagen, in gewissem Sinne ist es heute eine wenigstens intellektuelle Frivolität, wenn man ohne sachgemäße Grundlagen ins Blaue hinein politisiert oder lebensanschaulich phantasiert. Den Lebensernst möchte man auf dem Grunde der Seelen heute wünschen.
Wenn gewissermaßen wie die andere Seite, auch die praktische Seite unseres geisteswissenschaftlichen Strebens in der neuesten Zeit vor die Welt hingestellt ist, die Dreigliederung des sozialen Organismus, so ist es so, daß schon der ganzen Art des Denkens und Vorstellens, die da waltet in der Ausarbeitung dieses dreigliedrigen sozialen Organismus, heute Vorurteile und namentlich Vorempfindungen entgegengebracht werden. Diese Vorurteile, namentlich Vorempfindungen, woher stammen sie? Ja, der Mensch bildet sich heute Vorstellungen über dasjenige, was die Wahrheit ist - ich rede jetzt immer vom sozialen Leben -, er bildet sich Vorstellungen von dem, was das Gute, was das Rechte ist, was das Nützliche ist und so weiter. Und wenn er sich dann gewisse Vorstellungen gebildet hat, dann ist er der Meinung, diese Vorstellungen haben nun ganz absolute Geltung für überall und für immer. Zum Beispiel, nehmen wir einen sozialistisch orientierten Menschen West- oder Mittel- oder Osteuropas. Er hat ganz bestimmte sozialistisch formulierte Ideale. Aber was hat er diesen sozialistisch formulierten Idealen gegenüber gewissermaßen für Untergrund vorstellungen? Er hat die Untergrundvorstellung: dasjenige, wovon er sich vorstellen muß, daß es ihn befriedigt, das müsse nun alle Menschen über die ganze Erde hin befriedigen, und das müsse gelten ohne Ende für das gesamte zukünftige Erdendasein. Daß alles dasjenige, was als Gedanke für das soziale Leben gelten soll, herausgeboren sein muß aus dem Grundcharakter der Zeit und des Ortes, dafür hat man heute wenig Empfindung. Daher kommt man auch nicht leicht darauf, wie notwendig es ist, daß, mit verschiedenen Nuancen, unserer heutigen europäischen Kultur mit ihrem amerikanischen Anhange die Dreigliederung des sozialen Organismus eingefügt werde. Wird sie eingefügt, so wird schon von selbst die Nuancierung in bezug auf den Raum, das heißt auf die verschiedenen Gebiete der Erdenvölker eintreten. Und außerdem: Nach derjenigen Zeit, nach welcher, der Menschheitsevolution wegen, die heute in den «Kernpunkten der sozialen Frage» von mir erwähnten Ideen und Gedanken nicht mehr gelten können, müssen eben andere wieder gefunden werden.
Es handelt sich nicht um absolute Gedanken, sondern es handelt sich um Gedanken für die Gegenwart und für die nächste Menschheitszukunft. Aber um das in seiner vollen Tragweite einzusehen, wie notwendig diese Dreigliederung des sozialen Organismus in ein selbständiges Geistesleben, in ein selbständiges Rechts- und Staatsleben, in ein selbständiges Wirtschaftsleben ist, muß man einmal einen unbefangenen Blick werfen auf die Art, wie in unserer europäisch-amerikanischen Zivilisation zustandegekommen ist das Ineinanderwirken von Geist, Staat und Wirtschaft. Dieses Ineinanderwirken der Fäden, des Geistesfadens, des Rechts- oder Staatsfadens und des Wirtschaftsfadens ist keineswegs etwas Leichtes. Unsere Kultur, unsere Zivilisation ist ein Knäuel, was aufgewickelt etwas ist, worinnen drei Fäden verwickelt sind, die ganz verschiedenen Ursprungs sind. Unser Geistesleben ist wesentlich anderen Ursprunges als unser Rechts- oder Staatsleben und wiederum ganz anderen Ursprunges als unser Wirtschaftsleben. Und diese drei Strömungen mit verschiedenem Ursprunge, sie sind chaotisch miteinander verwickelt. Ich kann heute natürlich nur skizzenhaft darstellen, weil ich in der Kürze - ich möchte sagen bis zum Urquell diese drei Strömungen verfolgen werde.
Unser Geistesleben, wie es sich zunächst darbietet für den, der die Dinge äußerlich wirklich nimmt, sinnenfällig wirklich nimmt, es wird dadurch von den Menschen angeeignet, daß die Menschen auf sich wirken lassen jene Fortsetzung des alten griechischen und lateinischen Kulturlebens, des griechisch-lateinischen Geisteslebens, wie es zunächst geflossen ist durch das, was dann später unsere Gymnasien geworden sind, durch das, was unsere Universitäten geworden sind. Denn unsere übrige sogenannte humanistische Bildung bis in die Volksschule herunter ist ja ganz abhängig von dem, was als eine Strömung, sagen wir, hereinfließt (es wird gezeichnet, gelb, siehe Seite 229) zunächst vom griechischen Elemente. Denn das, was wir als Geistesleben haben, als unser europäisches Geistesleben, ist zunächst doch griechischen Ursprungs, durch das Lateinische nur hindurchgegangen. Das Lateinische ist eine Durchgangsstation. Allerdings hat sich in der neuesten Zeit mit diesem von Griechenland her stammenden Geistesleben anderes vermischt, welches aus dem stammt, was wir die Technik der verschiedensten Gebiete nennen, die dem Griechen noch nicht zugänglich war: die Technik des mechanischen Wesens, die Technik des kaufmännischen Wesens und so weiter. Ich könnte sagen: Zu unseren Universitäten sind die technischen Hochschulen, die kommerziellen Hochschulen und so weiter getreten, die ein neuzeitlicheres Element hinzubringen zu dem, was durch unsere humanistischen, auf das Griechentum zurückgehenden Schulen in unsere Seelen hineinfließt; nicht etwa bloß in die Seelen irgendeiner sogenannten gebildeten Klasse hineinfließt, denn dasjenige, was heute sozialistische "Theorien sind, was in den Köpfen auch der Proletarier spukt, es ist nur eine Ableitung desjenigen, was vom griechischen Geistesleben eigentlich herstammt. Es ist nur durch verschiedene Metamorphosen durchgegangen. Dieses Geistesleben geht aber seinem weiteren Ursprunge nach durchaus zurück bis in den Orient hinein. Und dasjenige, was wir finden bei Plato, was wir finden bei Heraklit, bei Pythagoras, bei Empedokles, namentlich bei Anaxagoras, das alles geht zurück nach dem Orient. Dasjenige, was wir bei Äschylos, bei Sophokles, bei Euripides finden, es geht zurück nach dem Orient, was wir bei Phidias finden, es geht zurück nach dem Orient. Die griechische Kultur geht durchaus zurück nach dem Orient. Sie hat eine bedeutende Wandlung durchgemacht auf dem Wege vom Orient nach Griechenland. Im Orient drüben war diese Geisteskultur wesentlich spiritueller, als sie im alten Griechenland war, und sie war im Oriente ein Ausfluß desjenigen, was man nennen kann: die Mysterien des Geistes, ich kann auch sagen die Mysterien des Lichtes (es wird wieder gezeichnet, siehe Seite 229). Schon ein filtriertes, ein verdünntes Geistesleben war das griechische gegenüber jenem Geistesleben, von dem es seinen Ursprung genommen hat, dem orientalischen Geistesleben. Dieses beruhte auf ganz besonderen geistigen Erfahrungen. Wenn ich Ihnen diese geistigen Erfahrungen beschreiben soll, so müßte ich sie Ihnen in der folgenden Weise charakterisieren.
Natürlich müssen wir in vorhistorische Zeiten zurückgehen, denn die Mysterien des Lichtes oder die Mysterien des Geistes sind durchaus vorhistorische Erscheinungen. Wenn ich Ihnen darstellen soll den Charakter dieses Geisteslebens, wie es sich gebildet hat, so muß ich das Folgende sagen. Wir wissen ja, wenn wir sehr weit zurückgehen in der Menschheitsevolution, so finden wir immer mehr und mehr, daß die Menschen der alten Zeiten ein atavistisches Hellsehen, ein träumerisches Hellsehen hatten, durch das sich ihnen die Geheimnisse des Weltenalls enthüllten. Und wir sprechen durchaus richtig, wenn wir sagen, daß über die ganze, im dritten, vierten, fünften, sechsten, siebenten Jahrtausend vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha zivilisierte asiatische Erde Menschen wohnten, denen sich für ihr durchaus naturgebundenes, an das Blut, an die leibliche Organisation gebundenes Hellsehen geistige Wahrheiten offenbarten. Das war gewissermaßen die im weiten Umkreis verbreitete Bevölkerung. Aber dieses atavistische Hellsehen, es war in absteigender Entwickelung, es kam immer mehr und mehr in die Dekadenz. Und dieses In-die-Dekadenz-Kommen des atavistischen Hellsehens ist nicht bloß eine kulturhistorische Erscheinung, es ist zugleich eine Erscheinung des sozialen Lebens der Menschheit.
Warum? Weil aus dieser weiten Masse der Erdenbevölkerung von verschiedenen Zentren her, hauptsächlich aber von einem Zentrum in Asien, gewissermaßen aufstand eine besondere Art von Menschen, eine Art von Menschen mit besonderen Fähigkeiten. Diese Menschen hatten außer dem atavistischen Hellsehen, das ihnen in einer gewissen Beziehung noch geblieben war - es stieg noch aus ihrem inneren Seelenleben traumhaftes Erfassen der Geheimnisse der Welt auf —, außer diesem traumhaften Erfassen der Welt hatten sie aber noch dasjenige — und zwar als erste Menschen der Menschheitsentwickelung —, was wir die Denkkraft nennen. Sie hatten zuerst die aufdämmernde Intelligenz.
Das war eine bedeutsame soziale Erscheinung, daß jene alten Menschen, die nichts hatten als die traumhaft aufsteigenden Schauungen über die Geheimnisse der Welt, Einwanderer in ihre Territorien kommen sahen, die sie noch verstehen konnten, weil die auch Schauungen hatten, die aber etwas schon hatten, was sie selbst nicht hatten: die Denkkraft. Das war eine besondere Menschensorte. Die Inder sahen diejenige Kaste, die sie als die Brahmanen-Kaste bezeichneten, als die Nachkommen dieser Menschen an, die mit dem atavistischen Hellsehen die Denkkraft verbanden. Und als sie in die südlichen Gegenden von den höhergelegenen nördlichen Gegenden Asiens hinunterstiegen, da machte sich für sie geltend der Name Arier. Das ist die arische Bevölkerung. Ihr Urkennzeichen ist dieses, daß sie - wenn ich mich jetzt des späteren Ausdrucks bedienen darf — mit den plebejischen Fähigkeiten des atavistischen Hellsehens die Denkkraft verbanden.
Und diejenigen Mysterien, die man die Mysterien des Geistes oder namentlich die Mysterien des Lichtes nennt, wurden begründet von solchen Menschen, die das atavistische Hellsehen mit dem ersten Aufflammen der Intelligenz, dem inneren Lichte des Menschen verbanden. Und eine Dependenz desjenigen, was dazumal als ein erleuchtender Funke in die Menschheit kam, ist unsere Geistesbildung, aber eben durchaus eine Dependenz.
Es hat sich in der Menschheit manches erhalten von dem, was da geoffenbart worden war. Aber man muß bedenken, daß schon die Griechen, gerade die gebildeteren Persönlichkeiten unter den Griechen, die alte atavistische Hellsehergabe hatten verglimmen, verlöschen sehen, und daß ihnen geblieben war die Denkkraft. Bei den Römern ist nur die Denkkraft geblieben. Bei den Griechen war noch das Bewußtsein vorhanden, daß auch die Denkkraft aus denselben Quellen heraufkommt, aus denen das alte atavistische Hellsehen kam. Daher sprach Sokrates noch durchaus etwas aus, was er als Erlebnis kannte, wenn er von seinem Dämon sprach, der ihm seine ja allerdings nur dialektischen, intelligenten Wahrheiten eingab.
Die Griechen haben auch künstlerisch bedeutsam hingestellt das Herausragen des Intelligenzmenschen, besser gesagt, das Herauswachsen des Intelligenzmenschen aus der anderen Menschheit: Denn die Griechen haben in ihrer Plastik — man studiere sie nur genau - drei stark voneinander verschiedene Typen. Sie haben den arischen Typus, den der Apollo-Kopf hat, der Pallas-Athene-Kopf, der Zeus-Kopf, der Hera-Kopf. Vergleichen Sie die Ohren des Apollo mit den Ohren eines Merkur-Kopfes, die Nase des Apollo mit der Nase eines MerkurKopfes, da werden Sie sehen, welch anderer Typus das ist. Der Grieche wollte hinweisen, wie im Merkur-Typus zusammengeflossen ist im Griechentum mit der Intelligenz dasjenige, was altes, vergangenes Hellsehen war, das noch als Aberglaube fortlebte, das niedere Bildung war, wie dieses auf dem Grunde der Kultur da war, und wie hinausragte der Arier, dessen künstlerische Repräsentanz der Zeus-Kopf, Pallas-AtheneKopf und so weiter war. Und die ganz unten stehenden, mit den trüben Überresten des alten Hellsehertums vorhandenen Rassen, die auch noch in Griechenland lebten, aber namentlich an der Peripherie von Griechenland von den Griechen wahrgenommen wurden, sind wiederum in einem anderen Typus plastisch erhalten: in dem Satyr-Typus, der wieder ganz anders ist als der Merkur-Typus. Vergleichen Sie die SatyrNase mit der Merkur-Nase, die Satyr-Ohren mit den Merkur-Ohren und so weiter. Der Grieche hat in seiner Kunst zusammenfließen lassen dasjenige, was er in seinem Bewußtsein über sein Werden trug.
Das, was dadurch die Mysterien des Geistes oder des Lichtes in allmählicher Filtrierung durch Griechenland dann auf die Neuzeit heraufkam, das hatte aber eine gewisse Eigentümlichkeit als Geisteskultur. Es war als Geisteskultur mit solcher inneren Stoßkraft versehen, daß es aus sich heraus zu gleicher Zeit das Rechtsleben der Menschen begründen konnte. Daher auf der einen Seite die Offenbarung der Götter in den Mysterien, die dem Menschen den Geist bringen, und die Einpflanzung dieses von den Göttern erworbenen Geistes in den äußeren sozialen Organismus, in die Theokratien. Alles geht zurück auf die Theokratien. Und diese Theokratien waren nicht nur imstande, aus dem Mysterienwesen selbst heraus sich mit dem Rechte zu durchdringen, mit dem politischen Wesen zu durchdringen, sondern auch das Wirtschaftsleben zu regeln aus dem Geiste heraus. Die Mysterienpriester der Mysterien des Lichtes waren zu gleicher Zeit die ökonomischen, die wirtschaftlichen Verwalter ihrer Gebiete. Sie wirtschafteten nach den Regeln der Mysterien. Sie bauten die Häuser, sie bauten die Kanäle, sie bauten die Brücken, sie sorgten auch für das Bebauen des Bodens und so weiter.
Das war in der Urzeit eine Kultur durchaus aus dem Geistesleben heraus. Aber diese Kultur verabstrahierte. Aus geistigem Leben wurde sie immer mehr und mehr eine Summe von Ideen. Im Mittelalter ist sie schon Theologie, das heißt, eine Summe von Begriffen, statt des alten geistigen Lebens, oder sie ist angewiesen darauf, weil man mit dem geistigen Leben nicht mehr zusammenhing, abstrakt gehalten zu werden, kurial gehalten zu werden. Denn wenn wir nach den alten Theokratien zurückblicken, da finden wir, daß derjenige, der da herrscht, von den Göttern in den Mysterien dazu seinen Auftrag erhalten hat. Die letzte Dependenz ist der abendländische Herrscher. Man sieht ihm gar nicht mehr an, daß er die letzte Dependenz des aus den Mysterien von den Göttern mit seinem Auftrage hervorgegangenen Beherrschers der Theokratie ist. Alles, was geblieben ist, ist Krone und Krönungsmantel. Das sind die äußeren Insignien, die nun später mehr Orden wurden. Den Titeln merkt man manchmal noch an, wenn man solche Dinge versteht, wie sie zurückgehen auf die Mysterienzeit. Aber alles ist veräußerlicht.
Kaum weniger veräußerlicht ist dasjenige, was durch unsere Gymnasien und Universitäten wallt als Geisteskultur, als letzter Nachklang der göttlichen Botschaften der Mysterien. Es ist das Geistesleben in unser Leben eingeflossen, aber es ist ganz abstrakt geworden, es ist bloßes Vorstellungsleben geworden. Es ist das geworden, wovon endlich die sozialistisch orientierten Kreise sagen: es ist eine Ideologie geworden, das heißt, eine Summe von Gedanken, die nur Gedanken sind. Zu dem ist wirklich unser Geistesleben geworden.
Unter diesem Geistesleben hat sich dasjenige heranentwickelt, was das heutige soziale Chaos ist, weil das Geistesleben, das so filtriert ist, das so verabstrahiert ist, alle Stoßkraft verloren hat. Und wir sind darauf angewiesen, das Geistesleben wiederum auf seine eigenen Grundlagen zu stellen, denn nur so kann es gedeihen. Wir müssen wiederum von dem bloß gedachten Geist zu dem schaffenden Geist den Weg finden. Das können wir nur, wenn wir aus dem staatlichen Geistesleben heraus das freie Geistesleben zu entwickeln suchen, das dann auch die Kraft haben wird, wiederum zum Leben eben zu erwachen. Denn weder ein von der Kirche gegängeltes, noch ein vom Staate bewahrtes und beschütztes Geistesleben, noch ein unter der Last des Wirtschaftens keuchendes Geistesleben kann für die Menschheit fruchtbar sein, sondern nur das auf sich selbst gestellte Geistesleben.
Ja, heute ist es an der Zeit, daß wir den Mut in unseren Seelen aufbringen, frank und frei vor der Welt zu vertreten, daß das Geistesleben auf seinen eigenen Boden gestellt werden müsse. Viele Menschen fragen heute: Was sollen wir denn tun? Das Nächste, worauf es ankommt, das ist, daß wir die Menschen aufklären über das, was notwendig ist. Daß wir möglichst viele Menschen gewinnen, die einsehen, wie notwendig es ist, zum Beispiel das Geistesleben auf seinen eigenen Boden zu stellen, daß wir möglichst viele Menschen gewinnen, die es einsehen, daß dasjenige, was Pädagogik des 19. Jahrhunderts für Volks-, Mittel- und Hochschulen geworden ist, nicht weiter der Menschheit zum Heil gereichen kann, sondern daß neu gebaut werden müsse aus einem freien Geistesleben heraus. Es ist noch wenig der Mut in den Seelen vorhanden, wirklich in radikaler Weise diese Forderung zu stellen. Und man kann sie ja nur stellen, wenn man dahin arbeiter, daß möglichst viele Menschen die Einsicht in diese Verhältnisse gewinnen. Alle andere soziale Arbeit ist heute provisorisch. Das ist dasjenige, was das Wichtigste ist: zu sehen, zu arbeiten, daß immer mehr und mehr Menschen die Einsicht in die sozialen Notwendigkeiten, von denen die eben charakterisierte eine ist, gewinnen können. Aufklärung über diese Dinge verschaffen mit allen Mitteln, die uns zur Verfügung stehen, das ist es, worauf es heute ankommt.
Wir sind noch nicht produktiv geworden in bezug auf das Geistesleben, und wir werden erst produktiv werden in bezug auf das Geistesleben. Ansätze dazu sind vorhanden, ich werde gleich davon sprechen, aber wir sind noch nicht produktiv geworden in bezug auf das Geistesleben. Wir müssen produktiv werden durch die Verselbständigung des Geisteslebens.
Alles was auf der Erde entsteht, läßt Reste zurück. Die Mysterien des Lichtes sind in der heutigen orientalischen Kultur, im orientalischen Geistesleben weniger filtriert als im Abendlande, aber doch durchaus nicht mehr in der Gestalt, in der sie damals waren in der Zeit, die ich geschildert habe. Doch kann man, wenn man das studiert, was die Hindus heute noch haben, was die orientalischen Buddhisten haben, viel eher den Nachklang desjenigen vernehmen, wovon wir selber unser Geistesleben haben, nur ist es auf einer anderen Altersstufe in Asien stehengeblieben. Aber wir sind unproduktiv, wir sind in hohem Grade unproduktiv. Als sich im Abendlande dieKunde von dem Mysterium von Golgatha verbreitet hat — woher nahmen die griechischen, die lateinischen Gelehrten die Begriffe, um das Mysterium von Golgatha zu begreifen? Sie nahmen sie aus der orientalischen Weisheit. Das Abendland hat das Christentum nicht hervorgebracht, es ist aus dem Orient entnommen.
Und ein anderes: Als man die geistige Kultur in englisch sprechenden Gegenden recht unfruchtbar fühlte und nach einer Befruchtung des Geisteslebens seufzte, da gingen die Theosophen zu den unterworfenen Indern und suchten dort ihre Quelle für ihre neuzeitliche Theosophie. Für dasjenige, was man suchte, um das spirituelle Leben zu verbessern, war keine fruchtbare Quelle im eigenen Leben da: man ging nach dem Orient. Und neben diesem Signifikanten könnten Sie viele Beweise für die Unfruchtbarkeit des Geisteslebens im Abendlande finden. Und jeder Beweis für die Unfruchtbarkeit des Geisteslebens im Abendlande ist zu gleicher Zeit ein Beweis für die Notwendigkeit der Verselbständigung des Geisteslebens im dreigliedrigen sozialen Organismus.
Eine zweite Strömung in dem Knäuelwickel ist die Staats- oder Rechtsströmung. Da ist der Knüppel in unserer Kultur, die zweite Strömung. Wenn sie der Mensch heute äußerlich anschaut, wenn er sich äußerlich mit ihr bekannt macht, da sieht er sie, wenn unsere ehrwürdigen Richter auf ihren Richterstühlen mit den Geschworenen sitzen und über die Verbrechen oder Vergehen richten, oder wenn die Verwaltungsbeamten in ihrer Bürokratie walten über unsere zivilisierte Welt hin, zum Verzweifeln derjenigen, die so verwaltet werden. Alles dasjenige, was wir Jurisprudenz, was wir Staat nennen, und alles, was in Verbindung von Jurisprudenz und Staat als Politik entsteht, das ist diese Strömung (siehe Zeichnung S. 229, weiß). Es ist — wie ich das (orange) die Strömung des Geisteslebens nennen kann, so ist dieses die Strömung des Rechtes, des Staates (weiß).
Woher kommt dies? Allerdings geht das auch auf Mysterienkultur zurück. Es geht zurück auf ägyptische Mysterienkultur, die durch die südlichen europäischen Gegenden gegangen ist, und die dann durchgegangen ist durch das nüchterne, phantasielose Wesen der Römer, sich verbunden hat im phantasielosen Wesen der Römer mit einem Seitenast des orientalischen Wesens und da das katholische Christentum beziehungsweise das katholische Kirchentum geworden ist (siehe Zeichnung). Dieses katholische Kirchentum, das ist im Grunde genommen, wenn auch etwas radikal gesprochen, auch eine Jurisprudenz. Denn von einzelnen Dogmen bis zu jenem gewaltigen, großen Gerichte, das immer als « Jüngstes Gericht» dargestellt wurde durch das ganze Mittelalter, wurde das ganz andersartige Geistesleben des Orients, da es den ägyptischen Einschlag hatte aus den Mysterien des Raumes, im Grunde genommen verwandelt in eine Gesellschaft von Weltenrichtern mit Weltenurteilen und Weltenbestrafungen und Sündern und Guten und Bösen: Es ist eine Jurisprudenz. Und das ist das zweite Element, das in unserem Geistesknäuel in der Verwirrung, die wir Zivilisation nennen, drinnen lebt und sich keineswegs organisch mit dem anderen verbunden hat. Daß es sich nicht verbunden hat, das kann jeder erfahren, der einmal an die Universität geht und meinetwillen nacheinander hört eine juristische Rede über Staatsrecht und nachher hört eine theologische Rede, meinetwillen über kanonisches Recht sogar. Das liegt nebeneinander. Aber diese Dinge sind menschengestaltend gewesen. Selbst in späteren Zeiten, wo man ihre Ursprünge vergessen hat, gestalten sie die Menschengemüter noch. Verabstrahierend wirkte das Rechtsleben auf das spätere Geistesleben, aber im äußeren Leben war es in den Menschensitten, Menschengewohnheiten, Menscheneinrichtungen schaffend. Und das, was in der dekadenten Geistesströmung des Orients der letzte soziale Ausläufer war, was ist es denn, wovon man nicht mehr den Ursprung erkennt? Das ist die Feudal-Aristokratie (siehe Zeichnung). Dem Adeligen könnten Sie nicht mehr ansehen, daß er seinen Ursprung hat aus dem orientalisch theokratischen Geistesleben, denn er hat alles abgestreift, es ist nur noch die soziale Konfiguration geblieben. Die Journalisten-Intelligenz, die bekommt manchmal so merkwürdige Alpdruckerscheinungen! Sie bekam solche Alpdruckerscheinung in der neueren Zeit und erfand ein kurioses Wort, auf das sie besonders stolz wurde: «Geistes-Aristokratie». Das konnte man ab und zu hören. Dasjenige, was durch die römische Kirchenverfassung durchgehend, durch die theokratisierende Jurisprudenz, die jurisprudenzende Theokratie hindurchgehend, sich dann verweltlicht im mittelalterlichen Städtewesen, sich völlig verweltlicht in der neueren Zeit, was ist das in der äußersten Dependenz? Das ist die Bourgeoisie (siehe Zeichnung). Und so sind getreulich unter den Menschen durcheinandergewürfelt diese geistigen Kräfte in ihren äußersten Dependenzen.
Eine dritte Strömung verbindet sich schon auch noch damit. Wenn Sie sie heute von außen beobachten (Zeichnung, orange), wo zeigt sich diese dritte Strömung äußerlich sinnenfällig besonders charakteristisch? Ja, es gab für Mitteleuropa geradezu eine Methode, gewissen Leuten zu demonstrieren, wo sich diese äußersten Dependenzen eines auch ursprünglich anderen entfalteten. Das geschah, wenn der mitteleuropäische Mensch seinen Sohn ins Kontor nach London oder nach New York schickte, damit er dort die Usancen des Wirtschaftens lerne. In den Usancen des Wirtschaftslebens, deren Ursprung in Volksgewohnheiten der anglo-amerikanischen Welt liegen, da ist die letzte Konsequenz desjenigen zu sehen, was sich entwickelt hat in Dependenzen aus dem, was ich nennen möchte, die Mysterien der Erde, von denen zum Beispiel die Druiden-Mysterien nur eine besondere Abart waren. Die Mysterien der Erde enthielten in Urzeiten europäischer Bevölkerung noch eine eigentümliche Art des Weisheitslebens. Jener europäischen Bevölkerung, die nichts wußte, ganz barbarisch war gegenüber den Offenbarungen der orientalischen Weisheit, gegenüber den Mysterien des Raumes, gegenüber dem, was dann zum Katholizismus wurde, jener Bevölkerung, die entgegenkam dem sich ausbreitenden Christentum, ihr war eigen eine eigentümliche Art des Weisheitslebens, das ganz und gar physische Weisheit war. Man kann historisch davon höchstens noch die alleräußersten Gebräuche studieren, die in der Geschichte dieser Strömung aufgezeichnet sind: wie zusammenhingen die Festlichkeiten derjenigen Menschen, aus denen die Usancen, die Gewohnheiten Englands und Amerikas geworden sind. DieFestlichkeiten wurden hier in ganz andere Beziehungen gebracht als in Ägypten, wo die Ernte mit den Sternen zusammenhing. Hier war die festliche Gelegenheit die Ernte als solche, und mit anderen Dingen als dort, mit Dingen, die durchaus dem Wirtschaftsleben angehören, hingen die höchsten Festlichkeiten des Jahres zusammen. Wir haben hier durchaus etwas, was auf das Wirtschaftsleben zurückgeht. Und wollen wir den ganzen Geist dieser Sache erfassen, dann müssen wir uns sagen: Von Asien herüber und vom Süden herauf verpflanzen Menschen ein Geistes- und Rechtsleben, das sie von oben her empfangen haben und herunterführen zur Erde. Da, in der dritten Strömung, sprießt ein Wirtschaftsleben auf, das sich hinaufentwickeln muß, das sich hinaufranken muß, das ursprünglich eigentlich in seinen Rechtsusancen, in seinen geistigen Einrichtungen ganz und gar nur Wirtschaftsleben ist, so weit Wirtschaftsleben, daß zum Beispiel eines der besonderen Jahresfeste darinnen bestand, daß man die Befruchtung der Herden als besonderes Fest zu Ehren der Götter feierte. Und ähnliche Feste gab es: alles aus dem Wirtschaftsleben herausgedacht. Und wenn wir in die Gegenden Nordrußlands, Mittelrußlands, Schwedens, Norwegens gehen, oder in diejenigen Gegenden, die bis vor kurzer Zeit die Gegenden Deutschlands waren, nach Frankreich, wenigstens Nordfrankreich, und nach dem heutigen Großbritannien, wenn wir diese Gegenden durchgehen, überall finden wir ausgebreitet eine Bevölkerung, die durchaus vor der Ausbreitung des Christentums in alten Zeiten eine deutlich ausgesprochene Wirtschaftskultur hatten. Und das, was noch als die alten Sitten, als Rechtssittenfest, Götterfestes-Sitte gefunden werden kann, ist Nachklang dieser alten Wirtschaftskultur. (Die Zeichnung an der Tafel ist nun vollständig.)

Diese Wirtschaftskultur begegnet sich mit dem, was von der anderen Seite kommt. Zunächst hat es diese Wirtschaftskultur nicht dazu gebracht, ein selbständiges Rechts- und Geistesleben zu entwickeln. Die ursprünglichen Rechtsusancen sind abgeworfen worden, weil das römische Recht eingeflossen ist, die ursprünglichen Geistesusancen sind abgeworfen worden, weil das griechische Geistesleben eingeflossen ist. Zunächst wird dieses Wirtschaftsleben steril, und arbeitet nach und nach sich wiederum heraus, kann sich aber nur herausarbeiten, wenn es die Chaotisierung mit dem von fremd her angenommenen Geistesleben und Rechtsleben überwindet. Nehmen Sie das heutige anglo-amerikanische Geistesleben. In diesem englisch-amerikanischen Geistesleben haben Sie zwei sehr stark voneinander unterschiedene Dinge. Erstens haben Sie überall mehr als sonstwo auf der Erde im anglo-amerikanischen Geistesleben die sogenannten Geheimgesellschaften, die ziemlich starken Einfluß haben, viel mehr als die Leute wissen. Sie sind durchaus die Bewahrer alten Geisteslebens, und sie sind stolz darauf, die Bewahrer ägyptischen oder orientalischen Geisteslebens zu sein, das ganz und gar filtriert, bis ins Symbol verflüchtigt ist; bis ins Symbol, das man nicht mehr versteht, verflüchtigt ist, aber bei den Oberen eine gewisse große Macht hat. Das ist aber altes Geistesleben, nicht auf eigenem Boden erwachsenes Geistesleben. Daneben ist ein Geistesleben da, das auf dem Wirtschaftsboden durchaus wächst, aber so kleine Blümchen erst treibt, ganz als kleineBlümchen wuchert am Wirtschaftsboden.

Wer solche Dinge studiert und verstehen kann, der weiß gut, daß Locke, Hume, Mill, Spencer, Darwin und andere durchaus diese Blümchen sind aus dem Wirtschaftsleben heraus. Man kann ganz genau die Gedanken eines Mill, die Gedanken eines Spencer aus dem Wirtschaftsleben heraus gewinnen. Die Sozialdemokratie hat das dann zur Theorie erhoben und betrachtet das Geistesleben als eine Dependenz des Wirtschaftslebens. Das ist da zunächst vorhanden, alles herausgeholt aus dem sogenannten Praktischen, eigentlich aus der Lebensroutine heraus, nicht aus der wirklichen Lebenspraxis. So daß da nebeneinandergehen solche Dinge wie der Darwinismus, Spencerismus, Millismus, Humeismus und die filtrierten Mysterienlehren, die dann ihre Fortsetzungen finden in den verschiedenen sektiererischen Evolutionen, die Theosophische Gesellschaft, die Quäker und so weiter. Das Wirtschaftsleben, das herauf will, hat erst die kleinen Blümchen getrieben, ist noch gar nicht weit. Dasjenige, was Geistesleben ist, dasjenige, was Rechtsleben ist: fremde Pflanzen! Und am allermeisten fremde Pflanzen — das bitte ich wohl zu beachten -, fremde Pflanzen um so mehr, je mehr wir in der europäischen Zivilisation nach dem Westen gehen.
Denn in Mitteleuropa, da hat es immer etwas gegeben, was, ich möchte sagen, wie ein Sich-Wehren war, ein Ankämpfen war gegen das griechische Geistesleben auf der einen Seite und das römisch-katholische Rechtsleben auf der anderen Seite. Ein Sich-Aufbäumen hat es da immer gegeben. Ein Beispiel für dieses Aufbäumen ist die mitteleuropäische Philosophie. In England weiß man in Wirklichkeit eigentlich nichts von dieser mitteleuropäischen Philosophie. Man kann in Wirklichkeit den Hegel nicht übersetzen in die englische Sprache, es ist nicht möglich. Man weiß nichts von ihm. Deutsche Philosophie nennt man ja in England Germanismus und meint damit etwas, womit sich ein vernünftiger Mensch nicht befassen kann. Aber gerade in dieser deutschen Philosophie, mit Ausnahme einer Episode -— wo nämlich Kant durch Hume gründlich’ verdorben worden ist, und dieses scheußlicheKantischHumesche Element in die deutsche Philosophie hineingebracht worden ist, das wirklich in den Köpfen der mitteleuropäischen Menschheit so heilloses Unheil angerichtet hat —, mit Ausnahme dieser Episode haben wir immerhin nachher die Nachblüte dieses Aufbäumens gerade in Fichte, Schelling, Hegel. Und wir haben das Suchen nach einem freien Geistesleben schon in Goethe, der nichts mehr wissen will von dem letzten Nachklang der römisch-katholischen Jurisprudenz in dem, was man Naturgesetz nennt. Fühlen Sie ebenso, wie in dem schäbig gewordenen Talar und in den sonderbaren Mützen, die noch die Richter aus der alten Zeit haben — heute machen sie Petitionen, daß sie das ablegen können -, fühlen Sie ebenso in der Naturwissenschaft, in dem Naturgesetze, «Gesetz», das Juristische noch drinnen! Denn der ganze Ausdruck «Naturgesetz» hat zum Beispiel der Goetheschen Naturwissenschaft gegenüber, die nur mit dem Urphänomen, die nur mit der Urtatsache arbeitet, keinen Sinn. Da ist zum ersten Mal radikal angekämpft — aber natürlich ist das alles in dem Beginn geblieben -, das war der erste Vorstoß nach dem freien Geistesleben: die Goethesche Naturwissenschaft. Und in diesem Mitteleuropa gibt es sogar schon den ersten Anstoß zu dem selbständigen Rechts- oder Staatsleben. Lesen Sie solch eine Schrift wie die Wilhelms von Humboldt. Der Mann ist sogar preußischer Unterrichtsminister gewesen. Lesen Sie die Schrift von Wilhelm von Humboldt. Sie hat früher - ich weiß nicht, wie viel sie jetzt kostet - in der Reclamschen Universal-Bibliothek bloß zwanzig Pfennige gekostet. Lesen Sie diese Schrift: «Ideen zu einem Versuch, die Grenzen der Wirksamkeit des Staates zu bestimmen», dann werden Sie sehen den ersten Ansatz, das selbständige Rechts- oder Staatsleben, die Selbständigkeit des eigentlichen politischen Gebietes zu konstruieren. Allerdings ist es eben niemals weiter als zu Ansätzen gekommen. Diese Ansätze liegen zurück bis in die erste Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts, sogar bis in das Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Aber man muß nur bedenken, daß immerhin doch in diesem Mitteleuropa gerade nach dieser Richtung hin wichtige Impulse da sind, Impulse, an die angeknüpft werden kann, die nicht unberücksichtigt gelassen werden sollen, die einmünden können in den Impuls vom dreigliedrigen sozialen Organismus.
Nietzsche hat in eines seiner ersten Bücher dasjenige Wort geschrieben, das ich wieder zitiert habe in meinem Nietzsche-Buch gleich auf den ersten Seiten, und mit dem geahnt wird etwas wie die Tragik des deutschen Geisteslebens. Nietzsche versuchte dazumal in seiner Schrift «David Strauß, der Bekenner und Schriftsteller» die Ereignisse von 1870/71, die Begründung des Deutschen Reiches zu charakterisieren mit dem Wort: «Exstirpation des deutschen Geistes zu Gunsten des deutschen Reiches». Seither ist dieser Kehlkopfschnitt des deutschen Geistes gründlich durchgeführt worden. Und als in den letzten fünf bis sechs Jahren drei Viertel der Welt über dieses ehemalige Deutschland sich hermachten - ich will nicht über die Ursachen und über die Schuldigen sprechen, sondern eben nur die Konfiguration, die Weltlage angeben -, da war es im Grunde genommen schon der Leichnam des deutschen Geisteslebens. Aber wenn man so spricht, wie ich gestern gesprochen habe, unbefangen die Tatsachen charakterisierend, so sollte man nicht heraushören, daß nicht vieles noch drinnenliegt in diesem deutschen Geistesleben, was trotz der zukünftigen Zigeunerhaftigkeit herauskommen muß, was beachtet werden muß, was beachtet sein will. Denn woran sind im Grunde genommen die Deutschen zugrunde gegangen? Man muß sich auch diese Frage unbefangen einmal beantworten. Die Deutschen sind daran zugrunde gegangen, daß sie es auch mitmachen wollten mit dem Materialismus, und weil sie kein Talent haben zum Materialismus. Die anderen haben gute Talente für den Materialismus. Die Deutschen haben überhaupt jene Eigentümlichkeit, die einmal Herman Grimm ausgezeichnet charakterisiert hat, indem er sagte: Die Deutschen weichen in der Regel dann zurück, wenn es ihnen heilsam wäre, kühn vorzuschreiten, und sie stürmen furchtbar stark vor, wenn es ihnen heilsam wäre, sich zurückzuhalten. — Es ist das ein sehr gutes Wort für eine innere Charaktereigenschaft gerade des deutschen Volkes. Denn die Deutschen haben Stoßkraft durch die Jahrhunderte gehabt, aber nicht die Fähigkeit, die Stoßkraft durchzuhalten. Goethe konnte das Urphänomen hinstellen, aber es nicht bis zu den Anfängen der Geisteswissenschaft bringen. Er konnte eine Geistigkeit entwickeln, wie zum Beispiel in seinem «Faust» oder in seinem «Wilhelm Meister», welche die Welt hätte revolutionieren können, wenn die rechten Wege gefunden worden wären. Dagegen brachte es die äußere Persönlichkeit dieses genialen Menschen nur so weit, daß er in Weimar Fett ansetzte und ein Doppelkinn hatte, ein dicker Geheimrat wurde, der ungemein fleißig war auch als Minister, aber der doch genötigt war, fünfte grad sein zu lassen, wie man sagt, gerade im politischen Leben.
Das sollte in der Welt eingesehen werden, daß solche Erscheinungen wie Goethe und Humboldt überall die Ansätze darstellen, und daß die Welt wahrhaftig zu ihrem Schaden, nicht zu ihrem Nutzen, unberücksichtigt lassen könnte dasjenige, was innerhalb der deutschen Evolution lebt, und was durchaus noch nicht ausgebaut ist, was herauskommen muß. Denn die Deutschen haben schließlich auch nicht die Anlage, welche die anderen so großartig haben, je weiter wir nach Westen gehen: überall bis zu den letzten Abstraktionen aufzusteigen. Man nennt nur dasjenige, was die Deutschen in ihrem Geistesleben haben, «Abstraktionen», weil man es nicht erleben kann; und weil man das Leben selbst auspreßt, so glaubt man, die anderen haben es auch nicht drinnen. Aber die Deutschen haben nicht die Gabe, bis zu den äußersten Abstraktionen vorzudringen. Das zeigte sich insbesondere in ihrem Staatsleben, in diesem unglückseligsten aller Staatsleben. Hätten die Deutschen von jeher das große Talent für den Monarchismus gehabt, das sich die Franzosen bis zum heutigen Tage so glänzend bewahrt haben, so würden sie dem «Wilhelminismus» niemals verfallen sein. Sie hätten nicht diese sonderbare, karikaturhafte Gestalt eines Monarchen dastehen zu lassen oder hinzustellen brauchen. Die Franzosen nennen sich zwar Republikaner, aber sie haben unter sich einen heimlichen Monarchen, der das Staatsgefüge fest zusammenhält, der die Gemüter furchtbar im Zaume hält: denn im Grunde genommen ist überall noch der Geist Ludwigs XIV. da. Es ist nur noch in der Dekadenz natürlich, aber es ist da. Es ist schon ein heimlicher Monarch in dem französischen Volke enthalten, das geht im Grunde genommen aus jeder seiner Kulturäußerungen hervor. Und jenes Talent zur Abstraktion, das in Woodrow Wilson zutage getreten ist, das ist eben auf äußerem, politischem Gebiete das äußerste Talent zur Abstraktion. Jene Vierzehn Punkte des Weltenschulmeisters, die in jedem ihrer Worte das Gepräge des Unpraktischen und Undurchführbaren tragen, die konnten nur entspringen aus dem Geiste heraus, der ganz für das Abstrakte gebaut ist, der gar keinen Sinn hat für wahre Wirklichkeiten.
Es wird einmal wohl zwei Dinge geben, die die Kulturgeschichte der Zukunft schwer begreifen wird. Das eine habe ich öfter mit den Worten Herman Grimms vor Ihnen charakterisiert: es ist die Kant-Laplacesche Theorie, an die manche Leute heute noch glauben. Herman Grimm sagt in seinem «Goethe» so schön: man wird einmal jene Krankheit, von den Leuten heute Wissenschaft genannt, schwer begreifen können, die sich in der Kant-Laplaceschen Theorie zum Vorschein bringt, wonach aus einem allgemeinen Weltnebel durch Zusammenballung alles das entstanden ist, was wir heute um uns herum haben. Und das soll so weiter gehen, bis das ganze Zeug wiederum in die Sonne zurückfällt! Ein Aasknochen, um den ein hungriger Hund seine Kreise zieht, ist ein appetitlicheres Stück, als diese Phantasievorstellungen, diese phantastische Vorstellung von der Weltentwickelung. — So meint Herman Grimm. Natürlich wird es einmal große Schwierigkeiten haben, aus dem wissenschaftlichen Wahnsinn des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts diese KantLaplacesche Theorie zu erklären.
Das zweite Stück wird sein die Erklärung der unglaublichen Tatsache, daß es jemals eine große Anzahl Menschen geben konnte, welche den Humbug der Vierzehn Punkte von Woodrow Wilson ernst nahmen, in einem Zeitalter, das sozial so ernst ist.
Studieren wir dasjenige, was in der Welt nebeneinander steht, dann finden wir, wie in einer eigentümlichen Weise sich durcheinanderknäueln Wirtschaftsleben, politisches Rechtsleben, Geistesleben. Wollen wir nicht zugrunde gehen unter dem in die alleräußerste Degeneration gekommenen Geistes- und Rechtsleben, dann müssen wir uns hinwenden zu dem dreigliedrigen sozialen Organismus, der aus den selbständigen Wurzeln heraus baut das Wirtschaftsleben, das emporkommen will, das aber nicht emporkommen kann, wenn ihm kein Rechtsleben und kein Geistesleben aus der Freiheit entgegenkommen. Die Dinge haben in der ganzen Menschheitsevolution und im menschlichen Zusammenleben ihre tiefen Wurzeln. Diese Wurzeln, sie müssen aufgesucht werden. Den Menschen muß heute verständlich gemacht werden, wie da unten, ich möchte sagen, ganz am Boden kriecht das Wirtschaftsleben, eingefädelt von anglo-amerikanischen Denkgewohnheiten, wie es sich nur hinaufranken wird können, wenn es im Zusammenklang mit der ganzen Welt arbeitet, mit dem, wofür andere auch befähigt, andere auch begabt sind. Sonst wird ihm das Erringen der Weltherrschaft zum Verhängnis werden.
Geht der Gang der Welt so fort, wie er gegangen ist mit dem sich degenerierenden, vom Oriente her kommenden Geistesleben, dann saust dieses Geistesleben, während es an einem Ende die erhabenste Wahrheit war, am andern Ende in die furchtbarste Lüge hinein. Nietzsche hat schildern müssen, wie schon die Griechen sich vor der Lebenslüge haben bewahren müssen durch ihre Kunst. Und im Grunde genommen ist die Kunst das Götterkind, das die Menschen bewahrt vor dem Versinken in die Lüge. Wenn diesem ersten Zweige der Kultur nur einseitig nachgegangen wird, so mündet diese Strömung hinein in die Lüge. In den letzten fünf bis sechs Jahren ist von allen weltgeschichtlichen Jahren am allermeisten innerhalb der zivilisierten Menschheit gelogen worden. Es ist fast überhaupt nicht die Wahrheit gesagt worden im öffentlichen Lebens, es war fast kein Wort, das durch die Welt gegangen ist, wahr. Während diese Strömung hineinmündet in die Lüge (siehe Zeichnung $. 229), mündet die mittlere Strömung hinein in die Selbstsucht. Und ein Wirtschaftsleben wie das anglo-amerikanische, das in die Weltherrschaft ausmünden sollte: wenn es sich nicht bequemt, sich durchdringen zu lassen von dem selbständigen Geistesleben und selbständigen Staatsleben, mündet ein in den dritten der Abgründe des Menschenlebens, in den dritten jener drei. Der erste Abgrund ist die Lüge, die Entartung der Menschheit durch Ahriman. Der zweite ist die Selbstsucht, die Entartung der Menschheit durch Luzifer. Der dritte ist auf physischem Gebiete Krankheit und Tod, auf Kulturgebieten: Kulturkrankheit, Kulturtod.
Die anglo-amerikanische Welt mag die Weltherrschaft erringen: ohne die Dreigliederung wird sie durch diese Weltherrschaft über die Welt den Kulturtod und die Kulturkrankheit ergießen, denn diese sind ebenso eine Gabe der Asuras, wie die Lüge eine Gabe des Ahriman, wie die Selbstsucht eine Gabe des Luzifer ist. So ist das dritte, sich würdig den anderen an die Seite Stellende, eine Gabe der asurischen Mächte!
Man muß aus diesen Dingen den Enthusiasmus nehmen, der einen befeuern soll, nun wirklich zu suchen die Wege, möglichst viele Menschen aufzuklären. Heute ist die Aufgabe des Einsichtigen: die Aufklärung der Menschheit. Wir müssen so viel als möglich dazu tun, gegen jene Torheit, die sich Weisheit dünkt und die da glaubt, daß sie es so herrlich weit gebracht hat, gegen jene Torheit dasjenige hinzustellen, was wir gewinnen können aus dem praktischen Aspekt der anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft.
Habe ich noch mit diesen Worten ein wenig das Gefühl in Ihnen erwecken können, welch tiefer Ernst in diesen Dingen heute stecken muß, dann habe ich vielleicht etwas von dem erreicht, was ich gern gerade mit diesen Worten erreicht haben möchte. Wenn wir uns dann nach ein paar Wochen wieder sehen, wollen wir von ähnlichen Dingen weiter reden. Heute habe ich nur ein Gefühl in Ihnen hervorrufen wollen davon, daß es gegenwärtig wirklich die wichtigste soziale Arbeit ist, die Menschen im weitesten Umkreise aufzuklären.
Twelfth Lecture
The tasks facing humanity in the present and in the near future are momentous, significant, and great. And it is indeed a matter of summoning up a strong spiritual courage in order to do something to accomplish these tasks. Anyone who looks at these tasks today and tries to gain a real insight into what humanity needs must often think of the superficial lightness with which public, so-called public affairs are taken today. One might say that people today are politicizing in the dark. Out of a few emotions, out of a few completely selfish or populist points of view, people form their views on life, whereas the seriousness of the present would require a certain longing to truly gain the actual foundations for a sound judgment. Over the past months and years, I have given lectures and presented my thoughts on a wide variety of topics, including contemporary history and the demands of our time, always with the aim of providing facts that enable people to form their own judgments, not to present them with a ready-made judgment. The desire to know the facts of life, to know them more thoroughly and more thoroughly, in order to have a real basis for judgment, is what matters today. I must say this in particular because the various statements and writings I have made with regard to the so-called social question and the threefold social order are, as can be clearly seen, taken far too lightly, because far too little attention is paid to the serious factual foundations underlying these issues. People today find it so difficult to get to these actual foundations because, even though they do not want to admit it, they are actually theorists in all areas of life. Those who today imagine themselves to be practitioners are the strongest theorists, because they are generally content to form a few ideas about life and want to judge this life from these few ideas, whereas today only a real, universal and comprehensive approach to life that it is possible to arrive at a proper judgment about what is necessary. One could say that, in a certain sense, it is at least intellectual frivolity today to engage in politics or fantasize about life without proper foundations. One would wish for a seriousness of life to be found in the depths of people's souls today.
If, like the other side, so to speak, the practical side of our spiritual-scientific striving in recent times is also presented to the world, namely the threefold social organism, then it is the case that the whole way of thinking and imagining that prevails in the elaboration of this threefold social organism is met with prejudices and, in particular, preconceptions. Where do these prejudices, especially preconceptions, come from? Well, people today form ideas about what truth is—I am talking now about social life—they form ideas about what is good, what is right, what is useful, and so on. And once they have formed certain ideas, they believe that these ideas are absolutely valid everywhere and for all time. Take, for example, a socialist-minded person in Western, Central, or Eastern Europe. They have very specific socialist ideals. But what are their underlying ideas about these socialist ideals? He has the underlying idea that what he imagines will satisfy him must now satisfy all people throughout the world, and that this must apply indefinitely to the entire future existence of the earth. Today, there is little awareness that everything that is supposed to apply as a concept for social life must be born out of the fundamental character of the time and place. That is why it is not easy to see how necessary it is that, with various nuances, the threefold social organism be incorporated into our present European culture with its American appendage. If it is incorporated, the nuances in relation to space, that is, to the different regions of the earth's peoples, will arise of their own accord. And besides, after the time when, due to human evolution, the ideas and thoughts I have mentioned today in the “core points of the social question” can no longer apply, other ideas and thoughts must be found.
These are not absolute ideas, but ideas for the present and for the immediate future of humanity. But in order to understand the full significance of this threefold division of the social organism into an independent spiritual life, an independent legal and state life, and an independent economic life, one must first take an unbiased look at the way in which the interaction of spirit, state, and economy has come about in our European-American civilization. This interaction between the threads—the thread of spirit, the thread of law or state, and the thread of economy—is by no means easy. Our culture, our civilization, is a tangle which, when unwound, reveals three threads of very different origins. Our spiritual life has a fundamentally different origin than our legal or state life, and in turn a completely different origin than our economic life. And these three currents with different origins are chaotically intertwined. Today, of course, I can only sketch this out, because in the brevity of time I will not pursue these three currents back to their source.
Our spiritual life, as it initially presents itself to those who take things at face value, who take them as they appear to the senses, is appropriated by human beings in that they allow themselves to be influenced by the continuation of ancient Greek and Latin cultural life, of Greek-Latin spiritual life, as it initially flowed through what what later became our high schools, through what our universities have become. For our remaining so-called humanistic education, right down to elementary school, is entirely dependent on what flows in, so to speak, as a current (it is drawn in yellow, see page 229), initially from the Greek element. For what we have as spiritual life, as our European spiritual life, is initially of Greek origin, having only passed through Latin. Latin is a transit station. However, in recent times, this spiritual life originating in Greece has mixed with something else, which comes from what we call the technology of various fields that were not yet accessible to the Greeks: the technology of mechanical beings, the technology of commercial beings, and so on. I could say that technical colleges, commercial colleges, and so on have joined our universities, bringing a more modern element to what flows into our souls through our humanistic schools, which go back to Greek culture; not just into the souls of some so-called educated class, because what are socialist “theories” today what haunts even the minds of the proletariat, is only a derivation of what actually originated in Greek intellectual life. It has only undergone various metamorphoses. But this intellectual life, if we trace it back to its further origins, goes back to the Orient. And what we find in Plato, what we find in Heraclitus, in Pythagoras, in Empedocles, especially in Anaxagoras, all of that goes back to the Orient. What we find in Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides goes back to the Orient, what we find in Phidias goes back to the Orient. Greek culture goes back to the Orient. It underwent a significant transformation on its way from the Orient to Greece. In the Orient, this intellectual culture was much more spiritual than it was in ancient Greece, and in the Orient it was an outflow of what can be called the mysteries of the spirit, or I might also say the mysteries of light (this is drawn again, see page 229). Greek spiritual life was already a filtered, diluted version of the spiritual life from which it originated, the spiritual life of the Orient. This was based on very special spiritual experiences. If I were to describe these spiritual experiences to you, I would have to characterize them in the following way.
Of course, we must go back to prehistoric times, because the mysteries of light or the mysteries of the spirit are entirely prehistoric phenomena. If I am to describe to you the character of this spiritual life as it developed, I must say the following. We know that when we go back very far in human evolution, we find more and more that the people of ancient times had an atavistic clairvoyance, a dreamlike clairvoyance through which the secrets of the universe were revealed to them. And we are quite correct in saying that throughout the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh millennia before the Mystery of Golgotha, the civilized Asian earth was inhabited by people to whom spiritual truths were revealed through their clairvoyance, which was entirely bound to nature, to the blood, to the physical organization. This was, so to speak, the population spread over a wide area. But this atavistic clairvoyance was in decline, falling more and more into decadence. And this decline of atavistic clairvoyance is not merely a cultural-historical phenomenon; it is at the same time a phenomenon of the social life of humanity.
Why? Because from this vast mass of the earth's population, from various centers, but mainly from one center in Asia, a special kind of human being arose, a kind of human being with special abilities. These people had, apart from the atavistic clairvoyance that had remained with them in a certain sense — a dreamlike grasp of the mysteries of the world still arose from their inner soul life —, apart from this dreamlike grasp of the world, they also had — and they were the first people in human evolution to have this — what we call the power of thought. They were the first to have the dawning intelligence.
It was a significant social phenomenon that these ancient people, who had nothing but dreamlike visions of the mysteries of the world, saw immigrants coming into their territories whom they could still understand because they also had visions, but who already had something they themselves did not have: the power of thought. This was a special kind of people. The Indians regarded the caste they called the Brahmin caste as the descendants of these people, who combined atavistic clairvoyance with the power of thought. And when they descended from the higher northern regions of Asia to the southern regions, they became known as Aryans. This is the Aryan population. Their original characteristic is that they combined the plebeian abilities of atavistic clairvoyance with the power of thought, if I may use the later expression.
And those mysteries which are called the mysteries of the spirit, or specifically the mysteries of light, were founded by such people who combined atavistic clairvoyance with the first flash of intelligence, the inner light of man. And a dependency of that which came into humanity at that time as an illuminating spark is our spiritual education, but it is indeed a dependency.
Much of what was revealed has been preserved in humanity. But we must remember that even the Greeks, especially the more educated personalities among them, saw the old atavistic gift of clairvoyance fade and die out, and that what remained to them was the power of thought. Among the Romans, only the power of thought remained. Among the Greeks, there was still the awareness that the power of thought also came from the same sources as the ancient atavistic clairvoyance. That is why Socrates still expressed something he knew from experience when he spoke of his daemon, who inspired him with his admittedly only dialectical, intelligent truths.
The Greeks also gave artistic significance to the preeminence of the intelligent human being, or rather, the emergence of the intelligent human being from the rest of humanity: for in their sculpture — if one studies it closely — the Greeks have three types that differ greatly from one another. They have the Aryan type, which is found in the head of Apollo, the head of Pallas Athena, the head of Zeus, and the head of Hera. Compare the ears of Apollo with the ears of a Mercury head, the nose of Apollo with the nose of a Mercury head, and you will see what a different type it is. The Greeks wanted to point out how, in the Mercury type, what was old and past clairvoyance, which still lived on as superstition, which was low education, as it existed at the bottom of culture, merged with intelligence in Greek culture, and how the Aryan, whose artistic representation was the head of Zeus, the head of Pallas Athena, and so on. And the races at the very bottom, with the murky remnants of ancient clairvoyance, who still lived in Greece but were perceived by the Greeks mainly on the periphery of Greece, are again preserved in a different type: in the satyr type, which is again completely different from the Mercury type. Compare the satyr's nose with Mercury's nose, the satyr's ears with Mercury's ears, and so on. In his art, the Greek allowed to flow together what he carried in his consciousness about his becoming.
What then emerged in modern times through the gradual filtering of the mysteries of the spirit or of light through Greece had a certain peculiarity as a spiritual culture. It was endowed with such inner momentum as a spiritual culture that it was able to establish the legal life of human beings out of itself. Hence, on the one hand, the revelation of the gods in the mysteries, which brought the spirit to human beings, and the implantation of this spirit acquired from the gods into the external social organism, into the theocracies. Everything goes back to the theocracies. And these theocracies were not only capable of permeating themselves with law and political essence from the mysteries themselves, but also of regulating economic life from the spirit. The mystery priests of the mysteries of light were at the same time the economic administrators of their territories. They managed their economies according to the rules of the mysteries. They built the houses, they built the canals, they built the bridges, they also took care of cultivating the soil, and so on.
In ancient times, this was a culture that arose entirely from spiritual life. But this culture became abstract. Spiritual life increasingly became a sum of ideas. In the Middle Ages, it was already theology, that is, a sum of concepts instead of the old spiritual life, or it was dependent on being kept abstract and curial because it was no longer connected to spiritual life. For when we look back at the old theocracies, we find that those who ruled there had received their mandate from the gods in the mysteries. The last dependency is the Western ruler. You can no longer see that he is the last dependency of the ruler of theocracy who emerged from the mysteries of the gods with his mission. All that remains is the crown and the coronation mantle. These are the external insignia, which later became more like orders. The titles sometimes still reveal this, if one understands such things and how they go back to the time of the mysteries. But everything has been externalized.
Hardly less externalized is what flows through our high schools and universities as intellectual culture, as the last echo of the divine messages of the mysteries. It has flowed into our lives, but it has become completely abstract, a mere life of ideas. It has become what socialist circles finally say it is: an ideology, that is, a sum of thoughts that are only thoughts. That is what our spiritual life has really become.
Under this spiritual life, what has developed is what we see today as social chaos, because spiritual life that is so filtered, so abstracted, has lost all its driving force. And we are dependent on putting spiritual life back on its own foundations, because only then can it flourish. We must find our way back from the merely thought mind to the creative mind. We can only do this if we seek to develop a free spiritual life out of the spiritual life of the state, which will then also have the power to awaken to life again. For neither a spiritual life controlled by the church, nor one preserved and protected by the state, nor one gasping under the burden of economic activity can be fruitful for humanity, but only a spiritual life that stands on its own.
Yes, today is the time for us to summon up the courage in our souls to stand up frankly and freely before the world and declare that spiritual life must be placed on its own ground. Many people today ask: What are we to do? The next thing that matters is that we enlighten people about what is necessary. That we win over as many people as possible who understand how necessary it is, for example, to place spiritual life on its own ground, that we win over as many people as possible who understand that what 19th-century pedagogy has become for elementary, secondary, and higher education can no longer serve the good of humanity, but that something new must be built from a free spiritual life. There is still little courage in people's souls to really make this demand in a radical way. And one can only make it if one works toward enabling as many people as possible to gain insight into these conditions. All other social work today is provisional. That is what is most important: to see, to work, so that more and more people can gain insight into the social necessities, of which the one just characterized is one. To provide enlightenment about these things with all the means at our disposal is what matters today.
We have not yet become productive in relation to spiritual life, and we will only become productive in relation to spiritual life. There are beginnings of this, which I will speak about in a moment, but we have not yet become productive in relation to spiritual life. We must become productive through the independence of spiritual life.
Everything that arises on earth leaves traces behind. The mysteries of light are less filtered in today's Eastern culture, in Eastern spiritual life, than in the West, but they are certainly no longer in the form they were in the time I have described. However, if we study what the Hindus still have today, what the Oriental Buddhists have, we can much more easily hear the echoes of what our own spiritual life is based on, only it has remained at a different stage of development in Asia. But we are unproductive, we are highly unproductive. When the knowledge of the mystery of Golgotha spread in the West, where did the Greek and Latin scholars get the concepts to understand the mystery of Golgotha? They took them from Eastern wisdom. The West did not produce Christianity; it was taken from the East.
And another example: when spiritual culture was felt to be quite barren in English-speaking countries and people longed for a fertilization of spiritual life, theosophists went to the subjugated Indians and sought there the source for their modern theosophy. There was no fruitful source in their own lives for what they were seeking to improve their spiritual life: they went to the Orient. And besides this significant fact, you could find many proofs of the barrenness of spiritual life in the West. And every proof of the barrenness of spiritual life in the West is at the same time a proof of the necessity of the independence of spiritual life in the threefold social organism.
A second current in the tangled web is the state or legal current. There is the club in our culture, the second current. When people look at it externally today, when they become acquainted with it externally, they see it when our venerable judges sit on their benches with the jurors and judge crimes or misdemeanors, or when administrative officials rule over our civilized world in their bureaucracy, to the despair of those who are thus administered. Everything that we call jurisprudence, everything that we call the state, and everything that arises in connection with jurisprudence and the state as politics, is this current (see drawing on p. 229, white). Just as I can call the orange current the current of spiritual life, so this is the current of law, of the state (white).
Where does this come from? However, this also goes back to mystery culture. It goes back to Egyptian mystery culture, which passed through the southern European regions and then passed through the sober, unimaginative nature of the Romans, where it combined with a side branch of the Oriental nature and became Catholic Christianity or the Catholic Church (see drawing). This Catholic Church is, in essence, although somewhat radically spoken, also a jurisprudence. For from individual dogmas to that mighty, great court, which was always depicted as the “Last Judgment” throughout the Middle Ages, the completely different spiritual life of the Orient, with its Egyptian influence from the mysteries of space, was basically transformed into a society of world judges with world judgments and world punishments and sinners and good and evil: It is jurisprudence. And that is the second element that lives in our mental tangle in the confusion we call civilization, and which has by no means become organically connected with the other. Anyone who goes to university and, for my sake, listens to a lecture on constitutional law and then, for my sake, listens to a lecture on theology, even on canon law, can see that it has not become connected. These things lie side by side. But these things have shaped human beings. Even in later times, when their origins have been forgotten, they still shape the human mind. The legal system had an abstracting effect on later intellectual life, but in external life it was creative in human customs, habits, and institutions. And what was the last social offshoot of the decadent intellectual current of the Orient, the origin of which can no longer be recognized? It is the feudal aristocracy (see drawing). You could no longer tell that the aristocrat had his origins in the Oriental theocratic spiritual life, for he had stripped himself of everything; only the social configuration remained. The journalistic intelligentsia sometimes experiences such strange nightmares! They experienced such nightmarish visions in recent times and invented a curious word of which they became particularly proud: “spiritual aristocracy.” You could hear it now and then. What is it, in its extreme dependence, that passed through the Roman church constitution, through the theocratic jurisprudence, the jurisprudential theocracy, and then became secularized in the medieval city system and completely secularized in more recent times? It is the bourgeoisie (see drawing). And so these spiritual forces are faithfully jumbled together among human beings in their extreme dependencies.
A third current is also connected with this. If you observe it from the outside today (drawing, orange), where does this third current manifest itself most characteristically in the external world? Yes, in Central Europe there was a method of demonstrating to certain people where these extreme dependencies of something originally different unfolded. This happened when Central Europeans sent their sons to London or New York to learn the customs of business. In the customs of economic life, which have their origins in the folk customs of the Anglo-American world, we can see the ultimate consequence of what developed in dependencies from what I would like to call the mysteries of the earth, of which the Druid mysteries, for example, were only a special variant. In the early days of the European population, the mysteries of the earth still contained a peculiar kind of wisdom. Those European populations, who knew nothing, who were completely barbaric towards the revelations of Eastern wisdom, towards the mysteries of space, towards what then became Catholicism, those populations who encountered the spread of Christianity, had their own peculiar form of wisdom, which was entirely physical wisdom. Historically, one can at most study the most extreme customs recorded in the history of this movement: how the festivities of those people were connected with the customs and habits that became those of England and America. The festivities were placed in a completely different context here than in Egypt, where the harvest was connected with the stars. Here, the festive occasion was the harvest itself, and the highest festivities of the year were connected with things other than those in Egypt, things that belonged entirely to economic life. Here we have something that goes back to economic life. And if we want to grasp the whole spirit of this matter, we must say to ourselves: from Asia and from the south, people transplant a spiritual and legal life that they have received from above and bring it down to earth. There, in the third stream, an economic life springs up that must develop upward, that must climb upward, that is originally, in its legal customs, in its spiritual institutions, entirely and only economic life, so much economic life that, for example, one of the special annual festivals consisted of celebrating the fertilization of the herds as a special festival in honor of the gods. And there were similar festivals: all conceived out of economic life. And when we go to the regions of northern Russia, central Russia, Sweden, Norway, or to those regions that until recently were part of Germany, to France, at least northern France, and to present-day Great Britain, when we travel through these regions, we find everywhere a population that, before the spread of Christianity in ancient times, had a clearly pronounced economic culture. And what can still be found as old customs, as legal customs, as customs of the gods, is an echo of this ancient economic culture. (The drawing on the board is now complete.)
This economic culture encounters what comes from the other side. At first, this economic culture did not lead to the development of an independent legal and intellectual life. The original legal customs were discarded because Roman law was introduced, and the original intellectual customs were discarded because Greek intellectual life was introduced. Initially, this economic life becomes sterile and gradually works itself out, but it can only do so if it overcomes the chaos caused by the spiritual and legal life adopted from outside. Take today's Anglo-American spiritual life. In this Anglo-American intellectual life, you have two things that are very different from each other. First, you have more than anywhere else on earth in Anglo-American intellectual life the so-called secret societies, which have quite a strong influence, much more than people know. They are the guardians of the old spiritual life, and they are proud to be the guardians of the Egyptian or Oriental spiritual life, which has been completely filtered and reduced to symbols; reduced to symbols that are no longer understood, but which have a certain great power among the upper classes. But this is old spiritual life, not spiritual life that has grown on its own soil. Alongside this there is a spiritual life that grows on the soil of the economy, but only sprouts as tiny flowers, sprouting like little flowers on the soil of the economy.

Anyone who studies and understands such things knows very well that Locke, Hume, Mill, Spencer, Darwin, and others are indeed these flowers that have sprung from economic life. One can derive the thoughts of a Mill or a Spencer quite precisely from economic life. Social democracy has then elevated this to a theory and regards spiritual life as a dependency of economic life. That is what is there at first, everything taken from the so-called practical, actually from the routine of life, not from real life experience. So that things like Darwinism, Spencerism, Millism, Humeism, and the filtered mystery teachings go hand in hand, which then find their continuation in the various sectarian evolutions, the Theosophical Society, the Quakers, and so on. The economic life that wants to rise up has only sprouted little flowers; it is not yet very far along. That which is spiritual life, that which is legal life: foreign plants! And most of all foreign plants — please note this — foreign plants all the more the further we go westward in European civilization.
For in Central Europe there has always been something that I would describe as a kind of resistance, a struggle against Greek spiritual life on the one hand and Roman Catholic legal life on the other. There has always been a kind of rebellion. One example of this rebellion is Central European philosophy. In England, people actually know nothing about this Central European philosophy. In reality, it is impossible to translate Hegel into English. People know nothing about him. German philosophy is referred to in England as Germanism, meaning something that no reasonable person can concern themselves with. But it is precisely in this German philosophy, with the exception of one episode—namely, when Kant was thoroughly corrupted by Hume and this hideous Kantian-Humean element was introduced into German philosophy, which really caused such havoc in the minds of Central Europeans—with the exception of this episode, we nevertheless have the afterglow of this rebellion in Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel. And we already see the search for a free intellectual life in Goethe, who wants nothing more to do with the last echoes of Roman Catholic jurisprudence in what is called natural law. Do you feel the same way, as in the shabby robes and strange caps still worn by judges from the old days—today they are petitioning to be allowed to discard them—do you feel the same way in natural science, in the laws of nature, in “law,” that the legalistic is still there! For the whole expression “natural law” has no meaning, for example, in relation to Goethe's natural science, which works only with the original phenomenon, only with the original fact. There, for the first time, a radical struggle was fought—but of course it all remained in its infancy—that was the first advance toward a free intellectual life: Goethe's natural science. And in this Central Europe there is even the first impetus toward an independent legal or state life. Read a work such as that of Wilhelm von Humboldt. The man was even Prussian Minister of Education. Read the work of Wilhelm von Humboldt. It used to cost – I don't know how much it costs now – only twenty pfennigs in the Reclam Universal Library. Read this work: “Ideas for an Attempt to Determine the Limits of the Effectiveness of the State,” and you will see the first attempt to construct an independent legal or state life, the independence of the actual political sphere. However, it never got beyond the initial stages. These attempts date back to the first half of the 19th century, even to the end of the 18th century. But one must remember that, after all, there are important impulses in this direction in Central Europe, impulses that can be taken up, that should not be ignored, that can lead to the impulse of the threefold social organism.
In one of his first books, Nietzsche wrote the words that I quoted in my book on Nietzsche on the very first pages, words that foreshadow something like the tragedy of German intellectual life. In his work “David Strauss, the Confessor and Writer,” Nietzsche attempted to characterize the events of 1870/71, the founding of the German Empire, with the words: “The extirpation of the German spirit in favor of the German Empire.” Since then, this laryngectomy of the German spirit has been thoroughly carried out. And when, in the last five to six years, three quarters of the world took possession of this former Germany—I do not want to talk about the causes and the guilty parties, but only about the configuration, the world situation—it was, in essence, already the corpse of German intellectual life. But if one speaks as I did yesterday, impartially characterizing the facts, one should not fail to hear that there is still much within this German spiritual life that, despite its future nomadic existence, must come out, must be taken into account, wants to be taken into account. For what, after all, has caused the Germans to go under? One must answer this question impartially. The Germans have gone under because they wanted to go along with materialism, and because they have no talent for materialism. Others have a talent for materialism. Germans have a peculiarity that Herman Grimm once characterized so well when he said: Germans usually retreat when it would be beneficial for them to boldly advance, and they charge forward with tremendous force when it would be beneficial for them to hold back. This is a very apt description of an inner characteristic of the German people. For the Germans have had momentum throughout the centuries, but not the ability to sustain it. Goethe was able to identify the original phenomenon, but he was unable to trace it back to the beginnings of the humanities. He was able to develop a spirituality, as for example in his Faust or in his Wilhelm Meister, which could have revolutionized the world if the right paths had been found. In contrast, the outer personality of this brilliant man only got him so far that he put on weight in Weimar and developed a double chin, becoming a fat privy councilor who was extremely diligent, even as a minister, but who was nevertheless forced to take a back seat, as they say, especially in political life.
The world should recognize that phenomena such as Goethe and Humboldt represent the beginnings of something new, and that it would truly be to its detriment, not its benefit, to ignore what lives within the German evolution, what has not yet been fully developed, what must come to fruition. For the Germans do not have the predisposition that others have so magnificently, the further west we go: to rise to the highest levels of abstraction. We call what the Germans have in their intellectual life “abstractions” because we cannot experience it; and because we squeeze the life out of it, we believe that others do not have it either. But the Germans do not have the gift of penetrating to the utmost abstractions. This was particularly evident in their state life, in this most unfortunate of all state lives. If the Germans had always had the great talent for monarchism that the French have preserved so brilliantly to this day, they would never have fallen for “Wilhelminism.” They would not have had to put up with or create this strange, caricature-like figure of a monarch. The French call themselves republicans, but they have a secret monarch among them who holds the state structure firmly together and keeps people's minds terribly in check: for, in essence, the spirit of Louis XIV is still everywhere. It is only natural in its decadence, but it is there. There is already a secret monarch within the French people, which is evident in every expression of their culture. And that talent for abstraction that has come to the fore in Woodrow Wilson is precisely the ultimate talent for abstraction in the external, political sphere. The fourteen points of the world's schoolmaster, which bear the stamp of impracticality and unworkability in every word, could only have sprung from a mind that is entirely built for the abstract and has no sense of true realities.
There will probably be two things that the cultural history of the future will find difficult to comprehend. I have often characterized one of them to you with the words of Herman Grimm: it is the Kant-Laplace theory, which some people still believe in today. Herman Grimm says so beautifully in his “Goethe”: one day it will be difficult to understand the disease that people today call science, which manifests itself in the Kant-Laplace theory, according to which everything we see around us today arose from a general nebula through agglomeration. And this is supposed to continue until all this stuff falls back into the sun! A carcass around which a hungry dog circles is more appetizing than these fantasies, these fantastical ideas about the development of the world. — So says Herman Grimm. Of course, it will be very difficult to explain this Kant-Laplace theory once the scientific madness of the 19th and 20th centuries has passed.
The second piece will be the explanation of the incredible fact that there could ever have been a large number of people who took the humbug of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points seriously in an age that is so serious socially.
If we study what exists side by side in the world, we find that economic life, political and legal life, and intellectual life are intertwined in a peculiar way. If we do not want to perish under the extreme degeneration of intellectual and legal life, then we must turn to the threefold social organism, which builds economic life from its independent roots. Economic life wants to rise, but it cannot rise if it is not met by legal life and intellectual life arising from freedom. Things have their deep roots in the entire evolution of humanity and in human coexistence. These roots must be sought out. People today must be made to understand how economic life, threaded together by Anglo-American ways of thinking, crawls along at the bottom, so to speak, and how it will only be able to climb upward if it works in harmony with the whole world, with what others are also capable of and gifted with. Otherwise, the achievement of world domination will be its undoing.
If the world continues as it has been, with the degeneration of intellectual life coming from the East, then this intellectual life, which was the most sublime truth at one end, will rush into the most terrible lie at the other. Nietzsche had to describe how the Greeks had to protect themselves from the lie of life through their art. And basically, art is the child of the gods that protects people from sinking into lies. If this first branch of culture is pursued one-sidedly, this current leads to lies. In the last five to six years, more lies have been told within civilized humanity than in any other period of world history. Almost no truth has been spoken in public life; almost no word that has passed through the world has been true. While this current leads to lies (see drawing $. 229), the middle current leads to selfishness. And an economic life such as the Anglo-American one, which was supposed to lead to world domination: if it does not allow itself to be permeated by an independent spiritual life and an independent state life, it leads to the third of the abysses of human life, the third of those three. The first abyss is lying, the degeneration of humanity through Ahriman. The second is selfishness, the degeneration of humanity through Lucifer. The third is sickness and death in the physical realm, and cultural sickness and cultural death in the cultural realm.
The Anglo-American world may achieve world domination: without the threefold social order, however, this world domination will bring about the death of culture and cultural disease, for these are just as much a gift of the Asuras as lying is a gift of Ahriman and selfishness is a gift of Lucifer. Thus, the third, which places itself worthily alongside the others, is a gift of the Asuric powers!
We must draw from these things the enthusiasm that will fire us to truly seek ways to enlighten as many people as possible. Today, the task of the discerning is to enlighten humanity. We must do as much as possible to counter the folly that thinks itself wisdom and believes that it has come so far, to counter that folly with what we can gain from the practical aspect of anthroposophically oriented spiritual science.
If I have been able to awaken in you with these words a little of the deep seriousness that must be attached to these things today, then perhaps I have achieved something of what I would like to achieve with these words. When we meet again in a few weeks, let us continue talking about similar things. Today, I only wanted to awaken in you a feeling that it is truly the most important social work at present to enlighten people in the widest possible circles.