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The Mysteries of Light, of Space, and of the Earth
GA 194

14 December 1919, Dornach

III. Historical Occurrences of the Last Century

Today I should like to discuss a few things, speaking at times more generally, in connection with what was said yesterday and the day before. From those two lectures you will have been able to learn that spiritual science, as conceived here, is to be born, in our time and for the very near future, out of the deepest and most serious demands of human evolution. I have often mentioned that we are not concerned here with those ideals which originate in man's subjective nature, but rather with what is being deciphered from the spiritual history of the evolution of humanity; and from this spiritual history one can clearly see that the science of initiation, that is, the science which brings over its knowledge from beyond the threshold of the spiritual world, is absolutely necessary for the further evolution of mankind. But all that can be said today concerning a genuine knowledge of the spiritual world is opposed by those powers which stand for the antiquated; and the opposition of the people in whom these powers live must be overcome. The statement of the necessity for a complete transformation of learning and thinking with regard to the most important affairs of human evolution must be seriously and basically understood. Therefore I should like to ask you to attach special importance to the idea that it must be our purpose to overcome everything of a merely sectarian nature, still rampant even in the anthroposophical mind, and really to see the significance for the world and for humanity of anthroposophically-orientated spiritual science.

People today are still far from being awakened out of the sleep in which they were enfolded by that development which I have already described to you in certain of its fundamental characteristics, and which began about the middle of the 15th century. Certainly what was incorporated in the evolution of humanity during that time: namely, external physical science with its great triumphs, the materialistic conception of cosmic laws, and with it the mistaken social ideas so clearly evident today—all that has from this direction enveloped humanity in sleep continues to have a powerful effect; and a fruitful advance will not be possible unless mankind is shaken out of this sleep. Let us never forget that the knowledge of the spiritual has powerful enemies in all those who wish to be assured first of all—just from pure mental indolence—of the continuance of what they have been accustomed to think. We cannot say that we should take no notice when on the part of such people hostility and opposition to spiritual science as it is purposed here become more and more determined as this spiritual science becomes better known. To be sure, anyone might believe that such things should be allowed to pass entirely unnoticed; but that would be an utterly wrong view in our present time. We do not fail to notice noxious insects which approach us; we try to get rid of them, and often this must be done in ungentle ways. The mode of procedure must be decided in each individual case.

These things must also be understood out of the necessities of the time. Therefore it must be viewed with very special satisfaction in these times of ours, which are becoming ever more difficult, if there are nevertheless people who are possessed of sufficient power of will to stand up for our cause. But there are alas! still far too few people who fully comprehend the seriousness of what is now at stake in the evolution of humanity. On the one hand, there are those who do not intend to stir out of long-accustomed habits—not for any spiritual reasons, but from mental laziness and other such considerations; and on the other hand, there must be those who strongly oppose with their whole being whatever is ripe for destruction. We must not suppose that any sort of indulgence toward what is ready to perish can be allowed to hinder us today. In the last five or six years people could have learned that things belonging to the old order lead ad absurdum; and those who have not yet learned it will have abundant opportunity to do so in the immediate future. There must be in us the zeal for that which is to be implanted as something new in the evolution of mankind.

That a violent hatred would be manifest toward that anthroposophical spiritual science which has now been carried on in Europe for two decades, could be foreseen—anyone could foresee it who knew and knows that what we call anthroposophical spiritual science is intimately connected with the powers which must be summoned in the present and the very near future for the progress of humanity. This spiritual science must not be confused with sleepy-headedness, with that disposition to create for oneself a little sensual soul-enjoyment by means of spiritual ideas and concepts. We stand at the beginning. Against us rages the battle of the will to exterminate. In so far as we have understood the true impulse of our spiritual science, we have never intended to act aggressively; but we must not neglect whatever is necessary to meet the opposition of the aggressive element which will appear more and more from without. Here our courage must not give way; we must not try to proceed through indolence. It will not be easy to infuse truth into human evolution, and indulgence is positively not that with which to gird ourselves. Matters have come to a pretty pass indeed, as the recent events on the occasion of a lecture by Professor T. in Reutlingen prove. If the gentlemen who are the official representatives of Christianity are baffled, then they are ready to say, as a city clergyman did in the discussion: “Here Christ is mistaken!” Of course Professor T. is not mistaken; but if what he has to say does not agree with the revealed text of the Bible, then Christ is wrong, not Professor T. That is characteristic of the disposition we meet today, only people will not see it because it is uncomfortable to see it; and it could be found in all fields if only people were inclined to look for it.

For those who are able to see the relations in life, it is clear that the European calamity of recent years, although it has apparently played an external role, is inwardly connected with what people have become accustomed to think, and concerning which—please pardon the somewhat trivial, banal expression—concerning which people are so fond of saying: What glorious progress we have made! and smack their lips with satisfaction.

What is necessary is to become inwardly objective. Under the influence of modern culture people have lost objectivity. The personal is everywhere in evidence. When sometime the history of the last five or six years is written, that will be possible only from spiritual-scientific foundations, and then the chapters of this world history will show how enormously the personal element has influenced the great world-historical events. I said that it will be impossible without spiritual-scientific foundations to speak of the events of the last five or six years; and in support of this I need only refer to what I have frequently indicated here. Of the thirty or forty men in prominent leading positions who participated in 1914 in what is called the outbreak of the World War—people love inexact language nowadays, because it is adapted to cover up the truth; it was neither an “outbreak,” but something quite different, nor was it a “world war”; it was something entirely different, which will not come to an end for a long time yet—of the thirty or forty men who participated at that time, a large proportion were not entirely compos mentis, the forces of soul and spirit were not all functioning, and where the consciousness is clouded, there are doors by which the Ahrimanic powers have especially easy access to human resolutions and human intentions.

The Ahrimanic powers played an essential role in the beginning of those events of 1914. Even today anyone who is so minded could easily perceive, from following up events in a purely external way, how necessary it is to infuse spiritual knowledge into the evolution of humanity. But man is far removed by habits of thought, perception, and feeling from observing such things with absolute seriousness. There is on the one hand the fact—and more than that, the imminent fact—that the time is ripe for people to appear who are able to bring suitable and capable souls to meet those spiritual impulses which have been entering our physical world since the last third of the 19th century. Side by side with the fact that we have sailed into a materialistic time, there exists the other fact that the doors between the spiritual world and ours stand open since the last third of the 19th century, and that people who open their souls and minds to spiritual impulses can have relations with the spiritual world. To be sure, the number may be small of those whose consciousness is touched today by the spiritual world; but it is a fact that this spiritual world makes itself felt in many a human spirit. We may say that the next ten, twenty, thirty years, up to the middle of the century, will be years in which more and more people will have learned to listen to the still small voice, and so open their inner being to the impulses of the spiritual world which would enter.

Those people today who receive such impulses from the spiritual world, who know about the truths and the knowledge that must enter into human evolution, know the following also: If what we call science, and especially what we call art, is not fructified by the science of initiation practiced by such people, humanity will face a quick decline, a fearful decline. Let the kind of teaching that prevails in our universities continue for another three decades, let social questions be treated as they are now for thirty years more, and you will have a devastated Europe. You can set up ideals in this field or that as much as you please, you can talk yourselves hoarse about individual demands coming from one group or another, you can talk in the belief that with such urgent demands something will be done for humanity's future—it will all be in vain unless the transformation comes from the depths of human souls, from the thought of the relation of this world to the spiritual world. If in this regard there is not a change in learning, a change in thinking, then the moral deluge will overwhelm Europe!

The important thing is to realize what it would actually mean if a number of persons who look deeply into the knowledge from beyond the threshold were obliged to recognize that the confusion, the materialistic tendencies, the social errors, are going on and on—and people do not wish to alter their thinking and learning—it is important to realize what it would signify if these few persons possessing the science of initiation were compelled to see that humanity is going downwards because of sheer laziness in thinking and feeling. You should not be deceived as to the number of motives there are today for such a state of affairs in the so-called civilized world. There are many ruling motives—for is it not really natural to expect the humanity of our time in its pride to reject everything coming from the direction of the science of initiation? Humanity is so immensely clever in every single one of its individuals! humanity is so inclined to sneer at what can be won only by working upon the development of one's own soul. Humanity believes that without learning anything it knows everything. In neither the natural nor the social realm can the problems of the present time be solved without a fructifying of human thinking, feeling, and willing from the spiritual world. To many people today it seems positively like a creation of fancy when we speak of this science of initiation, or of anything like the threshold of the spiritual world. It is true, not everyone today can cross the threshold to the spiritual world; but no one would be prevented from perceiving the truth of what is said by those who have crossed that threshold. It is false reasoning when it is said again and again by one or another: How am I to know that what is presented by anyone as the science of initiation is correct, when I cannot myself see into the spiritual world? That is false reasoning. Common sense which is not led astray by the erroneous ideas of our time in the natural or the social sphere can decide of itself whether the element of truth rules in what anyone says. If someone speaks of spiritual worlds, you must take account of everything: the manner of speaking, the seriousness with which things are treated, the logic which is developed, and so on, and then it will be possible to judge whether what is presented as information about the spiritual world is charlatanism, or whether it has foundation. Anyone can decide this; and no one is hindered from making fruitful in the natural and social realms that which is brought over from the well-spring of spiritual life by those who have the right to speak of the principle of initiation.

Those forces of humanity's evolution which have so far guided man unconsciously, so that he has been able to advance, are becoming exhausted, and will be entirely exhausted by the middle of the century, approximately speaking. The new forces must be drawn from depths of souls; and man must come to understand that in the depths of his soul he is connected with the roots of spiritual life.

As to crossing over the threshold, naturally not everyone today can accomplish that, for the human being has become accustomed in the course of recent centuries to consider everything he encounters as taking place in time. But the first experience beyond the threshold is of a world in which time as we understand it has no significance. The time concept must be abandoned. Hence it is advantageous for people who wish to prepare themselves for an understanding of the spiritual world, to begin this training at least, by trying to picture backwards—let us say a drama, which outwardly starts, of course, with the first act and proceeds to the fifth—to picture it as starting at the end and going back to the beginning of the first act; to imagine and feel a melody, not in the succession in which it is played, but letting the tones run backward; to picture the daily experience, not from morning to evening, but running backward from evening to morning. In this way we seriously accustom our thinking to the canceling of time. In our daily life we are accustomed to picture the second event as occurring after the first, the third following the second, the fourth following the third, and so on; and our thinking is always an image of external happenings. If now we begin to think sometimes from the end toward the beginning, to feel from the end toward the beginning, we impose an inner compulsion upon ourselves, and this compulsion is good, for it forces us out of the ordinary sense world. Time runs one, two, three, four, and so on, in this direction. If we reverse our thinking, so that it goes from evening to morning, thus: instead of from morning to evening, then we are thinking against time. We cancel time.

Figure 8

If we are able to continue such thinking, going back in our life as far as we possibly can, we shall have gained very much; for only one who escapes from time can enter into the spiritual world.

We say that man is provided with physical body, etheric body, astral body, and ego. At first only the physical and etheric bodies come into consideration for the physical sense world. The etheric body still takes part in time in earth events; the astral body can be found only when we are freed from time. The physical body is in space; the ego, the true ego, can be found only when we have escaped from space, for the world in which the true ego lives is spaceless.

So there are two conditions belonging to the earliest experiences namely, that we become free from time and free from space when we cross the threshold to the spiritual world. I have often referred previously to various ways of attaining concepts which disregard space, when I have called your attention to the dimensions—not in such a childish way as four-dimensional space and the like are often spoken of by spiritists, but in a more serious way. Just consider how much of the content of your consciousness is lost when you are no longer in space and time. Your life is completely adjusted to space and time. The soul life of man, as well, is entirely accommodated to space and time. If you enter a world to which you are not adapted, the lack of adaptation implies sensations of pain and suffering; so that the first entrance into the spiritual world is not won without the vanquishing of pain and suffering. People fail to realize this, or else they shrink back in terror from the spiritual world because they are unwilling to enter the kind of abysmal world in which space and time do not exist.

When I thus call before your mental vision this first experience of life beyond the threshold, you become vividly conscious that there are indeed few people today who have sufficient inner courage to venture themselves, as it were, into the bottomless and timeless in actual experience. Certain people, however, are bound by their destiny to cross over the threshold; and without the wisdom which can be brought over from beyond the threshold no further progress is possible. From this you will feel what is necessary. It is necessary that what we call confidence of one man in another should be increased in the future. It would be a fundamental social virtue. In our time of social demands this virtue is one of the rarest, for although people demand that everyone shall serve the community, no one has confidence in another; the most unsocial instincts hold sway. In order that the general education of humanity shall progress in such a way that human beings may grow into the spiritual world, it will be necessary that those who may rightly speak of the science of initiation be given confidence—not confidence arising from blind belief in authority, but from common sense; for what is brought as information from beyond the threshold can always be comprehended if only common sense is really employed.

And then from the viewpoint of common sense, and keeping that in mind on the one hand, we must, on the other, constantly direct our attention to what confronts us today. Although not everyone says thus openly, “There the Christ is mistaken” yet the logic of the present life is characterized by this kind of talk. And when people say they cannot distinguish between what is announced with inner logic from the spiritual worlds and what the university professors say—then common sense is not in evidence, or at least there is no intention to use it. When anyone declares that Christ is mistaken, surely from his common sense a man can say without further ado that such a person can no longer be taken into account from this point of view.

We have lost a real science of the soul. We no longer have any; and I have pointed out—only recently in public lectures in Basel1On November 10, 1919: The Spirit as Guide through the Sensible and Supersensible Worlds. and in other places—why we have lost the science of the soul. The science of the spirit became uncomfortable to the Catholic Church as early as the 9th century; and, as I have frequently explained, the spirit was abolished at the Eighth General Ecumenical Council at Constantinople in 869. At that time the dogma was announced that, if a man is a true Christian, he must not think that he consists of body, soul, and spirit, but only of body and soul, and that the soul has spiritual qualities. Psychology still teaches that today, and believes that such teaching represents the point of view of unprejudiced science; but it is only repeating the dogma of 869. Even all that refers to the soul was monopolized by the confessional churches in the form of belief, in the form of creed or dogma. All knowledge pertaining to the soul that should come from man himself was monopolized by the denominational societies; and only external nature was left as the object of real knowledge, of free knowledge. No wonder we have today no science of the soul, for secular scholarship has devoted itself entirely to the science of nature, since the science of the soul was monopolized and the science of the spirit abolished. So we have no science of the soul. If we build upon the science that is the fashion today, we can make no progress; for if we build upon the word-psychology of our time (it really is not much more than that), we cannot come to a real understanding of what takes place in the soul. You know from my statement in Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and Its Attainment that upon crossing over the threshold to the spiritual world, thinking, feeling, and willing become separated in the consciousness. In the ordinary present-day consciousness thinking, feeling, and willing form a sort of chaos; they are intermingled. At the moment when the threshold to the spiritual world is crossed, at the moment when one sets about acquiring the science of initiation through experience, thinking, feeling, and willing become independent powers in the consciousness. They become independent, and then one learns to know them.

Only then does one learn really to distinguish thinking from feeling and from willing.

Especially does one learn to distinguish thinking from willing. If we consider the thinking which is active in us as human beings, not according to its content, but as a force—if we consider the thinking force in us, we find that the very force with which we think is something like a shining into our life of that which we experienced in the spiritual world before birth, or before conception. And the will-nature in man is something embryonic, something germinal, which will come to complete development only post mortem after death. So we may say: If this (see diagram) is the course of human life between birth and death, then thinking, as it exists in man within the course of this human life, is only an appearance, for its true being lies in the time before birth, or before conception; and willing is only a germ, for what develops from this germ does so only after death.

Thinking and willing in human nature are fundamentally different.

Figure 9

If now someone appears possessing the logic of our time, which tends to classify and arrange everything systematically, he will say: “We have been told today that thinking is the force which comes from the life before birth, and that willing is the force which points to the life after death.” Now one has defined; by definition one has nicely drawn the line between thinking and willing. But nothing is accomplished by definitions, though their insufficiency is generally not observed. Many definitions, especially those which are considered scientific, appear very clever; but they all have a hitch somewhere—which recalls that definition once given in ancient Greece to the question, What is man? “Man is a two-legged creature without feathers.” Whereupon the next day a pupil brought a plucked fowl and said: “This is a man, for it is a two-legged creature without feathers.” Things are not so simple that they can be treated thus with the ordinary intellectual tools. You see we can say quite well, we must maintain, that what we experience as thinking has its true reality before birth, and that only something like a reflected image of it shines into us. Here a certain difficulty presents itself, but you will overcome it with a little effort of thought.

Figure 10

If you have a mirror here, and here an object—for example, a candle—you have here a reflected image. You can distinguish the image from the object, and will not take the one for the other. If in some way—let us say with a screen—you have the candle itself covered, you will see only the reflection in the mirror. The reflected image will do whatever the candle does, and so from the reflection you will be able to see what it does. You are accustomed to think spatially, and you can therefore easily imagine how the reflection of the candle is related to the reality. But the thinking force in us, as force, is a reflected image, and its reality is in the life before birth. The real force whose image we employ in this life, is in the life before birth. Therefore the principle of human consciousness which results from observing one's own consciousness is: I think, therefore I am not, cogito ergo non sum! That is based on the principle which must be grasped: that in thinking something of the nature of an image exists, and that the force of thinking belongs to the life before birth. Modern development began by setting up the opposite as the basic axiom of philosophy: Cogito ergo sum: I think, therefore I am, which is nonsense. You see what tests modern humanity must go through; but we are at the crossroads, and we must learn to transform our thinking about the basic factors of the soul life.

Having thus in a certain way traced back thinking to its essential being, we might now be able to state something similar with regard to willing. When we regard the will-force between birth and death and what it becomes after death, we must conceive willing, not as reality and reflection, but as germ and completion. This provision: namely, that we have the image of thinking and the embryo of willing, alone gives us the possibility of The Riddle of Man, and Riddles of the Soul, as well as in the second edition of Philosophy of Spiritual Activity where these things are also treated philosophically.

But here is a peculiar fact from which you must see how little the indolent, everyday thinking suffices for entering into reality. We have grasped the essential nature of thinking; but when we do grasp this essential nature of thinking, we must say at the same time: This thinking is not mere thinking, but in it is also a force of willing. With the very inner being with which we think we will at the same time. It is principally thinking and has an undertone of willing; but in the same way, our willing has an undertone of thinking. We have in fact two different things in us: something which is chiefly thinking but has an undertone of willing; and something which is chiefly willing but has an undertone of thinking (see Diagram No. IX). When you consider the reality, you will not be able to form pure concepts which can be arranged systematically, but in a certain sense the one is always at the same time the other. Only when you come to an understanding of these things do you begin to perceive certain relations of man with worlds which are beyond those seen with our eyes and heard with our ears, but within which we live no less than in the world of the senses. We cannot say that other worlds than the sense world do not concern us; we are in their midst. We must realize that, while we are walking about here on this earth, we walk through the spiritual worlds exactly as we walk through the physical air.

Relations—I say—with the spiritual worlds result when one sees into these delicate details of human soul-life. Through that which is more thinking and has only an undertone of willing we are connected with a certain kind of spiritual existence of the spiritual worlds. And with another kind of spiritual worlds we are connected through that which is more willing and less thinking. That has indeed its deeper significance; for what we discover in this way manifests itself in human life; and the differentiations which exist in the world arise because the one or the other force of human nature is always developed more in one direction or another. Those forces, for example, existing in the willing which has an undertone of thinking were pre-eminently developed in the ancient Hebraic culture; and those forces of the human soul-being which are based essentially in the thinking which has an undertone of willing were developed in what is called the ancient pagan culture. At the present time we have the two streams flowing side by side; we have in the civilized world the two streams intermingling: one, a continuation of ancient paganism, in the conception of nature; and the other, which comes from the ancient Hebrews, we have in the social viewpoint of the present, in our ethical and religious concepts.

This dualism also exists today in the individual human being himself. On the one hand, man worships nature in a pagan fashion; and on the other—without finding a proper basis in nature, except that he carries over his habits of thought into so-called social science, or sociology—he ponders on the social life, even the ethical life. And when he philosophizes, he says that in one realm he finds freedom and in the other natural necessity, between which there is supposed to be no bridge; he finds himself in a ghostlike region between the two, and the confusion is terrible.

But in many respects this confusion is the content of the life of the present time, of the life that is perishing. What is lacking in this present life of ours? We have a conception of nature: it is merely the continuation of ancient paganism; we have a moral social conception: it is merely the continuation of the Old Testament. Christianity was an episode which was at first historically understood; but today it has fallen through the sieve of human culture, so to speak. In reality, Christianity does not exist; for with the people who frequently speak of Christ you can do as I recommended in connection with Harnack's Nature of Christianity. Wherever Harnack writes “Christ” in this book, you can strike out the word “Christ”, and substitute “God the Father,” or you can even replace it with a merely pantheistic “God,” or anything of the kind, and generally speaking there will be no essential contradiction. Where there is contradiction, he is talking nonsense, with predicates unrelated to subjects. All these things must be said today, for it must be thoroughly understood here what the content of the future consciousness must be.

Likewise, you see what the present theory of evolution is: that man has evolved from lower beings, and so forth; that these lower beings have developed themselves up to him. Certainly you need only to refer to my Occult Science to see that in one sense that must be said even by us. The fact is, however, that when we consider the human head, we see that this human head as we carry it on our shoulders today is already devolving, not evolving. If our entire organism (please understand me clearly now)—if our entire organism were to have the same organization as our head, we should have to be continually dying. We live only by means of the vital force in the rest of our organism, which is constantly being sent up into the head. The forces through which we finally die have their being in our head—are in our head. The head is an organism that is perpetually perishing; it is in retrogression. For this reason that which pertains to soul and spirit can attain its development in the head. If you represent the head in a sketch, you must do it thus: its ascending evolution has already passed over into a retrograde process; here is a void (see illus.).

Figure 11

Into this void, into what is being continuously destroyed, the soul and spirit enter. That is literally true: it is owing to our head that we have soul and spirit, because our head is already perishing. That is to say, in our head we are perpetually dying; and the undertone of willing, which is a quality of our thinking, lies in our head; but this undertone of willing is a continuous stimulus, a constant impulse to dying, to the overcoming of matter.

Now when we die, this willing really begins; and when our body is given over to the earth, that which played its role in our head between birth and death is carried on through our whole body, even physically in the earth-body. You carry your head on your shoulders, my dear friends, and in it the process goes on automatically which is accomplished when you are committed to the earth by fire or decomposition, only in life this process is constantly being revived, and hence obstructed, by what is sent up from the rest of the organism. After death the same process continues which you carry on in your body between birth and death. It is continued in the earth: the earth thinks according to the same principles as the thinking you do with your human head, owing to the fact that your body becomes decomposed in the earth, that corpses are put into it. When we pass through the gate of death, we carry into the physical earth, by means of our decomposing corpse, the process which we seize for ourselves during our life between birth and death. That is a truth of modern science, and people must know such truths in the future. The science of the present time is childish regarding such things, for it does not even think about them, investigate them.

And inversely, what we have in our head as evolution through destruction, is the continuation of that which existed before birth, or before conception. The destruction begins only with birth, for only then do we have a head—before that there was no destruction. Here we are really touching the edge of an extraordinarily significant mystery of cosmic existence. What exists in our head, through which we come into relation with other people and with external nature, is the continuation of something which exists in the spiritual worlds before we enter into the physical body. If anyone understands that perfectly, then he comes to comprehend how forces play into this physical world from the spiritual worlds. That is most clearly seen when these things are considered concretely, rather than in the abstract. Let me give an example:

In 1832 Goethe died. The period belonging to the first generation after his death, that is, up to 1865, was not such that many forces from his spirit influenced it. (This is merely a representative example; of course the forces of other men are active also.) Thus, up to the year 1865 anyone who directed his attention to Goethe's soul would have noticed little influence coming from his forces to the earth. Then after the first thirty-three years the forces began to come from him out of the spiritual worlds into our earth evolution; and they became stronger and stronger up to the year 1898. If we follow it further, beyond this period, we can say: The first period of influence of Goethe's super-sensible forces upon our earth civilization is, then, 1865 to 1898 (as I have said, up to 1865 it was insignificant, then it began). After thirty-three years we have in 1931 the end of a further period, which would be the second; and 1964 would be the end of the third period.

Figure 12

From such an example it can really be learned how relatively soon after a man has passed through the gate of death the forces which he then develops take part in what is going on here on earth. Only we must know how these forces take part. Anyone who works spiritually—really spiritually—knows how the forces of the spiritual worlds cooperate with the forces he uses. When I said day before yesterday that the middle of this century will be an important point of time, the statement was made—as in the example just given—on the basis of observations from which it can be seen how forces from the spiritual world pervade the physical world.

The middle of this century, however, will coincide with that point of time when the atavistic forces still remaining from before the middle of the 15th century will have fallen into the worst decadence; hence humanity must resolve before the middle of this century to turn toward the spiritual. We still meet many people today who say: “Why does misfortune come? Why do the Gods not help?” The fact is, we are in the period of humanity's evolution in which the Gods will immediately help if men turn to them, but in which the Gods are compelled by their laws to deal with free men, not with puppets.

Now I have reached the point to which I referred yesterday. When, let us say, a man with vision—even in the Greek epoch and up to the middle of the 15th century—alluded to the phenomena of birth and death, he could point to the divine world, he could point out that man's destiny between birth and death is woven out of the divine worlds. Today we must speak differently: we must say that man's destiny is determined by his previous earth-lives; and through the manner in which he is conditioned by his destiny he creates the forces through which the divine worlds can approach him. Our thinking must be the opposite of that of earlier times regarding the relation of man to the divine-spiritual worlds: we must learn to seek in man the sources from which the powers are developed which will enable one or another divine being to approach him. We have now reached this momentous point of time in earth-evolution. What takes place outwardly must today be understood as an expression of inner occurrence, which can be comprehended only from the point of view of spiritual-scientific insight. You see it is possible today for every person to observe, I might say the ultimate consequences of events. There have been plenty of people murdered in the last four or five years—at least ten or twelve million in the civilized world, probably more; three times as many have been made cripples in the different countries—our civilization has certainly done a grand job! But we must gradually come to recognize these things as the mouth of the stream, as it were, and we shall have to seek the source in what is going on in human souls in connection with that opposition to the will of the spiritual world to break into our world,—the spiritual world which would bear the being of man into the future. In our time everything must be observed from this point of view; that is, must be treated profoundly.

We might say that many events might perhaps be more correctly evaluated if we were to alter the viewpoint. Roughly speaking—and I say this now as something intended to give this lecture an entirely appropriate conclusion, as indeed the nuance has been given to these three lectures by the gratifying presence among us of a number of our English friends—we can speak today of victors and vanquished. It is an obvious point of view, but perhaps not the most important one. Perhaps there is another, a much more important point of view, which might be taken from the following.

I once read aloud here from this same platform a thesis of Fercher von Steinwand,2Compare: Entwickelungsgeschichtliche Unterlagen zur Bildung eines sozialen Urteils (not yet translated). that German-Austrian poet, who in the sixth decade of the 19th century expressed his opinion about the future of the German people. The lecture is noteworthy because it was given before the ruling King of Saxony and his ministers. In this sixth decade—those who were there at the time heard it—Fercher van Steinwand said that his German people is predestined some time in the future to play a role somewhat like that which the Gypsies were playing then. It was a deep glimpse into the evolution of humanity which Fercher van Steinwand had. These things can be looked in the eye with complete objectivity; and if this is done, perhaps another point of view will be chosen than the one frequently taken today. It will be asked: What is to be said about the changed conditions—changed among the so-called vanquished, changed among the so-called victors? Well, the actual victor is Anglo-Americanism; and this Anglo-Americanism, through the forces which I have publicly characterized here is destined for world-dominion.

Now we can ask: Since the German people will be excluded from sharing the things by means of which the external world will be ruled in the future, what really happens in that case? The responsibility—not that of the individual, naturally—the people's responsibility for events concerning the whole of human society ceases. Not that of the individual, but the people's responsibility ceases among those who are down-trodden—for they are that. The responsibility ends, and it becomes all the greater on the other side; that is where the actual responsibility will rest. The outer dominion will be easily won; it is won by means of forces for which the victors can take no credit. The external passing over of the external dominion is accomplished as the final natural necessity; but the responsibility will be something of deep significance for souls. For the question is already written down in humanity's book of destiny: Will there be found among those upon whom the external dominion devolves as by an external necessity, a sufficiently great number of people who feel the responsibility, so that into this external, materialistic dominion, into this culmination of materialistic dominion, may be transplanted the impulses of the spiritual life? And that must not happen too slowly! The middle of this century will be a very significant point of time. The whole weight of the responsibility should be felt, if one is chosen, as it were by outer natural destiny, to enter upon the dominion of materialism in the external world,—for that is what it will be. For this dominion of materialism bears within it at the same time the seed of destruction. The destruction which has begun will not cease; and “entering upon external dominion” means taking over the forces of destruction, the forces of human illness, and living in them. That which will bear humanity into the future will come forth from the new seed of the spirit, and will have to be fostered. Therefore, the responsibility rests directly upon that side to which falls world-dominion.

Our thinking today must not be superficial concerning these things, but thorough; neither must we merely seem to be spiritual while in reality we are materialistic. Two things are very frequently heard in our time: One is, “Why talk of social ideas; no bread comes from ideas!” It is a cheap objection that is very often made. And the other is, “When the people are working again then everything will be all right; then the social question will have a different appearance.” Both statements are disguised materialism, for both have the purpose of denying the spiritual life.

In the first place, what differentiates us from the animal world? The animals go around and get their food, so far as there is any, according to their implanted instincts. If there is not enough, they must starve. In what way is man better off? He works on the production of food. At the moment he begins to work, thought begins; and only when thought begins, does the social question begin also. If a man is to work, he must have an incentive for it; and the incentives that have existed up to the present time will no longer exist in the future. New incentives will be required for work; and the question is not at all a matter of everything's being all right when the people work again—no; but when, arising from a feeling of world-responsibility, men shall have thoughts which sustain their souls, then the forces proceeding from these thoughts will be carried over from hand to will, and work will result. Everything depends upon thoughts, and thoughts themselves depend upon our opening our hearts to the impulses of the spiritual world. Of responsibility and of the significance of thoughts much must be said in our time. Therefore I wished in this lecture to lay stress upon just this aspect.

Since destiny is now such, my dear friends, that one really cannot get away when one wishes to travel, we shall still be here tomorrow. Therefore, at eight o'clock tomorrow night I will speak to you especially about the anthroposophical foundation, the spiritual-scientific, occult foundation of the social question. Thus I shall be able before leaving to speak to our friends on the social question, but I shall explain its deeper foundations from the spiritual-scientific point of view.

Elfter Vortrag

Ich möchte heute noch, zum Teil mehr ins Allgemeine gehend, einiges besprechen in Anknüpfung an das gestern und vorgestern Gesagte. Auch aus jenen beiden Betrachtungen werden Sie ja entnehmen können, daß Geisteswissenschaft, wie sie hier gedacht wird, herausgeboren sein soll aus den tiefsten und ernstesten Forderungen der Menschheitsentwickelung in unserer Zeit und für die nächste Zukunft. Ich habe es ja oft erwähnt, daß es sich hier nicht um solche Ideale handelt, die aus der Subjektivität des Menschen entspringen, sondern um dasjenige, was abgelesen wird der geistigen Entwickelungsgeschichte der Menschheit. Und dieser geistigen Entwickelungsgeschichte der Menschheit kann man wahrhaftig ablesen, daß die Wissenschaft der Initiation, also die Wissenschaft, die ihre Erkenntnisse herüberholt von jenseits der Schwelle zur geistigen Welt, für die Weiterentwickelung der Menschheit durchaus nötig ist. Gegen alles, was für eine wirkliche Erkenntnis der geistigen Welt heute geltend gemacht werden kann, lehnen sich aber auch diejenigen Mächte auf, die das Alte vertreten. Und die Auflehnung jener Menschen, in denen gewissermaßen die Mächte des Alten leben, sie muß überwunden werden. Das Wort von der Notwendigkeit des Umlernens und Umdenkens in bezug auf die wichtigsten Angelegenheiten der Menschheitsentwickelung, es muß gründlich und ernst verstanden werden. Deshalb möchte ich Sie bitten, gerade darauf Wert zu legen, daß unsere Tendenz darauf gehen müsse, alles bloß Sektiererische, das auch noch in dem anthroposophischen Gemüt wuchert, zu überwinden und die Welt- und Menschheitsbedeutung der anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft wirklich zu sehen.

Die Menschen sind heute noch lange nicht erwacht aus dem Schlafe, in den sie eingehüllt worden sind durch jeneEntwickelung, die ich Ihnen ja auch in gewissen Grundzügen schon geschildert habe, die begonnen hat um die Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts. Gewiß, was da der Menschheitsevolution einverleibt worden ist, die äußerliche Naturwissenschaft mit ihren großen Triumphen, die materialistische Auffassung der Weltgesetzmäßigkeit und damit die ja heute so klar zutage tretenden irrtümlichen sozialen Ideen, das alles, was von dieser Seite her die Menschheit in den Schlaf gehüllt hat, das wirkt mächtig fort. Und ein gedeihlicher Fortschritt wird nicht möglich sein, ohne die Menschheit aus diesem Schlafe aufzurütteln. Vergessen wir nur ja nicht, daß die Erkenntnis des Geistigen mächtige Feinde hat an all denjenigen, welche vor allen Dingen das fortgesetzt wissen wollen, was sie gewöhnt worden sind zu denken, fortgesetzt wissen wollen aus der reinen Denkbequemlichkeit heraus. Man kann nicht sagen: Wenn von dieser Seite her Feindlichkeit und Gegnerschaft gegen die Geisteswissenschaft, wie sie hier gemeint ist, um so mehr sich erhebt, je mehr diese Geisteswissenschaft bekannt wird, dann solle man nicht diese Hemmnisse berücksichtigen. Gewiß, es könnte eine mögliche Anschauung sein, ganz unberücksichtigt zu lassen, was sich so erhebt. Allein, das wäre ein ganz falscher Gedanke in unserer heutigen Zeit, denn man läßt ja auch nicht unberücksichtigt dasjenige, was sich etwa als Ungeziefer an uns heranmacht, sondern man versucht es von sich aus zu entfernen und manchmal muß man es entfernen auf unsanfte Weise. Das ist etwas, was von Fall zu Fall selbstverständlich entschieden werden muß.

Diese Dinge müssen auch aus den Notwendigkeiten der Zeit heraus begriffen werden. Deshalb muß es mit ganz besonderer Befriedigung aufgenommen werden, wenn in dieser unserer immer schwieriger werdenden Zeit sich doch nun Menschen finden, die ergriffen werden von jener Willenskraft, die notwendig ist, um für unsere Sache einzutreten. Aber es sind leider noch viel zu wenige da von der Art derjenigen, die den ganzen Ernst dessen durchdringen, was heute für die Evolution der Menschheit auf dem Spiele steht. Es stehen auf der einen Seite jene, die, nicht aus irgendwelchen geistigen Gründen, sondern aus einer Denkbequemlichkeit und anderen Rücksichten, nicht heraus wollen aus dem, woran sie sich gewöhnt haben seit langer Zeit. Auf der anderen Seite müssen diejenigen dastehen, die mit ihrem ganzen Wesen sich entgegenstemmen dem, was reif ist zum Untergange. Und wir müssen nicht glauben, daß die Nachsicht mit dem, was reif ist zum Untergange, irgend etwas sein darf, was uns heute zurückhält. In den letzten fünf bis sechs Jahren hätten die Menschen lernen können, wie die alten Dinge sich ad absurdum führen. Und jene, die es noch nicht gelernt haben, werden reichlich Gelegenheit haben, es in der nächsten Zeit zu lernen. Aber es muß in uns das Feuer sein für dasjenige, was als Neues der Menschheitsevolution eingepflanzt werden soll.

Deshalb erfüllte es mich mit einer gewissen Befriedigung, als ich vorgelegt bekam den Brief, dessen Hauptinhalt ich Ihnen heute zur Einleitung mitteilen möchte. Es handelt sich darum, daß in Reutlingen, einer Nachbarstadt von Stuttgart, jener selbe Professor aufgetreten ist, um wiederum mit ebenso törichten Gründen loszuwettern gegen dasjenige, was gewollt wird von seiten der anthroposophisch orientierten Geisteswissenschaft, wie er es in jener törichten Schrift getan hat, von deren Inhalt ich Ihnen vor kurzem hier gesprochen habe. Jedenfalls wird jener Professor, eine der Zierden — denn so sind die Zierden jetzt auf dieser Seite —, eine der Zierden der Tübinger Universität — an anderen Universitäten der Welt sind sie nicht anders — jetzt ebenso gesprochen haben, wie er gesprochen hat in jener Schrift. Da trat ihm entgegen, aber diesmal — das geht aus einem Brief hervor — mit dem wirklichen Elan, der notwendig ist heute, wenn man den völligen Ernst ermißt von dem, was auf dem Spiele steht, unser Freund Dr. Walter Stein. Und von jener Diskussion, die sich da vor einigen Tagen abgespielt hat, schreibt unser Freund, Dr. Stein, an seine Frau hierher: «Gestern war ich in Reutlingen, wo Professor Traub gegen Steiner sprach. Ich meldete mich zur Diskussion. Es war ein Kampf auf Leben und Tod. Ich stellte Traub als einen gewissenlosen, der Materie, die er behandelt, gänzlich unkundigen Menschen hin. Sein Schlußwort brachte er nur noch stammelnd hervor. Er war gebrochen. Der Stadtpfarrer, der eröffnete, wurde von mir durch Bibeltexte so in die Enge getrieben, daß er sagte in bezug auf die Stelle, wo Christus von der Reinkarnation spricht: Hier irrt Christus, — der Stadtpfarrer von Reutlingen. Da stand ich auf und rief: Hört! das ist heute Religion, ein Gott, der irrt! — Das Publikum tobte. Man wollte mich zuerst unterbrechen, mir das Wort entziehen, rief: zur Sache! scharrte und stampfte. Ich aber sprach völlig ruhig, zeigte mit einer Hand auf Professor Traub und sprach: dies ist die Autorität! Ich bekam Beifall und siegte. Der Mann ist fertig. Ich bin noch heute halb tot.»

Daß ein starker Haß sich auftun werde gegen jene anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft, die nun schon seit zwei Jahrzehnten hier getrieben wird in Europa, das konnte man voraussehen, konnte jeder voraussehen, der eben wußte und weiß, wie innig verbunden mit den Mächten, die zum Fortschritte der Menschheit aufgerufen werden müssen in der Gegenwart und der nächsten Menschheitszukunft, das ist, was hier anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft genannt wird. Aber mit Schlafmützigkeit, mit derjenigen Gesinnung, die sich durch geistige Ideen und Begriffe ein wenig Wollust in der Seele schaffen will, darf diese anthroposophisch orientierte Geisteswissenschaft nicht verwechselt werden. Und wenn der Dr. Stein empfindet, es handelte sich dabei um einen Kampf auf Leben und Tod, so ist das die Empfindung von etwas durchaus Richtigem. Wir stehen am Anfange. Gegen uns tobt der Kampf des Vernichtungswillens. Wir haben niemals Anstalten gemacht, insoferne wir den richtigen Impuls unserer Geisteswissenschaft verstanden haben, aggressiv vorzugehen. Aber wir dürfen nicht vermeiden dasjenige, was notwendig ist gegenüber dem aggressiven Wesen, das immer mehr und mehr von außen kommen wird. Da darf uns nicht der Mut sinken, da dürfen wir nicht mit Schlafmützigkeit vorgehen wollen. Bequem wird es nicht sein, die Wahrheit der Menschheitsevolution einzufügen, und Nachsicht ist wahrhaftig nicht dasjenige, mit dem wir uns bei gewissen Dingen gürten dürfen. Denn wir sind ja weit gekommen, wenn die Herren, die offiziell das Christentum zu vertreten haben, dann, wenn sie nicht mehr weiter können, sogar bereit sind, zu sagen: Hier irrt Christus! - Selbstverständlich, der Herr Stadtpfarrer irrt nicht! Aber wenn dasjenige, was der Herr Stadtpfarrer zu sagen hat, nicht stimmt mit dem, was offenbarer Bibeltext ist, dann irrt Christus, nicht der Herr Stadtpfarrer! Das ist aber überhaupt die Gesinnung, der man heute begegnet, die man nur nicht sehen will, weil es unbequem ist, sie zu sehen. Man könnte sie sehen auf allen Gebieten, wenn man nur wollte.

Für diejenigen aber, welche die Zusammenhänge im Leben sehen können, ist es auch klar, daß das europäische Unglück der letzten Jahre, wenn es sich auch scheinbar äußerlich abgespielt hat, innig zusammenhängt mit dem, was die Menschen gewohnt worden sind zu denken, und - verzeihen Sie den etwas trivialen, banalen Ausdruck - wovon die Menschen so gern sprechen: Wie wir es so herrlich weit gebracht haben — und sich dabei vor Wollust die Finger ablecken.

Was aber notwendig ist, das ist: innerlich sachlich werden. Unter dem Einfluß der neueren Kultur haben die Menschen die Sachlichkeit verloren. Persönliches spielt überall. Und wenn einmal die Geschichte der letzten fünf bis sechs Jahre geschrieben wird, wird sie nur geschrieben werden können aus geisteswissenschaftlichen Unterlagen heraus. Dann wird in diesen Kapiteln der Weltgeschichte viel stehen davon, wie unendlich das Persönliche hineingespielt hat in die großen weltgeschichtlichen Ereignisse. Ich sagte, unmöglich wird es sein ohne geisteswissenschaftliche Grundlagen, von den Ereignissen der letzten fünf bis sechs Jahre zu sprechen. Ich brauche ja nur dasjenige anzudeuten, was ich hier auch schon öfter angedeutet habe. Von den dreißig bis vierzig Menschen, die 1914 in leitenden hervorragenden Stellungen beteiligt waren an dem, was man den Ausbruch des Weltkrieges nennt — ungenaues Sprechen liebt man ja heute, weil es geeignet ist, die Wahrheit zu verhüllen; es war weder ein Ausbruch, es war etwas ganz anderes, noch war es ein Weltkrieg: es war etwas ganz anderes, was noch lange nicht zu Ende ist —, von den dreißig bis vierzig damals beteiligten Menschen war eine große Anzahl nicht vollsinnig, hatte nicht alle Kräfte der Seele und des Geistes beisammen. Da aber, wo das Bewußtsein getrübt ist, da sind die Tore, wo die ahrimanischen Mächte besonders leicht Zutritt haben zu dem, was Menschenentschlüsse sind, was Menschenwollungen sind.

Die ahrimanischen Mächte haben wesentlich mitgewirkt im Ausgangspunkte jener Ereignisse, die 1914 gespielt haben. Man würde heute schon, wenn man nur wollte, aus dem rein äußerlichen Verfolgen der Sache ersehen können, wie notwendig es ist, der Menschheitsevolution geistige Erkenntnis einzufügen. Wie weit entfernt ist man aber aus den Denk- und Empfindungs- und Gefühlsgewohnheiten heraus, derlei Dinge mit vollem Ernste zu betrachten. Da ist auf der einen Seite die Tatsache - und noch mehr die bevorstehende Tatsache, daß die Zeit reif ist zum Auftreten von Menschen, die eine geeignete, befähigte Seele dem entgegenbringen können, was seit dem letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts an geistigen Impulsen hereinbricht in unsere physische Welt. Neben dem, daß wir hineingesegelt sind in eine materialistische Zeit, besteht ja die andere Tatsache, daß die Tore, die von der geistigen Welt zu der unsrigen gehen, seit dem letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts offen stehen, und daß Menschen, die diesen geistigen Impulsen ihre geöffnete Seele, ihr geöffnetes Bewußtsein entgegenbringen, Beziehungen zur geistigen Welt haben können. Gewiß, die Zahl derer, in deren Bewußtsein heute schon die geistige Welt hereinspielt, mag klein sein. Aber es ist die Tatsache vorhanden, daß die geistige Welt in manches Menschengemüt hereinspielt. Und wir können sagen: Die nächsten zehn, zwanzig, dreißig Jahre, bis zur Mitte des Jahrhunderts werden solche sein, in denen immer mehr und mehr Menschen gelernt haben werden, leise hinzuhorchen auf ihr Inneres, um dieses Innere entgegenzuhalten den hereinwollenden Impulsen der geistigen Welt.

Diejenigen Menschen, welche heute solche Impulse aus der geistigen Welt empfangen, welche heute wissen um die Wahrheiten und Erkenntnisse, die herein müssen in die Menschheitsevolution, sie wissen das Folgende: Wenn nicht durch diese von solchen Menschen zu handhabende Wissenschaft der Initiation befruchtet wird dasjenige, was wir Naturerkenntnis nennen, dasjenige namentlich, was wir Kunst nennen, so geht die Menschheit einem raschen Verfalle, einem furchtbaren Verfalle entgegen. Lassen Sie drei Jahrzehnte noch so gelehrt werden, wie an unseren Hochschulen gelehrt wird, lassen Sie noch durch dreißig Jahre so über soziale Angelegenheiten gedacht werden, wie heute gedacht wird, dann haben Sie nach diesen dreißig Jahren ein verwüstetes Europa. Sie können noch so viele Ideale auf diesem oder jenem Gebiete aufstellen, Sie können sich die Münder wund reden über Einzelforderungen, die aus dieser oder jener Menschengruppe hervorgehen, Sie können in dem Glauben reden, daß mit noch so eindringlichen Forderungen etwas getan werde für die Menschenzukunft — alles wird umsonst sein, wenn die Umwandlung nicht geschieht aus dem Fundamente der Menschenseelen heraus: aus dem Denken der Beziehung dieser Welt zur geistigen Welt. Wenn nicht da umgelernt wird, wenn nicht da umgedacht wird, dann kommt die moralische Sintflut über Europa!

Es handelt sich gerade darum, einzusehen, was es eigentlich heißen würde, wenn eine Anzahl von Menschen, welche in das Wissen vom Jenseits der Schwelle hineinschauen, erkennen müssen: Die Konfusion, die materialistischen Neigungen, die sozialen Irrtümer gehen weiter und die Menschen wollen nicht umdenken und umlernen — und wenn diese wenigen im Besitze der Initiationswissenschaft befindlichen Personen sehen müßten, wie die Menschheit abwärts geht aus reiner Denk- und Empfindungsbequemlichkeit! Aber man soll sich nicht Täuschungen hingeben darüber, wie viele Antriebe zu einer solchen Sachlage heute in der sogenannten zivilisierten Welt walten. Viele Antriebe walten da, denn ist es nicht eigentlich natürlicher zu erwarten, daß die Menschheit von heute in ihrem Hochmut alles ablehnt, was von seiten der Wissenschaft der Initiation kommt? Die Menschheit ist doch so unendlich gescheit in jedem einzelnen ihrer Individuen! Die Menschheit ist so geneigt, zu verhöhnen alles dasjenige, was nur errungen werden kann dadurch, daß man arbeitet an dem Fortgange der eigenen Seele. Die Menschheit glaubt doch, ohne etwas zu lernen, alles zu wissen. Weder die natürlichen noch die sozialen Probleme der heutigen Zeit sind zu lösen ohne ein Befruchten des menschlichen Denkens, Empfindens und Wollens von der geistigen Welt aus. Es ist ja für viele Menschen heute geradezu ein Phantasiegebilde, wenn man von dieser Wissenschaft der Initiation spricht, wenn man von so etwas redet wie von der Schwelle zur geistigen Welt. Es ist richtig, es kann nicht jeder heute über die Schwelle zur geistigen Welt gehen; aber es wäre eigentlich keinem verwehrt, die Wahrheit dessen einzusehen, was diejenigen sagen, die über die Schwelle zur geistigen Welt gegangen sind. Unrichtig ist es, wenn von dieser oder jener Seite immer wieder und wiederum gesagt wird: Ja, wie soll ich denn einsehen, daß das richtig ist, was der oder jener als Initiationswissenschaft vorbringt, wenn ich nicht selber in die geistige Welt hineinsehen kann. — Unrichtig ist es. Der gesunde Menschenverstand, der nicht irregeleitet ist durch irrtümliche natürliche oder soziale Ideen von heute, der kann von sich aus entscheiden, ob Wahrheitsduktus waltet in dem, was irgend jemand spricht. Irgend jemand spricht von geistigen Welten: man muß nur alles zusammen nehmen, die Art, wie gesprochen wird, der Ernst, in dem die Dinge aufgefaßt werden, die Logik, die entfaltet wird und so weiter, dann wird man sich ein Urteil darüber aneignen können, ob dasjenige, was als Kunde von der geistigen Welt gebracht wird, Scharlatanismus ist, oder ob es einen Fond hat. Dies kann jeder entscheiden, und bei niemandem ist ein Hindernis vorhanden, das fruchtbar zu machen im natürlichen und im sozialen Denken, was aus dem Quell des geistigen Lebens herausgeholt wird von jenen, die berechtigt sind, von dem Prinzip der Initiation zu sprechen.

Diejenigen Kräfte der Menschheitsentwickelung, die den Menschen unbewußt geleitet haben, so daß er hat vorwärtskommen können, sie sind erschöpft und erschöpfen sich ganz bis zur Mitte des Jahrhunderts, approximativ gesprochen. Aus den Tiefen der Seelen müssen die neuen Kräfte heraufgeholt werden. Und einsehen muß der Mensch, wie er in den Tiefen seiner Seele zusammenhängt mit den Wurzeln des geistigen Lebens.

Das Überschreiten der Schwelle, das kann ja natürlich heute nicht jeder leisten. Denn der Mensch ist gewöhnt worden im Laufe der letzten Jahrhunderte, alles dasjenige, was ihm entgegentritt, so zu betrachten, daß es sich in der Zeit abspielt. Aber das erste, was erfahren wird jenseits der Schwelle, das ist, daß es eine Welt gibt, in der die Zeit, wie wir sie auffassen, keine Bedeutung hat. Heraus muß man aus dem zeitlichen Vorstellen. Deshalb ist es so nützlich, wenn Menschen, die sich vorbereiten wollen zum Verständnisse der geistigen Welt, wenigstens damit beginnen, rückwärtsgehend vorzustellen. Sagen wir, ein Drama, das äußerlich ja beginnt mit dem ersten Akt und zum fünften fortschreitet, von rückwärts angefangen bis zum Anfang hin des ersten Aktes vorzustellen; eine Melodie nicht in der Aufeinanderfolge, wie sie gespielt wird, sondern die Töne rückwärts verlaufend vorzustellen und zu empfinden, das Tageserleben nicht vom Morgen bis zum Abend, sondern rückwärts verlaufend vom Abend bis zum Morgen vorzustellen. Dadurch gewöhnen wir unser Denken ernstlich an das Aufheben der Zeit. Wir sind gewöhnt dem alltäglichen Leben gegenüber, die Dinge so vorzustellen, daß nach dem ersten das zweite, nach dem zweiten das dritte, nach dem dritten das vierte und so weiter geschieht (die Zahlen werden angeschrieben), und wir denken immer so, daß unser Denken das Bild des äußeren Geschehens ist. Fangen wir nun einmal an, so zu denken, daß wir von rückwärts nach vorne denken, von rückwärts nach vorne empfinden, dann müssen wir uns einen innerlichen Zwang antun, und dieser Zwang ist gut, denn dieser Zwang zwängt uns hinaus aus der gewöhnlichen Sinneswelt. Die Zeit verläuft von eins, zwei, drei, vier und so weiter in dieser Richtung (Pfeil nach rechts). Wenn wir umgekehrt denken, statt vom Morgen bis zum Abend vom Abend bis zum Morgen, so denken wir der Zeit entgegen (Pfeil nach links). Wir heben die Zeit auf.

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Können wir ein solches Denken auch so fortsetzen, daß wir, soweit wir nur kommen, zurückdenken in unserem Leben, dann haben wir sehr viel gewonnen. Denn wer nicht aus der Zeit herauskommt, kann nicht in die geistige Welt hineinkommen.

Wir sagen, der Mensch gliedere sich in physischen Leib, Ätherleib, Astralleib und Ich. Nur der physische Leib und der Ätherleib kommen zunächst für die physische Welt, für die sinnliche Welt in Betracht. Der Ätherleib hat noch ein Erdengeschehen in der Zeit, der astralische Leib kann erst gefunden werden, wenn man aus der Zeit herauskommt. Der physische Leib ist im Raume. Das Ich, das wahre Ich kann erst gefunden werden, wenn man aus dem Raum herauskommt. Denn die Welt, in der das wahre Ich ist, ist raumlos.

Zweierlei also ist es, was zu den ersten Erlebnissen gehört: daß wir herauskommen aus der Zeit und herauskommen aus dem Raum, wenn wir die Schwelle überschreiten zur geistigen Welt. Ich habe früher öfter mal hingewiesen auf mancherlei, was zu den raumlosen Vorstellungen führen kann, indem ich Sie auf die Dimensionen aufmerksam gemacht habe, nicht in so kindlicher Weise, wie oftmals von den Spiritisten über den vierdimensionalen Raum gesprochen wird und dergleichen, sondern in ernsterer Weise. Aber bedenken Sie, was Ihnen von all dem, was Sie Inhalt Ihres Bewußtseins nennen, verlorengeht, wenn Sie nicht mehr im Raume und nicht mehr in der Zeit sind. Ihr Leben ist ganz angepaßt an Raum und Zeit. Auch das seelische Leben des Menschen ist ganz angepaßt an Raum und Zeit. Sie kommen in eine Welt, an die Sie nicht angepaßt sind: das Nichtangepaßtsein an die Welt bedeutet Schmerzempfindung, Leidempfindung. So daß ohne die Überwindung von Schmerz und Leid nicht hineinzukommen ist zunächst in die geistige Welt. Die Menschen bringen es sich nicht zum Bewußtsein, aber sie scheuen vor der geistigen Welt aus Furcht zurück, weil sie das Abgrundartige einer Welt, in der nicht Raum und Zeit ist, nicht betreten möchten.

Wenn ich Ihnen nur diese erste Erfahrung des Erlebens jenseits der Schwelle wiederum vor das Geistesauge rufe, so wird Ihnen lebendig bewußt sein, daß ja in wenigen Menschen heute der innerlich starke Mut vorhanden ist, um gewissermaßen in das Bodenlose und Zeitlose sich auch erfahrungsgemäß zu begeben. Aber durch ihr Schicksal sind gewisse Menschen dazu verbunden, die Schwelle zu überschreiten. Und ohne die Weisheit, die herübergeholt werden kann von jenseits der Schwelle, ist nicht weiterzukommen. Sie fühlen daraus, was notwendig ist. Notwendig ist, daß in der Zukunft vergrößert werde dasjenige, was man Vertrauen des einen Menschen zum anderen nennen kann. Es wäre eine soziale Tugend, eine soziale Grundtugend. In unserer Zeit der sozialen Forderungen ist diese Tugend am wenigsten vorhanden, denn die Menschen fordern, daß für die Gemeinschaft gelebt werde, aber keiner hat das Vertrauen zum anderen. In unserer Zeit der sozialen Forderungen walten die allerunsozialsten Instinkte. Notwendig wird es sein, damit die allgemeine Menschheitserziehung so vorwärtskomme, daß die Menschen in die geistige Welt hineinwachsen, notwendig wird es sein, daß denjenigen, die von der Wissenschaft der Initiation mit Recht reden dürfen, Vertrauen entgegengebracht werde, nicht Vertrauen aus blindem Autoritätsglauben heraus, sondern aus gesundem Menschenverstand. Denn man kann immer einsehen, was als Kunde gebracht wird von jenseits der Schwelle, wenn man nur den gesunden Menschenverstand wirklich anwenden will.

Und da muß man immer wiederum von dem gesunden Menschenverstand, hinsehend auf der einen Seite zu ihm, den Blick wenden zu dem, was einem heute entgegentritt. Wenn auch nicht alle Leute so offenbar sagen: «Da irrt Christus» — aber in der Art sprechen die Leute, so ist die Logik des heutigen Lebens. Und wenn dann die Menschen kommen und sagen, sie können nicht unterscheiden zwischen dem, was aus geistigen Welten heraus mit innerer Logik verkündigt wird, und dem was die Universitätsprofessoren sagen, dann liegt eben nicht der gesunde Menschenverstand vor oder wenigstens nicht der Wille zum gesunden Menschenverstand. Man kann doch ohne weiteres aus seinem gesunden Menschenverstand heraus sagen, wenn einer spricht «da irrt Christus», so ist weiter mit ihm nicht zu rechnen von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus.

Wir haben verloren eine wirkliche Wissenschaft der Seele. Wir haben sie nicht mehr. Und ich habe ja auch in öffentlichen Vorträgen, neulich erst wieder in Basel und an anderen Orten, hingewiesen darauf, warum wir die Wissenschaft von der Seele verloren haben. Die Wissenschaft vom Geiste ist ja zum Beispiel der katholischen Kirche schon im 9. Jahrhundert unbehaglich geworden; ich habe das öfter erwähnt. Deshalb ist der Geist, wie ich ja auch schon oft auseinandergesetzt habe, auf dem achten allgemeinen ökumenischen Konzil zu Konstantinopel, 869, abgeschafft worden. Damals wurde das Dogma gegeben, der Mensch dürfe nicht denken, wenn er rechter Christ ist, daß er bestünde aus Leib, Seele und Geist, sondern nur aus Leib und Seele, und daß die Seele geistige Eigenschaften habe. Heute lehrt das noch die Psychologie, glaubt es aus unbefangener Wissenschaft heraus zu lehren, spricht aber nur das Dogma von 869 nach. Aber auch in bezug auf alles dasjenige, was auf die Seele hinweisen soll, wurde monopolisiert in Form des Glaubens, in Form des Bekenntnisses, in Form des Dogmas durch die Bekenntniskirchen. Alles das, was vom Menschen heraus Erkenntnis des Seelischen sein soll, es wurde von den Bekenntnisgemeinschaften monopolisiert. Und der eigentlichen Erkenntnis, der freien Erkenntnis wurde nur die äußere Natur überlassen. Kein Wunder, daß wir heute keine Seelenwissenschaft haben. Denn die weltliche Gelehrsamkeit hat sich eben nur der Wissenschaft der Natur hingegeben, da die Wissenschaft von der Seele monopolisiert und die Wissenschaft vom Geiste abgeschafft war. Wir haben keine Wissenschaft der Seele. Wir können, wenn wir auf dem fußen, was heute tonangebende Wissenschaft ist, nicht weiterkommen. Denn wenn wir auf dem fußen, was heute die Wortpsychologie ist — viel mehr ist sie ja nicht —, da können wir nicht zu einem wirklichen Verständnisse desjenigen kommen, was in der Seele waltet. Sie wissen ja aus meiner Darstellung, die ich gegeben habe in «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?», daß beim Überschreiten der Schwelle zur geistigen Welt im Bewußtsein auseinandertreten Denken, Fühlen und Wollen. Im gewöhnlichen heutigen gangbaren Bewußtsein bilden Denken, Fühlen und Wollen eine Art von Chaos; sie sind ineinandergeschichtet. In dem Augenblicke, wo die Schwelle zur geistigen Welt überschritten wird, in dem Augenblicke, wo man sich nur anschicken will, erfahrungsgemäß die Initiationswissenschaft zu gewinnen, werden im Bewußtsein Denken, Fühlen, Wollen selbständige Mächte. Sie werden selbständig. Da lernt man sie kennen, da lernt man in Wirklichkeit erst unterscheiden Denken vom Fühlen und vom Wollen.

Namentlich lernt man unterscheiden das Denken vom Wollen. Das Denken, das in uns waltet als Menschen, wenn wir es nicht seinem Inhalte nach nehmen, sondern wenn wir es nehmen hinsichtlich seiner Kraftnatur, wenn wir also die Denkkraft in uns nehmen, dann ist gerade dasjenige, was Denkkraft ist, etwas wie ein Hereinleuchten desjenigen, was wir vor der Geburt beziehungsweise vor der Empfängnis in geistigen Welten erlebt haben. Und die Willenswesenheit im Menschen ist etwas Embryonales, etwas Keimhaftes, das erst vollständig zur Entwickelung kommt post mortem, nach dem 'Tode. So daß wir sagen können: Wenn dieses hier (siehe folgendes Schema) der menschliche Lebenslauf ist zwischen Geburt und Tod, so ist innerhalb des menschlichen Lebenslaufes das Denken, so wie es im Menschen lebt, nur ein Schein, denn seine wahre Natur, die liegt vor der Geburt beziehungsweise vor der Empfängnis, und dasjenige, was Wollen ist, ist nur ein Keim, denn dasjenige, was sich aus diesem Keim entwickelt, entwickelt sich erst nach dem Tode. Grundverschieden sind in der menschlichen Natur Denken und Wollen.

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Wenn jetzt jemand mit der Logik der Gegenwart kommt, die alles hübsch einschachtelt, die gern Systeme macht, so sagt er: Uns ist heute gesagt worden, das Denken, das ist die Kraft, die aus dem vorgeburtlichen Leben hereinspielt, das Wollen, das ist die Kraft, die in das nachtodlicheLeben hineinweist. Nun hat man definiert, hübsch auseinandergeschält durch Definition Denken und Wollen. Aber mit Definitionen ist nichts gegeben. Man sieht gewöhnlich nicht das Ungenügende einer jeden Definition. Es sind ja manche Definitionen, besonders solche, die als wissenschaftlich gelten, sehr gescheit sich ausnehmend, aber alle haben sie irgendwo einen Haken, der einen erinnert an jene Definition, welche im alten Griechenland einmal gegeben worden ist auf die Frage: Was ist der Mensch? — Der Mensch ist ein zweibeiniges Wesen, das keine Federn hat —- worauf am nächsten Tag ein Schüler einen gerupften Hahn gebracht hat und sagte, das ist ein Mensch, denn es ist ein zweibeiniges Wesen, das keine Federn hat. — Er hat ihn vorher sorgfältig gerupft. So einfach liegen die Dinge nämlich nicht, daß man sie mit dem gewöhnlichen Intellektwerkzeuge so handhaben kann. Denn, sehen Sie, man kann ganz schön sagen: Von dem, was wir erfahren als Denken, müssen wir behaupten, es habe seine wahre Wesenheit vor der Geburt und in uns herein spielt nur etwas wie ein Spiegelbild vom Denken. — Hier liegt eine gewisse Schwierigkeit vor. Sie werden sie aber bei einer geringen Denkanstrengung überwinden.

Nicht wahr, wenn Sie hier einen Spiegel haben und Sie haben hier einen Gegenstand, zum Beispiel eine Kerze, so haben Sie also hier ein Spiegelbild: Sie können das Bild von dem Gegenstande unterscheiden, Sie werden es nicht verwechseln. Wenn Sie irgendwie, durch einen Schirm meinetwillen, die Kerze selbst zugedeckt haben, so werden Sie im Spiegel nur das Bild sehen. Das Bild wird alles machen, was die Kerze macht. Sie können aus dem Bilde alles ablesen, was die Kerze macht. Sie sind gewöhnt, räumlich zu denken, deshalb können Sie sich leicht vorstellen, wie das Bild sich zur Wirklichkeit der Kerze verhält. Aber das, was in uns die Denkkraft ist, ist als Kraft ein Spiegelbild, und die Wirklichkeit liegt vor der Geburt. Die reale Kraft, deren Bild wir anwenden in diesem Leben, liegt vor der Geburt. Daher ist der Grundsatz des menschlichen Bewußtseins, der sich ergibt, wenn man auf sein eigenes Bewußtsein sieht: Ich denke, also bin ich nicht. Cogito ergo non sum! — Das ist das Grundsätzliche, das man begreifen muß, daß im Denken Bildnatur waltet, und daß die Kraft des Denkens vor der Geburt liegt. Die neuere Entwickelung hat damit eingesetzt, das Gegenteil als Grundaxiom der Philosophie hinzustellen: cogito ergo sum, was ein Unsinn ist. Sie sehen, wie die neuere Menschheit durch ihre Prüfung durchgehen muß. Aber wir sind am Scheidepunkte. Wir müssen umdenken lernen über die Fundamente des Seelenlebens.

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Damit hätten wir das Denken in einer gewissen Weise auf sein Wesen zurückgeführt, und wir könnten jetzt etwas ähnliches behaupten für das Wollen. Das Wollen ist nicht wie Bild und Spiegelbild, aber wie Keim und Vollendung aufzufassen mit Bezug auf die Willenskraft zwischen Geburt und Tod und das, was daraus wird nach dem Tode. Diese Einrichtung, daß wir vom Denken das Bild, vom Wollen den Embryo haben, das allein ermöglicht uns die Freiheit zwischen Geburt und Tod. Sie können darüber nachlesen sowohl in meinen Büchern «Vom Menschenrätsel», «Von Seelenrätseln», wie auch in der zweiten Auflage meiner «Philosophie der Freiheit», wo diese Dinge auch philosophisch behandelt sind.

Nun aber kommt das Eigentümliche, woraus Sie ersehen müssen, wie wenig das bequeme alltägliche Denken genügt, um in die Wirklichkeit hineinzukommen. Man hat das Wesen des Denkens erfaßt. Aber wenn wir dieses Wesen des Denkens in uns erfassen, so müssen wir uns zugleich sagen: Dieses Denken ist nicht bloß Denken, sondern in diesem Denken ist auch eine Kraft des Wollens. Mit demselben inneren Wesen, mit dem wir denken, wollen wir zugleich. Es ist nur in der Hauptsache Denken, es hat einen Unterton des Wollens, ebenso hat aber unser Wollen einen Unterton des Denkens. Wir haben in der Tat zweierlei in uns: Etwas, was hauptsächlich Denken ist, was aber einen Unterton des Wollens hat (in das auf Seite 204 begonnene Schema wird neben das Wort Denken in Klammern Wollen geschrieben); etwas, was hauptsächlich Wollen ist, was aber einen Unterton des Denkens hat (neben das Wort Wollen wird in Klammern Denken geschrieben). Wenn Sie die Wirklichkeit betrachten, so kommen Sie nicht zu reinlichen Begriffen, die Sie einschachteln können in Systeme, sondern das eine ist immer zu gleicher Zeit in einem gewissen Sinne das andere. Erst wenn man diese Dinge durchdringt, dann bekommt man eine Anschauung von gewissen Zusammenhängen des Menschen mit Welten, die außerhalb derjenigen sind, die wir mit unseren Augen sehen und mit unseren Ohren hören, in denen wir aber nicht minder drinnen sind, als in dieser Welt der Sinne. Wir können nicht sagen, daß uns andere Welten als die Sinnenwelt nichts angehen, wir sind mitten in ihnen drinnen. Wir müssen uns klar sein, daß, indem wir hier auf diesem Erdboden herumgehen, wir durchaus ebenso, wie wir durch die sinnliche Luft gehen, durch die geistigen Welten gehen.

Beziehungen, sage ich, zu den geistigen Welten, sie ergeben sich, wenn man in diese Feinheiten des menschlichen Seelenlebens hineinsieht. Durch das, was mehr Denken ist und nur einen Unterton des Wollens hat, durch das hängen wir mit einer gewissen Art des geistigen Seins der geistigen Welten zusammen. Und wiederum mit einer anderen Art der geistigen Welten hängen wir zusammen durch dasjenige, was mehr Wollen und weniger Denken ist. Das hat schon seine tiefere Bedeutung. Denn dasjenige, was wir so finden, das prägt sich im Menschenleben aus, und die Differenzierungen, die in der Welt vorhanden sind, die kommen davon her, daß immer die eine oder die andere Kraft der menschlichen Natur sich nach der einen oder nach der anderen Seite mehr ausbildete. Diejenigen Kräfte, die in dem Wollen liegen, das den Unterton des Denkens hat, die wurden zum Beispiel im eminentesten Sinne in der althebräischen Kultur ausgebildet. Und diejenigen Kräfte des menschlichen Seelenwesens, welche hauptsächlich im Denken fußen, das einen Unterton des Wollens hat, die wurden in dem, was man die alte heidnische Kultur nennt, ausgebildet. (Zu dem auf Seite 204 begonnenen Schema werden noch die Worte «althebräisch» und «heidnisch» dazugeschrieben.) Und gegenwärtig haben wir die zwei Strömungen nebeneinander laufend. Gegenwärtig haben wir in der zivilisierten Welt durcheinanderlaufend die eine Strömung, die eine Fortsetzung des alten Heidentums ist, in der Naturanschauung, und die andere Anschauung, die eine Fortsetzung des alten Hebräertums ist, sie haben wir in der sozialen Anschauung der Gegenwart, in unseren ethischen, in unseren religiösen Begriffen.

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Und im einzelnen Menschen selbst lebt heute dieser Dualismus. Auf der einen Seite betet der Mensch heidnisch die Natur an, auf der anderen Seite ist er, ohne daß er eine richtige Naturbasis findet, außer daß er die Denkgewohnheiten herüberzieht in die sogenannte Sozialwissenschaft oder Soziologie, nachdenkend über das soziale, sogar das ethische Leben. Und wenn er dann philosophiert, dann sagt er: Auf dem einen Gebiete findet er die Freiheit, auf dem anderen Gebiete findet er die Naturnotwendigkeit, und dann findet er sich hinein in ein Gespenstisches zwischen Freiheit und Naturnotwendigkeit, zwischen denen es keine Brücke geben soll, und dergleichen mehr, und die Verwirrung ist eine ungeheure.

Aber diese Verwirrung ist in vieler Beziehung der Inhalt des heutigen Lebens, der Inhalt des heutigen untergehenden Lebens. Denn was fehlt in diesem unserem heutigen Leben? Wir haben eine Naturanschauung: sie ist bloß die Fortsetzung des alten Heidentums. Wir haben eine moralische, soziale Anschauung: sie ist bloß die Fortsetzung des Alten Testaments. Das Christentum ist eine Episode gewesen, die man zunächst historisch begriffen hat, aber heute ist es sozusagen wie durch das Sieb der menschlichen Kultur durchgefallen. Es ist im Grunde genommen das Christentum nicht da. Denn bei den Menschen, die oftmals vom Christus reden, können Sie es so machen, wie ich es Ihnen empfohlen habe bei Harnacks «Wesen des Christentums». Adolf Harnacks «Wesen des Christentums» können Sie so behandeln, daß Sie überall dort, wo er «Christus» schreibt, das Wort «Christus» ausstreichen und «Gottvater» hinschreiben, oder Sie können auch einen bloßen pantheistischen «Gott» und dergleichen hinsetzen, es wird im Grunde genommen im wesentlichen alles stimmen. Und wo es nicht stimmt, da redet er einen Unsinn, Prädikate, die nicht zu den Subjekten gehören.

Alle diese Dinge müssen heute gesagt werden, denn hier muß aus dem Fundamente heraus erkannt werden, was Inhalt des Zukunftsbewußtseins sein muß. Ebenso, sehen Sie, redet die heutige Entwickelungslehre davon: Der Mensch hat sich heraus entwickelt aus niederen Wesen und so weiter, diese niederen Wesen haben sich bis zu ihm herauf entwickelt. Gewiß, Sie brauchen nur meine «Geheimwissenschaft im Umriß» nachzulesen, so werden Sie sehen, daß das von einer Seite her auch von uns gesagt werden muß. Aber die Sache liegt so, daß wenn wir das menschliche Haupt in Betracht ziehen, so ist dieses menschliche Haupt, wie wir es heute auf unseren Schultern tragen, bereits wiederum in absteigender Entwickelung. Würde unser ganzer Organismus - bitte, mich jetzt wohl zu verstehen — dieselbe Organisation haben wie unser Haupt, so würden wir fortwährend sterben müssen. Wir leben nur durch dasjenige, was in unserem übrigen Organismus Vitalkraft ist und immer heraufgeschickt wird in das Haupt. Die Kräfte, durch die wir zuletzt sterben, sind in unserem Haupt waltend, sind in unserem Haupte. Das Haupt ist ein fortwährend absterbendes Wesen, es ist in rückläufiger Entwickelung. Deshalb kann im Haupte auch das Seelisch-Geistige seine Entwickelung gewinnen. Denn wenn Sie sich schematisch das Haupt vorstellen, so müssen Sie sich vorstellen: seine aufsteigende Entwickelung ist bereits in eine rückwärtige Entwickelung übergegangen; hier ist eine Leere. (Es wird gezeichnet, siehe Schema unten.) Und in das Leere, in das fortwährend Zerstörtwerdende geht Seele und Geist hinein. Das ist buchstäblich wahr. Wir tragen durch unser Haupt Seele und Geist aus dem Grunde, weil unser Haupt bereits in absterbender Entwickelung ist. Das heißt, in unserem Haupte sterben wir fortwährend. Und der Unterton von Wollen, der unserem Denken eignet, der liegt in unserem Haupte. Aber dieser Unterton von Wollen, der ist ein fortwährender Antrieb, ein fortwährender Impuls zum Sterben, zum Überwinden der Materie.

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Wenn wir nun wirklich sterben, dann tritt dieses Wollen ein. Und indem unser Leib der Erde übergeben wird, wird durch unseren ganzen Leib, schon physisch, im Erdenleib das fortgesetzt, was bis zu unserem Tode von unserer Geburt an in unserem Haupte sich abspielt. Sie tragen Ihr Haupt auf Ihren Schultern. Darinnen spielt sich durch sich selbst der Prozeß ab - er wird nur fortwährend aufgefrischt und verhindert durch das, was vom übrigen Organismus heraufspielt -, der sich dann abspielt, wenn Sie durch Feuer oder Verwesung der Erde übergeben werden. Da setzt sich fort dasselbe, was Sie zwischen Geburt und Tod innerhalb Ihrer Haut tun. Das setzt sich in der Erde fort: Die Erde denkt nach demselben Prinzip, wie Sie mit Ihrem Menschenkopfe denken, dadurch daß Sie in ihr sich auflösen, daß in die Erde Leichname versenkt werden. Indem wir durch die Pforte des Todes gehen, tragen wir durch unseren sich auflösenden Leichnam in die physische Erde hinein den Prozeß, den wir sonst für uns konfiszieren während unseres Lebens zwischen Geburt und Tod. Das ist eine Wahrheit der Naturwissenschaft. Solche Wahrheiten müssen die Menschen in der Zukunft kennen. Die heutige Naturwissenschaft ist in bezug auf solche Dinge eine Kinderei, denn sie kommt nicht dazu, über diese Dinge zu denken, über diese Dinge zu forschen.

Und umgekehrt: Dasjenige, was wir in unserem Kopf als Zerstörungsentwickelung haben, das ist ja die Fortsetzung desjenigen, was vor der Geburt beziehungsweise vor der Empfängnis vorhanden war. Das Zerstören beginnt erst mit unserer Geburt, denn da bekommen wir ja erst den Kopf, vorher war es kein Zerstören. Jetzt berühren wir wirklich den Rand eines außerordentlich bedeutsamen Geheimnisses des Weltendaseins. Das, was in unserem Haupte lebt, wodurch wir mit den anderen Menschen, wodurch wir mit der äußeren Natur in Beziehung treten, das ist die Fortsetzung dessen, was sich in den geistigen Welten abspielt, bevor wir in den physischen Leib hereintreten. Wenn man das gründlich durchschaut, dann kommt man dahin, einzusehen, wie die Kräfte aus den geistigen Welten hereinspielen in diese physische Welt. Am anschaulichsten ist das, wenn man diese Dinge nicht in abstracto betrachtet, sondern in concreto.

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Ein Beispiel (die Zahlen werden an die Tafel geschrieben): 1832 ist Goethe gestorben. Das Zeitalter, das der ersten Generation nach seinem Tode angehört, bis 1865, das war nicht so, daß in es viele Kräfte von seinem Geist aus hereinspielten. Ich wähle ein Beispiel; selbstverständlich spielen auch von anderen Menschen die Kräfte ebenso herein, es ist nur ein repräsentatives Beispiel. Also bis zum Jahre 1865 würde derjenige, der auf Goethes Seele die Aufmerksamkeit gerichtet hätte, wenig bemerkt haben von einem Hereinspielen seiner Kräfte. Dann, nach den ersten 33 Jahren, beginnt schon das, was in unsere Erdenentwickelung von ihm her hereinspielt aus der geistigen Welt. Und immer stärker und stärker wurde das bis zum Jahre 1898. Wenn man es dann weiter verfolgt, über dieses Zeitalter hinaus, so kann man sagen: Die erste Periode des Hereinspielens der übersinnlichen Kräfte Goethes in unsere Erdenkultur ist also 1865 bis 1898. Wie gesagt, bis 1865 war es nicht bedeutsam, dann beginnt es. Nach 33 Jahren haben wir dann 1931 den Ablauf einer weiteren Periode, und das würde die zweite sein. Und 1964 hätten wir dann den Ablauf der dritten Periode.

Wir können sagen, daß an einem solchen Beispiele wirklich gelernt werden kann, wie schon verhältnismäßig bald nachdem der Mensch die Pforte des Todes durchschritten hat, die Kräfte, die er dann entwickelt, mitspielen bei dem, was hier auf der Erde vor sich geht. Man muß nur wissen, wie diese Kräfte hereinspielen. Derjenige, der geistig, das heißt wirklich spirituell arbeitet, der weiß wie in den Kräften, mit denen er arbeitet, die Kräfte der geistigen Welten mitwirken. Und wenn ich vorgestern gesagt habe, daß in der Mitte dieses Jahrhunderts ein wichtiger Zeitpunkt ist, so ist das wie an diesem Beispiel hier, auf Grund solcher Beobachtungen geschehen, aus denen gesehen werden kann, wie die Kräfte aus den geistigen Welten hereinspielen in die physische Welt.

Diese Mitte des Jahrhunderts fällt aber zu gleicher Zeit zusammen mit dem Ablauf derjenigen Zeit, in der gewissermaßen die noch atavistisch zurückgebliebenen Kräfte von vor der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts in die ärgste Dekadenz kommen. Und die Menschheit muß vor der Mitte dieses Jahrhunderts den Entschluß fassen, sich dem Spirituellen zuzuwenden. Man trifft ja heute noch immer viele Menschen, die sagen: Ja warum kommt denn das Unglück? Warum helfen die Götter nicht? — Wir sind einmal in der Zeitepoche der Menschheitsentwickelung, wo die Götter gleich helfen, wenn die Menschen ihnen entgegenkommen, aber wo die Götter darauf angewiesen sind nach ihren Gesetzen, mit freien Menschen, nicht mit Puppen zu arbeiten.

Und hier bin ich an dem Punkt, auf den ich gestern hinwies. Wenn, sagen wir, ein erkennender Mensch selbst noch der Griechenzeit, ja der Zeit bis in die Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts, hinwies auf die Phänomene, auf die Erscheinungen von Geburt und Tod des Menschen, so konnte er hinweisen auf die Götterwelt, hinweisen, wie gewoben wird aus den göttlichen Welten heraus das Schicksal des Menschen durch Geburt und Tod. Heute müssen wir anders reden, heute müssen wir so reden, daß dem Menschen das Schicksal bestimmt ist durch seine vorhergehenden Erdenleben und durch die Art und Weise, wie er dadurch bestimmt ist, die Kräfte schafft, nach denen die göttlichen Welten an ihn herankommen können. Wir müssen lernen, umgekehrt zu denken in bezug auf das Verhältnis des Menschen zu den göttlich-geistigen Welten, wir müssen lernen, im Menschen die Quelle zu suchen, aus der heraus sich die Kräfte entwickeln, durch welche die einen oder die anderen göttlichen Wesen an einen herankommen können. An diesem wichtigen Zeitpunkt der Erdenentwickelung sind wir einmal angelangt. Und was äußerlich geschieht, das muß heute verstanden werden als ein Ausdruck für innerliches Geschehen, das nur verstanden werden kann vom Gesichtspunkte geisteswissenschaftlicher Einsicht. Jeder Mensch hat die Möglichkeit heute, ich möchte sagen, die äußersten Mündungen der Geschehnisse zu beobachten. Es sind ja genug Menschen gemordet worden in den letzten vier bis fünf Jahren. Zehn bis zwölf Millionen sind es in der zivilisierten Welt mindestens, wahrscheinlich mehr, dreimal so viel sind zu Krüppeln geschlagen worden in den verschiedenen Ländern, unsere Zivilisation hat es wirklich herrlich weit gebracht! Aber das wird man nach und nach erkennen müssen als die Mündungen, und die Quelle wird man zu suchen haben bei dem, was in den menschlichen Seelen vorgeht bei jenem Sich-Entgegenstemmen gegen die hereinbrechen-wollende geistige Welt, die das Menschenwesen in die Zukunft tragen will. Und alle Dinge müssen heute von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus betrachtet, das heißt vertieft werden, richtig vertieft werden.

Man könnte heute sagen, daß vielleicht manches, was geschehen ist, richtiger ausgesprochen wäre, wenn man die Gesichtspunkte ändern würde. Grob gesprochen sage ich jetzt etwas, was diesen Vortrag ganz aktuell abschließen soll, wie ja die Nuance diesen drei Vorträgen gerade gegeben worden ist durch die uns befriedigende Anwesenheit einer Anzahl unserer englischen Freunde: Man kann heute sprechen von Siegern und Besiegten. Es ist auffällig, ein auffälliger Gesichtspunkt, aber vielleicht ist es nicht der wichtigste. Vielleicht ist ein anderer Gesichtspunkt viel wichtiger, und dieser andere Gesichtspunkt, der könnte vielleicht von Folgendem genommen werden.

Ich habe hier von dieser selben Stelle aus einmal eine Ausführung vorgelesen von Fercher von Steinwand, jenem deutsch-österreichischen Dichter, der in den fünfziger Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts sich über die Zukunft des deutschen Volkes ausgesprochen hat. Der Vortrag ist schon deshalb bemerkenswert, weil er vor dem damaligen König von Sachsen und dessen Ministern gehalten worden ist. In diesen fünfziger Jahren — Sie haben es gehört, die damals da waren - hat Fercher von Steinwand davon gesprochen, wie sein deutsches Volk dazu prädestiniert ist, in Zukunft einmal so etwas ähnliches darzustellen, wie die Zigeuner damals dargestellt haben. Es war ein tiefer Blick, den Fercher von Steinwand in die Entwickelung der Menschheit getan hat. Diesen Dingen kann mit voller Objektivität ins Auge geschaut werden. Wenn man mit voller Objektivität diesen Dingen ins Auge schaut, dann wird man vielleicht einen anderen Gesichtspunkt als den heute häufig eingenommenen wählen. Man wird fragen: Wie steht es denn eigentlich mit dem, was sich gewandelt hat, gewandelt hat bei den sogenannten Besiegten, gewandelt hat bei den sogenannten Siegern?

Nun, die eigentlichen Sieger, das ist ja das anglo-amerikanische Wesen. Und dieses anglo-amerikanische Wesen ist durch die Kräfte, die ich ja auch hier öfter charakterisiert habe, zur künftigen Weltherrschaft bestimmt.

Nun kann man fragen: Da das deutsche Volk ausgeschaltet sein wird von dem Miterleben der Dinge, durch welche die äußere Welt in der Zukunft beherrscht sein wird, was geht da eigentlich vor? Es fällt die Verantwortlichkeit — nicht die des Individuums natürlich -, aber die Volksverantwortlichkeit fällt ja weg, die Verantwortung für die Menschheitsereignisse. Nicht die des Individuums, aber die Volksverantwortwortlichkeit fällt weg bei denjenigen, die niedergetreten sind, denn das sind sie. Sie können sich auch nicht wieder erheben. Alles das, was gesagt wird nach dieser Richtung, ist Kurzsichtigkeit. Die Verantwortung fällt weg. Um so größer wird die Verantwortung auf der anderen Seite. Dort wird die eigentliche Verantwortung liegen. Die äußere Herrschaft wird leicht zu erringen sein. Die wird errungen durch Kräfte, die nicht das eigene Verdienst sind. Wie die letzte Naturnotwendigkeit vollzieht sich dieser äußere Übergang der äußeren Herrschaft. Aber die Verantwortlichkeit wird etwas tief Bedeutsames für die Seelen sein. Denn die Frage steht schon im Schicksalsbuche der Menschheit niedergeschrieben: Wird sich bei denjenigen, denen die äußere Herrschaft wie durch eine äußere Notwendigkeit zufällt, eine genügend große Anzahl von Menschen finden, welche die Verantwortlichkeit fühlt, daß hineingestellt werden in diese rein äußerliche, materialistische Herrschaft — denn eine rein äußerliche, materialistische Herrschaft wird es sein, täuschen Sie sich darüber nicht —, daß in diese rein äußerliche, materialistische Herrschaft, in diese Kulmination der materialistischen Herrschaft hinein versetzt werden die Antriebe des spirituellen Lebens? Und das darf nicht allzu langsam geschehen! Die Mitte dieses Jahrhunderts ist ein sehr bedeutungsvoller Zeitpunkt. Fühlen sollte man gerade die ganze Schwere der Verantwortlichkeit, wenn man gewissermaßen vom äußeren Naturschicksal dazu ausersehen ist, die Herrschaft des Materialismus — denn die Herrschaft des Materialismus wird es sein — in der äußeren Erdenwelt anzutreten. Denn diese Herrschaft des Materialismus trägt zu gleicher Zeit den Keim des Zerstörens in sich. Das Zerstören, das begonnen hat, wird nicht aufhören. Und die äußere Herrschaft heute antreten bedeutet: die Kräfte der Zerstörung, die Kräfte der Menschenkrankheit zu übernehmen, in ihnen zu leben. Denn dasjenige, was die Menschheit in die Zukunft hineintragen wird, das wird aus dem neuen Keim des Geistes hervorgehen. Der wird gepflegt werden müssen. Und dafür gibt es die Verantwortlichkeit gerade auf jener Seite, der die Weltherrschaft zufällt.

Auch in diesen Dingen darf heute nicht unernst gedacht werden. In diesen Dingen muß gründlich gedacht werden, in diesen Dingen dürfen wir auch nicht bloß scheinbar spirituell und in Wahrheit materialistisch sein. Zwei Dinge hört man heute sehr häufig. Das eine ist, daß die Menschen sagen: Ach, was redet ihr von sozialen Gedanken, aus Gedanken wird doch nie Brot! — Es ist der billige Einwand, der heute sehr häufig gemacht wird. Und das andere ist, daß man sagt: Wenn die Leute wieder arbeiten, dann ist alles wieder gut, dann nimmt die soziale Frage ein anderes Gesicht an. — Beide Sätze sind verkappter Materialismus, denn beide Sätze gehen darauf hinaus, das geistige Leben zu verleugnen.

Erstens, wodurch unterscheiden wir uns von der Tierwelt? Die Tiere gehen hin, holen sich ihre Nahrung, soweit sie da ist, nach ihren eingepflanzten Instinkten. Wenn nicht genug da ist, müssen sie verhungern. Was hat der Mensch voraus? Er arbeitet an dem Zustandekommen der Nahrung. In dem Augenblicke, wo er beginnt zu arbeiten, beginnt der Gedanke. Und in dem Augenblicke erst, wo der Gedanke beginnt, beginnt auch die soziale Frage. Und wenn der Mensch arbeiten soll, so muß er einen Antrieb des Arbeitens haben. Die Antriebe, die bisher da waren, werden in der Zukunft nicht mehr da sein. Neuer Antriebe bedarf es zur Arbeit. Und es kann gar nicht die Frage sein: wenn die Leute wiederum arbeiten, so wird alles gut gehen — nein, wenn die Menschen aus einem Weltverantwortlichkeitsgefühle Gedanken geben werden, die ihre Seelen tragen, dann werden die Kräfte, die aus diesen Gedanken hervorgehen, sich überleiten auf Hand und Wille, und Arbeit wird entstehen. Aber alles hängt am Gedanken. Und der Gedanke selbst hängt daran, daß wir unsere Herzen öffnen den Impulsen der geistigen Welt.

Von Verantwortung und von der Bedeutung des Gedankens muß heute viel gesprochen werden. Deshalb wollte ich in diesem Vortrage gerade diese Nuance geltend machen.

Da es nun schon einmal so Schicksal ist, daß man ja heute eigentlich gar nicht fortkommt, wenn man reisen will, so werden wir auch morgen noch da sein. Ich will deshalb morgen um acht Uhr speziell sprechen über die anthroposophische Grundlage, die geisteswissenschaftliche, okkulte Grundlage der sozialen Frage. So daß ich, bevor wir abreisen, zu unseren Freunden auch noch von der sozialen Frage sprechen kann, aber ich werde die tieferen Grundlagen der sozialen Frage geisteswissenschaftlich auseinandersetzen.

Eleventh Lecture

Today I would like to discuss a few things, partly in more general terms, following on from what I said yesterday and the day before. From those two lectures you will have gathered that spiritual science, as it is conceived here, must arise from the deepest and most serious demands of human development in our time and for the near future. I have often mentioned that these are not ideals that spring from human subjectivity, but rather what can be gleaned from the spiritual history of human development. And from this spiritual history of humanity, we can truly read that the science of initiation, that is, the science that draws its knowledge from beyond the threshold to the spiritual world, is absolutely necessary for the further development of humanity. However, those forces that represent the old order oppose everything that can be claimed today as real knowledge of the spiritual world. And the rebellion of those people in whom the forces of the old live on, so to speak, must be overcome. The words about the necessity of learning anew and thinking anew about the most important matters of human development must be understood thoroughly and seriously. I would therefore ask you to attach particular importance to the fact that our tendency must be to overcome everything sectarian that still proliferates in the anthroposophical mind and to truly see the significance of anthroposophically oriented spiritual science for the world and for humanity.

People today are still far from awakening from the sleep into which they have been enveloped by the development that I have already described to you in certain basic features, which began around the middle of the 15th century. Certainly, what has been incorporated into human evolution—external natural science with its great triumphs, the materialistic view of the laws of the world, and with it the erroneous social ideas that are so clearly evident today—all that has enveloped humanity in sleep from this side continues to have a powerful effect. And prosperous progress will not be possible without awakening humanity from this slumber. Let us not forget that the recognition of the spiritual has powerful enemies in all those who want above all to continue thinking what they have been accustomed to thinking, who want to continue thinking out of pure intellectual laziness. One cannot say: if hostility and opposition to spiritual science, as it is meant here, arise all the more from this quarter the more this spiritual science becomes known, then one should not take these obstacles into account. Certainly, it could be a possible view to disregard completely what arises in this way. But that would be a completely wrong idea in our time, because we do not ignore things that attack us like vermin, but try to remove them ourselves, and sometimes we have to remove them in a harsh manner. This is something that must be decided on a case-by-case basis.

These things must also be understood from the necessities of the times. It is therefore with particular satisfaction that we note that, in these increasingly difficult times, there are still people who are moved by the willpower necessary to stand up for our cause. Unfortunately, however, there are still far too few of those who fully comprehend the seriousness of what is at stake today for the evolution of humanity. On the one hand, there are those who, not for any intellectual reasons, but out of intellectual laziness and other considerations, do not want to break away from what they have been accustomed to for a long time. On the other side are those who, with their whole being, oppose what is ripe for destruction. And we must not believe that leniency toward what is ripe for destruction should be anything that holds us back today. In the last five or six years, people could have learned how the old ways lead to absurdity. And those who have not yet learned will have ample opportunity to learn in the near future. But there must be a fire within us for that which is to be implanted as something new in the evolution of humanity.

That is why I was filled with a certain satisfaction when I was presented with the letter whose main content I would like to share with you today by way of introduction. The matter is that in Reutlingen, a town near Stuttgart, the same professor has appeared to rail once again, with equally foolish arguments, against what is desired by anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, as he did in that foolish writing whose contents I recently mentioned here. In any case, this professor, one of the adornments — for that is what they are now on this side — one of the adornments of Tübingen University — they are no different at other universities around the world — has now spoken in the same way as he did in that pamphlet. Our friend Dr. Walter Stein confronted him, but this time — as can be seen from a letter — with the real élan that is necessary today when one realizes the complete seriousness of what is at stake. And of that discussion that took place a few days ago, our friend Dr. Stein writes to his wife here: “Yesterday I was in Reutlingen, where Professor Traub spoke against Steiner. I asked to join the discussion. It was a fight to the death. I portrayed Traub as an unscrupulous man who is completely ignorant of the subject he is dealing with. He could only stammer out his closing words. He was broken. The town pastor, who opened the discussion, was so cornered by me with Bible texts that he said, referring to the passage where Christ speaks of reincarnation: 'Here Christ is mistaken' — the town pastor of Reutlingen. Then I stood up and cried out: Listen! That is religion today, a God who is wrong! The audience was in an uproar. At first they wanted to interrupt me, to take away my right to speak, shouting: “To the point!” They stamped their feet and shuffled their feet. But I spoke very calmly, pointed with one hand at Professor Traub and said: “This is the authority!” I received applause and prevailed. The man is finished. I am still half dead today.”

That a strong hatred would arise against the anthroposophically oriented spiritual science that has now been practiced here in Europe for two decades was foreseeable, could be foreseen by anyone who knew and knows how closely connected it is with the powers that must be called upon for the progress of humanity in the present and in the near future of humanity, that is, what is called anthroposophically oriented spiritual science. But this anthroposophically oriented spiritual science must not be confused with sleepiness, with the attitude that seeks to create a little sensual pleasure in the soul through spiritual ideas and concepts. And if Dr. Stein feels that this is a life-and-death struggle, then that is the feeling of something that is absolutely right. We are at the beginning. The battle of the will to destroy is raging against us. We have never made any attempt to act aggressively, insofar as we have understood the right impulse of our spiritual science. But we must not avoid what is necessary in the face of the aggressive nature that will come more and more from outside. We must not let our courage sink, we must not want to proceed with sleepiness. It will not be easy to incorporate the truth of human evolution, and leniency is certainly not something we can afford to show in certain matters. For we have come a long way if the gentlemen who are officially supposed to represent Christianity are even prepared to say, when they can go no further: Here Christ is mistaken! Of course, the parish priest is not mistaken! But if what the parish priest has to say does not agree with what is clearly stated in the Bible, then Christ is mistaken, not the parish priest! But this is the attitude that one encounters today, which one simply does not want to see because it is inconvenient to see it. One could see it in all areas, if one only wanted to.

But for those who can see the connections in life, it is also clear that the European misfortune of recent years, even if it has apparently taken place externally, is intimately connected with what people have become accustomed to thinking and—forgive the somewhat trivial, banal expression—what people like to talk about: How wonderfully far we have come — and in doing so, they lick their fingers with relish.

But what is necessary is to become inwardly objective. Under the influence of the newer culture, people have lost their objectivity. Personal factors play a role everywhere. And when the history of the last five to six years is written, it will only be possible to write it on the basis of documents from the humanities. Then these chapters of world history will contain much about how infinitely the personal has played into the great events of world history. I said that it will be impossible to talk about the events of the last five to six years without a foundation in the humanities. I need only hint at what I have already hinted at here many times. Of the thirty to forty people who, in 1914, were involved in leading positions in what is called the outbreak of the World War — people today love to speak imprecisely because it suits them to conceal the truth; it was neither an outbreak nor was it a world war: it was something quite different, which is far from over — of the thirty to forty people involved at that time, a large number were not fully sane, did not have all their soul and spirit together. But where consciousness is clouded, there are gateways where the Ahrimanic forces have particularly easy access to human decisions and human desires.

The Ahrimanic forces played a significant role in the events that unfolded in 1914. If one only wanted to, one could already see today, from a purely external examination of the matter, how necessary it is to introduce spiritual knowledge into human evolution. But how far removed are we from the habits of thinking, feeling, and sensing that would allow us to consider such things with complete seriousness. On the one hand, there is the fact—and even more so the imminent fact—that the time is ripe for the appearance of people who can respond with a suitable, capable soul to what has been pouring into our physical world in the form of spiritual impulses since the last third of the 19th century. Besides the fact that we have sailed into a materialistic age, there is also the fact that the gates between the spiritual world and ours have been open since the last third of the 19th century, and that people who open their souls and their consciousness to these spiritual impulses can have relationships with the spiritual world. Certainly, the number of people in whose consciousness the spiritual world already plays a role may be small. But it is a fact that the spiritual world is playing a role in many human minds. And we can say that the next ten, twenty, thirty years, until the middle of the century, will be years in which more and more people will have learned to listen quietly to their inner selves in order to counteract the impulses of the spiritual world that are trying to enter.

Those people who today receive such impulses from the spiritual world, who today know the truths and insights that must enter into human evolution, know the following: If what we call knowledge of nature, and especially what we call art, is not enriched by the science of initiation that such people have to handle, humanity will rapidly decline, and it will be a terrible decline. Let teaching continue for three decades as it is taught in our universities, let people continue to think about social affairs as they do today, and after these thirty years you will have a devastated Europe. You can establish as many ideals as you like in this or that field, you can talk yourselves hoarse about individual demands arising from this or that group of people, you can speak in the belief that even the most urgent demands will do something for the future of humanity — all will be in vain if the transformation does not come from the foundations of the human soul: from the thinking about the relationship between this world and the spiritual world. If there is no re-learning, if there is no rethinking, then a moral deluge will come upon Europe!

It is precisely a matter of realizing what it would actually mean if a number of people who have insight into the knowledge of the beyond the threshold were to recognize: The confusion, the materialistic tendencies, the social errors continue, and people do not want to rethink and relearn — and if these few people in possession of the science of initiation had to see how humanity is going downhill out of pure intellectual and emotional laziness! But we should not delude ourselves about how many forces are at work today in the so-called civilized world that are leading to such a situation. Many impulses are at work here, for is it not actually more natural to expect that humanity today, in its arrogance, should reject everything that comes from the science of initiation? Humanity is so infinitely clever in each and every one of its individuals! Humanity is so inclined to mock everything that can only be achieved by working on the progress of one's own soul. Humanity believes that it knows everything without learning anything. Neither the natural nor the social problems of today can be solved without the human mind, feelings, and will being fertilized by the spiritual world. For many people today, it is nothing but a fantasy when one speaks of this science of initiation, when one speaks of something like the threshold to the spiritual world. It is true that not everyone can cross the threshold to the spiritual world today, but no one should be denied the opportunity to see the truth in what those who have crossed the threshold to the spiritual world say. It is wrong when people on this side or that side keep saying: Yes, how can I see that what this or that person presents as initiation science is true if I cannot see into the spiritual world myself? — It is wrong. Common sense, which is not misled by erroneous natural or social ideas of today, can decide for itself whether there is truth in what anyone says. Someone speaks of spiritual worlds: one need only take everything together, the way things are said, the seriousness with which things are understood, the logic that is unfolded, and so on, and then one will be able to form a judgment as to whether what is brought as knowledge from the spiritual world is charlatanism or whether it has a basis. Everyone can decide this, and no one is prevented from making fruitful use in natural and social thinking of what is drawn from the source of spiritual life by those who are entitled to speak of the principle of initiation.

The forces of human evolution that have unconsciously guided humanity forward are exhausted and will be completely exhausted by the middle of the century, approximately speaking. New forces must be drawn up from the depths of the soul. And humanity must realize how it is connected in the depths of its soul with the roots of spiritual life.

Of course, not everyone can cross the threshold today. For over the last few centuries, human beings have become accustomed to viewing everything that comes their way as taking place in time. But the first thing we experience beyond the threshold is that there is a world in which time, as we understand it, has no meaning. We must step out of our temporal thinking. That is why it is so useful for people who want to prepare themselves for understanding the spiritual world to at least begin by thinking backwards. Let us say that a drama, which outwardly begins with the first act and proceeds to the fifth, should be imagined backwards, starting from the beginning of the first act; a melody should be imagined and felt not in the sequence in which it is played, but with the notes running backwards; the day's experiences should be imagined not from morning to evening, but running backwards from evening to morning. In this way we seriously accustom our thinking to the suspension of time. We are accustomed to imagining everyday life in such a way that after the first thing happens, the second happens, after the second the third, after the third the fourth, and so on (the numbers are written down), and we always think in such a way that our thinking is the image of external events. If we now begin to think backwards, to feel backwards, then we must impose an inner compulsion on ourselves, and this compulsion is good, for it forces us out of the ordinary world of the senses. Time passes from one, two, three, four, and so on in this direction (arrow pointing to the right). If we think in reverse, instead of from morning to evening, from evening to morning, then we think against time (arrow to the left). We suspend time.

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If we can continue this way of thinking, thinking back as far as we can in our lives, then we will have gained a great deal. For those who cannot step out of time cannot enter the spiritual world.

We say that human beings are divided into the physical body, the etheric body, the astral body, and the I. Only the physical body and the etheric body are initially relevant to the physical world, to the sensory world. The etheric body still has an earthly existence in time; the astral body can only be found when one steps out of time. The physical body is in space. The I, the true I, can only be found when one leaves space. For the world in which the true I is, is spaceless.

There are therefore two things that belong to the first experiences: that we come out of time and out of space when we cross the threshold into the spiritual world. I have often pointed out things that can lead to ideas about space, drawing your attention to dimensions, not in a childish way, as spiritualists often talk about four-dimensional space and the like, but in a more serious way. But consider what you lose of all that you call the content of your consciousness when you are no longer in space and no longer in time. Your life is completely adapted to space and time. The spiritual life of human beings is also completely adapted to space and time. You come into a world to which you are not adapted: not being adapted to the world means feeling pain and suffering. So without overcoming pain and suffering, it is not possible to enter the spiritual world at first. People are not aware of this, but they shy away from the spiritual world out of fear because they do not want to enter the abyss of a world in which there is no space and time.

If I simply recall this first experience of life beyond the threshold before your mind's eye, you will be keenly aware that few people today have the inner strength to venture into the bottomless and timeless realm, even based on experience. But certain people are bound by their destiny to cross the threshold. And without the wisdom that can be brought back from beyond the threshold, it is impossible to progress. They feel what is necessary. It is necessary that in the future, what we call trust between people be increased. It would be a social virtue, a fundamental social virtue. In our time of social demands, this virtue is least present, because people demand that others live for the community, but no one has trust in others. In our time of social demands, the most antisocial instincts prevail. It will be necessary for the general education of humanity to progress in such a way that people grow into the spiritual world. It will be necessary for those who are entitled to speak about the science of initiation to be trusted, not out of blind faith in authority, but out of common sense. For one can always understand what is brought as a message from beyond the threshold if one is willing to apply one's common sense.

And here one must always turn one's gaze from common sense, looking at it on the one hand, to what confronts us today. Even if not all people say so openly, “Christ is mistaken” — but people speak in this way, such is the logic of today's life. And when people then come and say they cannot distinguish between what is proclaimed from spiritual worlds with inner logic and what university professors say, then it is clear that they do not have common sense, or at least not the will to have common sense. One can easily say from one's common sense that if someone says, “Christ is wrong,” then one cannot count on him from this point of view.

We have lost a real science of the soul. We no longer have it. And I have also pointed out in public lectures, most recently in Basel and elsewhere, why we have lost the science of the soul. The science of the spirit, for example, became uncomfortable for the Catholic Church as early as the 9th century; I have mentioned this often. That is why, as I have often explained, the spirit was abolished at the Eighth Ecumenical Council of Constantinople in 869. At that time, the dogma was established that a true Christian must not think that he consists of body, soul, and spirit, but only of body and soul, and that the soul has spiritual qualities. Today, psychology still teaches this, believing it to be impartial science, but it is merely repeating the dogma of 869. But everything that refers to the soul has also been monopolized in the form of faith, in the form of creeds, in the form of dogma by the creedal churches. Everything that is supposed to be knowledge of the soul coming from human beings has been monopolized by the confessional communities. And only external nature has been left to actual knowledge, to free knowledge. No wonder we have no science of the soul today. For worldly scholarship has devoted itself solely to the science of nature, since the science of the soul has been monopolized and the science of the spirit abolished. We have no science of the soul. We cannot make any progress if we base ourselves on what is today's dominant science. For if we base ourselves on what is today's word psychology — and it is nothing more than that — we cannot arrive at a real understanding of what is at work in the soul. You know from my description in How Does One Achieve Knowledge of the Higher Worlds? that when we cross the threshold into the spiritual world, thinking, feeling, and willing separate in our consciousness. In ordinary, everyday consciousness, thinking, feeling, and willing form a kind of chaos; they are intertwined. At the moment when the threshold to the spiritual world is crossed, at the moment when one merely sets out to gain the knowledge of initiation, thinking, feeling, and willing become independent powers in consciousness. They become independent. There one gets to know them, there one learns in reality to distinguish thinking from feeling and from willing.

In particular, one learns to distinguish thinking from willing. Thinking, which reigns in us as human beings, when we do not take it according to its content, but when we take it in terms of its power nature, when we therefore take the thinking power in us, then precisely that which is thinking power is something like an illumination of that which we experienced in spiritual worlds before birth or before conception. And the will in humans is something embryonic, something germinal, which only comes to full development after death. So we can say: If this (see the following diagram) is the human life course between birth and death, then within the human life course, thinking, as it lives in human beings, is only an appearance, for its true nature lies before birth or before conception, and that which is will is only a germ, for that which develops from this germ only develops after death. Thinking and willing are fundamentally different in human nature.

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If someone now comes along with the logic of the present, which neatly pigeonholes everything and likes to create systems, they will say: We have been told today that thinking is the force that comes into play from pre-birth life, and that wanting is the force that points to life after death. Now, thinking and wanting have been defined and neatly separated by definition. But definitions do not prove anything. People do not usually see the inadequacy of every definition. Some definitions, especially those considered scientific, are very clever, but they all have a catch somewhere that reminds one of the definition once given in ancient Greece to the question: What is man? “Man is a two-legged creature that has no feathers.” The next day, a student brought in a plucked rooster and said, ‘This is a man, because it is a two-legged creature that has no feathers.’ He had carefully plucked it beforehand. Things are not so simple that they can be handled with the ordinary tools of the intellect. For, you see, one can quite rightly say: We must assert that what we experience as thinking has its true essence before birth, and that only something like a mirror image of thinking plays within us. — Herein lies a certain difficulty. However, you will overcome it with a little effort of thought.

Isn't it true that if you have a mirror here and you have an object here, for example a candle, then you have a reflection here: you can distinguish the image from the object, you will not confuse them. If you cover the candle itself in some way, for example with a screen, then you will only see the image in the mirror. The image will do everything that the candle does. You can see everything that the candle does from the image. You are used to thinking spatially, so you can easily imagine how the image relates to the reality of the candle. But what is the power of thought within us is, as a force, a mirror image, and reality lies before birth. The real power whose image we use in this life lies before birth. Therefore, the principle of human consciousness that arises when one looks at one's own consciousness is: I think, therefore I am not. Cogito ergo non sum! — This is the fundamental principle that must be understood: that image nature reigns in thinking, and that the power of thinking lies before birth. The more recent development has begun by positing the opposite as the basic axiom of philosophy: cogito ergo sum, which is nonsense. You see how the newer humanity must pass through its trial. But we are at a crossroads. We must learn to rethink the foundations of the soul life.

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With this, we have in a certain sense traced thinking back to its essence, and we can now assert something similar for the will. The will is not like an image and a mirror image, but like a seed and its completion, with reference to the willpower between birth and death and what becomes of it after death. This arrangement, whereby we have the image from thinking and the embryo from willing, is the only thing that enables us to be free between birth and death. You can read about this in my books The Mystery of Man, The Mystery of the Soul, and in the second edition of My Philosophy of Freedom, where these things are also dealt with philosophically.

But now comes the peculiar thing from which you must see how little comfortable everyday thinking suffices to get at reality. We have grasped the essence of thinking. But when we grasp this essence of thinking within ourselves, we must at the same time say to ourselves: this thinking is not merely thinking, but in this thinking there is also a power of willing. With the same inner essence with which we think, we also will. It is mainly thinking, but it has an undertone of willing, just as our willing has an undertone of thinking. We indeed have two things within us: something that is mainly thinking, but which has an undertone of willing (in the diagram begun on page 204, the word “thinking” is written in brackets next to the word “willing”); something that is mainly willing, but which has an undertone of thinking (the word “thinking” is written in brackets next to the word “willing”). When you look at reality, you do not arrive at pure concepts that you can pigeonhole into systems; rather, one thing is always, in a certain sense, the other at the same time. Only when you penetrate these things do you gain an insight into certain connections between human beings and worlds that are outside those we see with our eyes and hear with our ears, but in which we are no less present than in this world of the senses. We cannot say that worlds other than the sensory world are of no concern to us; we are right in the middle of them. We must be clear that as we walk around here on this earth, we are just as much walking through the spiritual worlds as we are walking through the sensory air.

Relationships, I say, to the spiritual worlds arise when one looks into these subtleties of human soul life. Through that which is more thinking and has only an undertone of willing, we are connected with a certain kind of spiritual being of the spiritual worlds. And in turn, we are connected to another kind of spiritual world through that which is more willing and less thinking. This has a deeper meaning. For what we find in this way is imprinted in human life, and the differentiations that exist in the world come from the fact that one or the other force of human nature has always developed more toward one side or the other. The forces that lie in the will, which has the undertone of thinking, were developed in the most eminent sense in ancient Hebrew culture, for example. And those forces of the human soul that are mainly rooted in thinking, which has an undertone of will, were developed in what is called ancient pagan culture. (The words “ancient Hebrew” and “pagan” are added to the diagram begun on page 204.) And at present we have these two currents running side by side. At present, in the civilized world, we have two currents running together: one is a continuation of ancient paganism in our view of nature, and the other is a continuation of ancient Hebrew culture, which we find in our social view of the present, in our ethical and religious concepts.

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And this dualism lives in each individual human being today. On the one hand, man worships nature in a pagan way; on the other hand, without finding a proper basis in nature, except by carrying over his habits of thinking into the so-called social sciences or sociology, he reflects on social and even ethical life. And when they philosophize, they say: in one area they find freedom, in another they find natural necessity, and then they find themselves caught between freedom and natural necessity, between which there is supposed to be no bridge, and so on, and the confusion is tremendous.

But this confusion is in many respects the content of today's life, the content of today's life that is coming to an end. For what is missing in our life today? We have a view of nature: it is merely the continuation of ancient paganism. We have a moral, social view: it is merely the continuation of the Old Testament. Christianity has been an episode that was initially understood historically, but today it has, so to speak, fallen through the sieve of human culture. Basically, Christianity does not exist. For people who often talk about Christ, you can do as I recommended to you with Harnack's “The Essence of Christianity.” You can treat Adolf Harnack's “The Essence of Christianity” by crossing out the word “Christ” wherever he writes it and replacing it with “God the Father,” or you can simply substitute a pantheistic “God” or something similar, and basically everything will be correct. And where it is not correct, he is talking nonsense, predicates that do not belong to the subjects.

All these things must be said today, because here it must be recognized from the very foundation what the content of future consciousness must be. Similarly, you see, today's theory of evolution speaks of this: Man has evolved from lower beings, and so on, these lower beings have evolved up to him. Certainly, you only need to read my “Outline of Secret Science” to see that this must also be said by us from one point of view. But the fact is that when we consider the human head, this human head that we carry on our shoulders today is already in a state of descending development. If our entire organism — please understand me correctly — had the same organization as our head, we would have to die continuously. We live only through what is vital energy in the rest of our organism and is constantly sent up into the head. The forces through which we ultimately die are at work in our head, are in our head. The head is a constantly dying being; it is in retrograde development. That is why the soul and spirit can also develop in the head. For if you imagine the head schematically, you must imagine that its upward development has already passed into a backward development; here there is a void. (This is drawn in the diagram below.) And into this void, into this constantly being destroyed, the soul and spirit enter. This is literally true. We carry soul and spirit in our head because our head is already in a dying state of development. This means that we are constantly dying in our head. And the undertone of will that is inherent in our thinking lies in our head. But this undertone of will is a constant drive, a constant impulse to die, to overcome matter.

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When we actually die, this will comes into play. And as our body is surrendered to the earth, what has been happening in our head since our birth continues through our entire body, already physically, in the earthly body. You carry your head on your shoulders. Within it, the process takes place by itself—it is only continually refreshed and prevented by what comes up from the rest of the organism—which then takes place when you are surrendered to the earth through fire or decay. There, the same thing continues that you do between birth and death within your skin. This continues in the earth: the earth thinks according to the same principle as you think with your human head, in that you dissolve in it, in that corpses are sunk into the earth. As we pass through the gate of death, we carry into the physical earth, through our dissolving corpse, the process that we otherwise confiscate for ourselves during our life between birth and death. This is a truth of natural science. People in the future must know such truths. Today's natural science is childish in relation to such things, because it does not get around to thinking about these things, to researching these things.

And conversely, what we have in our minds as a destructive development is the continuation of what existed before birth or before conception. Destruction only begins with our birth, because that is when we first receive our minds; before that, there was no destruction. Now we are really touching on the edge of an extraordinarily significant secret of the world's existence. What lives in our heads, through which we relate to other people and to the external nature, is the continuation of what takes place in the spiritual worlds before we enter the physical body. If you understand this thoroughly, you will come to see how the forces from the spiritual worlds play into this physical world. This is most clearly seen when you look at these things not in the abstract, but in concrete terms.

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An example (the numbers are written on the board): Goethe died in 1832. The era belonging to the first generation after his death, until 1865, was not one in which many forces from his spirit played a role. I am choosing one example; of course, the forces of other people also play a role, but this is only a representative example. So until 1865, anyone who had focused their attention on Goethe's soul would have noticed little of his forces coming into play. Then, after the first 33 years, what he brought into our earthly development from the spiritual world began to emerge. And this became stronger and stronger until 1898. If we continue to follow this beyond this era, we can say that the first period of the influence of Goethe's supersensible forces on our earthly culture was from 1865 to 1898. As I said, it was not significant until 1865, then it began. After 33 years, in 1931, we have the end of another period, and that would be the second. And in 1964 we would have the end of the third period.

We can say that such examples really teach us how, relatively soon after a person has passed through the gate of death, the forces they then develop play a part in what is happening here on earth. One only needs to know how these forces come into play. Those who work spiritually, that is, truly spiritually, know how the forces of the spiritual worlds work together with the forces they work with. And when I said the day before yesterday that the middle of this century is an important time, this is based on observations such as those in this example, from which we can see how the forces from the spiritual worlds play into the physical world.

This middle of the century coincides with the end of the period in which the forces that have remained atavistic since before the middle of the 15th century are reaching their worst decadence. And before the middle of this century, humanity must decide to turn to the spiritual. Even today, one still meets many people who say: Why does misfortune happen? Why don't the gods help? — We are in an epoch of human development where the gods help immediately when people meet them halfway, but where the gods are dependent on working according to their laws with free human beings, not with puppets.

And here I am at the point I referred to yesterday. If, let us say, a perceptive person even in Greek times, indeed up until the middle of the 15th century, pointed to the phenomena, to the appearances of human birth and death, he could point to the world of the gods, point to how the fate of human beings is woven from the divine worlds through birth and death. Today we must speak differently; today we must speak in such a way that human beings understand that their destiny is determined by their previous earthly lives and by the way in which they are determined by these lives to create the forces through which the divine worlds can approach them. We must learn to think in reverse about the relationship between human beings and the divine-spiritual worlds; we must learn to seek within human beings the source from which the forces develop that enable one or another divine being to approach us. We have now reached this important point in the development of the earth. And what is happening outwardly must be understood today as an expression of inner events that can only be understood from the standpoint of spiritual scientific insight. Every human being today has the opportunity, I would say, to observe the most extreme manifestations of these events. Enough people have been murdered in the last four to five years. There are at least ten to twelve million in the civilized world, probably more, and three times as many have been maimed in various countries. Our civilization has really come a long way! But this will gradually have to be recognized as the outcome, and the source will have to be sought in what is going on in human souls in their resistance to the spiritual world that is breaking in and wants to carry human beings into the future. And all things today must be viewed from this point of view, that is, they must be deepened, truly deepened.

One could say today that perhaps some of what has happened would be more correctly expressed if one were to change one's point of view. Roughly speaking, I will now say something that should bring this lecture to a very timely conclusion, as the nuance has just been given to these three lectures by the gratifying presence of a number of our English friends: One can speak today of victors and vanquished. It is a striking point of view, but perhaps it is not the most important one. Perhaps another point of view is much more important, and this other point of view could perhaps be taken from the following.

I once read here from this very place an excerpt from Fercher von Steinwand, the German-Austrian poet who spoke about the future of the German people in the 1850s. The lecture is remarkable if only because it was delivered before the then King of Saxony and his ministers. In those fifties—those of you who were there heard it—Fercher von Steinwand spoke of how his German people were predestined to become something similar to what the Gypsies were at that time. Fercher von Steinwand took a deep look into the development of humanity. These things can be viewed with complete objectivity. If one looks at these things with complete objectivity, one may perhaps choose a different point of view than the one commonly held today. One will ask: What is the situation with regard to what has changed, what has changed among the so-called defeated, what has changed among the so-called victors?

Well, the real victors are the Anglo-American essence. And this Anglo-American nature is destined for future world domination by the forces that I have often characterized here.

Now one may ask: Since the German people will be excluded from experiencing the things that will dominate the outside world in the future, what is actually going on? Responsibility—not that of the individual, of course—but the responsibility of the people, the responsibility for the events of humanity, falls away. Not that of the individual, but the responsibility of the people falls away from those who have been trampled down, for that is what they are. They cannot rise again. Everything that is said in this vein is short-sighted. Responsibility disappears. This makes the responsibility on the other side all the greater. That is where the real responsibility will lie. External domination will be easy to achieve. It will be achieved by forces that are not our own doing. Like the ultimate necessity of nature, this external transition of external domination will take place. But responsibility will be something deeply significant for the souls. For the question is already written in the book of destiny of humanity: Will there be a sufficient number of people among those to whom external domination falls as if by external necessity who feel the responsibility that they are being placed in this purely external, materialistic domination — for it will be a purely external, materialistic domination, make no mistake about that — that in this purely external, materialistic domination, in this culmination of materialistic domination, the impulses of spiritual life are being transferred? And this must not happen too slowly! The middle of this century is a very significant point in time. One should feel the full weight of responsibility when one is, as it were, chosen by external natural destiny to take up the rule of materialism — for it will be the rule of materialism — in the external world of the earth. For this rule of materialism carries within itself the seed of destruction. The destruction that has begun will not stop. And to take up the external dominion today means to take on the forces of destruction, the forces of human illness, and to live in them. For what humanity will carry into the future will emerge from the new seed of the spirit. This will have to be nurtured. And the responsibility for this lies precisely with those who are destined to rule the world.

Even in these matters, we must not be frivolous today. We must think thoroughly about these matters; we must not be merely seemingly spiritual and in reality materialistic. Two things are heard very often today. One is that people say: Oh, what are you talking about social ideas, ideas never put bread on the table! — This is the cheap objection that is made very often today. And the other is that people say: When people go back to work, everything will be fine again, and the social question will take on a different aspect. — Both statements are disguised materialism, because both statements amount to a denial of spiritual life.

First, how do we differ from the animal world? Animals go and get their food wherever it is, according to their innate instincts. If there is not enough, they must starve. What advantage does man have? He works to produce food. The moment he begins to work, thought begins. And only at the moment when thought begins does the social question begin. And if man is to work, he must have an incentive to work. The incentives that have existed up to now will no longer exist in the future. New motivations are needed for work. And it cannot be a question of whether everything will be fine if people start working again — no, when people, out of a sense of responsibility for the world, give rise to thoughts that carry their souls, then the forces that emerge from these thoughts will be transferred to their hands and will, and work will arise. But everything depends on thought. And thought itself depends on our opening our hearts to the impulses of the spiritual world.

Much needs to be said today about responsibility and the importance of thought. That is why I wanted to emphasize this nuance in this lecture.

Since it is now our fate that we cannot really get anywhere today if we want to travel, we will still be here tomorrow. I therefore intend to speak tomorrow at eight o'clock specifically about the anthroposophical foundation, the spiritual-scientific, occult foundation of the social question. In this way, before we leave, I will also be able to speak to our friends about the social question, but I will examine the deeper foundations of the social question from a spiritual-scientific perspective.