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Supplements to Member Lectures
GA 246

12 November 1910, Nuremberg

Translator Unknown

32. Morality and Karma

Today I must tell you a few things on morality and karma and tomorrow I shall speak on the appearance of Christ and reveal a few facts which have not yet been revealed.

Theosophy becomes really fruitful if we can observe its influence on our own life and if it becomes living substance within us. Theosophical principles can be looked upon as interesting doctrines, but theoretically it is difficult to gain a real conviction of the truth implied by the spiritual-scientific doctrines, in the real meaning of the word. Of course, all theosophical facts discovered along the path of genuine spiritual-scientific investigation can be tested by the human intellect and recognized through logic; but if we take in spiritual-scientific truths we are still a long way from being able to test them. Among our audience many people prefer to tread an easier path, which is to accept spiritual truths on the authority of a teacher. This is far more comfortable. On the other hand, however, there is hardly any other alternative for the great majority of people, for the independent testing of spiritual-scientific truths is a very difficult path; the other path, of observing life in itself, is far easier. But if the laws of Karma hold good, life itself must take on a form which shows us how Karma works in the experiences of life and in the development of character. Those who strive after spiritual truths will more easily gain a conviction of these truths by observing facts supported by life itself.

I shall take two widely-spread qualities as a starting point in this lecture. Taken as moral qualities, there has always been a strong, instinctive repugnance against them. ENVY and FALSEHOOD have always been considered as a special moral failing. This special aversion may be seen in the fact that in the case of no other human error is the repugnance so strong and instinctive as in the case of envy and falsehood. This feeling may be found in great men and in insignificant people. Benvenuto Cellini, who was a great man, once said that he felt himself capable of every kind of sin, but that he could not remember any real lie which he had told. Also Goethe found a certain relief in being able to say that he had never harboured any feeling of envy. Consequently the souls of the simplest people and the souls of highly developed men have an instinctive repugnance against envy and falsehood and defend themselves against them.

Without taking into consideration the theosophical aspect it may be said, first of all, that envy and falsehood are visibly an offence against a fundamental element of social life: they are an offence against the feeling of compassion. Compassion does not only imply sharing another's grief and pain, but it also implies experiencing his value. Compassion is a quality which is not greatly developed among men. It still contains a great amount of egoism. Of Herder it is said, for instance (he intended to study medicine) that he fainted when he first entered an operating theatre where a corpse was to be dissected; he fainted not through compassion, but through weakness and egoism, because he could not bear that sight. Compassion must become less selfish; we should be able to rejoice at another person's success and rise; we should be able to look upon his good qualities without any feeling of bitterness.

Compassion is a fundamental element in the soul life which we share with others because all human soul experiences are connected with each other. Envy and falsehood in particular offend against the capacity of appraising another person's value. We damage our fellow man through envy and falsehood.

Envy and falsehood bring us in opposition to the course of the universe; by envy and falsehood we harm the laws which govern the world's course of events. They can easily be recognized as errors and people do not tolerate them.

As a rule both envy and falsehood have occult backgrounds. Certain mysterious laws hold sway, which easily escape our observation, and they work in such a way that both envy and falsehood can arise in the same person in later years.

Envy does not always take on the form of conscious green envy. Of course, if anyone is conscious of this feeling, he tries to get rid of it. Envy as such is a quality rooted in the astral body of man. We know that feelings, passions, etc. should be looked for in the astral body. There is a certain law according to which qualities arising in the astral body and which are so detestable that we wish to get rid of them, gradually insinuate themselves into the etheric body. There they take on delusive aspects and appear in the guise of certain definite judgments which we pass on other people. No envy is contained in these judgments, yet we criticize people and find everything in them bad. This is a secret form of envy which creeps into our etheric body. There it takes on the form of an opinion, of a critical judgment. We say: This person has done this or that, and our statement may seem perfectly correct; nevertheless it contains envy in a masked form. What has taken place? A very significant process has taken place.

We know that the human soul passes through many incarnations and that there was a moment in the development of mankind when the tempters, Lucifer and Ahriman, crept into the human soul. In what form do Lucifer and Ahriman live within us today? This is not easy to discover without the aid of clairvoyant investigation, and Goethe expressed a deep truth when he said: “Folks do not notice the Devil, even when he takes them by the scruff of the neck!” IN fact, it is possible to ignore the devil; it is possible not to see him. From the standpoint of modern natural science it is easy to say that Mephistopheles does not exist; nevertheless, Lucifer and Ahriman live in human nature. Ahriman lives in the etheric body and Lucifer in the astral body of man.

Lucifer is a power that tempts the human soul by drawing it down morally and by leading it away from its origin. He casts us into the depths of earthly nature and we should beware of this. Lucifer is the power that draws us down into the depths of passion.

Ahriman, on the other hand, is the spirit of falsehood and error and he falsifies our judgments.

Both Lucifer and Ahriman are powers which are hostile to human progress. Yet they get on very well with each other. Envy is a quality in which the Luciferic power comes to expression. It is a detestable quality and that is why people dislike it. They seek to get rid of it, to overcome it and drive it away. When a person first discovers that his soul is filled with envy, he begins to fight against Lucifer, the source of envy. What does Lucifer do in that case? He simply hands over the matter to Ahriman, and Ahriman darkens the human judgment.

When we fight against Lucifer in the astral body, Ahriman can easily insinuate himself into the etheric body, darkening our judgments on other people. This is falsehood and falsehood is an Ahrimanic quality.

People also feel a strong dislike for falsehood and they try to fight against it. When we try to overcome falsehood, we can see that Ahriman hands over the scepter to Lucifer, so that a quality creeps into the astral body which appears in the form of an extremely pronounced EGOISM. Egoism is restrained falsehood.

These two qualities, falsehood and envy, are a crass expression of the way in which Lucifer and Ahriman work within the human soul.

It is possible to observe the influence of envy and falsehood even in the course of a single incarnation. Let us now speak of facts which prove the truth of theosophical teachings. Let us observe a certain period in a person's life and let us suppose that this person was strongly addicted to telling lies. The law of Karma would in that case exercise its influence and we should wait until this becomes manifest. It is, however, possible to observe in the present incarnation the connection which exists between an earlier and a later period of life. A study of human life may show us that a person perhaps lost the habit of telling lies—for life itself is a great school—but he will reveal instead a new, plainly marked characteristic: a certain timidity. There are people who cannot look us in the face and it is possible to observe a certain relationship between a feeling of shyness in later life and hypocrisy at some earlier period of life.

Another example: A person may be filled with the feeling of envy. When this has disappeared, when it has been overcome, we can observe that at some later period of life such a person is dependent on others; he will lack independence in the way in which he faces life—be a weak and swaying person.

These connections between falsehood and shyness, envy and lack of independence, which can already be observed in one and the same incarnation, are Karmic connections.

In reality, Karma works in such a way that a faint fulfillment of its laws already comes to expression in one and the same incarnation, though the decisive influence upon man's character only appears in the next incarnation. Helplessness and lack of independence will arise in old age, when envy appeared during youth. This is a faint nuance of the influence of Karma; it remains after death, works throughout kamaloka, etc., and it will be contained in the forces which build up the next life; it will become interwoven with the fundamental character which expresses itself in the three bodies: the physical, etheric and astral bodies.

Goethe expressed this in a very fine way by saying: The desires of our youth are fully realized in our old age. This applies, of course, both to good and bad desires.

In the next life the character qualities build up the three bodies, our character is then the architect of these three bodies. If envy has been a fundamental quality during one incarnation, it will exercise an influence upon the three bodies during the next incarnation and produce, as a result, a weak physical constitution. It works upon the human organism during the next incarnation.

When we see someone facing life in a helpless and dependent way, we must say: “Envy must have been at work during his past incarnation,” and we should behave towards him accordingly. If the laws of Karma hold good, it will soon appear whether our attitude is justified. When we see someone entering life with bad health and a weak constitution, we may take for granted that envy played a certain part in his life during his past incarnation.

When there is such a person in our environment, we must say that Karma led us together with him for a definite purpose: perhaps we were the object of his former envy. What can we now do for him? If Karma is a fact which can be reasonably accepted, if it is a valid truth, it should become manifest that by adopting the right attitude towards such a physically weak person in our environment, a good result can be achieved. What he needs is forgiveness; he needs to encounter this forgiving attitude in the widest measure. Under the condition that we have something to forgive him, we should envelop him in an atmosphere of forgiveness. “You have to forgive him something—therefore do it”; this is what we say to ourselves, but not to HIM—we shall act accordingly and await the result, and we shall see him gaining health and strength. Simply try to do what is right and the result will not fail to appear. This is how we may live in accordance with the laws of Karma and the whole of Theosophy will then become living substance.

Now someone might come along and say: It is quite right that things should have gone wrong with that person, for this is the retribution for what he did during his past incarnation. It is very reasonable that things should have taken this course, because his Karma demands it. People who say this do not understand Karma, for to understand Karma we must know that another person's Karma does not concern us at all! The fulfillment of Karma will come of its own accord; our only task is to help him! We must, however, draw in everything which might bring about a favourable change in his Karma. To know and to feel this forms part of a deep understanding of Karma and its laws. It is another matter when someone is passing through an esoteric development; in that case advice may be given as to the best way in which he can live out his Karma.

Moral qualities in fact produce results; they bring about Karmic effects. They may change during one incarnation. But in the next incarnation they must descend right down into the physical organism.

We said that falsehood may change into timidity during one and the same incarnation, so that a person withdraws into himself. All the more will falsehood in one incarnation produce timidity in the next incarnation. Such a person is born as a timid soul, full of fears. He will not only be shy towards the people of his environment, but he will also fall a prey to certain pathological conditions of fear. The timidity which appeared in one incarnation as a slight karmic effect of falsehood, will therefore appear in the next incarnation as a fundamental organic quality also of the physical body.

What is the right attitude towards a person in whose case we must assume that he told many lies during his past incarnation? We say to ourselves—we do not say this to him—and this should determine our actions: He will have told us many lies during a past incarnation; he misled us. We must try to bring him fruitful and valuable truths. Those who are led together with him by Karma must try to penetrate into his soul with love and devotion. Falsehood must be recompensed by truth; these are two extremes which bring about a kind of compensation.

The secret of the whole matter is that a favourable influence cannot be exercised upon him by anyone, but just by those who are karmically connected with him. Those who adopt this attitude will see what good results can be achieved if he brings him positive truths and has real understanding for him.

Karma is a real law; its result will appear in a very peculiar way. If we lovingly penetrate into the weaknesses of such people, our influence upon them will be an immense relief to them and bring them freedom and health. If we can immerse ourselves completely in them, we shall have a rejuvenating influence upon such people.

Our attitude towards people may be an understanding one or a critical one. What is the effect? We may help them or be unable to help them. We may come towards a person with understanding; i.e., immerse ourselves lovingly in his soul, with a real understanding for his weaknesses, if Karma demands this from us, as a task. But we may also criticize him and remain by this.

Let us observe life in both cases. What is the effect of criticism and rebuke upon the object of such rebuke? One effect can be that the reproaches helped him, but it may also be otherwise. People who habitually criticize and rebuke others will also bring about a certain result: a certain feeling of isolation will take hold of them; they will feel themselves cut off from the others.

Let us compare this with the effects produced in one incarnation, when we immerse ourselves with love and understanding in the other person's soul, in spite of his failings. In this case, too, the result may be a good one or a bad one, but the effect upon the soul will undoubtedly be a favourable one.

This shows us that entirely different laws hold sway when we remain standing, as it were, by criticism and rebuke, or when we progress as far as real understanding. Rebuke recoils upon ourselves and forms new Karma, but understanding gives rise to a store of wealth in the other soul; it dissolves Karma, smoothens it and eliminates it.

This is a very significant fact in life. Let us now recapitulate the result of our observations in a sentence which constitutes a deep truth; namely, that we are in the position to be of very little help to ourselves, and that we can, on the other hand, harm ourselves greatly. We can, however, be of great help to others, whereas we cannot cause them much harm by our own errors. Our good qualities can therefore be of great help to others; our bad qualities cause us great harm, but cannot cause much harm to others, at least not permanently.

This is a very peculiar law. It shows the effect of Karma in one and the same incarnation: for one who helps another person by his good qualities and by immersing himself lovingly in his soul, may be sure of a favourable effect in his own life at some later period. Do not say that this is egoism, that it is selfish to be good and noble. No, goodness must be something quite natural, and its good effect at some later time arises as a natural consequence.

If we do not go beyond our own interests, if we have no understanding for other people and only criticize them, no good effects will arise. The strange thing is that unless we are good towards others we cannot progress; this is a condition for our own progress.

This is a fundamental law passing over from one incarnation to the other, and appearing in a wonderful way. If in one incarnation we are instinctively led to goodness, if a kind of life instinct draws us towards a good life, this will appear in the next life as Theosophy, which will already have exercised its influence. Let us for instance imagine a person who was good to us at a time when we were not yet able to guide ourselves. Here we see a great difference between the different qualities of good—there are the good things in life which we do not deserve (we speak of undeserved good) and we can see that in one case its effect may be a favourable one, whereas in another case it is useless.

The clairvoyant may now perceive something quite special: Another person's good actions towards us, at a time in which we did not deserve them, appear as goodness which we earned back from him. If this is the case, their effect upon us will be a good one; if this is not the case, they cannot have any good effect upon us. When we observe the workings of Karma we should bear in mind that every action has its effect, even though it may not immediately appear to the physical eye.

The paths of Karma are very intricate paths, but if we study life we may understand them, for life contains the proofs for the way in which Karma works in the world. If we study Karma and act accordingly, the success in life itself will show us that we went out from a real law, which holds good.

There are three ways in which we can face Karma: We may not believe in it at all; we may believe in it, and then we may apply the test by observing life itself. This will enable us to recognize the truth of its laws. Theosophy is not only a theoretical truth, but a search for proofs which establish this truth in life itself.

32. Moral und Karma

Heute wird es mir obliegen, einiges zu sprechen über Moral und Karma, und morgen soll dann über die Erscheinung des Christus einiges gesagt werden von dem, was bisher darüber noch nicht gesprochen worden ist.

Geisteswissenschaft wird eigentlich erst recht fruchtbar, wenn wir sie im Leben zu beobachten vermögen, wenn sie Leben in uns selber wird. Für gewöhnlich mögen ja die theosophischen Grundsätze als Lehren interessant sein, aber das, was wir im wahren Sinne des Wortes nennen «eine Überzeugung haben von der Wahrheit der geisteswissenschaftlichen Lehren», das ist theoretisch außerordentlich schwer zu erreichen. Richtig ist ja, dass alle auf dem Wege echter Geistesforschung gefundenen theosophischen Lehren mit dem Verstande geprüft und mit der Logik erkannt werden können; ein weiter Weg ist aber von der Aufnahme der geisteswissenschaftlichen Lehren bis dahin, dass sie überhaupt geprüft werden können. Viele unserer Zuhörer wollen sich den Weg erleichtern und nehmen die spirituellen Wahrheiten auf Autorität hin. Das ist entschieden bequemer. Aber andrerseits kann heute auch kaum noch anderes möglich sein für den größten Teil der Menschheit. Denn schwierig ist der Weg der eigenen Prüfung; der andere Weg - das Leben so wie es ist, zu beobachten -, ist leichter. Wenn aber Karma in seinen Gesetzen richtig ist, dann muss sich mir das Leben so gestalten, dass ich sehen kann, wie da Karma wirkt als Erlebnis und als Charaktererziehung. Die Bewahrheitung im Leben ist für die Erlangung einer Überzeugung leichter für den geistig Strebenden.

Wir wollen bei unserer heutigen Betrachtung ausgehen von zwei Eigenschaften, die weit verbreitet sind. Als moralische Eigenschaften haben die Menschen gegen diese immer ein sonderbares, instinktiv ablehnendes Gefühl gehabt. Neid und Lüge sind immer als eine besondere Verfehlung gegen die Moral angesehen worden. Sie werden dieses besondere Abneigungsgefühl daran besonders ermessen, dass — wie viele Fehler der Menschen Sie auch betrachten - Sie nirgends so stark dieses instinktive Gefühl der Ablehnung finden werden wie gegenüber Neid und Lüge. Große Menschen und kleine Menschen haben dieses Gefühl. Benvenuto Cellini, ein großer Mann, hat einmal die Äußerung getan, er sei überzeugt, dass er jeden Fehlers sich für fähig halte, aber keiner wirklichen Lüge sich entsinnen könne. Und Goethe empfand es auch als sich selbst gegenüber beruhigend, von sich sagen zu können, dass er niemals das Gefühl des Neides in seiner Seele gehabt habe. So ist in der einfachsten Menschenseele und in der großen Seele erlesener Geister instinktiv das Gefühl der Abwehr vorhanden gegen Neid und Lüge.

Ganz ohne Geisteswissenschaft zunächst ins Auge zu fassen, ist über die Untugenden von Neid und Lüge zu sagen, dass sie ganz sichtbar verstoßen gegen das, was ein Grundelement menschlichen Zusammenlebens bildet: Sie sind ein Verstoß gegen das Mitgefühl. Denn dieses soll nicht nur ein Miterleben des Schmerzes des andern sein, sondern auch ein solches des Wertes des andern. Der Mensch soll sich aufrichtig freuen können an dem Wert des andern.

Mit dem Mitgefühl ist es noch nicht sehr weit her bei den Menschen. Es ist bei dem Mitgefühl noch sehr viel Egoismus. Von Herder wird zum Beispiel gesagt - er war ursprünglich zum Mediziner bestimmt -, dass er, als er das erste Mal einen Seziersaal betrat, ohnmächtig wurde, nicht aus Mitgefühl etwa, sondern aus Schwäche, aus Egoismus: Er konnte das nicht ertragen. Echtes Mitgefühl ist aber ein solches, das ausgeht nicht nur von dem Leid und Schmerz des andern, sondern von dem Werte jedes anderen Menschen. Selbstloser muss das Mitgefühl werden, Freude muss der Mensch empfinden können an dem Erfolg des anderen, an dem Emporkommen des anderen, hinschauen muss er können auf die Vorzüge des anderen ohne Bitternis. Der Grund, warum Mitgefühl ein Grundelement ist in allem seelischen Zusammenleben, liegt darin, dass alle seelischen Erlebnisse der Menschen zueinander in Bezug stehen. Der Neid verstößt gegen das Schätzen des Wertes des andern, und die Lüge erst recht. Wir schädigen mit Neid und Lüge den anderen in Bezug auf seine Wesenheit. Wir bringen uns durch Neid und Lüge in Widerspruch mit dem Gang der Welt, und wir verletzen durch beide die Gesetze des Weltenganges. Neid und Lüge können vom Menschen leicht als Fehler eingesehen werden, und er will sie an sich nicht dulden. Beide, Neid und Lüge, haben gewöhnlich okkulte Hintergründe. Gewisse geheimnisvolle Gesetze walten da, die sich unserer Beobachtung leicht entziehen und durch welche Neid und Lüge in veränderter Form beim selben Menschen in seinem späteren Leben auftreten können.

Der Neid tritt nicht immer als bewusster, blasser Neid auf. Die Menschen wollten ihn gewiss von sich wegschaffen, wenn er ihnen bewusst wäre. Neid als solcher ist eine Eigenschaft des astralischen Menschen. Wir wissen, dass Gefühle, Leidenschaften und so weiter im astralischen Leibe des Menschen zu suchen sind. Die Leidenschaft, das Gefühl des Neides ist also in seinem Astralleibe. Und nun gibt es ein bestimmtes Gesetz, welches besagt, dass Eigenschaften, die in unserem Astralleibe auftreten und durch ihre Abscheulichkeit die Sehnsucht in uns erregen, sie uns abzugewöhnen, in unseren Ätherleib sich hineinschleichen und dann dort auftreten in täuschenden Formen. Und zwar zeigen sie sich in ganz bestimmten Urteilen, die wir über den andern fällen. Diese Urteile sind dann so, dass wir den andern nicht beneiden, sondern tadeln, alles an dem andern schlecht finden. Es ist ein geheimer Neid, der sich einschleicht in unseren Ätherleib; dort zeigt er sich als Urteil, das sich in dieser Weise auslebt. Wir sagen: Der hat das und das getan, der macht das so und so, und so weiter. Das Urteil scheint gerecht zu sein, aber in Wahrheit steckt der Neid dahinter. Was ist denn eigentlich geschehen? Ein ganz bedeutungsvoller Vorgang in der Menschennatur hat sich da vollzogen.

Wir wissen, dass das menschliche Seelenleben durch viele Inkarnationen hindurchgeht und dass es einen Zeitpunkt gegeben hat, wo als Versucher in dieses Seelenleben sich eingeschlichen haben Ahriman und Luzifer. Was sind nun heute noch Luzifer und Ahriman im Menschen? Ohne hellseherische Forschung kann man das nicht leicht finden, denn eine tiefe Wahrheit liegt in dem Ausspruch Goethes: «Den Teufel merkt das Völkchen nie, und wenn er es beim Kragen hätte.» Es ist nämlich wirklich so: Ableugnen lässt sich der Teufel, Mephistopheles, leicht vom modernen Gesichtspunkte aus, aber trotzdem leben sich aus in der Menschennatur Ahriman und Luzifer, Ahriman im Ätherleib und Luzifer im Astralleib des Menschen. Luzifer ist jene Macht, welche die menschliche Seele verführt in Bezug auf all das, was den Menschen hinabzieht und moralisch von seinem Ursprung entfernt, ihn in die Tiefen der irdischen Natur hineinschleudert, vor denen er sich hüten sollte. Luzifer ist eine Macht, die ihn hinabzieht in die Tiefe des Abgrunds der Leidenschaften. Ahriman dagegen ist der Geist der Lüge, des Irrtums, der das Urteil der Menschen verfälscht. Beide Mächte, Luzifer und Ahriman, stehen dem Menschheitsfortschritte feindlich gegenüber, können sich aber unter sich sehr gut vertragen. Der Neid ist nun eine Eigenschaft, in der die luziferische Macht im Menschen sich ausdrückt. Der Neid ist eine recht üble Eigenschaft, die Menschen haben auch deshalb eine Antipathie dagegen. Der Mensch sucht den Neid von sich loszubekommen, ihn wegzukriegen. Es sucht der Mensch, wenn er den Neid in sich erst einmal erkannt hat, den Kampf gegen Luzifer als den Urheber des Neides zu führen. Was tut nun Luzifer? Er übergibt die Sache einfach an Ahriman, und der trübt das menschliche Urteil. Wo Luzifer bekämpft wird im Astralleibe, da kommt es sehr leicht vor, dass Ahriman sich einschleicht in den Ätherleib: Dann entsteht die Trübung des Urteils über einen andern Menschen, und sie ist eine Lüge. Lügen aber ist eine ahrimanische Eigenschaft. Der Mensch hat auch gegen die Lüge eine Antipathie und sucht sie zu bekämpfen. Bei der Lüge tritt nun der andere Fall ein, dass, wenn sie bekämpft wird, Ahriman dem Luzifer das Regiment abgibt, - und da schleicht sich in den Astralleib des Menschen eine Eigenschaft ein, die als sehr, sehr starker Egoismus auftritt. Das ist dann zurückgehaltene Lügenhaftigkeit.

Die zwei Eigenschaften, Lüge und Neid, sind diejenigen, die förmlich zum Ausdruck bringen, wie sich die stärksten Kräfte von Luzifer und Ahriman im Menschen ausleben.

Schon in einer Inkarnation kann man Karma in Bezug auf Neid und Lüge beobachten. Von den Belegen dafür, die gleichzeitig die Bewahrheitung der geisteswissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse sind, von denen wollen wir etwas sprechen. Betrachten wir einen Zeitabschnitt im Leben eines Menschen und denken wir uns, dass dieser Mensch viel gelogen hat. Das Gesetz von Karma für diesen Fall wird dann später zutage treten. Wir müssen warten, bis es sich auszuleben beginnt, aber wir können doch schon in der einzelnen Inkarnation die Zusammenhänge beobachten zwischen den einzelnen früheren und späteren Lebensabschnitten.

Die Lebensbeobachtung, sie lehrt uns, dass die Lüge bei einem Menschen vielleicht sich abstreift - das Leben ist eben eine Schule -, dass aber dafür eine ganz bestimmte Charaktereigenschaft auftritt: eine gewisse Scheuheit tritt auf. Es gibt Menschen, die einen nicht ansehen können. So können wir eine spätere Scheuheit und eine frühere Lügenhaftigkeit in ihren Zusammenhängen beobachten.

Ein anderes Beispiel: Der Neid tritt auf bei einem Menschen. Wenn der Neid weg ist, wenn er erdrückt worden ist, zurückgetreten ist, dann können wir beobachten, dass in einem späteren Lebensalter solche Menschen nun sich abhängig von anderen fühlen, dass sie unselbstständig, wankend im Leben sind. Diese Zusammenhänge von Lüge und Scheuheit, von Neid und Unselbständigkeit, die schon in einer Inkarnation beobachtet werden können, sind karmische Zusammenhänge. Im Grunde wirkt Karma so, dass es wie eine leise Erfüllung in derselben Inkarnation noch zum Ausdruck kommt, maßgebend aber für den Charakter wird es in der nächsten Inkarnation. So tritt, wo Neid in der Jugend sich gezeigt hat, Hilflosigkeit im Alter auf. Das ist eine leise karmische Nuance. Die bleibt dann bestehen auch nach dem Tode und wirkt weiter durch das Kamaloka hindurch, und das, was sich dann als aufbauende Kräfte für das nächste Leben zeigt, das enthält diese karmische Nuance und verwebt sie in das, was als Grundcharakter der drei Leiber - des physischen, des Ätherleibes, des Astralleibes - im nächsten Leben sich ausdrückt.

Ist nun Neid eine Grundeigenschaft des Charakters in der einen Inkarnation, so wirkt diese in der nächsten Inkarnation in alle drei Leiber des Menschen hinein und wird dann eine schwache Gesundheit zur Folge haben. Sie wird als eine mächtige Kraft organisierend wirken in der nächsten Inkarnation. Sehen wir einen Menschen in seiner Anlage hilflos und abhängig im Leben stehen, so müssen wir uns sagen: Da muss in der vorigen Inkarnation etwas wie Neid gespielt haben, und demgemäß müssen wir uns ihm gegenüber benehmen. Wenn Karma wahr ist, wird es schon zutage treten, ob unser Verhalten ein richtiges ist. sehen wir einen Menschen gesundheitlich schwach ins Dasein treten, so können wir annehmen, dass Neid in seiner vorigen Inkarnation irgendeine Rolle bei ihm gespielt hat. Haben wir solche Menschen in unserer Umgebung, so müssen wir uns sagen, dass Karma uns zusammengeführt hat mit diesem Menschen aus irgendwelchem Grunde. Wir können gerade der Mensch sein, den der andere einst beneidet hat. Was können wir nun tun für diesen Menschen? Gibt es ein Mittel, ihm zu helfen? - Wenn Karma eine Tatsache ist und als Wahrheit gelten darf, dann muss es sich zeigen, dass man, wenn man sich jetzt richtig gegenüber solchen Menschen verhält, ein günstiges Resultat erzielen kann an einem solchen, gerade in diese Umgebung hineingeborenen schwachen Menschen.

Verzeihung zu finden, das braucht er; diesem Gefühl im umfassendsten Maße zu begegnen, das braucht er. Unter der Voraussetzung, dass wir ihm etwas zu verzeihen haben, haben wir ihn positiv einzuhüllen in eine Atmosphäre von Verzeihen. Du hast dem Menschen etwas zu verzeihen, also tue es- das werden wir uns sagen, aber nicht ihm -, und danach werden wir handeln, und dann werden wir abwarten und werden sehen, wie der Mensch stärker und kräftiger wird, wie er gesünder wird. Man versuche nur, das Rechte zu tun, und der Erfolg wird schon eintreten. So kann man Karma leben; so kann man die ganze Theosophie leben.

Es könnte nun jemand kommen und sagen: Ja, es ist ja nur gerecht, wenn es dem Menschen jetzt übel geht. Das ist die Vergeltung des in der vorigen Inkarnation Begangenen. Dass es so gekommen ist, ist doch nur vernünftig, sein Karma erfordert das. - Wer so denkt, versteht Karma nicht, denn zur Erkenntnis des Karmas gehört, dass man weiß, es geht einen das Karma des andern gar nichts an. Ihm helfen, das istallein unsere Aufgabe. Dass sich sein Karma erfüllt, das wird schon von selbst kommen. Wir aber, wir haben alles herbeizuschaffen, um sein Karma im günstigen Sinne umzuändern. Dass man das weiß und fühlt, das gehört zum tiefen Verständnis des Karmas und seiner Gesetze.

Etwas anderes ist es, wenn jemand eine esoterische Entwicklung durchmachen will. Da kann ihm dann Rat gegeben werden, wie er sein Karma am besten austragen kann. Moralische Eigenschaften müssen in der Tat karmisch sich auswirken. Sie können sich wohl wieder in eines Menschen Inkarnation wandeln, müssen aber in der nächsten Inkarnation bis in die physische Organisation dann hinabsteigen.

Wir haben gesagt, dass Lüge schon in der gleichen Inkarnation zur Scheu werden kann, dass der Mensch sich dadurch selbst in sich zurückzieht. Umso mehr wird Lüge in der einen Inkarnation die Eigenschaft der Scheuheit in der nächsten hervorrufen. Als ängstlicher, furchtsamer Charakter wird solch ein Mensch geboren. Er wird nicht nur scheu sein gegenüber den Menschen seiner Umgebung, sondern er verfällt auch in gewisse krankhafte Furcht- und Angstzustände. So wird das, was in einer Inkarnation als leichte karmische Folge sich gezeigt hat, in der nächsten als grundlegende Organisation auch des physischen Leibes auftreten.

Wenn wir annehmen müssen, dass jemand viel Lüge in einer früheren Inkarnation verübt hat, wie handeln wir dem gegenüber vernünftig? Nun, wir sagen uns - nicht ihm - und müssen es uns zur Richtschnur unseres Handelns machen: Er wird uns in einer früheren Inkarnation viel belogen haben; er hat uns auf eine falsche Fährte gebracht. Wir müssen nun versuchen, ihm fruchtbare, schätzenswerte Wahrheit beizubringen. Liebevoll, hingebungsvoll muss sich in sein Seelenleben vertiefen der, welcher karmisch mit ihm zusammengeführt ist. Die Lüge müssen wir mit Wahrheit vergelten, das sind zwei entgegengesetzte Pole, die eine Art Ausgleich zu schaffen vermögen.

Das Geheimnis dabei ist, dass nicht jeder so günstig wirken kann auf einen solchen Menschen, sondern jener gerade, welcher karmisch mit ihm verbunden ist. Wer das tut, der wird schon sehen, wie günstig er wirken kann, wenn er positive Wahrheit geben und Verständnis entgegenbringen kann. Karma ist ein wirkliches Gesetz, der Erfolg wird sich in ganz merkwürdiger Weise zeigen. Wir werden unendlich gesundend und befreiend auf solche Menschen wirken, wenn wir auf ihre Schwächen liebevoll eingehen. Vermögen wir mit unserem Sein ganz in dem ihrigen zu leben, dann werden wir verjüngend auf die anderen Menschen wirken. Man kann dem Menschen zweierlei entgegenbringen: entweder Verständnis oder Tadel. Was ist nun die Wirkung davon? Wir können ihm weiterhelfen oder nicht. Man kann ihm Verständnis entgegenbringen, das heißt, sich liebevoll in das Sein des andern versenken und auf seine Schwächen eingehen, wenn es uns karmisch auferlegt wird. Wir können ihn aber auch tadeln und dabei stehen bleiben. Wir wollen nun in beiden Fällen das Leben beobachten. Wenn viel getadelt wird, hat das einen Erfolg in Bezug auf den, der getadelt worden ist?

Es kann einen Erfolg haben, der Tadel kann genützt haben oder auch nicht. Wer aber gewohnheitsmäßig tadelt, der hat auch einen Erfolg: Ein gewisses Gefühl der Isolierung im Leben, des Alleinstehens wird über den Menschen kommen. Vergleichen wir damit das, was eintritt in einer Inkarnation, wenn man recht liebevoll auf den andern eingeht, trotz seiner Fehler. Der Erfolg kann auch da gut sein oder schlecht, aber ein günstiger Seelenerfolg wird sicher da sein. Wir können daraus lernen, dass es einem ganz andern Gesetze unterliegt, ob man sozusagen beim Tadel stehen bleibt oder ob man bis zum Verständnis vorschreitet. Tadel prallt nämlich auf uns selbst zurück, schafft neues Karma; Verständnis aber gibt einen Schatz, den der andere dann in sich trägt, löst Karma auf, glättet es, tilgt es. Das ist eine außerordentlich bedeutsame Tatsache für das Leben.

Wir können nun das Ergebnis der Beobachtungen zusammenfassen in einen Satz, der von einer tiefen Lebenswahrheit ist, nämlich den, dass man im Grunde genommen außerordentlich wenig in der Lage ist, sich selbst zu nützen, aber sehr sich zu schaden; dass man den andern aber sehr zu nützen vermag, durch eigene Untugenden ihnen jedoch wenig schaden kann. Durch Gutsein also kann man den anderen viel nützen; durch Schlechtsein sich selbst sehr viel schaden, dem andern aber dauernd nicht viel schaden. Das ist ein sehr merkwürdiges Gesetz. An ihm zeigt sich nun schon Karma in einer einzigen Inkarnation. Derjenige nämlich, der durch Verständnis für den andern, durch liebevolles Eingehen auf ihn, durch Gutsein einem andern genützt hat, der kann sicher sein, dass er ganz gewiss in einem späteren Zeitpunkt eine günstige Rückwirkung davon hat. Sagen Sie nicht, dass dies Egoismus sei, wenn der Mensch gut und edel ist. Nein, das Gutsein muss das Selbstverständliche sein, und das andere, die gute Wirkung davon später, tritt nur als natürliche Folge ein. Wenn wir bei uns selbst stehen bleiben, kein Verständnis für den andern haben, ihn nur tadeln, dann tritt die günstige Rückwirkung nicht auf. Und das ist das Merkwürdige: Ohne gut zu sein mit den anderen geht es nicht, erst dann können wir vorwärtskommen. Dies ist ein Grundgesetz, das von einer Inkarnation in die andere in einer gewaltigen, großartigen Art auftritt. In der nächsten Inkarnation zeigt sich davon schon das Eigenartige: Wenn uns in der ersten Inkarnation der Lebensinstinkt so leitet, zeigt sich das in der nächsten Inkarnation als Theosophie, die dann schon gewirkt hat.

Denken wir uns zum Beispiel einen Menschen, der uns Gutes erwiesen hat zu einer Zeit, wo wir uns selber noch nicht leiten konnten. Da zeigt sich nun ein großer Unterschied zwischen Gutem und Gutem, welches unverdient ist- man spricht ja von einem unverdienten Guten -, und man kann beobachten, dass bei dem einen dieses Gute, das unverdiente, sehr gut anschlägt, bei dem andern aber nützt es nichts. Dem Hellseher zeigt sich nun da etwas ganz Besonderes: Die Guttaten, die der andere uns erwiesen hat, ehe wir sie von ihm verdient haben, die zeigen sich dem Hellseher als ein von uns am anderen wiederverdientes Gutes. Sind sie dieses, so schlagen sie bei uns an. Waren sie das nicht, so können sie bei uns nicht anschlagen.

Man muss bedacht sein bei den karmischen Auswirkungen, dass alles Getane doch sich auswirkt, wenn auch die Wirkung sich nicht gleich dem physischen Auge zeigt. Die Wege, die Karma geht, sind sehr verschlungen, aber sie können uns verständlich werden, wenn wir das Leben prüfen, denn dann finden wir die Beweise des karmischen Waltens und Wirkens in der Welt. Der Erfolg am Leben selbst zeigt uns dann, dass - wenn wir Karma so beobachten und danach tun -, wir von einem richtigen Gesetze ausgegangen sind.

Es gibt drei Arten oder drei Wege, sich Karma gegenüberzustellen: Man kann an Karma überhaupt nicht glauben, man kann daran glauben, und man kann es am Leben selbst prüfen; und dann wird man die Richtigkeit seiner Gesetze schon einsehen lernen.

Geisteswissenschaft soll nicht nur theoretische Wahrheit sein, sondern sie soll ein Suchen sein nach den Beweisen für diese Wahrheit im Leben.

32. Morality and Karma

Today it will be incumbent upon me to speak a little about morality and karma, and tomorrow some things will be said about the appearance of the Christ that have not yet been spoken about.

Spiritual science only really becomes fruitful when we are able to observe it in life, when it becomes life in ourselves. Theosophical principles may usually be interesting as teachings, but what we call “having a conviction of the truth of spiritual science teachings” in the true sense of the word is extremely difficult to achieve theoretically. It is true that all theosophical teachings found through genuine spiritual research can be examined with the intellect and recognized with logic; however, it is a long way from the acceptance of spiritual scientific teachings to the point where they can be examined at all. Many of our listeners want to make the path easier for themselves and take the spiritual truths on authority. That is decidedly more comfortable. But on the other hand, it is hardly possible for the majority of humanity today to do otherwise. For the path of personal examination is difficult; the other path - observing life as it is - is easier. But if karma is correct in its laws, then life must be shaped for me in such a way that I can see how karma works as an experience and as an education of character. Realization in life is easier for the spiritual aspirant to attain conviction.

We want to start today's consideration from two characteristics that are widespread. As moral qualities, people have always had a strange, instinctively negative feeling towards them. Envy and lying have always been regarded as a particular offense against morality. You will particularly measure this special feeling of aversion by the fact that - no matter how many mistakes people make - nowhere will you find this instinctive feeling of rejection as strong as towards envy and lying. Great people and small people have this feeling. Benvenuto Cellini, a great man, once said that he was convinced that he was capable of every mistake, but that he could not remember any real lie. And Goethe also found it reassuring to himself to be able to say that he had never had the feeling of envy in his soul. Thus in the simplest human soul and in the great soul of exquisite spirits there is an instinctive feeling of defense against envy and lies.

Without first considering spiritual science, it can be said of the vices of envy and lying that they quite visibly violate that which forms a basic element of human coexistence: They are a violation of compassion. For this should not only be a sharing of the other person's pain, but also of the other person's value. People should be able to genuinely enjoy the value of the other person.

People are not yet very good at compassion. There is still a great deal of egoism in compassion. It is said of Herder, for example - he was originally destined to be a physician - that when he entered a dissecting room for the first time, he fainted, not out of compassion, but out of weakness, out of egoism: he could not bear it. Genuine compassion, however, is compassion that emanates not only from the suffering and pain of the other person, but from the value of every other person. Compassion must become more selfless, man must be able to feel joy in the success of others, in the advancement of others, he must be able to look at the merits of others without bitterness. The reason why compassion is a basic element in all emotional coexistence lies in the fact that all emotional experiences of people are related to each other. Envy violates the appreciation of the value of others, and lying even more so. By envying and lying, we damage the other person in terms of their essence. Through envy and lies we bring ourselves into contradiction with the course of the world, and through both we violate the laws of the course of the world. Envy and lies can easily be recognized by man as faults, and he will not tolerate them in himself. Both envy and lies usually have occult backgrounds. Certain mysterious laws are at work that easily elude our observation and through which envy and lies can appear in a different form in the same person in their later life.

Envy does not always appear as conscious, pale envy. People would certainly want to get rid of it if they were aware of it. Envy as such is a characteristic of the astral human being. We know that feelings, passions and so on are to be sought in the astral body of man. The passion, the feeling of envy is therefore in his astral body. And now there is a certain law which says that qualities which appear in our astral body and, through their abhorrence, arouse in us the longing to get rid of them, creep into our etheric body and then appear there in deceptive forms. They manifest themselves in very specific judgments that we make about others. These judgments are then such that we do not envy the other person, but reproach them, find everything about them bad. It is a secret envy that creeps into our etheric body; there it shows itself as a judgment that lives itself out in this way. We say: He did this and that, he does this and that, and so on. The judgment appears to be just, but the truth is that envy is behind it. What has actually happened? A very significant process has taken place in human nature.

We know that human soul life goes through many incarnations and that there was a time when Ahriman and Lucifer crept into this soul life as tempters. So what are Lucifer and Ahriman in people today? It is not easy to find out without clairvoyant research, because there is a profound truth in Goethe's saying: “The people never notice the devil, even if he had it by the collar.” The fact is that the devil, Mephistopheles, can easily be denied from a modern point of view, but nevertheless Ahriman and Lucifer live out in the human nature, Ahriman in the etheric body and Lucifer in the astral body of man. Lucifer is the power that seduces the human soul with regard to everything that drags man down and morally distances him from his origin, hurls him into the depths of earthly nature, from which he should beware. Lucifer is a power that drags him down into the depths of the abyss of passions. Ahriman, on the other hand, is the spirit of lies, of error, which distorts people's judgment. Both powers, Lucifer and Ahriman, are hostile to the progress of mankind, but can get along very well with each other. Envy is now a characteristic in which the Luciferic power in man expresses itself. Envy is a very evil quality, which is why people have an antipathy towards it. People try to get rid of envy, to get rid of it. Once man has recognized envy in himself, he tries to fight Lucifer as the source of envy. So what does Lucifer do? He simply hands the matter over to Ahriman, and he clouds human judgment. Where Lucifer is fought against in the astral body, it is very easy for Ahriman to creep into the etheric body: then the clouding of judgment about another person arises, and it is a lie. Lying, however, is an ahrimanic quality. The human being also has an antipathy towards lies and tries to fight them. In the case of lying, the other case occurs, that when it is fought, Ahriman hands over the reigns to Lucifer, - and then a quality creeps into the astral body of man, which appears as very, very strong egoism. This is then restrained mendacity.

The two qualities, lying and envy, are those that formally express how the strongest forces of Lucifer and Ahriman act out in the human being.

Even in one incarnation, karma can be observed in relation to envy and lying. We want to talk a little about the evidence for this, which is at the same time the proof of spiritual scientific knowledge. Let us look at a period in a person's life and imagine that this person has lied a lot. The law of karma for this case will emerge later. We have to wait until it begins to play out, but we can already observe the connections between the individual earlier and later stages of life in the individual incarnation.

Observation of life teaches us that lies may be shed in a person - after all, life is a school - but that a very specific character trait emerges instead: a certain shyness. There are people who can't look at you. So we can observe a later shyness and an earlier mendacity in their contexts.

Another example: envy arises in a person. When the envy is gone, when it has been crushed, when it has receded, then we can observe that at a later age such people now feel dependent on others, that they are not independent, that they waver in life. These connections between lying and shyness, between envy and lack of independence, which can already be observed in an incarnation, are karmic connections. Basically, karma works in such a way that it is still expressed in the same incarnation like a quiet fulfillment, but it becomes decisive for the character in the next incarnation. Thus, where envy has shown itself in youth, helplessness appears in old age. This is a subtle karmic nuance. It then remains even after death and continues to work through the Kamaloka, and that which then shows itself as constructive forces for the next life contains this karmic nuance and weaves it into that which expresses itself as the basic character of the three bodies - the physical, the etheric body, the astral body - in the next life.

If envy is a basic trait of the character in one incarnation, it will affect all three bodies of the human being in the next incarnation and will then result in weak health. It will act as a powerful organizing force in the next incarnation. If we see a person standing helpless and dependent in life, we must say to ourselves: there must have been something like envy in the previous incarnation, and we must behave towards him accordingly. If karma is true, it will come to light whether our behavior is correct. If we see a person entering into existence in poor health, we can assume that envy played some role in his previous incarnation. If we have such people in our environment, we must tell ourselves that karma has brought us together with this person for some reason. We can be the very person that the other person once envied. What can we do for this person? Is there a way to help him? - If karma is a fact and can be taken as truth, then it must be shown that if we behave correctly towards such people now, we can achieve a favorable result for such a weak person who has just been born into this environment.

They need to find forgiveness; they need to encounter this feeling to the fullest extent. Provided that we have something to forgive him for, we have to positively envelop him in an atmosphere of forgiveness. You have something to forgive the person, so do it - we will tell ourselves that, but not him - and then we will act accordingly, and then we will wait and see how the person becomes stronger and stronger, how he becomes healthier. Just try to do the right thing and success will follow. This is the way to live karma; this is the way to live the whole of Theosophy.

Someone might now come along and say: Yes, it is only fair if the person is now in a bad way. This is the retribution for what was done in the previous incarnation. It is only reasonable that it has come to this, his karma demands it. - Anyone who thinks like this does not understand karma, because recognizing karma means knowing that the karma of the other person is none of your business. Helping him is our task alone. That his karma is fulfilled will come of its own accord. But we, we have to do everything we can to change his karma in a favorable way. Knowing and feeling this is part of a deep understanding of karma and its laws.

It is a different matter when someone wants to undergo esoteric development. They can then be given advice on how best to deal with their karma. Moral qualities must indeed have a karmic effect. They may well change again in a person's incarnation, but must then descend into the physical organization in the next incarnation.

We have said that lying can already become a shyness in the same incarnation, that the person thereby withdraws into himself. All the more will lying in one incarnation give rise to the quality of timidity in the next. Such a person is born as an anxious, fearful character. He will not only be shy towards the people around him, but he will also fall into certain pathological states of fear and anxiety. Thus, what has shown itself as a slight karmic consequence in one incarnation will also appear in the next as a fundamental organization of the physical body.

If we have to assume that someone has committed a lot of lies in a previous incarnation, how do we act reasonably towards them? Well, we tell ourselves - not him - and must make it the guideline for our actions: He will have lied to us a lot in a previous incarnation; he has led us on a false trail. We must now try to teach him fruitful, valuable truth. Those who are karmically united with him must lovingly and devotedly immerse themselves in his soul life. We must repay the lie with truth; these are two opposing poles that are able to create a kind of balance.

The secret here is that not everyone can have such a favorable effect on such a person, but precisely the one who is karmically connected to him. Anyone who does this will see how favorably he can act if he can give positive truth and understanding. Karma is a real law, success will show itself in a very strange way. We will have an infinitely healing and liberating effect on such people if we respond lovingly to their weaknesses. If we are able to live with our being completely in theirs, then we will have a rejuvenating effect on other people. You can show people two things: either understanding or rebuke. What is the effect of this? We can either help him or not. We can show them understanding, that is, we can lovingly immerse ourselves in the other person's being and respond to their weaknesses if this is karmically imposed on us. But we can also rebuke him and stop there. Let us now observe life in both cases. If there is a lot of rebuke, is it successful in relation to the one who has been rebuked?

It can be successful, the rebuke may or may not have been useful. But those who rebuke habitually also have a success: a certain feeling of isolation in life, of standing alone, will come over the person. Let us compare this with what happens in an incarnation when one responds lovingly to the other, despite his faults. The success can be good or bad, but there will certainly be a favorable soul success. We can learn from this that it is subject to a completely different law whether we stop at rebuke, so to speak, or whether we progress to understanding. Censure rebounds on ourselves and creates new karma; understanding, however, gives us a treasure that the other person then carries within themselves, dissolves karma, smoothes it out, erases it. This is an extraordinarily important fact for life.

We can now summarize the result of the observations in a sentence that is of a profound truth of life, namely that one is basically extremely little able to benefit oneself, but very much able to harm oneself; but that one is very much able to benefit others, but can do them little harm through one's own vices. Thus by being good one can do much good to others; by being bad one can do much harm to oneself, but not much harm to others. This is a very strange law. It shows karma in a single incarnation. For he who has benefited another through understanding for him, through loving concern for him, through being good to him, can be sure that he will certainly have a favorable reaction at a later time. Do not say that this is selfishness if the person is good and noble. No, being good must be a matter of course, and the other, the good effect of it later, only occurs as a natural consequence. If we stop at ourselves, have no understanding for the other person, only criticize them, then the positive repercussions do not occur. And that is the strange thing: without being good to others, we cannot move forward. This is a basic law that occurs from one incarnation to the next in a tremendous, magnificent way. In the next incarnation, the peculiarity of this already becomes apparent: if the life instinct guides us in this way in the first incarnation, it becomes apparent in the next incarnation as Theosophy, which has already taken effect.

For example, let us think of a person who did us good at a time when we were not yet able to guide ourselves. There is now a great difference between good and good that is undeserved - one speaks of undeserved good - and one can observe that with one person this good, the undeserved, works very well, but with another it is of no use. The clairvoyant now sees something very special: the good deeds that the other has done for us before we have earned them from him show themselves to the clairvoyant as a good that we have re-earned from the other. If this is the case, they have an effect on us. If they were not, they cannot strike a chord with us.

We must be mindful of the karmic effects that everything we do has an effect, even if the effect is not immediately apparent to the physical eye. The paths that karma takes are very intricate, but they can become understandable to us if we examine life, because then we find the evidence of karmic activity in the world. Success in life itself then shows us that - if we observe karma in this way and act accordingly - we have started from a correct law.

There are three ways or three ways of facing karma: One can not believe in karma at all, one can believe in it, and one can test it on life itself; and then one will already learn to see the correctness of its laws.

Spiritual science should not only be theoretical truth, but it should be a search for the proofs of this truth in life.