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The Boundaries of Natural Science
GA 322

1 October 1920, Dornach

Lecture V

Today it will be necessary to come to terms with a number of things that actually can be understood only if one is able to overcome certain prejudices that have long been cultivated and zealously inculcated right up to the present day. Much of what shall be said here today, and further substantiated tomorrow, must be comprehended through raising oneself up to an inner viewing [Anschauung] of the spirit. You must consider that when the results of a scientific investigation of the spirit are met with a demand for proof such as is recognized by contemporary science or jurisprudence, or even contemporary social science—which is so useless in the face of life itself—one does not get very far at all. For the true spiritual scientist must already bear this method of demonstration within himself. He must have schooled himself in the rigorous methods of contemporary science, even of the mathematical sciences. He must know what mode of demonstration is demanded in these circles, and he must suffuse the processes of his whole inner life with this method: therein he builds the foundation for a higher mode of cognition. For this reason it is usually the case that when the demands of normal consciousness are placed before the spiritual scientist, he is thoroughly at home in the field from which the question stems. He has long since anticipated the objections that can be raised. One could even go so far as to say that he is only a spiritual scientist in the true sense of the word—in the sense in which we characterized spiritual science yesterday—to the extent that he has subjected himself to the rigorous discipline of the modern scientific method and knows at least the tenor of modern scientific thought quite well. I must make this one preliminary remark and add one other. If one cannot transcend the manner of demonstration that experimentation has made scientific habit, one shall never attain knowledge that can benefit society. For in a scientific experiment one proceeds—even if one cherishes the illusion that it is otherwise—in such a way that one moves in a certain direction and allows phenomena to confirm what lives within the ideas one has formulated as a natural law, or perhaps mathematically.

Now, when one is required to translate one's knowledge into social judgments, in other words, if the ideas that one has formulated as the natural laws of contemporary anthropology or biology or Darwinism—no matter how “progressive” this Darwinism might be—are to have validity; if one wants to translate them into a social science that can become truly practical, this knowledge obtained through experimentation is totally inadequate. lt is totally inadequate because one cannot simply sit in a laboratory and wait to see what one's ideas call forth when they are applied to society. Thereby thousands upon thousands of people could easily die or starve or be made to suffer in some other way. A great part of the misery in our society has been called forth in just this way. Because they have originated in pure experimentation, our ideas have gradually become too narrow and impoverished to subsist in reality, which they must be able to do if thought is ever to enrich the sphere of practical life. I have already indicated the stance the spiritual scientist must take regarding the two boundaries that arise within cognition—the boundaries at the poles of matter and consciousness—if he is to attain knowledge that can reflect light back into nature and at the same time forward into the social future. I have shown that at the boundary of the material world one must not allow one's thinking to roll on with its own inertia in order to construct mechanistic, atomistic, or molecular world conceptions tending toward the metaphysical but call a halt at the boundary and develop instead something that normally is not yet present as a faculty of cognition. One must develop Inspiration. On the other hand, I have shown you that if one wishes to come to an understanding of consciousness, one must not attempt, as Anglo-American associative psychology does, to penetrate into consciousness with ideas and concepts called forth by the natural world. It must be entirely clear in one's mind that consciousness is constituted such that these ideas culled from the external world can gain no access. We must abandon such ideas and seek rather to enter the realm of Imaginative cognition. In order to achieve self-knowledge we must permeate the concepts and ideas with content, so that they become images. Until the view of man which was born in the West and now has all of civilization in its grasp is transformed into Imaginative cognition, we shall never progress in coming to terms with this second boundary presenting itself to normal human cognition.

At the same time, however, one can say that humanity has evolved from certain stages, now become historical, to the point that requires that it progress to Inspiration on the one hand and Imagination on the other. Whoever is able to perceive what humanity is undergoing at the present, what is just beginning to reveal its first symptoms, knows that forces are rising out of the depths of human evolution that tend toward the proper introduction of Imagination and Inspiration into human evolution.

Inspiration cannot be attained except by exercising a certain faculty of mental representation in the way that I described in my book, Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and Its Attainment, and shall describe at least in outline in the coming lectures. When one has progressed far enough in a kind of inner self-cultivation, a schooling of the self in a certain form of mental representation [Vorstellen]; when one schools oneself to live within the realm of representations, ideals, and concepts that live within the mind—then one learns what it means to live in Inspiration. For when one exercises consciously the faculty that otherwise “mathematicizes” within us during the first seven years up to the change of teeth (in normal life and in conventional science this occurs unconsciously), when one enters into this “living mathematics,” into this “living mechanics,” it is as though one were to fall asleep, entering not into unconsciousness or nebulous dreams but into a new form of consciousness that I shall begin to describe to you today. One takes up into full consciousness what otherwise works within as the sense of balance, the sense of movement, and the sense of life. It is as though one were to wrest from oneself what otherwise lives within as sensations of balance, movement, and life so that one lives within them with the extended mathematical representations. Tomorrow I shall speak about this at greater length. One passes over into another consciousness, within which one experiences something like a toneless weaving in a cosmic music. I cannot describe it otherwise. One unites with this weaving in a toneless music in a way similar to that by which one makes the physical body one's own through the activity of the ego in childhood. This weaving in a toneless music provides the other, rigorously demonstrable awareness that one is now outside the body with one's soul-spirit. One begins to comprehend that even in normal sleep one's soul-spirit is outside the body. Yet the experience of sleep is not permeated with that which vibrates when leaving the body consciously through one's own initiative, and one experiences initially something like an inner unrest, an inner unrest that exhibits a musical quality when one enters into it with full consciousness. This unrest is gradually elucidated when the musical element one experiences there becomes a kind of wordless revelation of speech from the spiritual cosmos. These matters naturally appear grotesque and paradoxical to these who hear them for the first time. Yet much has arisen in the course of cosmic evolution that first appeared paradoxical and grotesque, and human evolution will not advance if one wishes to pass over these phenomena only half-consciously or unconsciously. Initially one has only a certain experience, an experience of a kind of toneless music. Then out of this experience of toneless music there arises something which, when experienced, enables us to comprehend inwardly a content as meaningful as that which is conveyed to us when we listen outwardly to a man who speaks to us via sensible words. The spiritual world simply begins to speak, and one has only to begin to acquire an experience of this.

Then one comes to experience something at a higher level. One no longer only weaves and lives in a toneless music and no longer merely perceives the speech of the super-sensible spiritual world: one begins to recognize the contours of something that reveals itself within this super-sensible world, the contours of beings. Within this universal spiritual speech that one initially encounters there emerge individual spiritual beings, in the same way that we, listening at a lower level to the speech of another man, crystallize or organize—if I may use such trivial expressions—what reveals itself as his soul and spirit into something substantial. We begin to live within the contemplation and knowledge of a spiritual reality. This realm of the spirit replaces the vacuous, insubstantial, metaphysical world of atoms and molecules: it confronts us as the reality that lies behind the phenomena of the sense world. We no longer stand in the same relation to the boundary of the material world as when we allow conceptualizing to roll on with its own inertia, attempting to carry the kind of thinking developed through interaction with the sense world beyond the boundary. Now we stand in a relationship to this boundary of sense such that the spiritual content of the world suddenly stands revealed there. This is one boundary to cognition.

Ladies and gentlemen, humanity at this point in its evolution is yearning to step out of itself, to step out of the body in this way, and one can see this tendency exemplified quite clearly in certain individuals. Human beings seek to withdraw from their bodies that which the spiritual scientist withdraws with full consciousness. The spiritual scientist withdraws this in a way analogous to the way in which he applies inwardly obtained concepts in a systematic, organized fashion to the natural world. As some of you will know, for some time now a great deal of attention has been paid to a remarkable illness. Psychologists and psychiatrists term this “pathological questioning or doubt” [Grübelsucht; Zweifelsucht]; it would perhaps better be termed “pathological skepticism.” One now encounters innumerable instances of this illness in the most remarkable forms, and it is already necessary that the study of this disease in particular be promoted within the cultural context of our time. This illness manifests itself—you can learn a great deal about it from the psychiatric literature—in these people, from a certain age onward, usually from puberty or the period immediately preceding puberty, no longer being able to relate properly to the external world. When confronted with their experiences in the external world, these people are overcome by an infinite number of questions. There are certain individuals who, though they remain otherwise fully rational, can pursue their duties to a great extent and are fully cognizant of their condition, must begin to pose the most extraordinary questions if they are but slightly withdrawn from what normally binds them to the external world. These questions simply intrude into their life and cannot be brushed aside. They intrude themselves especially strongly in individuals with healthy, or even conspicuously healthy, organizations—in individuals who have an open mind and a certain understanding for the manner in which modern scientific thinking proceeds. They experience modern science in this way, so that they cannot understand at all how such questions arise unconsciously thereby. Such phenomena are evident especially in women, who have less robust natures than men and who also tend to acquire their knowledge of natural science, if they undertake to do so, not so much through the highly disciplined scientific literature but rather through works intended for laymen and dilettanti. For if at this time immediately before puberty, or just when puberty is on the wane, there should occur an intense preoccupation with modern scientific thought in the way I have just described, among such people a high incidence of this disease can be observed. It manifests itself in these people having then to ask: where ever does the sun come from? And no matter how clever the answers one gives them, one question always calls forth another. Where does the human heart come from? Why does it beat? Did I not forget two or three sins at confession? What happened when I took Communion? Did a few crumbs of the Host perhaps fall to the ground? Did I not try to mail a letter somewhere and miss the slot? I could produce a whole litany of such examples for you, and you would see that all this is eminently suited to keeping one uneasy.

Now, when the spiritual scientist comes to consider this matter he feels himself right at home. It is simply a manifestation of the element in which the spiritual scientist resides consciously when he achieves an experience of the toneless musical speech of spiritual beings through Inspiration. Those afflicted with pathological skepticism enter this region unconsciously. They have cultivated nothing that would enable them to comprehend the state into which they enter. The spiritual scientist knows that throughout the entire night, from falling asleep until waking, one lives in an element consisting entirely of such questions, that out of the sleeping state countless questions arise within one. The spiritual scientist knows this condition, because he can experience it consciously. Whoever approaches these matters from the standpoint of normal consciousness and seeks thus to comprehend them will perhaps make attempts at all kinds of rationalistic explanations, but he will not arrive at the truth, because he is unable to comprehend the matter through Inspirative cognition. Such a one sees that there are, for example, people who go to the theater in the evening and on leaving the theater are helpless to resist the countless questions that overcome them: what is this actress's relationship to the outer world? What was that actor doing some previous year? What are the relationships between the individual actors and actresses? How was this or that flat constructed? Which painter is responsible for each? and so on, and so on. For days on end such people are subject to the influence of this pesky questioner within. This is a pathological condition that one begins to understand only by realizing that these people enter a region the spiritual scientist experiences in Inspiration by approaching this realm differently from these afflicted with this pathological condition. Persons in this pathological state enter the same region as the spiritual scientist, but they do not take their egos with them; in a certain sense they lose their egos upon entering this realm. And it is just this ego that is the ordering faculty. It is the ego that is capable of bringing the same kind of order into this world as we are able to bring to our physical environment. The spiritual scientist knows that one lives in this same region between falling asleep and waking. Everyone who returns from the theater actually is deluged by all these questions in the night while he sleeps, but due to the operation of certain laws sleep normally spreads itself out over this interlocutor, so that one has finished with him by the time one awakes again.

In order to perform valid spiritual research, one must bear into this region unimpaired judgment, complete discretion, and the full force of the human ego. Then we do not live in this region in a kind of super-skepticism but rather with just as much self-possession and confidence as in the physical world. And actually all the meditative exercises that I have given in my book, Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and Its Attainment, are intended in large part to result in a greater ability to enter this region preserving one's ego in full consciousness and in strict inner discipline. The purpose of a large part of the spiritual scientist's initial schooling is to keep him from losing the inner support and discipline of the ego while traversing this path.

The finest example in recent times of a man who entered this region without full preparation is someone whom Dr. Husemann has characterized here in another context. The finest example is Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche is, to be sure, an extraordinary personality. In a certain sense he was not an intellectual at all. He was not your conventional scholar. With the tremendous gifts of genius, however, he grew out of puberty into scientific research; with these tremendous gifts he was able to take in what the contemporary sciences can offer. That, despite having acquired this knowledge, he did not become a scholar of the conventional sort is shown quite simply by the polemics of so exemplary a modern scholar as Wilamowitz, who came out in opposition immediately after the appearance of the young Nietzsche's first publication. Nietzsche had just published his treatise, The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music, in which there resounds a readiness to undergo initiation, to enter the musical, the Inspirative—even the title reveals his yearning for the realm that I have characterized—but he could not. The possibility did not exist. In Nietzsche's time a conscious spiritual science did not exist, but in giving his work the title, The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music, he indicated that he wished to come to terms with a phenomenon such as Wagnerian tragedy out of this spirit of music. And he entered further and further into this realm. As I said, Wilamowitz immediately came out in Opposition and wrote his polemics against The Birth of Tragedy, in which he completely rejected from his academic point of view what Nietzsche, unschooled but yearning for knowledge, had written. From the point of view of modern science he was of course completely justified. And actually it is hard to understand how so excellent a thinker as Erwin Rohde could have believed a compromise was possible between this modern philology that Wilamowitz represented and what lived within Nietzsche as a dark striving, as a yearning for initiation, for Inspiration. What Nietzsche had acquired in this manner, had inwardly appropriated, grew out into the other fields of contemporary sciences. It grew into positivism, namely that of the Frenchman, Comte, and the German, Dühring. While cataloguing Nietzsche's library in the 1890s I saw with my own eyes all the marks Nietzsche had so conscientiously made in the margins of Dühring's works, from which he acquired his knowledge of positivism; I held all these books in my own hand. I could enter sympathetically right into the manner in which Nietzsche took positivism up into himself. I could well imagine how he then reverted to an extra-corporeal existence, where he experienced this positivism again without having penetrated into this region sufficiently with his ego. As a result, he produced works such as Human, All Too Human, exhibiting a constant oscillation between an inability to move within the world of Inspiration and a desire to remain there nonetheless. One notices this in the aphoristic progression of Nietzsche's style in these works. Nietzsche strives to bring his ego into this realm, but it tears itself away again and again: thus he produces not a systematic, artistic presentation but only aphorisms. It is just this constant self-interruption in aphorism that reveals the inward soul of this remarkable spirit. And then he rises to encounter that which has provided modern science, the contemporary physical sciences, with their greatest riddles. He rises up to encounter what lives in Darwinism, what lives in the theory of evolution, and attempts to demonstrate how the most complicated organisms have gradually arisen out of the most primitive. He penetrates into this realm, a realm into which I have sought in a modest way to bring inner structure and an inward mobility—you can follow this in the discussion of Haeckel in my book, The Riddles of Philosophy. Nietzsche enters this realm, and there emerges from his soul the notion of a kind of super-evolution [Überevolutionsgedanke]. He follows the course of evolution up to man, where this notion of evolution explodes to create his “super-man.” In following this self-progression of evolving beings he loses the content, because he is unable to obtain the true content through Inspiration: he is confined to the empty idea of “eternal recurrence.”

Only by virtue of the inner integrity of his personality was Nietzsche able to avoid what the pathologist calls “pathological skepticism.” It was something within Nietzsche, a prodigious health that Nietzsche himself sensed underlying his debility, that asserted itself and kept him from falling prey to complete skepticism, leading him rather to contrive what later became the content of his most inspiring words. No wonder, then, that this excursion into the spiritual world, this striving to proceed from music to the inner word, to inner being, culminated in the most unmusical of ideas—that of “the eternal recurrence of the same”—and the empty, merely lyrical “superman.” No wonder that it had to end in the condition that his physician, for example, diagnosed as an “atypical case of paralysis.”

Yes, this man who did not know Nietzsche's inner life, who was incapable of judging it from the standpoint of spiritual science and confronted the images and ideas of Nietzsche's inner life as a mere psychiatrist, without sympathetic understanding—this man found only an abstraction to answer the question posed by the concrete case before him. With regard to all nature du Bois-Reymond had said in 1872: ignorabimus. Confronted with exceptional cases, the psychiatrist says: paralysis, atypical paralysis. Confronted with concrete cases that reveal the essence of present human evolution, the psychiatrist can say only ignorabimus, or ignoramus. This is but a translation of what is clothed in the words “atypical case of paralysis.”

This eventually destroyed Nietzsche's body. It produced the condition that makes Nietzsche such a revealing phenomenon within our contemporary cultural life. This is the other form of the debility appearing in certain highly cultivated individuals, which psychiatrists term pathological doubt or hyper-skepticism. And the phenomenon of Nietzsche—here I must be allowed a personal remark—stood before my eyes the moment that, trembling, I entered his room in Naumburg a few years after his illness. He lay upon the sofa after dinner, staring into space. He recognized nobody around him and stared at one like a complete idiot, but the light of his former genius still gleamed within his eyes.

If one looked at Nietzsche knowing all one could about his world view, about the ideas and images that lived within his soul; if, unlike the mere psychiatrist, one stood before Nietzsche, this ruin of a man, this physical wreck, with this image in one's soul, then one knew: this man strove to view the world revealed by Inspiration. Nothing of this world came forth to him. And the part of him that desired to achieve Inspiration finally extinguished itself: for years the physical organism was filled by a soul-spirit devoid of content.

From such a sight one can learn the whole tragedy of our modern culture, its striving for the spiritual world, its inclination toward that which can proceed from Inspiration. For me—and I do not hesitate in the slightest to introduce a personal remark here—this was one of those moments that can be interpreted in a Goethean manner. Goethe says that nature conceals no secret that she is not willing to reveal in one place or another. No, the entire world contains not a single secret that is not revealed in one place or another. The present stage of human evolution conceals the secret that humanity is giving birth to a striving, an inclination, an impulse that rumbles within the social upheavals our civilization is undergoing—an impulse that seeks to view the spiritual world of Inspiration. And Nietzsche was the one point where nature revealed its open secret, where the striving that exists within humanity as a whole could reveal itself. We must seek this if all those striving for education, seeking within modern science—and this shall be the entire civilized world, for education must become universal—if humanity as a whole is not to lose its ego and civilization fall into barbarism.

That is one great cultural anxiety, one great threat to civilization, which must be faced by anyone who follows the contemporary progress of human evolution and seeks to develop a thinking that can grasp the realities of social life. Similar phenomena assert themselves on the other side as well, on the side of consciousness. And we shall have to study these phenomena on the side of consciousness at least in outline as well. We shall see how these other phenomena arise out of the chaos of contemporary life, phenomena that appear pathologically and have been described by Westphal, Falret, and others. It is no accident that these have been described only just in the most recent decades. On the other side, that of the boundary of consciousness, we encounter the phenomena of claustrophobia, astraphobia, and agoraphobia,6“Astraphobia” = morbid dread of storms; “agoraphobia” = morbid dread of crossing, or being in, open spaces. just as we encounter pathological skepticism on the side of matter. And in the same way (we shall discuss this further) in which pathological skepticism must be cured culturally-historically through the cultivation of Inspiration—one of the great talks of contemporary social ethics—we are threatened with the emergence of the phenomena that I shall describe tomorrow: claustrophobia, astraphobia, and agoraphobia. These emerge pathologically and can be overcome through Imagination, which, when civilization has acquired it, shall become a social blessing for all humanity.

Fünfter Vortrag

Es wird heute nötig sein, verschiedene Dinge auseinanderzusetzen, die eigentlich nur dann begriffen werden können, wenn man sich über gewisse Vorurteile hinwegsetzt, über Vorurteile, die gerade durch eine lange Erziehung bis in die Gegenwart herein der Menschheit intensiv eingepflanzt worden sind. Es wird sich darum handeln, manches, was heute gesagt werden muß, was dann morgen weitere Belege finden wird, gewissermaßen durch eine Art sich Emporreißen zur Anschauung der geistigen Dinge zu begreifen. Sie müssen bedenken, daß, wenn gegenüber den geisteswissenschaftlichen Aussagen die Forderung auftritt, in derselben Art zu beweisen, wie bewiesen wird in der empirischen Naturwissenschaft oder in der heutigen Jurisprudenz, wohl auch in der heutigen, aber im Grunde für das öffentliche Leben unbrauchbaren Sozialwissenschaft, daß man mit einem solchen Beweisen eigentlich nicht sehr weit kommen kann. Denn dieses Beweisen, das muß der wirkliche Geistesforscher bereits in sich tragen. Er muß sich heranerzogen haben gerade an den strengen Methoden der heutigen Naturwissenschaft, auch der mathematisierenden Naturwissenschaft. Er muß kennen, wie man da beweist, und er muß wiederum diese Art des Beweisens in den ganzen Gang seines Seelenlebens aufgenommen und darinnen für eine höhere Stufe des Erkennens ausgebildet haben. Daher ist es zumeist so, daß, wenn gegenüber dem Geistesforscher die Forderung des gewöhnlichen Beweisens auftritt, er im Grunde genommen in der Regel dasjenige, was da gefragt wird, sehr gut kennt, daß er die Einwände, die man ihm machen kann, längst vorweggenommen hat. Er ist sogar nur im wahren Sinne des Wortes Geistesforscher, so wie die Geistesforschung gestern hier charakterisiert worden ist, wenn er wirklich eine strenge Disziplin im gegenwärtigen naturwissenschaftlichen Erkennen durchgemacht hat, und wenn er wenigstens ihrem Geiste nach die Resultate der gegenwärtigen Naturforschung recht gut kennt. Das muß ich vorausschicken und noch etwas anderes. Bleibt man nämlich stehen innerhalb derjenigen Beweisform, welche namentlich heute in die wissenschaftlichen Gewohnheiten eingezogen ist durch die Experimentierkunst, dann kommt man niemals zu einer solchen Erkenntnis, die sozial anwendbar ist. Im Experiment geht man ja — auch wenn man sich der Illusion hingibt, daß es anders wäre - auch so vor, daß man eine gewisse Richtung verfolgt und sich gewissermaßen durch die Erscheinungen bestätigen läßt dasjenige, was in den Ideen lebt, die man vielleicht eben zu Naturgesetzen, vielleicht auch rechnerisch formuliert.

Aber wenn man genötigt ist, sein Erkennen, den Inhalt seines Erkennens einzuführen in das soziale Urteil, wenn mit andern Worten Geltung und Bestand haben sollen die Ideen, die zu Gesetzmäßigkeiten formulierten Ideen, die man sich angeeignet hat etwa durch die heutige Anthropologie oder Biologie oder durch den Darwinismus, wenn er auch noch so fortgeschritten ist, wenn man diese Ideen dann einführen will in ein soziales Wissen, in eine soziale Erkenntnis, die praktisch werden kann, dann läßt sich mit dieser an der Experimentierkunst gewonnenen Erkenntnis nichts anfangen, einfach aus dem Grunde, weil man nicht so im Laboratorium abwarten kann, was aus unseren Ideen wird, wenn wir sie ins soziale Leben überführen. Es könnte ja leicht vorkommen, daß durch eine solche soziale Experimentierkunst Tausende und aber Tausende von Menschen sterben oder verhungern, oder in anderer Weise ins soziale Elend kommen. Und ein großer Teil unseres sozialen Elends ist eben gerade dadurch hervorgerufen, daß unsere Ideen allmählich dadurch, daß sie hervorgegangen sind aus der reinen Experimentalanschauung, zu kurz geworden sind, zu eng geworden sind, um in Realität zu leben, wie sie in Realität leben müssen, wenn wir irgend etwas, was soziale Bedeutung haben soll, wirklich überführen wollen vom Denken, vom Wissen in die Praxis. Nun habe ich Sie hingewiesen darauf, wie sich der Geistesforscher, um ein solches Wissen, das zu gleicher Zeit zurück die Natur beleuchtet, aber vorwärts weist nach dem sozialen Leben, wie der Geistesforscher sich stellen muß zu den beiden Grenzen, die uns im Erkennen auftauchen, zu der einen Grenze, die dann nach dem Materiellen hin zu finden ist, zu der andern Grenze, die nach dem Bewußtsein hin zu finden ist. Und ich habe Ihnen gezeigt, daß nach dem Materiellen hin, statt daß man in Trägheit das Erkennen fortrollen läßt, um allerlei mechanistische, atomistische, molekularistische Weltbilder ins Metaphysische hinein auszudenken, daß man statt dessen an dieser Grenze stehenbleiben muß und entwickeln muß etwas, was im gewöhnlichen Menschenleben noch nicht vorhanden ist als Erkenntnisfähigkeit, daß man da entwickeln muß die Inspiration. Auf der andern Seite habe ich Ihnen gezeigt, daß man, wenn man das Bewußtsein erfassen will, nicht darf mit dem, was sich einem entzündet hat an Begriffen und Ideen in der äußeren Natur, so wie es etwa die englisch-amerikanischen Assoziations-Psychologen machen, in dieses Bewußtsein eindringen wollen. Man muß sich klar darüber sein, daß dieses Bewußtsein so geartet ist, daß wir einfach mit diesen Ideen, die an der Außenwelt entzündet sind, nicht in das Bewußtsein hinunterdringen können. Da müssen wir aus diesen Ideen erst heraus, müssen erst in die imaginative Erkenntniswelt hinein. Wir müssen also, indem wir uns selbst erkennen wollen, die Begriffe und Ideen erfüllen mit Inhalt, so daß sie zu Bildern werden. Und ehe nicht die jetzt die ganze Zivilisation ergreifende Anschauungsweise über den Menschen, wie sie namentlich einen westlichen Ursprung hat, ehe nicht diese übergeht in ein imaginatives Erkennen, eher können wir nicht vorwärtskommen in dem richtigen Sich-Stellen an diese zweite Grenze des gewöhnlichen menschlichen Erkennens.

Aber man kann zu gleicher Zeit sagen, daß diese gegenwärtige Menschheit durchaus in dem Punkte ihrer Entwickelung angekommen ist, aus andern, historisch gewordenen Formen heraus, der ein solches Fortschreiten verlangt auf der einen Seite zur Inspiration, auf der andern Seite zur Imagination. Und derjenige, der zu studieren vermag dasjenige, was eigentlich in der Gegenwart mit der Menschheit vorgeht, was sich erst in den Anfangssymptomen zeigt, der weiß, wie, ich möchte sagen, aus der Tiefe der Menschenentwickelung herauf Kräfte steigen, die durchaus darauf hintendieren, daß eingeführt werde in diese Menschheitsentwickelung Inspiration und Imagination in der richtigen Weise.

Inspiration, man kann sie nicht erreichen anders, als daß man ringt mit einem gewissen Vorstellen in der Weise, wie ich es in meinem Buche «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?» beschrieben habe und wie ich es des ferneren noch wenigstens andeutungsweise im nächsten Vortrage beschreiben werde. Aber dann, wenn man durch eine gewisse innere Selbstkultur, durch ein systematisches Sich-Schulen in einem bestimmten Vorstellen, durch ein Sich-Schulen im Leben der Vorstellungs- und Ideen- und Begriffswelt, wenn man darinnen weit genug gekommen ist, dann lernt man innerlich erkennen, was es heißt, in Inspiration leben. Denn zunächst ist das so, daß, wenn man dasjenige, was sonst in unserem Leben in den ersten sieben Lebensjahren bis zum Zahnwechsel hin mathematisiert, wenn man das nicht unbewußt, wie es eben im gewöhnlichen Leben und auch in der gewöhnlichen Wissenschaft geschieht, ausübt, sondern wenn man es ausübt in voller Bewußtheit, wenn man sich hineinstellt, ich möchte sagen, in eine lebendige Mathematik, in eine lebendige Mechanik, wenn man mit andern Worten dasjenige, was sonst in uns wirkt, Gleichgewichtssinn, Bewegungssinn, Lebenssinn, aufnimmt in das volle Bewußtsein, wenn man gewissermaßen aus sich herausreißt dasjenige, was sonst als Gleichgewichtsempfindung, als Bewegungsempfindung, als Lebensempfindung in uns lebt, wenn man das so herausreißt, daß man mit den mathematischen Vorstellungen, aber mit den erweiterten mathematischen Vorstellungen darinnen lebt, dann ist es so, als ob man einschliefe, aber nicht hinüberschliefe in die Unbewußtheit oder in das nebulose Traumleben, sondern als ob man hinüberschliefe in eine neue Bewußtheit, die ich Ihnen heute — wir werden morgen hier über das alles reden — zunächst nur beschreiben möchte. Man wächst hinüber in die Bewußtheit, in der man zunächst etwas empfindet wie ein tonloses Weben, ja, ich kann es nicht anders nennen, wie ein tonloses Weben in einer Weltmusik. Man wird förmlich, so wie man durch sein Ich in den Kindheitsjahren sein Leib wird, so wird man zu diesem Weben in einer tonlosen Weltmusik. Dieses Weben in einer tonlosen Weltmusik gibt die andere, ganz streng zu beweisende Daseinsempfindung, daß man jetzt mit seinem Seelisch-Geistigen außerhalb seines Leibes ist. Man fängt an zu wissen, daß man auch sonst im Schlafe außerhalb seines Leibes mit seinem Seelisch-Geistigen ist. Aber durch das Erlebnis des Schlafes vibriert nicht hindurch dasjenige, was bei solchem bewußten Herausgehen aus dem Leibe durch die eigene Selbständigkeit dann hindurchvibriert, und man erlebt zunächst etwas wie eine innere Unruhe, diese innere Unruhe, die einen musikalischen Charakter an sich trägt, wenn man voll bewußt in sie untertaucht. Die, ich möchte sagen, hellt sich allmählich auf, indem aus dem Musikalischen, das man da erlebt, etwas wird wie ein wortloses Wortoffenbaren aus dem geistigen Weltenall heraus. Gewiß, die Dinge nehmen sich heute grotesk und paradox aus für denjenigen, der sie zum ersten Male hört. Aber vieles erschien in dem Lauf der Weltenentwickelung, indem es zum ersten Male auftrat, eben paradox und grotesk. Es ist schon so, daß man nicht weiterkommt in der Menschheitsentwickelung, wenn man an diesen Erscheinungen bewußtlos oder halbbewußt vorübergehen möchte. Zunächst ist es nur ein Erleben, ich möchte sagen, ein musikalisch-tonloses Erleben. Dann aber ist es etwas, was sich herauserhebt aus diesem tonlosen Erleben, so daß wir imstande sind, mit dem, was wir da erleben, ebenso innerlich sinnvollen Inhalt zu bekommen, wie wir äußerlich sinnvollen Inhalt vermittelt bekommen, wenn wir einem Menschen zuhören, der durch sinnliche Worte zu uns spricht. Die geistige Welt beginnt einfach zu sprechen, und man muß nur von diesen Dingen sich eine Erfahrung aneignen.

Und eine nächste Stufe, zu der man sich da hindurchlebt, ist dann diese, daß man nicht nur webt und lebt in einem tonlosen Musikalischen und nicht bloß vernimmt das Sprechen des übersinnlichen Geistigen, sondern daß man lernt konturieren dasjenige, was sich ankündigt aus dem übersinnlichen Geistigen, in Wesenhaftes, daß sich einem gewissermaßen herausgliedern aus der allgemeinen Geistsprache, die man zunächst lernt, einzelne übersinnliche Wesenheiten, wie wir, indem wir auf einer niedrigeren Stufe einem Menschen zuhören, allmählich dasjenige, was sich von seiner Seele und seinem Geistigen offenbart, zum Wesenhaften — wenn ich mich jetzt des Trivialausdruckes bedienen darf - kristallisieren oder organisieren. Wir leben uns also hinein in die Beobachtung und in die Erkenntnis einer wirklichen geistigen Welt. Diese geistige Welt tritt jetzt anstelle der leeren, ausgesogenen, metaphysierten Welt der Atome, der Moleküle, sie tritt uns als dasjenige entgegen, was in Wahrheit hinter den Erscheinungen der physischsinnlichen Welt steht. Wir stehen jetzt nicht mehr so an der Grenze nach dem Materiellen hin, wie wir stehen, wenn wir nur in Trägheit fortrollen lassen wollen unser Begriffsspinnen, wie es sich erhellt, entzündet hat an dem Verkehr mit der physisch-sinnlichen Außenwelt, sondern wir stehen jetzt an dieser Grenze so, daß uns an dieser Grenze der geistige Inhalt der Welt aufgeht. Das ist nach der einen Seite hin.

Und, meine sehr verehrten Anwesenden, die Menschheit drängt heute dazu, aus sich, aus der Leiblichkeit so herauszugehen, und man kann sagen, an einzelnen Menschenexemplaren tritt uns ganz deutlich diese Tendenz der gegenwärtigen Menschheit in ihrem jetzigen Entwickelungsstadium hervor, dasjenige aus der Leiblichkeit herauszuziehen, was der Geistesforscher mit voller Bewußtheit herauszieht, indem er es eben so herauszieht, wie er irgendwie sich verhält, wenn er in der äußeren Naturbeobachtung die im Inneren eroberten Begriffe eben ordnend, systematisierend anwendet. Es wird ja, wie vielleicht einige von Ihnen wissen, seit einer gewissen Zeit eine merkwürdige Krankheit beschrieben. Diese Krankheit, man nennt sie unter Psychiatern, unter Psychologen, die pathologische Grübel-, Zweifelsucht, man nennt sie vielleicht besser den pathologischen Skeptizismus. Diese Krankheit tritt einem in den merkwürdigsten Formen und schon in zahlreichen Exemplaren deutlich entgegen, und es ist schon notwendig, daß das Studium dieser Krankheit gepflegt wird aus unseren wirklichen Kulturbedingungen der neuesten Zeit heraus. Es tritt diese Krankheit - Sie können darüber in der psychiatrischen Literatur vieles erfahren — dadurch zutage, daß die Menschen von einem gewissen Lebensalter an, das in der Regel mit der Geschlechtsreife oder mit der Vorbereitung zur Geschlechtsreife zusammenhängt, daß die Menschen da anfangen, der Außenwelt gegenüber, die sie erleben, keine rechte Stellung mehr einnehmen zu können, daß sie befallen werden gegenüber ihren Erfahrungen in der Außenwelt von einer unbegrenzten Zahl von Fragen. Es gibt Persönlichkeiten, welche, wenn sie von diesen Krankheiten zunächst befallen sind, einfach, trotzdem sie sonst vollständig vernünftig sind, trotzdem sie ihren Obliegenheiten in hohem Maße nachgehen können, trotzdem sie völlig überschauen ihren Zustand, wenn sie nur ein wenig abgezogen werden von dem, was sie an die äußere Welt fesselt, daß sie dann die kuriosesten Fragen stellen müssen. Diese Fragen treten einfach herein in das Leben. Diese Fragen können nicht abgewiesen werden. Sie treten insbesondere stark bei denjenigen auf, die mit einer gesunden, sogar mit einer vorwaltend gesunden Organisation — aber mit einer solchen Organisation, die ein offenes Herz, einen offenen Sinn und ein gewisses Verständnis gerade hat für die Art und Weise, wie die moderne Wissenschaft denkt — die moderne Wissenschaft erleben, so daß sie dann gar nicht wissen, wie ihnen unterbewußt aus dieser modernen Wissenschaft diese Fragen aufsteigen. Insbesondere treten solche Erscheinungen bei Damen auf, welche weniger robuste Naturen haben als die Männer, welche dann auch nicht aus den streng disziplinierten Literaturwerken, sondern mehr aus Laienoder Dilettantenwerken die moderne Wissenschaft aufnehmen, wenn sie sich hineinversetzen in dasjenige, was die Ergebnisse des modernen Denkens sind. Und dann namentlich, wenn eine solche Bekanntschaft mit dem modernen Denken in intensiverem Maße hineinfällt in die Vorbereitung zur Geschlechtsreife oder in das Abfluten des Geschlechtsreifwerdens, dann treten solche Zustände in hohem Maße bei solchen Persönlichkeiten auf. Siebestehen darinnen, daß die betreffende Persönlichkeit fragen muß: Ja, woher kommt die Sonne? Und wenn man ihr noch so gescheite Antworten gibt, so taucht immer aus einer Frage eine andere auf. Woher kommt das menschliche Herz? Warum schlägt das menschliche Herz? Habe ich nicht in der Beichte zwei oder drei Sünden vergessen? Was ist geschehen, als ich das Abendmahl genommen habe? Sind da nicht vielleicht einige Bröselchen der Hostie heruntergefallen? Habe ich nicht da oder dort einen Brief einstecken wollen und ihn danebengeworfen? Und ich könnte Ihnen eine ganze lange Litanei von solchen Fragen aufzählen und Sie würden sehen daraus, daß alles das sehr geeignet ist, in fortwährender Unbehaglichkeit den Menschen zu erhalten.

Wenn der Geistesforscher diese Sache zu überschauen hat, so möchte ich sagen, kennt er sich darinnen aus. Es ist einfach ein Heraustreten desjenigen, worinnen sich der Geistesforscher bewußt befindet, wenn er zum musikalisch-tonlosen Worterleben, zum Wesenserleben durch Inspiration kommt. Aber solche mit Zweifelsucht, mit Grübelsucht behaftete Menschen, die kommen hinein in diese Region auf unbewußte Art. Sie haben keine Kulturerfahrung, die danach ginge, den Zustand, in den sie hineinkommen, wirklich zu begreifen. Der Geistesforscher weiß, daß der Mensch die ganze Nacht, vom Einschlafen bis zum Aufwachen, in lauter solchen Fragen drinnenlebt, daß da in ihm auftauchen aus dem Schlafesleben heraus eine Unsumme von Fragen, und er kennt diesen Zustand, weil er ihn eben auch in der angedeuteten Weise bewußt erleben kann. Derjenige, der nur vom gewöhnlichen Bewußtseinsstandpunkte aus diese Dinge berührt und zu erkennen strebt, der wird sich vielleicht allerlei rationalistische Erklärungsversuche bilden, aber er kommt doch nicht auf das Wahre, weil er nicht durch Inspiration die Sache ergreifen kann. Er sieht zum Beispiel, wie es Menschen gibt, die gehen abends ins Schauspiel, sie gehen aus dem Schauspiel heraus, sie können gar nicht anders, als daß sie sich überfallen lassen von einer unbegrenzten Zahl von Fragen: In welchen Beziehungen zur äußeren Welt steht diese Schauspielerin? Was hat in einem früheren Jahre jener Schauspieler getan? Welches Verhältnis besteht zwischen den einzelnen Schauspielern? Wie ist zustande gekommen diese oder jene Kulisse? Welcher Maler hat diese oder jene Kulisse gemalt? und so weiter und so weiter, und tagelang stehen solche Menschen unter der Einwirkung eines solchen inneren Frageteufels. Es sind das pathologische Zustände, die man erst zu begreifen anfängt, wenn man weiß, diese Menschen kommen in jene Region hinein, die der Geistesforscher in Inspiration erlebt, indem er sich eben anders verhält, als diese Menschen in dem pathologischen Zustand sich verhalten. Diese Menschen gehen in dieselbe Region hinein wie der Geistesforscher, aber sie nehmen ihr Ich nicht mit, sie verlieren gewissermaßen beim Hineintreten in diese Welt ihr Ich. Und dieses Ich ist das Ordnende. Dieses Ich ist dasjenige, was in diese Welt eine ebensolche Ordnung hineinzubringen vermag, wie wir in die Welt der sinnlich-physischen Umgebung Ordnung hineinzubringen vermögen. Der Geistesforscher weiß, daß der Mensch ja vom Einschlafen bis zum Aufwachen in dieser selben Region lebt, daß jeden Menschen, der aus einem Schauspiel kommt, in der Nacht, wenn er schläft, alle diese Fragen wirklich befallen, aber durch eine gewisse Gesetzmäßigkeit im normalen Dasein breitet sich eben der Schlaf über diesen Frageteufel aus, und der Mensch ist fertig mit diesem Frageteufel, wenn er wiederum aufwacht.

Es handelt sich darum, daß wir hineintragen in einer wirklichen Geistesforschung in diese Region das volle Unterscheidungsvermögen, die volle Besonnenheit und die volle Kraft des menschlichen Ich. Dann leben wir darinnen nicht in einem Überskeptizismus, dann leben wir darinnen ebenso besonnen, ebenso sicher, wie wir in der physisch-sinnlichen Welt sicher leben. Und im Grunde genommen sind alle diejenigen Übungen, die von mir angegeben werden in dem Buche «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?», zu einem großen Teile auch darauf hinauslaufend, daß der Mensch in vollbewußter, sein Ich bewahrender Art, in strenger Disziplinierung diese Region betritt. Bei den Anleitungen zur Geistesforschung handelt es sich zum großen Teile darum, daß der Geistesforscher auf diesem Wege nicht verliere den inneren Halt, die innere Zucht des Ich.

Und das glänzendste Beispiel eines Menschen, der nicht voll vorbereitet in diese Region in der neueren Zeit hineingegangen ist, das glänzendste Beispiel ist dasjenige, das in anderem Zusammenhang von Dr. Husemann hier schon charakterisiert worden ist. Das glänzende Beispiel ist Friedrich Nietzsche. Friedrich Nietzsche ist ja eine eigentümliche Persönlichkeit. Er ist in einer gewissen Weise gar kein Gelehrter. Er ist kein gewöhnlicher Wissenschafter. Aber er hat mit einer ungeheuer genialischen Begabung, aus der Geschlechtsreife der Jugend herauswachsend, in die wissenschaftlichen Forschungen hineinwachsend, er hat mit einer ungeheuer genialischen Begabung dasjenige aufgenommen, was eine gegenwärtige Wissenschaftlichkeit bieten kann. Daß er mit all diesem Aufnehmen nicht im gewöhnlichen Sinne ein Gelehrter wurde, das zeigt einfach die Tatsache, wie ihm ein Mustergelehrter der heutigen Zeit, so recht ein Mustergelehrter der heutigen Zeit, gleich nach seiner ersten Jugendpublikation entgegengetreten ist, nämlich Wilamowitz. Nietzsche hatte sein Werk erscheinen lassen «Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik», in dem anklingt diese Bereitschaft, hineinzukommen in die Initiation, hineinzukommen in das Musikalische, Inspiratorische, der Titel schon trägt diese Sehnsucht, hineinzuwachsen in dasjenige, was ich charakterisiert habe, aber es war nicht da. Es gab auch in der Zeit Nietzsches keine bewußte Geisteswissenschaft, aber indem er sein Werk betitelte: «Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik», deutete er darauf hin, daß er aus diesem Geiste der Musik heraus eine Erscheinung wie zum Beispiel die Wagnersche Tragödie begreifen wollte. Und er wuchs immer mehr und mehr hinein. Also ich sagte, es trat gleich Wilamowitz auf, der gegen dieses Werk «Die Geburt der Tragödie» dann seine Broschüre schrieb, in der er vom wissenschaftlichen Standpunkte aus dasjenige, was der ungelehrte, aber nach Erkenntnis trachtende Nietzsche geschrieben hat, ganz und gar abtat. Vollständig berechtigt vom Gesichtspunkte der modernen Wissenschaft. Und im Grunde genommen versteht man doch nicht, wie ein so ausgezeichneter Mann wie Erwin Rohde geglaubt hat, es könne ein Kompromiß zwischen dieser modernen Wilamowitzschen Philologie und demjenigen, was als ein noch dunkles Streben, als eine Sehnsucht nach Initiation, nach Inspiration in Nietzsche lebte, geschlossen werden. Das, was Nietzsche so aufgenommen hatte in sich selber, was er in sich selber so ausgebildet hatte, das wuchs dann hinein in die andern Bestände des gegenwärtigen Wissenschaftslebens. Es wuchs hinein in den Positivismus, namentlich wie er von dem Franzosen Comte, von dem Deutschen Dühring ausgegangen ist. Ich habe selbst noch, als ich Nietzsches Bibliothek ordnete in den neunziger Jahren, all die, ich möchte sagen, gewissenhaft gemachten Striche Nietzsches am Rande der Dühringschen Werke gesehen, aus denen heraus er den Positivismus studiert hatte, in sich aufgenommen hatte, ich habe selbst noch alle diese Werke in der Hand gehabt. Ich lebte gewissermaßen in der Art und Weise, wie Nietzsche den Positivismus aufnahm, und konnte mir eine Vorstellung machen, wie er nun wiederum in die Region des außerleiblichen Lebens hineinkam und wie er da den Positivismus wiederum ohne gehörige Durchdringung dieser Region mit dem Ich durchlebte, so daß jetzt solche Werke von ihm entstanden wie «Menschliches, Allzumenschliches» und dergleichen, die eine fortwährende Vibrierung zwischen dem Nicht-sich-Bewegenkönnen in einer Inspirationswelt und dem doch Sich-Haltenwollen in der Inspirationswelt darstellen. Ich möchte sagen, an dem aphoristischen Gang des Nietzsche-Stiles in diesen Werken merkt man, wie Nietzsche bestrebt ist, das Ich hineinzubringen, wie es aber immer wiederum abreißt, wie er es daher nicht zur systematischen, zur künstlerischen Darstellung bringt, sondern nur zum Aphorismus. Gerade an dem Immer-Abreißen des geistigen Lebens im Aphorismus enthüllt sich das Innerlich-Seelische dieses merkwürdigen Geistes. Und dann steigt er auf zu demjenigen, was ja die größten Rätsel aufgegeben hat dem neueren Forschen, der neueren äußeren Wissenschaft, er steigt auf zu dem, was im Darwinismus lebt, was in der Evolutionstheorie lebt, was zeigen will, wie aus dem einfachsten, primitivsten Organismus die kompliziertesten sich allmählich gebildet haben. Er lebt sich ein in diese Welt, in diese Welt, in die ich versucht habe, in bescheidener Weise - in meinen Auseinandersetzungen mit Haeckel können Sie das genau verfolgen - in meinem Buche «Die Rätsel der Philosophie» inneren Halt und innere Beweglichkeit hineinzubringen. Nietzsche lebt sich ein. Aus seiner Seele ringt sich heraus, ich möchte sagen, der Überevolutionsgedanke. Indem er verfolgt die Evolution bis zum Menschen, sprengt sich diese Evolutionsidee und sie führt zu seinem Übermenschentum. Indem er verfolgt dieses Sich-Bewegen der evolutionierenden Wesenheiten, verliert er, weil er durch Inspiration den Inhalt nicht bekommen kann, diesen Inhalt und muß in der inhaltslosen Idee von der ewigen Wiederkehr leben.

Es ist nur die innere gediegene Natur Nietzsches gewesen, die ihn nicht hineintrieb in dasjenige, was der Pathologe die Zweifelsucht nennt. Es ist dasjenige, was in Nietzsche eben lag, eine auf dem Grunde seiner Krankheit sich abspielende große Gesundheit, die er selber spürte, die sich geltend machte, was ihn nicht hineinkommen ließ in den völligen Skeptizismus, sondern was ihn aussinnen ließ dasjenige, was dann der Inhalt gerade seiner begeisterndsten Werke ist. Kein Wunder, daß dieser Gang in die geistige Welt hinein, dieses Streben, aus dem Musikalischen zum inneren Worte, zur inneren Wesenheit zu kommen, indem es gipfelte in dem Unmusikalischen der Wiederkehr des Gleichen, indem es gipfelte in dem inhaltslos, nur lyrisch zu empfindenden Übermenschen, kein Wunder, daß das enden mußte in demjenigen Zustande, den dann zum Beispiel der behandelnde Arzt einmal als einen atypischen Fall der Paralyse bezeichnete.

Ja, derjenige, der nicht kannte das innere Leben Nietzsches, der es nicht zu beurteilen vermochte vom Standpunkte des Geistesforschers, der wie ein bloßer Psychiater ohne inneren Anteil vor dieser Ideen- und Vorstellungswelt und Bilderwelt Nietzsches stand, der sprach hier dem konkreten Fall gegenüber etwas aus, was eben nur das Abstrakte ist gegenüber dem Konkreten. Der ganzen Natur gegenüber sprach 1872 Du Bois-Reymond «Ignorabimus». Denjenigen Fällen gegenüber, die ungewöhnlich sind, spricht der Psychiater: Paralyse, atypische Paralyse. Denjenigen Fällen, die so auftreten, daß sie ganz herausgerissen sind aus unserer gegenwärtigen Menschheitsentwickelung, steht der Psychiater gegenüber und er spricht «Ignorabimus» im konkreten Falle, oder «Ignoramus». Es ist nur die Übersetzung desjenigen, was dann in die Worte gekleidet wird: atypischer Fall von Paralyse.

Das zerriß endlich diesen Leib Nietzsches. Das brachte dasjenige hervor, was das Phänomen Nietzsche innerhalb unserer gegenwärtigen Geisteskultur ist. Das ist die andere Form, wie bei hochkultivierten Menschen die psychiatrisch zu betrachtende Zweifelsucht, die Grübelsucht, der Hyperskeptizismus auftreten. Und das Phänomen Nietzsche — ich darf da eine persönliche Bemerkung einfügen — stand mir in dem Augenblicke, mich erschauernd, vor Augen, als ich einige Jahre nach Nietzsches Erkrankung in Naumburg in Nietzsches kleine Stube eintrat, wo er auf dem Sofa lag, wo er nach dem Essen hinstierte, niemanden aus seiner Umgebung kannte, wo er wie ein völlig Blöder, aber noch mit einem Lichte im Auge, das von der ehemaligen Genialität durchstrahlt war, einem entgegenblickte.

Wenn man nun diesen Nietzsche anschaute mit all dem, was man erleben konnte an Nietzsches Weltanschauung, an Nietzsches innerer Vorstellung und Bilderwelt, wenn man dann, nicht wie der bloße äußere Psychiater, mit diesem Bilde in der eigenen Seele vor diesen Nietzsche, vor diese Ruine, vor dieses Wrack in bezug auf das physische Leben hintrat, dann, dann wußte man: Dieses Menschenwesen wollte hineinschauen in die Welt, die da wird durch Inspiration. Es drang nichts aus dieser Welt ihm entgegen. Und dasjenige, was hinein wollte in diese Welt, was nach der Inspiration verlangte, es löschte sich zuletzt aus, es erfüllte als ein inhaltsloses Seelisch-Geistiges noch jahrelang den Organismus.

Man konnte die ganze Tragik unserer modernen Kultur, ihr Streben nach der geistigen Welt, ihr Sich-Hinneigen zu dem, was aus der Inspiration kommen kann, an einem solchen Anblick lernen. Das war für mich - ich scheue mich eben nicht, dieses Persönliche hier anzuführen — einer derjenigen Augenblicke, die man auch goethisch deuten kann. Goethe sagt: Die Natur hat kein Geheimnis in sich, das sie nicht an irgendeiner Stelle offenbar machen würde. — Nein, die ganze Welt hat kein Geheimnis in sich, das sie nicht an irgendeiner Stelle offenbar machen würde. Die gegenwärtige Entwickelung der Menschheit trägt das Geheimnis in sich, daß aus dieser Menschheit heraus sich einfach ein Streben geltend macht, eine Tendenz, ein Impuls geltend macht, der rumort in unseren sozialen Umwälzungen, die durch unsere Zivilisation gehen, der hineinschauen will in die geistige Welt der Inspiration. Und Nietzsche war als Menschenwesen der eine Punkt, wo die Natur ihr offenbares Geheimnis enthüllt, wo sich einem verraten konnte, was über die ganze Menschheit hin heute ein Streben ist, was wir wollen müssen, wenn nicht all die Menschen, die der Bildung entgegenstreben, die in die moderne Wissenschaft hineinstreben — und das wird nach und nach die ganze zivilisierte Menschheit tun, denn das Wissen muß populär werden -, wenn die Menschen nicht ihr Ich verlieren sollen und Zivilisation in Barbarei übergehen soll.

Das ist die eine große Kultursorge, die eine große Zivilisationssorge, die demjenigen sich auflastet, der den gegenwärtigen Gang der Menschheitsgeschichte verfolgt und das Ziel hat, zu einem sozialen Denken zu kommen. Nach der andern Seite machen sich ähnliche Erscheinungen geltend, nach der Bewußtseinsseite. Und auch nach dieser Bewußtseinsseite hin werden wir wenigstens kurz diese Erscheinungen zu studieren haben, werden sehen, wie auch da aus dem ganzen Chaos des gegenwärtigen Menschenlebens heraustreten die andern Erscheinungen, die pathologisch uns ebenso entgegentreten, die seit Westphal, Falret und andern beschrieben werden, die nicht durch Zufall erst in den neueren Dezennien beschrieben werden. Es treten uns auf der andern Seite, gegen die Bewußtseinsgrenze hin, ebenso die Erscheinungen der Klaustrophobie, der Astraphobie, der Agoraphobie entgegen, wie uns die Zweifelsucht entgegentritt nach der Materieseite hin. Und ebenso — das werden wir noch zu besprechen haben -, wie die pathologische Zweifelsucht durch das Kultivieren der Inspiration kulturhistorisch geheilt werden muß, wie das eine der großen sozialethischen Aufgaben der Gegenwart ist, so ist das drohende Hereinbrechen derjenigen Erscheinungen, die ich morgen noch werde zu besprechen haben, der Klaustrophobie, der Astraphobie, der Agoraphobie, das andere, das störend auftritt, und das wir durch die Imagination werden bezwingen können, die wir der modernen Zivilisation zum sozialen Heile der Menschheit werden einzufügen haben.

Fifth Lecture

Today it will be necessary to examine various things that can only be understood if we overcome certain prejudices, prejudices that have been intensively instilled in humanity through a long education that has continued into the present. It will be a matter of understanding some of the things that must be said today, and which will find further confirmation tomorrow, by means of a kind of spiritual uplifting that enables us to see spiritual things. You must bear in mind that when the demand arises that statements made in the spiritual sciences should be proven in the same way as they are proven in empirical natural science or in today's jurisprudence, or even in today's social sciences, which are basically useless for public life, that such proofs will not actually get us very far. For this kind of proof must already be inherent in the real spiritual researcher. He must have trained himself precisely in the rigorous methods of modern natural science, including mathematical natural science. He must know how to prove things there, and he must in turn have incorporated this kind of proof into the whole course of his soul life and developed it there to a higher level of knowledge. That is why it is usually the case that when the spiritual researcher is confronted with the demand for ordinary proof, he generally knows very well what is being asked of him and has long since anticipated the objections that may be raised. He is only a spiritual researcher in the true sense of the word, as spiritual research was characterized here yesterday, if he has really undergone a strict discipline in present-day scientific cognition and if he is at least familiar with the spirit of the results of present-day natural research. I must say this in advance, and something else as well. For if one remains within the form of proof which has become established in scientific practice today through the art of experimentation, one will never arrive at knowledge that is socially applicable. In experiments, even if one indulges in the illusion that it is otherwise, one proceeds in such a way that one pursues a certain direction and allows oneself to be confirmed, as it were, by the phenomena in what lives in one's ideas, which one may have formulated as laws of nature or even in mathematical terms.

But when one is compelled to introduce one's knowledge, the content of one's knowledge, into social judgment, when, in other words, the ideas that have been formulated into laws, the ideas that one has acquired, for example through modern anthropology or biology or through Darwinism, are to have validity and permanence, no matter how advanced it may be, if one then wants to introduce these ideas into social knowledge, into social insight that can become practical, then nothing can be done with this knowledge gained through the art of experimentation, simply because one cannot wait in the laboratory to see what becomes of our ideas when we transfer them into social life. It could easily happen that thousands upon thousands of people die or starve or otherwise end up in social misery as a result of such social experimentation. And a large part of our social misery is caused precisely by the fact that our ideas, having emerged from pure experimental observation, have gradually become too short-sighted, too narrow to live in reality as they must live in reality if we really want to transfer anything that is to have social significance from thought and knowledge into practice. Now I have pointed out to you how the spiritual researcher, in order to attain such knowledge, which at the same time sheds light back on nature but also points forward to social life, how the spiritual researcher must position himself in relation to the two boundaries that arise in our cognition, to the one boundary that is to be found in the material world, and to the other boundary that is to be found in consciousness. And I showed you that, instead of allowing our cognition to roll on inertly toward the material, in order to conceive all kinds of mechanistic, atomistic, molecular worldviews in the metaphysical realm, we must instead remain at this boundary and develop something that is not yet present in ordinary human life as a faculty of cognition, namely inspiration. On the other hand, I have shown you that if one wants to grasp consciousness, one must not try to penetrate into this consciousness with the concepts and ideas that have been kindled in one by external nature, as the English-American association psychologists do. We must be clear that this consciousness is such that we simply cannot penetrate it with these ideas that have been sparked by the external world. We must first leave these ideas behind and enter the imaginative world of knowledge. So, in order to know ourselves, we must fill the concepts and ideas with content so that they become images. And until the view of man that now pervades the whole of civilization, which has its origin in the West, has passed over into imaginative cognition, we cannot advance in the right way toward this second boundary of ordinary human cognition.

But at the same time, it can be said that humanity today has reached a point in its development, emerging from other historically evolved forms, which demands such progress on the one hand toward inspiration and on the other toward imagination. And those who are able to study what is actually happening to humanity at present, what is only showing itself in the initial symptoms, know how, I would say, forces are rising from the depths of human development that are definitely pointing toward the introduction of inspiration and imagination into human development in the right way.

Inspiration cannot be attained except by struggling with a certain mental image in the way I have described in my book “How to Know Higher Worlds” and as I will describe, at least in outline, in the next lecture. But then, when one has progressed far enough through a certain inner self-cultivation, through systematic training in a certain mental image, through training oneself in the life of the world of images, ideas, and concepts, then one learns to recognize inwardly what it means to live in inspiration. For in the first instance, it is so that if one mathematizes that which otherwise in our life during the first seven years until the change of teeth, if one does not do this unconsciously, as happens in ordinary life and also in ordinary science, but if one does it in full consciousness, if one places oneself in it, I would say, into a living mathematics, into a living mechanics, if, in other words, you take what otherwise works within us, our sense of balance, our sense of movement, sense of life, into full consciousness, if one tears out of oneself, so to speak, what otherwise lives in us as a sense of balance, a sense of movement, a sense of life, if one tears it out in such a way that one lives with mathematical mental images, but with expanded mathematical mental images, then it is as if one falls asleep, but not into unconsciousness or into a nebulous dream life, but as if one were falling into a new consciousness, which I would like to describe to you today — we will talk about all this tomorrow — but for now I will only describe it. One grows into a consciousness in which one initially feels something like a soundless weaving, yes, I cannot call it anything else, like a soundless weaving in a world music. One literally becomes, just as one becomes one's body through one's ego in childhood, one becomes this weaving in a soundless world music. This weaving in a soundless world music gives the other, strictly provable feeling of existence, that one is now outside one's body with one's soul and spirit. One begins to know that one is also outside one's body with one's soul and spirit when one is asleep. But through the experience of sleep, that which vibrates through one's own independence when consciously leaving the body does not vibrate through, and one initially experiences something like an inner restlessness, this inner restlessness, which has a musical character in itself when one immerses oneself fully in it. This, I would say, gradually brightens as something like a wordless revelation from the spiritual universe emerges from the musical experience. Certainly, things appear grotesque and paradoxical today to those who hear them for the first time. But many things appeared paradoxical and grotesque when they first appeared in the course of the world's development. It is true that we cannot progress in human development if we want to pass over these phenomena unconsciously or semi-consciously. At first, it is only an experience, I would say a musical-toneless experience. But then it is something that emerges from this toneless experience, so that we are able to obtain inner meaning from what we experience, just as we obtain outer meaning when we listen to a person speaking to us through sensory words. The spiritual world simply begins to speak, and one only has to acquire experience of these things.

And the next stage one passes through is that one not only weaves and lives in a soundless musical realm and not merely perceives the speech of the supersensible spiritual, but learns to outline what emerges from the supersensible spiritual into something essential, which, in a sense, emerges from the general spiritual language that one first learns, individual supernatural beings, just as we, when we listen to a human being at a lower level, gradually crystallize or organize what is revealed by his soul and his spirit into something essential—if I may use the trivial expression. We thus live ourselves into the observation and knowledge of a real spiritual world. This spiritual world now takes the place of the empty, drained, metaphysical world of atoms and molecules; it confronts us as that which in truth stands behind the phenomena of the physical-sensory world. We no longer stand at the boundary to the material world, as we do when we allow our conceptual spinning to roll on in inertia, as it has been illuminated and ignited by our interaction with the physical, sensory outer world. Instead, we now stand at this boundary in such a way that the spiritual content of the world dawns on us. That is one side of the coin.

And, my dear friends, humanity today is striving to emerge from itself, from its physicality, and we can say that in individual human beings we see very clearly this tendency of contemporary humanity in its present stage of development to extract from physicality what the spiritual researcher extracts with full consciousness, by extracting it in the same way that they behave when they apply the concepts they have conquered within themselves to the observation of external nature in an ordering and systematizing manner. As some of you may know, a strange illness has been described for some time now. This illness is known among psychiatrists and psychologists as pathological brooding, doubtfulness, or perhaps better described as pathological skepticism. This illness manifests itself in the strangest forms and has already become apparent in numerous cases, and it is necessary that the study of this illness be cultivated in our real cultural conditions of the present time. This illness manifests itself—you can learn a great deal about it in psychiatric literature — in that, from a certain age, which is usually associated with sexual maturity or preparation for sexual maturity, people begin to lose their ability to relate to the outside world they experience, and they are overwhelmed by an infinite number of questions about their experiences in the outside world. There are personalities who, when they are first afflicted by these illnesses, simply have to ask the most curious questions, even though they are otherwise completely rational, even though they are able to fulfill their obligations to a high degree, even though they are fully aware of their condition, if they are only slightly removed from what binds them to the outside world. These questions simply enter into their lives. These questions cannot be dismissed. They occur particularly strongly in those who experience modern science with a healthy, even predominantly healthy constitution—but with a constitution that has an open heart, an open mind, and a certain understanding of the way modern science thinks—so that they do not even know how these questions arise subconsciously from this modern science. Such phenomena occur particularly in women, who are less robust in nature than men, and who then absorb modern science not from strictly disciplined literary works, but more from lay or amateur works, when they immerse themselves in the results of modern thinking. And then, especially when such an acquaintance with modern thinking falls at a time when they are intensively preparing for sexual maturity or in the throes of sexual maturation, such states occur to a high degree in such personalities. They consist in the fact that the personality in question must ask: Yes, where does the sun come from? And no matter how clever the answers are, one question always leads to another. Where does the human heart come from? Why does the human heart beat? Did I forget two or three sins in confession? What happened when I took communion? Did some crumbs from the host fall down? Didn't I want to put a letter in my pocket and throw it away instead? And I could give you a whole litany of such questions, and you would see that all of this is very likely to keep people in a state of constant unease.

If the spiritual researcher has an overview of this matter, I would say that he is well versed in it. It is simply a stepping out of that in which the spiritual researcher finds himself when he comes to a musical, soundless experience of words, to an experience of essence through inspiration. But people who are afflicted with doubt and brooding enter this region unconsciously. They have no cultural experience that would enable them to truly understand the state they are entering. The spiritual researcher knows that human beings live with such questions all night long, from the moment they fall asleep until they wake up, that a vast number of questions arise in them from their sleep life, and he knows this state because he can consciously experience it in the manner indicated. Those who approach these things from the ordinary standpoint of consciousness and strive to understand them will perhaps come up with all kinds of rationalistic explanations, but they will not arrive at the truth because they cannot grasp the matter through inspiration. For example, they see how there are people who go to the theater in the evening, and when they leave, they cannot help but be overwhelmed by an unlimited number of questions: What is the relationship between this actress and the outside world? What did that actor do in his earlier years? What is the relationship between the individual actors? How did this or that backdrop come about? Which painter painted this or that backdrop? And so on and so forth, and for days on end such people are under the influence of such an inner devil of questions. These are pathological states that one only begins to understand when one knows that these people enter the region that the spiritual researcher experiences in inspiration by behaving differently from the way these people behave in their pathological state. These people enter the same region as the spiritual researcher, but they do not take their ego with them; they lose their ego, so to speak, when they enter this world. And this ego is the organizing principle. This ego is what is capable of bringing order into this world, just as we are capable of bringing order into the world of our sensory-physical environment. The spiritual researcher knows that human beings live in this same region from the moment they fall asleep until they wake up, that every person who comes from a play is really preoccupied with all these questions at night when they sleep, but that through a certain lawfulness in normal existence, sleep spreads over this devil of questions, and human beings are done with this devil of questions when they wake up again.

It is a matter of bringing into this region, in real spiritual research, the full power of discernment, the full prudence, and the full strength of the human ego. Then we will not live there in overscepticism, but just as prudently and securely as we live in the physical-sensory world. And basically, all the exercises I give in the book How to Know Higher Worlds are largely aimed at enabling people to enter this realm in a fully conscious manner, preserving their ego and exercising strict discipline. The instructions for spiritual research are largely concerned with ensuring that the spiritual researcher does not lose his inner stability, his inner discipline of the ego, along the way.

And the most brilliant example of a person who entered this region in modern times without being fully prepared is the one that has already been characterized here by Dr. Husemann in another context. The brilliant example is Friedrich Nietzsche. Friedrich Nietzsche is indeed a peculiar personality. In a certain sense, he is not a scholar at all. He is not an ordinary scientist. But with an enormously brilliant talent, growing out of the sexual maturity of youth and growing into scientific research, he took up with an enormously brilliant talent what contemporary science has to offer. The fact that he did not become a scholar in the usual sense with all this absorption is simply demonstrated by the way in which a model scholar of the present day, indeed a model scholar of the present day, opposed him immediately after his first publication as a young man, namely Wilamowitz. Nietzsche had published his work “The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music,” in which this willingness to enter into initiation, to enter into the musical, the inspirational, is already evident. The title itself carries this longing to grow into what I have characterized, but it was not there. There was no conscious spiritual science in Nietzsche's time, but by titling his work “The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music,” he indicated that he wanted to understand a phenomenon such as Wagner's tragedy from this spirit of music. And he grew more and more into it. So I said that Wilamowitz appeared immediately and wrote his pamphlet against this work, The Birth of Tragedy, in which he completely dismissed from a scientific point of view what Nietzsche, who was uneducated but seeking knowledge, had written. This was completely justified from the point of view of modern science. And basically, it is difficult to understand how such an excellent man as Erwin Rohde believed that a compromise could be reached between this modern Wilamowitz philology and what lived in Nietzsche as a still obscure striving, as a longing for initiation, for inspiration. What Nietzsche had taken into himself, what he had developed within himself, then grew into the other elements of contemporary scientific life. It grew into positivism, particularly as it originated with the Frenchman Comte and the German Dühring. When I was organizing Nietzsche's library in the 1990s, I myself saw all of Nietzsche's, I would say, conscientiously made notes in the margins of Dühring's works, from which he had studied positivism and absorbed it into himself. I myself held all of these works in my hands. I lived, in a sense, in the way Nietzsche took up positivism, and was able to form a mental image of how he then entered the realm of extra-corporeal life and how he experienced positivism there without properly penetrating this realm with the ego, so that works such as "Human, All-Too-Human and the like, which represent a constant vibration between the inability to move in a world of inspiration and the desire to remain in that world of inspiration. I would say that in the aphoristic style of these works, one can see how Nietzsche strives to bring in the ego, but how it always breaks off again, how he therefore does not bring it to a systematic, artistic representation, but only to aphorism. It is precisely in the constant breaking off of intellectual life in aphorisms that the inner soul of this strange mind is revealed. And then he rises to what has posed the greatest riddles for recent research, for recent external science; he rises to what lives in Darwinism, what lives in the theory of evolution, which seeks to show how the most complicated organisms gradually formed from the simplest, most primitive ones. He immerses himself in this world, in this world into which I have tried, in a modest way—you can follow this precisely in my book The Riddles of Philosophy, in my discussions with Haeckel—to bring inner stability and inner mobility. Nietzsche immerses himself. From his soul, I would say, the idea of super-evolution struggles forth. By tracing evolution back to man, this idea of evolution explodes and leads to his superhumanity. By tracing this movement of evolving beings, he loses, because he cannot obtain the content through inspiration, and must live in the contentless idea of eternal recurrence.

It was only Nietzsche's inner, solid nature that prevented him from falling into what pathologists call doubt. It is what lay within Nietzsche, a great health playing out at the bottom of his illness, which he himself felt, which asserted itself, which did not allow him to fall into complete skepticism, but which allowed him to conceive of what then became the content of his most inspiring works. No wonder that this journey into the spiritual world, this striving to move from the musical to the inner word, to the inner essence, culminating in the unmusical return of the same, culminating in the meaningless, lyrical superhuman, no wonder that it had to end in the state that the attending physician, for example, once described as an atypical case of paralysis.

Yes, those who did not know Nietzsche's inner life, who were unable to judge it from the standpoint of a researcher of the mind, who stood before Nietzsche's world of ideas, concepts, and images like mere psychiatrists without any inner involvement, spoke here about the concrete case in terms of something that is merely abstract as opposed to concrete. In 1872, Du Bois-Reymond said “Ignorabimus” about the whole of nature. The psychiatrist says “paralysis, atypical paralysis” about cases that are unusual. The psychiatrist is confronted with cases that occur in such a way that they are completely torn out of our current human development, and he says “Ignorabimus” in concrete cases, or “Ignoramus.” It is only the translation of what is then clothed in words: atypical case of paralysis.

This finally tore Nietzsche's body apart. This gave rise to what is the phenomenon of Nietzsche within our current intellectual culture. This is the other form in which, in highly cultivated people, the psychiatrically observable doubt, brooding, and hyperskepticism occur. And the phenomenon of Nietzsche—I may add a personal remark here—stood before me, making me shudder, when, a few years after Nietzsche's illness, I entered Nietzsche's little room in Naumburg, where he lay on the sofa, where he had been lying since dinner, knowing no one around him, where he looked like a complete idiot, but still with a light in his eyes that shone with his former genius, looked at you.

When one looked at this Nietzsche with all that one could experience of Nietzsche's worldview, of Nietzsche's inner mental images and world of images, when one then, not like the mere external psychiatrist, stood before this Nietzsche, before this ruin, before this wreck in terms of physical life, with this image in one's own soul, then, then one knew: This human being wanted to look into the world that is becoming through inspiration. Nothing from this world penetrated him. And that which wanted to enter this world, which longed for inspiration, was ultimately extinguished, continuing to fill the organism for years as a meaningless spiritual entity.

One could learn the whole tragedy of our modern culture, its striving for the spiritual world, its inclination toward what can come from inspiration, from such a sight. For me — and I am not afraid to mention this personal detail here — this was one of those moments that can also be interpreted in a Goethean way. Goethe says: Nature has no secret that it does not reveal in some place or other. No, the whole world has no secret that it does not reveal in some place or other. The present development of humanity carries within itself the secret that out of this humanity there simply asserts itself a striving, a tendency, an impulse that rumbles in our social upheavals, which are passing through our civilization, that wants to look into the spiritual world of inspiration. And Nietzsche, as a human being, was the point where nature revealed its apparent secret, where it was possible to betray what is today a striving of the whole of humanity, what we must want, if not all those people who strive against education, who strive toward modern science — and this is what the whole of civilized humanity will gradually do, for knowledge must become popular — if people are not to lose their selves and civilization is not to degenerate into barbarism.

This is the one great cultural concern, the one great concern for civilization, which weighs heavily on those who follow the present course of human history and aim to arrive at a social way of thinking. On the other hand, similar phenomena are asserting themselves on the side of consciousness. And we will also have to study these phenomena, at least briefly, from the perspective of consciousness, to see how the other phenomena emerge from the chaos of contemporary human life, phenomena that are just as pathological and that have been described since Westphal, Falret, and others, and which have not been described only in recent decades by chance. On the other side, toward the limits of consciousness, we encounter the phenomena of claustrophobia, astraphobia, and agoraphobia, just as we encounter doubt on the material side. And just as pathological doubt must be cured through the cultivation of inspiration, as one of the great social and ethical tasks of the present day, so too is the threatening onset of those phenomena which I shall discuss tomorrow—claustrophobia, astraphobia, agoraphobia, the other disturbing phenomenon, which we will be able to overcome through the imagination that we must incorporate into modern civilization for the social well-being of humanity.