The Boundaries of Natural Science
GA 322
2 October 1920 a.m., Dornach
Lecture VI
Yesterday I closed with a consideration of what reveals itself at one boundary of scientific thinking as a real and true mode of cognition: I closed with a characterization of Inspiration. I have brought to your attention the way in which man enters through Inspiration a spiritual world: he knows that he is in this world and feels also that he is outside the body. I have shown you how the transition from the experience of a “toneless” musical element to a merger with an individuated element of being occurs. It also became clear in the course of yesterday's considerations of pathological skepticism and hypercriticism that pathological conditions can arise within man if he takes this step out of the body without the accompaniment of the ego, if he does not suffuse the conditions he experiences in Inspiration with full self-consciousness. If one brings the ego into Inspiration, Inspiration represents a healthy, indeed a necessary, step forward in human cognition. Yet in a cultural epoch such as ours, in which man's being is striving to free itself from the physical organism, one cannot allow this condition to come about in an instinctive, unconscious, unhealthy way without the emergence of the pathological conditions we discussed yesterday. For, you see, there exist two poles in human nature. We can either turn to what opens a free, spiritual vision of the highest realities, or, by shunning this, by not summoning sufficient courage to penetrate into these regions with full consciousness but allowing ourselves to be driven by unconscious forces within ourselves, we can call forth illness in the physical organism. And it would be a grave error to believe that one could guard against this illness by electing not to strive into the actual spiritual world. Illness will occur anyway, if the instincts are allowed to drive the astral body, as we call it, out of the organism. Yet especially at the present time, even if we do not investigate the spiritual world ourselves, we are fully protected against the pathological states that I described yesterday—even against those arising only in the soul—by seeking to comprehend rationally the ideas of spiritual science.
What is it, however, that we bear into the spiritual world when we take full consciousness with us? You need only follow somewhat man's development from birth to the change of teeth and beyond in Order to realize that, besides the development of speech, thinking, and so forth, an especially important element in this human development is the gradual emergence and transformation of memory. If you then look at the course of human life, you will come to see the tremendous importance of memory for a fully human existence. If, as a result of certain pathological conditions, the continuity of memory is interrupted, so that we cannot recall certain experiences we have had, then a serious illness befalls us, for we feel that the thread of the ego, which otherwise runs through our lives, has been broken. You can consult my book, Theosophy,7Theosophie. Einfuhneng in ubersinnliche Welterkenntnis und Menschenbestimmung, Berlin, 1904 (Theosophy. An Introduction to the Supersensible Knowledge of the World and the Destination of Man, Anthroposophie Press, Spring Valley, N.Y., 1971). on this: memory is intimately connected with the ego. Thus in pursuing the path I have characterized we must take care not to lose what manifests itself in memory. We must take along with us into the world of Inspiration the power of soul that provides us with memory.
Just as in nature everything changes, however—just as the plant, in growing, metamorphoses its green leaves into the red petals of the flower; just as everything in nature is in constant metamorphosis, so it is with everything concerning human existence. If we really bear the faculty of memory out into the world of Inspiration under the full influence of ego-consciousness, it metamorphoses itself. Then one comes to realize that in the moment of one's life in which one investigates the spiritual world in Inspiration, one does not have the normal faculty of memory at one's disposal. One has this faculty of memory at one's disposal in healthy life within the body; outside the body, this faculty is no longer available.
This results in something extraordinary—something that, since I present it to your mind's eye for the First time, might seem paradoxical, yet that is fully grounded in reality. Whoever has become a true spiritual scientist, who enters and seeks to experience through Inspiration actual spiritual reality as I have described it in my books, must experience this reality each time anew if he wishes to have it present to consciousness. Thus whenever someone speaks out of Inspiration concerning the spiritual world—not from notes or from mere memory but when he expresses immediately what reveals itself to him in the spiritual world—he must perform the task of spiritual perception each time anew. The faculty of memory has transformed itself. One has retained only the power to call forth the experience again and again. For that reason the spiritual scientist does not have it so easy as one who relies on mere memory. He cannot simply communicate some information out of memory but must call forth anew each time what presents itself to him in Inspiration. In this matter it is essentially the same as it is in normal sense perception of the physical world. If you wish actually to perceive within the physical world of the senses, you cannot turn away from what you wish to perceive and still have the same perception in another place. You must return to the object. In the same way, the spiritual scientist must return to the Same spiritual content of consciousness. And just as in physical perception one must learn to move about in space in order to perceive this or that in turn, the spiritual scientist who has attained Inspiration must learn to move freely within the element of time. He must be able—if you will allow me to use a paradoxical expression—to swim within the element of time. He must learn to travel along with time itself, and when he has learned this, he finds that the faculty of memory has undergone a metamorphosis, that the faculty of memory has transformed itself into something else. What memory performed within the physical world of the senses must be replaced by spiritual perception. This transformed memory, however, gives the spiritual scientist perception of a more encompassing ego. Now the ego is recognized to be more encompassing. When one has transformed memory, which contains the power of the ego between birth and death, the content of the ego cracks the husk that circumscribes but one lifetime. Then the fact of repeated earthly incarnations, alternating with a purely spiritual existence between death and rebirth, emerges as something that can be grasped as a reality.
On the other side, the side of consciousness, there emerges something different when one seeks to avoid what an ancient view of the spirit, that of the Vedanta, did not yet know. We in the West feel on the one hand the loftiness of the spiritual view when we steep ourselves in the ancient Oriental wisdom. We feel that in the Vedanta the soul was borne up into spiritual regions in which it could move in a way that the Westerner's normal consciousness can only in mathematical, geometrical, analytic-mechanical thinking. When we descend into the expansive realms that in the Orient were accessible to normal consciousness, however, we find something that we Westerners, because of our more advanced state of evolution, can no longer bear: we find an extensive symbolism, an allegorization of the natural world. It is this symbolism, this allegorization, this thinking about external nature in images, that makes us clearly aware that we are being led away from reality, away from a true investigation of nature. This has become part of certain religious confessions. Certain religious confessions are at a loss how to proceed with this act of symbolization, of mythologization, which has become decadent. For us in the West, that which the Oriental, living in an illusory world, applied directly in this way to external nature, that with which he believed himself capable of arriving at insights concerning the natural world—for us at present this has value only as an exercise preliminary to further spiritual research. We must acquire the soul faculty that the Oriental employed in symbolism and anthropomorphism. We must exercise this faculty inwardly and remain fully conscious thereby: we lapse into superstitions, into rhapsodic enthusiasm for nature, if we employ this faculty to any end but the cultivation of our soul. Later I shall have occasion to speak here about the particulars of this—which, by the way, you can find in my book, Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and Its Attainment.
By taking this faculty that the Oriental turned outward and employing it inwardly, as an activity of inner schooling [Kraft des Übens], by first developing a pictorial representation in such a way within, one actually begins to arrive at new insights on the other side, on the side of consciousness. One gradually achieves a transformation of abstract, merely notional thinking into pictorial thinking. Then there arises what I can only call an experiential thinking [erlebendes Denken]. One experiences pictorial thinking. Why does one experience this? One experiences nothing other than what is active within the physical body during the first years of childhood, as I have described it to you. One experiences not the human organism that has taken static form in space but rather what lives and weaves within man. One experiences it in pictures. One gradually struggles through to a viewing of the life of the soul in its actuality. On the other side the content of consciousness gradually emerges within cognition: pictorial representation, a life within Imagination. And without entering into this life of Imaginations, modern psychology shall not progress. In this way, and in this way only, by entering into Imagination, there will arise again a psychology that is more than word-games, a psychology that actually looks into the soul of man.
Just as the time has come in which, as a result of general cultural relationships, man is gradually excarnating from the physical body and striving for Inspiration, as we have seen in the example of Nietzsche, the time has come in which man, if he desires self-knowledge, should feel himself led toward Imagination. Man must descend deeper into himself than was necessary in the course of previous cultural history. If evolution is not to lapse into barbarism, humanity must attain a true image of itself [Selbstschau], and humanity can accomplish this only by accepting the knowledge offered by Imagination. That man is striving to descend deeper into his inner self than has been the case in evolution heretofore is shown, again, in the phenomena of pathological diseases of a particularly modern form. These have been described very recently by those who are able to study them from the point of view of medicine or psychiatry. It is shown above all in the emergence of agoraphobia, claustrophobia, and astraphobia—illnesses of a sort that arise especially frequently in our time. Even if they usually are observed only as pathological conditions requiring psychiatric treatment, the more acute observer can see something else altogether. He sees agoraphobia, astraphobia, and so forth already emerging from the soul-nature of humanity, just as he saw Inspiration arising pathologically in Friedrich Nietzsche. Above all, he can observe states of soul that often appear outwardly normal from which emerges agoraphobia—morbid dread of open spaces. He sees emerging something that appears as astraphobia, a state in which one fails to come to terms with an inner sensation. This inner feeling can grow to the extent that the Organs of digestion are attacked, and digestion is disturbed. He comes to know what might be called fear of isolation, agoraphobias,8The German edition gives “claustrophobia” here, which seems to be a mistake. in which one cannot remain atone but only where there is company assembled all around and so forth. Such things emerge. These things show that humanity is presently striving for Imagination and that an illness that must otherwise become an illness of the entire culture can be counteracted only by developing Imagination. Agoraphobia—this is an illness that manifests itself in many people in a frightening way. These people grow up, and from a certain point in their lives onward remarkable conditions manifest themselves. If such a person steps out of the house into a square devoid of people he is stricken with a fear that is entirely incomprehensible to him. He is afraid of something; he does not dare go a step further into the empty square, and if he does, it can happen that he falls down on his knees or perhaps even topples over in a faint. The moment that even a child comes, the sufferer grasps its arm or merely reaches out to touch the child: in this moment he feels himself inwardly strengthened again, and the agoraphobia subsides. One case that has been described in the medical literature is particularly interesting. A young man who felt himself strong enough even to become an officer is overcome by agoraphobia while on maneuvers as he is sent out to map some terrain. His fingers tremble; he is unable to draw. Wherever there is emptiness around him, or what he perceives as emptiness, he is beset with fears that he immediately senses to be pathological. He is in the vicinity of a mill. In order to be able to perform his duty at all, he must keep a small child at his side, and its mere presence is enough for him to be able to resume drawing. We ask ourselves: what is the cause of such phenomena? Why is it that there are, for example, people who, when they have somehow forgotten to leave open the door to their bedrooms at night—something that has perhaps long since become a habit with them—wake in the night dripping sweat and can do nothing but leap up to open the door, for they cannot stand to be in an enclosed space. There are such people. Some suffer to such an extent that they must have all the doors and windows open. If their house is on a square, they must leave open the door leading out, so that they know they are free and can get out into the open at any time. This claustrophobia is something that one sees emerging—even if it often does not emerge in so radical a form—if one is able to observe human states of soul more closely.
And then there are people who feel, even to a physical degree, something inexplicable happening within them. What is it? It is an approaching thunderstorm or some other atmospheric condition. There are otherwise intelligent people who must draw the curtains whenever there is lightning or thunder. Then they must sit in a dark room, for only in this way can they protect themselves from what they experience in the atmospheric conditions. This is astraphobia, or morbid fear of thunderstorms. What is the cause of these states that we observe already very clearly in the souls of human beings today, especially in those who for a long time surrender themselves devoutly to a certain dogmatism? In these people one observes precisely these states of soul, even if they have not manifested themselves yet physically. These states are just beginning to appear. Their emergence works to upset a balanced, calm approach to life. They also emerge in such a way that they call forth all kinds of pathological conditions that are ascribed to every sort of thing, because the physical symptoms of claustrophobia, agoraphobia, or astraphobia are not yet manifest, while they must actually be ascribed to the particular configuration of soul arising within man.
What is the cause of such conditions? They are the result of our need not only to experience the life of the soul discarnately but also to bring this experience of the discarnate soul down into the physical body. We must allow it to immerse itself consciously. Just as that which I have described to you in the course of these lectures gradually extricates itself from the body between birth and the change of teeth, so also that which is experienced externally, which we could call experience of the astral, immerses itself again in the physical organism between the change of teeth and puberty. And what takes place in puberty is nothing other than this immersion between approximately the seventh and fourteenth years. The independent soul-spirit that man has developed must immerse itself in the body again, and what then emerges as physical love, as sexual desire, is nothing other than the result of this immersion I have described to you. One must come to understand this immersion clearly. Whoever wishes to gain a true understanding of the basis of consciousness must be able to effect this in a fully conscious, healthy way, using such methods as I shall describe here later. That is to say, he must learn to immerse himself in the physical body. Then he attains an initial experience of what manifests itself as an Imaginative representation of the inner realm. Here a faculty of formal representation framed for an external, three-dimensional world of plastic forms is insufficient. To perform this inner activity one needs a mobile faculty of formal representation: one must be able to overcome gradually everything spatial in Imagination and to immerse oneself in the representation of something intensive, something that radiates activity. In short, one must immerse oneself in such a way that in descending one can still clearly differentiate between oneself and one's body. Whatever inheres in the subject cannot be known. If one can keep what one experiences outside from immersing unconsciously in the physical body, one descends into the physical body and experiences in descending the essence of this body up to the level of consciousness in Imagination, in pictures.
Whoever fails to keep these pictures separate, however, and allows them to slip into the physical body, confronting the physical body not as an object but as something subjective, brings the sensation of space down into the physical body with him The astral thereby coalesces with the physical to a greater degree than should be allowed. The experience of the external world coalesces with man's inner life, and because he makes subjective what should have remained objective, he can no longer experience space normally. Fear of empty space, fear of lonely places, fear of the astrality diffused through space, of Storms, perhaps even of the moon and Stars, rise up within one. One lives too deeply within oneself. Thus it is necessary that all exercises leading to the life of Imagination protect one against descending too deeply into the body. One must immerse oneself in the body in such a way that the ego remains outside. One may not take the ego out into the world of Imagination in the way that one must carry the ego out into the world of Inspiration. Although one worked toward Imagination through a process of symbolization, through pictorial representation, in Imagination itself all pictures created by mere fantasy disappear. Now objective pictures emerge instead. Only that which actually lives within the human form ceases to confront one as an object. One loses the outward human form and there emerges a diversity of living forms from the human etheric. One now sees not the unified human form but the profusion of animal forms that interpenetrate and merge to create the human form. One comes to know in an inward way what lives within the realms of plants and minerals. One learns this through introspection. One learns what can never be learned through atomism and molecularism: one learns what actually lives within the realms of plants and minerals. And how is it that we avoid bringing the ego down into the physical body when we strive for Imagination? Only by developing the power of love more nobly than in normal life, where love is led by the powers of the bodily senses. Only by acquiring the selfless power of love, freedom from egotism not only regarding the realm of humanity but also regarding the realm of nature. Only by allowing all that leads to Imagination to be borne by love, by merging this power of love with every object of cognition that we seek in this manner.
Again we have divergent tendencies: the healthy tendency to extend the power of love into Imagination or the pathological tendency to expose ourselves to fear of what is outside. We experience what lies outside with our ego and then, without restraining our ego, bear it down into the body, giving rise to agoraphobia, claustrophobia, and astraphobia. Yet we enjoy the prospect of an extremely high mode of cognition if we can develop in a healthy way what threatens humanity in its pathological form and would lead it into barbarism.
In this way one attains a true knowledge of man. One surpasses all that anatomy, physiology, and biology can teach; one attains a true knowledge of man by actually seeing through the physical body. Oh, man comes to know himself in a way so different from that which nebulous mystics believe, who think that some abstract divinity reveals itself to them when they delve down within. Oh no, something rich and concrete reveals itself; something that provides insight into the human organism, into the nature of the lungs, the liver, and so forth. Only this can be the basis of a true anatomy, a true physiology; only this can serve as the basis for a true understanding of man and also for a true medical science. One has developed two faculties within human nature. On the side of matter is the faculty of Inspiration, developed by gradually discovering within matter a spiritual realm that expands out into the tableau Mr. Arenson has depicted for you here. The other faculty is developed by discovering within oneself the realms that I described as the basis of a true knowledge of man, of a true medical science, when I spoke here earlier this year before almost forty medical doctors.
These two faculties, however, those of Inspiration and Imagination, can join together. The one can coalesce with the other, but it must happen in full consciousness and by comprehending the cosmos in love. Then there arises a third faculty, a confluence of Imagination and Inspiration in true, spiritual Intuition. Then we rise up to that which allows us to recognize the external material world to be a spiritual world, the inner realm of the soul and spirit with its material foundations as a continuous whole; we rise up to that which grants us knowledge of the expansion of human existence beyond earthly life, as I have described it to you here in other lectures. One comes thus on the one side to know the realms of plants, animals, and minerals in their inmost essences, in their spiritual content, through Inspiration. By coming to know the human organs through Imagination one creates the basis for a true organology, and by uniting in Intuition what one has learned about plants, animals, and minerals with what Imagination reveals concerning the human organs, one attains a true therapy, a science of medication that knows in a real sense how to apply the external to the internal. The true doctor must understand medications cosmologically; he must understand the human organs anthropologically, or actually anthroposophically. He must come to grasp the external world through Inspiration, the inner world through Imagination, and he must achieve a therapy based upon real Intuition.
You see what a prospect opens before us if we are able to comprehend spiritual science in its true form. To be sure, this spiritual science still has to shed many externals and much that still adheres to it in the minds of those who believe they can nurture it with fantasies and dilettantism of every sort. Spiritual science must develop a method of research as rigorous as mathematics and analytical mechanics. On the other hand, spiritual science must rid itself of all superstitions. Spiritual science must truly be able to call forth in light-filled clarity the love that otherwise overcomes man if he can call it forth out of instinct. Then spiritual science will be a seed that will grow and send its forces out into all the sciences and thus into human life.
For this reason, let me bring to a dose what I have had to say to you in these lectures with one more brief consideration. Beforehand I would like to say that there is, of course, still much that can be read between the lines of my descriptions. Some of this I shall make legible in two lectures this evening and tomorrow: they will elaborate what I could only intimate in the short time available to us for this course. Only what is gained by attaining Imagination on the one hand and Inspiration on the other, and then uniting Imagination and Inspiration in Intuition, gives man the inner freedom and strength enabling him to conceive ideas that can then be effected in social life. And only those who experience contemporary life with a sleeping soul can fall to see everything that is brewing in the most frightful way, threatening a horrific future.
What is the spiritual cause of this? The spiritual cause of this is something one can perceive by studying attentively recent human evolution as it manifests itself in extremely prominent individuals. How human beings strove in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to arrive at clear concepts, to arrive at truly inward, clear impulses for three concepts that are of the very greatest importance for social life: the concept of capital, the concept of labor, and the concept of commodities! Just look at the relevant literature from the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries to see how human beings strove to understand what capital actually means within the social process, to see how that which human beings strove to understand in concepts has passed over into frightful struggles in the external world. Just look how intimately the particular feeling emerging within humanity in the present age corresponds to what they are able to feel and think concerning the function, the meaning of labor within the social organism. Then look at the hopelessly inadequate definition of “commodity”! Human beings strove to bring three practical concepts into clear focus. In the course of life in the civilized world today one Sees everywhere a lack of clarity regarding the triad, capital, labor, commodities. And one cannot rise up to answer the question: what function does capital have within the social organism? One is able to answer this question only when, out of a true spiritual science, by means of Imagination and Inspiration united in Intuition, one understands that a proper impulse for the functioning of capital can be found within the spiritual life as an independently subsisting part of the social organism. Only true Imagination can bring real comprehension of this part of the social organism. And one will come to realize something else as well. One will realize that one can come to understand labor's functioning within the social organism when one no longer understands what is produced by human labor in terms of the product, so that one no longer conceives commodities in the Marxist manner as congealed labor or even congealed time. Rather, one will realize that the results of human labor can be understood by arriving at a representation, at a free experience of that which can proceed from man. The concept of labor will become clear only to those who know what is revealed to man through Inspiration.
And the concept of “commodity” is the most complicated imaginable. For no single man is able to comprehend what commodities are in their actual existence in life. Anyone who wishes to define commodities has not the slightest inkling what knowledge is. “Commodity” cannot be defined, for one can define in this sense or formulate conceptually only what concerns but one individual, what one man alone can comprehend with his soul. Commodities, however, always exist in the interaction between a number of human beings and a number of individuals of a certain type. Commodities exist in the interaction between producers, consumers, and those who mediate between them. The impoverished concepts of barter and purchase, products of a discipline that fails to recognize the limits of natural science, shall never prove adequate to an understanding of commodities. Commodities, the products of human labor, exist in the relationship between several individuals, and if a solitary man undertakes to understand commodities “as such,” he is on the wrong track. Commodities must be understood as a function of the socially contracted majority of human beings, of association. Commodities must be understood in terms of association; they must exist in association. Only when associations are formed that process what originates with the producers, businessmen, and consumers will there arise—not out of the individual but through association, through the worker associations—the social concept, the concept of “commodity,” that human beings must share before there can exist a healthy economic life.
If human beings would only take the trouble to ascend to that which the spiritual scientist can convey from the realm of higher cognition, they would find concepts giving rise to the social forms we must develop if we wish to reverse the course of a civilization on the decline. It is thus no mere theoretical interest, no mere scientific need, that underlies all we shall strive for here. It is rather the most urgent need that the work and the research we do here make human beings mature enough that they can go forth from this place to all the corners of the earth, taking with them such ideas and social impulses as really can buoy up an age so rapidly sinking and reverse the course of a world so clearly in decline.
Sechster Vortrag
Wir schlossen gestern damit, daß wir hinstellten dasjenige, was sich an der einen Grenze des menschlichen Naturerkennens für ein wirkliches, wahrhaftes Erkennen ergibt, wir schlossen damit, daß die Inspiration charakterisiert wurde. Ich habe Sie darauf aufmerksam gemacht, wie der Mensch durch die Inspiration hineinwächst in eine geistige Welt, in der er sich dann selber darinnen weiß, in der er sich zugleich außerhalb seines Leibes weiß, und ich habe Ihnen gezeigt, wie dieses Hineinwachsen aus einem gewissermaßen tonlosen musikalischen Elemente herauf bis zum Hineinwachsen in ein individualisiertes wesenhaftes Element geschieht. Es ist wohl auch aus den gestern gemachten Bemerkungen über den Hyperkritizismus und den Hyperskeptizismus hervorgegangen, daß pathologische Zustände beim Menschen entstehen können, wenn dieses Herausgehen des Menschen aus seinem Leibe gewissermaßen geschieht ohne die Mitnahme des Ich, wenn der Mensch nicht sein volles Bewußtsein, sein Ich-Bewußtsein in diejenigen Zustände mit hineinverwebt, die er während der Inspiration eben durchlebt. Wenn der Mensch dieses sein Ich in diese Inspiration hineinbringt, dann ist dieses ein gesunder, ja ein notwendiger Fortschritt im menschlichen Erkennen. Wenn der Mensch aber in einer Kulturepoche, wie die gegenwärtige es ist, wo einfach die menschliche Wesenheit nach diesem Freiwerden vom Organismus strebt, wenn er instinktiv, unbewußt, krankhaft die Sache über sich kommen läßt, dann kommen eben jene krankhaften Zustände heraus, von denen gestern gesprochen worden ist. Wir haben gewissermaßen in unserer menschlichen Natur die zwei Pole. Entweder können wir auf der einen Seite hinsehen zu dem, was uns einen freien geistigen Ausblick in höchste Wirklichkeiten bietet, oder wir können, indem wir es vermeiden, indem wir nicht den Mut dazu aufbringen, vollbewußt in diese Region hineinzudringen, sondern uns treiben lassen von den unbewußten Kräften der Menschennatur, wir können in eine Erkrankung des menschlichen Organismus hinein verfallen. Und schlimm wäre es, zu glauben, daß man geschützt wäre vor dieser Erkrankung, wenn man vermiede das Hineinstreben in die wirkliche geistige Welt. Der Krankheit verfällt man sowieso, wenn die Instinkte den astralischen Leib, wie wir dann sagen, heraustreiben aus der menschlichen Organisation. Und dasjenige, was erlebt wird dadurch, daß wir - wenn wir auch nicht selbst forscherisch hineinkommen in diese geistige Welt, die charakterisiert worden ist — bloß durch das vernünftige Begreifen die Ideen der Geisteswissenschaft aufnehmen, das schützt uns voll, insbesondere in der gegenwärtigen Zeit, vor dem ungesunden Verfallen in jene pathologischen Zustände, wenn sie auch nur seelisch auftreten, die gestern charakterisiert werden mußten nach der einen Seite.
Was aber tragen wir eigentlich hinein in die höhere Welt, wenn wir das volle Bewußtsein hineintragen? Sie brauchen ja nur ein wenig die Entwickelung des Menschen von seiner Geburt an zu verfolgen bis zum Zahnwechsel hin und über den Zahnwechsel hinaus, so werden Sie finden, daß neben der Entwickelung von Sprache, Denken und so weiter ein besonders bedeutsames Element in dieser menschlichen Entwickelung die allmähliche Entstehung und Umbildung des Gedächtnisses ist. Und wenn Sie dann hinschauen auf das menschliche Leben in seinem Verlaufe, so werden Sie die ganze Wichtigkeit des Gedächtnisses für ein volles Menschendasein begreifen. Wenn durch irgendwelche krankhaften Zustände das Gedächtnis unterbrochen ist, so daß wir uns an gewisse Erlebnisse, die wir gehabt haben, nicht erinnern, daß gewissermaßen eine Diskontinuität des Gedächtnisses eintritt, dann verfallen wir einer schweren Seelenkrankheit, denn wir fühlen gewissermaßen den Ich-Faden, der sonst durch unser Leben geht, abreißen. Dieses Gedächtnis — Sie können das auch in meiner «Theosophie» nachlesen — hängt eng an dem Ich. Daher dürfen wir auch nicht verlieren dasjenige, was sich im Gedächtnis äußert, wenn wir diesen Weg, den ich gestern charakterisiert habe, zurücklegen. Wir müssen gewissermaßen die Kraft in unserer Seele, die uns mit dem Gedächtnis ausstattet, mit hinausnehmen in die Welt der Inspiration.
Aber, wie sich in der Natur alles verändert, wie die Pflanze ihr grünes Blatt, indem sie emporwächst, in die roten Blumenblätter verwandelt, wie in der Natur alles auf Metamorphose beruht, so ist es auch in dem, was das Menschenleben durchläuft. Wenn wir unter dem Einfluß des vollen Ich-Bewußtseins die Kraft des Gedächtnisses wirklich heraustragen in die Welt der Inspiration, so verwandelt es sich, so metamorphosiert es sich. Daher macht man auf der einen Seite die Erfahrung, daß man in demjenigen Momente seines Lebens, wo man als Geistesforscher in Inspiration ist, daß man in diesem Momente seines Lebens das gewöhnliche Gedächtnis nicht zu seiner Verfügung hat. Dieses gewöhnliche Gedächtnis hat man nur zu seiner Verfügung im gesunden Leben im Leibe; in dem Leben außerhalb des Leibes hat man dieses Gedächtnis nicht zur Verfügung.
Daraus geht eine eigentümliche Tatsache hervor, die Ihnen vielleicht, indem ich sie Ihnen zum ersten Mal vor das Seelenauge führe, paradox erscheinen wird, die aber doch durchaus auf einer Realität beruht. Derjenige, der wirklich zum Geistesforscher geworden ist, der daher durch Inspiration konkret in wahre geistige Wirklichkeit, wie sie in meinen Büchern geschildert wird, eindringt, der muß sie jedesmal, wenn er sie im Bewußtsein haben will, neu erleben. Wenn daher jemand aus seiner Inspiration heraus spricht über die geistige Welt, nicht aus bloßen Notizen oder aus dem bloßen Gedächtnis, sondern wenn er unmittelbar dasjenige ausspricht, was sich ihm offenbart in der geistigen Welt, dann muß er jedesmal die Arbeit der geistigen Wahrnehmung neu vollziehen. Die Kraft des Gedächtnisses hat sich da verwandelt. Man hat nur die Kraft behalten, dasselbe immer wieder hervorzubringen. Daher hat es der Geistesforscher selbst nicht so leicht als der bloße Gedächtnismensch. Er kann nicht einfach irgendeine Mitteilung aus dem Gedächtnis wieder mitteilen, sondern er muß jedesmal neu produzieren, was sich ihm innerhalb der Inspiration darbietet. Und es ist ja damit im Grunde genommen nicht anders, als wie es ist gegenüber der gewöhnlichen physisch-sinnlichen Wahrnehmung. Sie können, wenn Sie wirklich wahrnehmen wollen in der physisch-sinnlichen Welt, nicht von den wahrgenommenen Dingen weggehen und an einer andern Stelle dieselbe Wahrnehmung haben. Sie müssen wiederum zu den Dingen zurückkehren. So muß der Geistesforscher im Geistigen wiederum zu demselben geistigen Bewußtseinsinhalte zurückkehren. Und wie man bei der physischen Wahrnehmung lernen muß, im Raume sich zu bewegen, damit man abwechselnd das eine oder das andere wahrnehmen kann, so muß der Geistesforscher, der zur Inspiration kommt, dahin gelangen, frei sich zu bewegen im Elemente der Zeit. Er muß gewissermaßen, wenn ich mich des paradoxen Ausdruckes bedienen darf, im Elemente der Zeit schwimmen können. Er muß mit der Zeit selber mitgehen lernen. Und wenn er dann dieses lernt, dann findet er, daß die Kraft des Gedächtnisses sich in ein anderes verwandelt hat, daß eine Metamorphose eingetreten ist mit der Kraft des Gedächtnisses. Das, was das Gedächtnis in der gewöhnlichen physisch-sinnlichen Welt geleistet hat, das muß er jetzt durch geistige Wahrnehmung ersetzen. Dasjenige aber, in das sich das Gedächtnis verwandelt hat, das gibt ihm die Wahrnehmung eines umfassenderen Ich. Jetzt wird zu einer Erkenntnistatsache diejenige der wiederholten Erdenleben. Jetzt wird das Ich in seiner Erweiterung erkannt. Jetzt, wo man das Gedächtnis, das zusammenhält die Ich-Gewalt zwischen Geburt und Tod, jetzt, wo man dieses Gedächtnis verwandelt hat, jetzt sprengt der Inhalt des Ich die Hülle, die nur ein Leben umfaßt, jetzt tritt die Erkenntnis von den wiederholten Erdenleben, zwischen denen ein rein geistiges Dasein zwischen dem Tode und einer neuen Geburt absolviert wird, jetzt tritt sie als etwas auf, wastatsächlich erkannt wird.
Nach der andern Seite, nach der Bewußtseinsseite, ergibt sich nun ein anderes, wenn man versucht, dasjenige zu vermeiden, was eine alte Anschauung des Geistigen, die ich Ihnen ja auch schon charakterisiert habe als diejenige der Vedantaphilosophien etwa, noch nicht kannte. Wir im Abendlande fühlen auf der einen Seite die Höhe der geistigen Anschauung, wenn wir uns in die alte orientalische Weisheit vertiefen. Wir fühlen, wie da die Seele hinaufgetragen wurde in der Vedantaphilosophie in geistige Regionen, in denen sie sich bewegen konnte, wie sich der Abendländer mit dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein nur bewegen kann innerhalb des mathematischen, des geometrischen, des analytisch-mechanischen Denkens. Aber wenn wir hinuntergehen in die breiten Regionen, die im Oriente dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein zugänglich waren, dann finden wir etwas, was wir Abendländer vermöge unserer vorgerückteren menschlichen Entwickelungsstufe nicht mehr vertragen können, wir finden einen weitgehenden Symbolismus, ein Allegorisieren gegenüber der äußeren Natur. Dieses Symbolisieren, dieses Allegorisieren, dieses Denken der äußeren Natur in Bildern, das ist dasjenige, wovon wir das deutliche Bewußtsein haben, es führt uns von der wahren Wirklichkeit, von dem wahren Hineinschauen in die Natur weg. Es ist übergegangen in gewisse Religionsbekenntnisse. Gewisse Religionsbekenntnisse wissen mit dieser in die Dekadenz gekommenen Symbolisierungskunst, mit dieser Mythisierungskunst nichts Rechtes mehr anzufangen. Für uns im Abendlande ist dasjenige, was der Morgenländer so in einer illusionären Welt unmittelbar angewendet hat auf die äußere Natur, womit er glaubte, in der äußeren Natur etwas erkennen zu können, für uns ist es so geworden, daß es nur einen Wert haben darf, indem wir es als innerliche Übung zum weiteren Geistesforschen gebrauchen. Wir müssen uns aneignen diejenige Seelenkraft, die der Morgenländer verwendet hat zum Symbolisieren, zum Anthropomorphisieren. Wir müssen diese Kraft innerlich ausüben und uns dabei voll bewußt bleiben, wir verfallen in Aberglauben, wir verfallen in Naturschwärmerei, wenn wir mit dieser Kraft etwas anderes tun als unsere Seele selber bilden. Ich werde über das Genauere, das Sie übrigens auch in meinem Buche «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?» finden, bei einer andern Gelegenheit noch vor Ihnen hier zu sprechen haben.
Aber indem man diese Kraft, die der Morgenländer nach außen wendet, innerlich als Kraft des Übens anwendet, indem man das bildliche Vorstellen zunächst in einer solchen Weise in sich ausbildet, gelangt man wirklich dazu, nach der andern Seite hin, nach der Bewußstseinsseite, Erkenntnisse zu entwickeln. Man gelangt allmählich dazu, das abstrakte, das bloß ideenhafte Denken umzuwandeln in bildhaftes Denken. Und dann tritt etwas ein, was ich nur nennen kann ein erlebendes Denken. Man erlebt das bildhafte Denken. Warum erlebt man es? Ja, man erlebt ja nichts anderes als dasjenige, was im Leibe selber wirkt in den ersten Kinderjahren, wie ich es Ihnen beschrieben habe. Man erlebt nicht den im Raume ruhig geformten und seine Form nicht ändernden menschlichen Organismus, sondern erlebt dasjenige, was im Menschen innerlich lebt und webt. Man erlebt es in Bildern. Man ringt sich allmählich hindurch zu einer Anschauung des wirklichen Seelenlebens. Da entwickelt sich auf der andern Seite zur Erkenntnis dasjenige, was im Bewußtsein drinnen ist, das imaginative Vorstellen, das Leben in Imaginationen. Und ohne das Vorrücken in dieses Leben der Imaginationen kommt die moderne Psychologie nicht weiter. Einzig und allein dadurch, daß zu Imaginationen vorgerückt werden wird, wird eine Psychologie, die über eine bloße Wortklauberei hinwegkommt, wiederum entstehen können, eine Psychologie, die wirklich hineinschaut in den Menschen.
Und ebenso wie jetzt die Zeit da ist, daß der Mensch sich herauslebt durch die allgemeinen Kulturverhältnisse aus seinem physischen Leibe, daß er entgegenstrebt der Inspiration, wie wir das an dem Beispiel Nietzsche gesehen haben, ebenso ist jetzt die Zeit da, daß der Mensch, wenn er sich selber erkennen will, zur Imagination sich hingeleitet fühlen muß. Der Mensch muß tiefer in sich hinein, als er es brauchte gegenüber den bisherigen Kulturverläufen. Der Mensch muß, wenn die Entwickelung nicht in die Barbarei hineinkommen soll, zu einer wahren Selbstschau kommen. Und das kann er nur durch das Entgegennehmen der Erkenntnis durch Imagination. Daß der Mensch in dieser Weise in sein Inneres hineinstrebt, daß er tiefer da untertauchen will in dem Inneren, als das im bisherigen Kulturverlauf der Fall ist, das zeigt sich uns wiederum an demjenigen, was als entstehende pathologische Krankheitsbilder in der besonderen modernen Form erst in jüngster Zeit beschrieben wird von denjenigen, die solches vom Gesichtspunkte der Psychiatrie oder der Medizin überhaupt studieren können. Das zeigt uns vor allen Dingen das Erscheinen der Agoraphobie, das Erscheinen der Astraphobie, der Klaustrophobie, Krankheitsformen, die in unserer Zeit besonders häufig auftreten. Und wenn sie in der Regel auch erst in ihrem psychiatrisch zu nehmenden Zustande beobachtet werden, dem feineren Beobachter aber ergibt sich noch etwas ganz anderes. Er sieht Agoraphobie, Astraphobie und so weiter im reinen Seelischen schon herauftauchen in der Menschheitsentwickelung, wie er die Inspiration herauftauchen sah in krankhafter Weise bei Friedrich Nietzsche, er sieht herauftauchen vor allen Dingen in den äußerlich oftmals noch als normal angesehenen Seelenzuständen dasjenige, was in Agoraphobie, in der Platzfurcht, in der Raumesfurcht auftritt. Er sieht herauftauchen dasjenige, was herauftaucht in der Astraphobie, wenn die Leute etwas innerlich verspüren und nicht recht wissen, wie sie damit zurechtkommen, wenn dieses Innerlich-Verspüren so weit geht, daß zum Beispiel ihre Verdauungsorgane ergriffen werden und ihre Verdauung dadurch gestört wird. Er lernt erkennen dasjenige, was man nennen könnte Einsamkeitsfurcht, Klaustrophobie, wenn die Menschen nicht allein sein können, wenn sie in krankhafter Weise immer und überall nur sein können, wenn sie dabei Gesellschaft um sich haben und dergleichen. Diese Dinge kommen herauf. Diese Dinge zeigen, wie die Menschheit gegenwärtig nach der Imagination hin strebt, und wie ein Übel, das sonst ein Kulturübel werden müßte, nur durch die Imagination bekämpft werden kann. Platzfurcht - sie ist ja ein Übel, das sich bei manchen Menschen in einer erschreckenden Weise zeigt. Diese Menschen wachsen heran. Von einem gewissen Zeitpunkte ihres Lebens zeigen sich bei ihnen merkwürdige Zustände. Wenn sie aus einer Haustüre heraustreten auf einen Platz, der vielleicht menschenarm ist, so befällt sie eine für sie unergründliche Angst. Sie fürchten sich vor etwas, sie getrauen sich nicht einen Schritt weiter zu machen auf dem leeren Platze, und wenn sie einen Schritt weiter machen, dann kann es ihnen passieren, daß sie in die Knie sinken oder vielleicht sogar umfallen, daß sie von einer Ohnmacht befallen werden. In dem Augenblicke, wo nur ein Kind kommt, ergreift der Betreffende den Arm des Kindes, oder er hält nur seine Hand an den Körper des Kindes hin, und in diesem Augenblick fühlt er sich wiederum innerlich durchkraftet, die Agoraphobie geht zurück. Ein Fall, der in der medizinischen Literatur beschrieben ist, ist besonders interessant. Ein junger Mann, der sich sogar stark genug fühlte, Offizier zu werden, wird gerade bei einem Manöver, als er hinausgeschickt wird, irgendwo eine Gegend aufzuzeichnen, von Platzfurcht befallen. Seine Finger zittern, er kann nicht zeichnen; da, wo er eine Leere um sich hat oder wenigstens etwas, was er als Leere empfindet, da wird er von einer Angst befallen, die er sogleich als etwas Krankhaftes empfindet. Es ist in der Nähe einer Mühle. Er muß sich immer, damit er überhaupt seine Pflicht erfüllen kann, ein kleines Kind neben sich hinstellen, und nur daß es dasteht, das macht es, daß er nun wieder zeichnen kann. Wir fragen uns: Woher solche Erscheinungen? Woher zum Beispiel die andern Erscheinungen, daß es Menschen gibt, die, wenn sie des Nachts irgendwie vergessen haben, was vielleicht schon einer längeren Gewohnheit bei ihnen entspricht, die Türe zu öffnen zu ihrem Schlafzimmer, aus dem Schlafe schweißtriefend erwachen und nicht anders können, als aufspringen, die Türe aufzumachen; denn sie können nicht in einem Raume, der abgeschlossen ist, sein. Es gibt solche Menschen, die dazu kommen, daß sie alle Fenster und alle Türen offen haben müssen, daß sie sogar, wenn das Haus in einem Hof ist, das Hoftor offen lassen müssen, damit sie das Bewußtsein haben, daß sie Freiheit haben, jederzeit in den Raum hinauszukommen. Diese Klaustrophobie, das ist etwas, was man auch schon heraufkommen sieht, wenn es auch nicht in dieser radikalen Form häufig auftritt, etwas, was man heraufkommen sieht, wenn man die Seelenzustände der Menschen genauer zu beobachten vermag.
Und dann gibt es Menschen, sie fühlen bis zu physischen Zuständen etwas Unerklärliches in ihrem Leibe. Was ist es? Es ist ein herannahendes Gewitter, oder es sind andere atmosphärische Zustände. Es gibt heute sonst sehr gescheite Menschen — sie müssen die Vorhänge herunterlassen, wenn es blitzt oder donnert, sie müssen dann in einem dunklen Raum sein, denn dadurch allein können sie sich schützen gegen dasjenige, was sie erleben von den atmosphärischen Kräften her. Das ist die Astraphobie. Woher kommen diese Zustände, die wir im Seelenleben von heute schon sehr deutlich bemerken, insbesondere bei denjenigen Menschen, die sich lange hingeben einem gewissen Dogmatismus, gläubig hingeben; bei denen bemerkt man, wenn es auch noch nicht ins Physische übergeht, seelisch ganz genau diese Zustände. Sie sind ja im Anfange. Sie treten da störend auf gegenüber einer ruhigen, gelassenen Erfassung des Lebens, sie treten auch so auf, daß sie allerlei krankhafte Zustände hervorrufen, die, weil sich das physische Bild der Klaustrophobie oder der Agoraphobie oder der Astraphobie nicht gleich zeigt, allem möglichen zugeschrieben werden, während sie in Wahrheit zuzuschreiben sind der besonderen Konfiguration des Seelenlebens, das hereinbricht in den Menschen.
Woher kommen denn solche Zustände? Sie kommen davon her, daß wir nicht nur müssen unser Seelenleben leibfrei empfinden lernen, sondern wir müssen es wiederum zurücktragen, dieses leibfrei empfundene Seelenleben, in den physischen Organismus, wir müssen es mit Bewußtsein untertauchen lassen. Geradeso wie sich zwischen der Geburt und dem Zahnwechsel aus dem Leibe herausschält dasjenige, was ich Ihnen im Laufe dieser Vorträge schon charakterisiert habe, so taucht dasjenige, was außen erlebt wird, was wir astralisches Erlebnis nennen können, wiederum unter in den menschlichen physischen Organismus zwischen dem Zahnwechsel und der Geschlechtsreife. Und dasjenige, was sich im Geschlechtsreifwerden abspielt, das ist nichts anderes als dieses Untertauchen zwischen dem etwa siebenten und etwa vierzehnten Lebensjahre. Es muß dasjenige, was der Mensch unabhängig als Seelisch-Geistiges hat, wiederum untertauchen in den Organismus. Und dasjenige, was dann als physische Liebe auftritt, was als Geschlechtstrieb auftritt, das ist nichts anderes als das Ergebnis dieses Untertauchens, das ich Ihnen beschrieben habe. Dieses Untertauchen, das muß man genau kennenlernen. Durch solche Anleitungen, wie die sind, von denen ich noch bei anderer Gelegenheit vor Ihnen hier sprechen werde, muß dieses im vollbewußten, gesunden Zustande derjenige bewirken können, der nach der Bewußtseinsseite hin eine wahre Erkenntnis erringen will, das heißt, er muß untertauchen lernen in den Leib. Dann wird man dasjenige, was sich da darbietet, zunächst als imaginative Vorstellung des Innerlichen erleben. Und das genügt nicht, daß man ein äußeres, plastisch-räumliches Formvorstellen hat, es genügt zu diesem Üben erst, wenn man ein bewegtes Formvorstellen hat, wenn man allmählich überhaupt alles Räumliche überwinden kann in dieser Imagination und man untertauchen kann in die Vorstellung eines Intensiven, eines Aus-sich-heraus-Wirkenden. Kurz, man muß untertauchen, so daß man dann im Untertauchen noch genau sich unterscheiden kann von seinem Leibe. Denn nur dasjenige kann man erkennen, was einem Objekt wird. Was mit einem Subjektiven verbunden bleibt, kann man nicht erkennen. Kann man frei halten von einem unbewußten Untertauchen in den Leib dasjenige, was man außerhalb des Leibes erlebt, dann kommt man hinunter in diesen Leib, und man erlebt in dem Leib dasjenige, was das Wesen dieses Leibes bis zum Bewußtsein herauf ist, in Imagination, in Bildern. Derjenige aber, der diese Bilder gewissermaßen hineinschlüpfen läßt in den Leib, der sie nicht frei behält, dem nicht der Leib Objekt wird, sondern dem der Leib Subjekt bleibt, der nimmt das Raumesgefühl mit hinein in den Leib. Dadurch verwächst in einer Stärke, in der es nicht sein darf, das Astralische mit dem Leibe. Dadurch verwächst das Erleben der Außenwelt mit dem Inneren des Menschen, und der Mensch kann dann, weil er so dasjenige, was objektiv hätte werden sollen, zu einem Subjektiven macht, das Räumliche nicht mehr in normaler Weise erleben. Die Furcht vor dem leeren Raum, die Furcht vor den einsamen Orten, die Furcht vor dem im Raume ausgebreiteten Astralischen, vor dem Gewitterhaften, vielleicht sogar vor dem Mond- und Sternenhaften, tritt in einem auf. Er lebt zu stark in sich. Es ist daher notwendig, daß alle die Übungen, die zu dem imaginativen Leben führen, bewahren vor einem solchen zu starken Untertauchen in den Leib, daß man jetzt in den Leib hinuntertaucht in der Weise, daß man nicht das Ich hineintaucht. Wie man das Ich hinaus mitnehmen muß in die Welt der Inspiration, so darf man es nicht mit hineinnehmen in die Welt der Imagination. Da hören auf, trotzdem man sich gerade durch das Symbolisierende, durch das bildhafte Vorstellen vorbereitet hat, da hören jetzt auch auf alle Phantasiebilder. Aber es treten auf die objektiven Bilder. Nur dasjenige, was eigentlich in der menschlichen Gestalt lebt, das hört auf, sich als ein Objekt vor den Menschen hinzustellen. Man verliert die äußere menschliche Gestalt und es tritt auf die Mannigfaltigkeit, die sich gewissermaßen herauslebt aus dem Ätherischen des Menschen. Der Mensch sieht jetzt nicht seine einheitliche menschliche Gestalt, sondern die Mannigfaltigkeit all jener Tierformen, deren synthetisches Durcheinander-und Zusammenformen die menschliche Gestalt ist. Er lernt erkennen auf eine innerliche Weise dasjenige, was im Pflanzenreich, was im Mineralreich lebt. Er lernt jetzt erkennen dasjenige, was er durch Atomismus und Molekularismus niemals erkennen kann, was im Tier-, Pflanzen- und Mineralreich wirklich drinnenlebt. Durch innere Selbstschau lernt er das erkennen. Und was macht es, daß wir unser Ich nicht hineintragen in diesen physischen Leib, wenn wir zur Imagination streben? Das allein macht es, daß wir in uns ausbilden in einer höheren Weise, als das im gewöhnlichen Leben ist, wo es durch die Leibkräfte des Sinnlichen geführt wird, die Kraft der Liebe; daß wir uns aneignen die selbstlose Kraft der Liebe, das Egoismusfreisein auch gegenüber dem Reiche der Natur, nicht bloß gegenüber dem Reiche der Menschheit; daß wir es über uns bringen, getragen sein zu lassen alles dasjenige, was uns zur Imagination hinführt, durch die Kraft der Liebe; daß die Kraft der Liebe niemals draußen ist aus einem Erkenntnisobjekte, das wir auf diese Weise suchen.
Wiederum haben wir die zwei auseinanderstrebenden Richtungen: die gesunde Art, die Kraft der Liebe in die Imagination hinein zu erstrecken, oder aber in krankhafter Weise die Furcht uns aufzuladen vor demjenigen, was draußen ist, weil wir das, was draußen ist, in unserem Ich erleben und es dann, ohne unser Ich zurückzuhalten, in den Leib hineintragen, wodurch entsteht Agoraphobie, Klaustrophobie, Astraphobie. Aber ein höchstes Erkennen steht uns wiederum in Aussicht, wenn wir dasjenige in gesunder Weise entwickeln, was in krankhafter Weise der menschlichen Zivilisation droht und sie hineinführen würde in die Barbarei.
Und nun erlangt man auf diese Weise eine wirkliche Erkenntnis des Menschen. Man gelangt hinaus über all dasjenige, was die Anatomie, Physiologie, Biologie wissen kann, und man gelangt hinein in eine wirkliche Erkenntnis des Menschen, indem man seine Organisation nun wirklich durchschaut. © diese menschliche Selbsterkenntnis, sie nimmt sich anders aus, als viele nebulosierende Mystiker glauben, die meinen, wenn sie da untertauchen, dann offenbare sich ihnen irgendein abstraktes Göttliches. O nein, ein reiches Konkretes offenbart sich, das aber Aufschluß gibt über die menschliche Organisation, über Lunge, Leber und so weiter, und das erst die Grundlage sein kann für eine wirkliche Anatomie, für eine wirkliche Physiologie, das erst die Grundlage sein kann für eine wirkliche Erkenntnis des Menschen und auch für eine wirkliche Medizin. Man hat zwei Kräfte in der Menschennatur entwickelt, die eine, die Kraft der Inspiration nach der materiellen Seite hin, indem man im Materiellen allmählich die geistige Welt entdeckt, was sich erweitert zu jenem Tableau, das Ihnen hier Herr Arenson geschildert hat; die andere Kraft, indem man entdeckt nach innen hinein diejenigen Welten, die zugrunde gelegt werden mußten, als ich schon im Frühjahr hier vor fast vierzig Ärzten, Fachleuten der Medizin, vorgetragen habe, wie man den Menschen wirklich erkennen muß, wenn man eine wahre medizinische Wissenschaft begründen will.
Aber diese zwei Kräfte, die der Inspiration und die der Imagination, sie können sich vereinigen. Das eine kann sich in das andere einleben. Aber es muß in Vollbewußtheit und in einem Ergreifen des Kosmos in Liebe geschehen. Dann entsteht ein Drittes, ein Zusammenfluß von Imagination und Inspiration in der wahren, in der geistigen Intuition. Da erheben wir uns dann zu demjenigen, was einheitlich erkennen läßt die äußere materielle Welt als eine geistige, die innere geistig-seelische Welt mit ihren materiellen Grundlagen, was erkennen lehrt die Erweiterung des menschlichen Lebens über das Erdenleben hinaus, wie es Ihnen auch hier in andern Vorträgen dargestellt worden ist. Man lernt so auf der einen Seite erkennen das Pflanzenreich, Tierreich, Mineralreich nach ihren inneren Essenzen, nach ihren geistigen Gehalten durch die Inspiration, und man begründet dadurch, daß man durch die Imagination die menschlichen Organe kennenlernt, eine wirkliche Organologie, und indem man dann in der Intuition zusammenfaßt dasjenige, was man über Pflanze, Tier und Mineral kennengelernt hat, mit demjenigen, was sich durch die Imagination ergibt über die menschlichen Organe, dadurch erhält man erst eine wahre Therapie, eine Heilmittellehre, die das Äußere in einem wirklichen Sinne anzuwenden vermag auf das Innere. Der wirkliche Arzt, er muß erkennen kosmologisch die Heilmittel, er muß erkennen anthropologisch oder eigentlich anthroposophisch die innere menschliche Organologie. Er muß erkennend die äußere Welt durch Inspiration begreifen, die innere Welt durch Imagination begreifen, und er muß sich erheben zur Therapie durch eine wirkliche Intuition.
Sie sehen, welche Perspektive sich vor uns aufschließt, wenn wir Geisteswissenschaft in ihrer wirklichen Gestalt zu erfassen vermögen. Allerdings hat dann diese Geisteswissenschaft noch manche von ihren äußeren Hüllen abzustreifen, manches von demjenigen, was ihr heute noch anhaftet bei vielen, die glauben, sie auch pflegen zu können an allerlei Phantastereien und an allerlei Dilettantismen. Geisteswissenschaft muß eine solche Methode des Forschens ausbilden, die sich rechtfertigen läßt vor dem strengen Mathematiker oder analytischen Mechaniker. Geisteswissenschaft muß auf der andern Seite völlig frei werden von allem Aberglauben. Geisteswissenschaft muß wirklich in lichter Klarheit Liebe noch entwickeln können, die sonst nur den Menschen befällt, wenn er sie aus den Instinkten heraus entwickeln kann. Dann aber ist Geisteswissenschaft ein Keim, der sich entwickeln wird und seine Kräfte aussenden wird in alle Wissenschaften und damit auch in das menschliche Leben.
Lassen Sie mich deshalb zum Ausklingen bringen dasjenige, was ich Ihnen in diesen Vorträgen zu sagen hatte, mit noch einer ganz kurzen Betrachtung. Vorher möchte ich sagen, daß ja selbstverständlich zwischen den Zeilen desjenigen, was ich ausgeführt habe, noch vieles zu lesen ist. Einiges von dem werde ich zum Lesen bringen, indem ich heute abend und morgen noch zwei Vorträge halten werde als eine Ergänzung desjenigen, was selbstverständlich in den kurzen Zeiten, die diesem Kurse zur Verfügung standen, nur angedeutet werden konnte. Dasjenige aber, was sich der Mensch erwirbt, indem er sich auf der einen Seite zur Inspiration, auf der andern Seite zur Imagination bringt, indem er dann Inspiration und Imagination in der Intuition vereinigt, das gibt ihm erst jene innerliche Freiheit und jene innerliche Kraft, die einen nun Begriffe fassen läßt, die man hineinstellen kann ins soziale Menschenleben. Und nur derjenige, der mit schlafender Seele die Gegenwart durchlebt, der kann vorübergehen an alldem, was in furchtbarer Weise herausbrodelt, schreckendrohend vor der Zukunft.
Was liegt geistig dem zugrunde? Geistig liegt dem zugrunde das, was man durch ein aufmerksames Studium der neuesten Entwickelung des Menschen bei ganz hervorragenden Persönlichkeiten wohl wahrnehmen kann. Wie hat man gestrebt im 19. Jahrhundert und in das 20. Jahrhundert herein, deutliche Begriffe zu bekommen, richtige innerliche, klare Impulse zu bekommen für drei Begriffe, die im sozialen Leben von allerhöchster Bedeutung sind, für den Begriff des Kapitals, für den Begriff der Arbeit, für den Begriff der Ware. Man sehe sich nur einmal um in der einschlägigen Literatur des 19. Jahrhunderts und des Beginnes des 20. Jahrhunderts, wie die Menschen gestrebt haben zu erkennen, was eigentlich Kapital im sozialen Prozeß bedeutet; wie dasjenige, was dann die Menschen in Begriffen erstrebten, in furchtbare Kämpfe der äußeren Welt übergegangen ist. Man sehe hinein, wie innig zusammenhängt mit dem in der neueren Zeit heraufkommenden besonderen Fühlen der Menschen dasjenige, was die Menschen eben fühlen und denken können über die Funktion, über die Bedeutung der Arbeit im sozialen Organismus, und man sehe dann die, ich möchte sagen, bodenlose Definition des Warebegriffes einmal an. Die Menschen strebten danach, drei praktische Begriffe zur Klarheit zu bringen. Heute sehen wir das Leben in der zivilisierten Welt sich so abspielen, daß in ihm überall lebt die Unklarheit gerade über die Dreiheit: Kapital, Arbeit, Ware. Und man kann nicht aufsteigen zur Beantwortung der Frage, was das Kapital für eine Funktion habe im sozialen Organismus. Man wird es erst, wenn man aus einer wahren Geisteswissenschaft heraus durch die vereinigte Imagination und Inspiration in der Intuition erkennen wird, daß überhaupt erst ein richtiger Impuls für die Kapitalwirksamkeit herausgeleitet werden kann aus dem Geistesleben als aus einem selbständig bestehenden Gliede des sozialen Organismus. Dieses Glied des sozialen Organismus richtig zu erfassen, dahin führt allein eine wirkliche Imagination. Und man wird etwas anderes erkennen. Man wird erkennen, daß man auch die Arbeit in ihrer Wirksamkeit für den sozialen Organismus nur erkennen wird, wenn man dasjenige, was ja als Arbeit sich vom Menschen absondert, was wegweist vom Menschen, nicht erst im Produkte erfaßt, so daß man das Warenprodukt in marxistischer Weise schildert als geronnene Arbeit oder gar geronnene Zeit, sondern dadurch, daß man erkennt, wie das sich vom Menschen Absondernde nur zu begreifen ist, wenn man überhaupt in ein Vorstellen, in ein freies Erleben desjenigen hineinkommt, was sich vom Menschen absondern kann. Der Arbeitsbegriff wird erst eine Klarheit gewinnen durch diejenigen, die wissen, was dem Menschen sich offenbart durch Inspiration.
Und dasjenige, was lebt in der Ware, ist der komplizierteste Begriff, der zunächst gefaßt werden kann. Denn kein einzelner Mensch reicht hin, um die Ware in ihrer Wirklichkeit im Leben zu erfassen. Will man Ware überhaupt definieren, dann weiß man nicht, was Erkenntnis ist. Ware kann man nicht definieren, denn definieren oder in Begriffe fassen kann man in diesem Zusammenhang nur dasjenige, was einen Menschen allein angeht, was ein Mensch allein mit seiner Seele umfassen kann. Ware aber lebt immer in dem Wechselverkehr zwischen mehreren Menschen und mehreren Menschentypen. Ware lebt im Wechselverkehr zwischen Produzenten, Konsumenten und demjenigen, der zwischen beiden vermittelt. Mit den armseligen Begriffen von Tausch und Kauf, die man ausgebildet hat unter einer Wissenschaft, die die Grenzen des Naturerkennens nicht richtig sieht, mit diesen armseligen Begriffen wird man niemals die Ware erfassen. Die Ware, das Arbeitsprodukt, es lebt zwischen mehreren Menschen. und wenn der einzelne Mensch sich unterfängt, die Ware zu erkennen als solche, dann ist das falsch. Die Ware muß in ihrer sozialen Funktion von der zusammenorganisierten Mehrheit von Menschen, von der Assoziation erfaßt werden. Sie muß von der Assoziation ergriffen werden, sie muß in der Assoziation leben. Erst wenn sich Assoziationen bilden, welche in sich verarbeiten dasjenige, was von den Produzenten, den Handelnden, den Konsumierenden ausgeht, erst dann wird, jetzt nicht vom einzelnen Menschen aus, sondern durch die Assoziation, durch die Arbeiterassoziationen, derjenige soziale Begriff entstehen, der als der Begriff der Ware in der Menschengruppe leben muß für ein gesundes Wirtschaftsleben.
Wird man sich dazu bequemen, aufzusteigen zu dem, was der Geistesforscher bringen kann aus der Welt der höheren Erkenntnis, dann wird man Begriffe bekommen über dasjenige, was im sozialen Leben entstehen muß, wenn wir weiterkommen wollen, wenn wir den Niedergang wiederum in einen Aufstieg verwandeln wollen. Daher ist es nicht bloß ein theoretisches Interesse, nicht bloß ein wissenschaftliches Bedürfnis, was da lebt in alldem, was hier in diesem Raume getrieben werden soll, sondern es ist im weitesten Umfange das Bedürfnis, daß dasjenige, was hier erarbeitet, was hier erforscht wird, Menschen reif mache, daß sie hinweggehen aus diesem Raume nach allen. Seiten der Welt mit solchen Ideen, mit solchen sozialen Impulsen, die nun wirklich unserer niedergehenden Zeit aufhelfen können, die aufwärtsbringen können unsere so deutlich nach abwärts gehende Welt.
Sixth Lecture
We concluded yesterday by establishing what constitutes real, true knowledge at the one limit of human knowledge of nature; we concluded by characterizing inspiration. I drew your attention to how human beings grow through inspiration into a spiritual world in which they then know themselves to be, in which they know themselves to be outside their bodies, and I showed you how this growth occurs from a kind of toneless musical element up to the growth into an individualized, essential element. It probably also emerged from yesterday's remarks about hypercriticism and hyperscepticism that pathological conditions can arise in human beings when this stepping out of the body happens, as it were, without the ego being taken along, when the human being does not weave his full consciousness, his ego-consciousness, into those states that he experiences during inspiration. When a person brings their ego into this inspiration, this is a healthy, indeed necessary, step forward in human knowledge. But if, in a cultural epoch such as the present, where the human being simply strives for this liberation from the organism, if he instinctively, unconsciously, and pathologically allows this to happen to him, then the pathological conditions mentioned yesterday arise. We have, so to speak, two poles in our human nature. On the one hand, we can look toward that which offers us a free spiritual view of the highest realities; or, by avoiding it, by not summoning the courage to penetrate fully into this realm, but instead allowing ourselves to be driven by the unconscious forces of human nature, we can fall into a disease of the human organism. And it would be terrible to believe that one is protected from this illness by avoiding striving into the real spiritual world. One falls ill anyway when the instincts drive the astral body, as we then say, out of the human organism. And what is experienced through the fact that we — even if we do not ourselves enter into this spiritual world that has been characterized — merely take in the ideas of spiritual science through rational understanding, protects us fully, especially in the present time, from unhealthy decay into those pathological states, even if they only occur psychologically, which had to be characterized yesterday on the one hand.
But what do we actually carry into the higher world when we carry our full consciousness into it? You need only follow the development of the human being from birth to the change of teeth and beyond, and you will find that, alongside the development of language, thinking, and so on, a particularly significant element in this human development is the gradual emergence and transformation of memory. And when you then look at human life in its course, you will understand the whole importance of memory for a full human existence. If, through some pathological condition, memory is interrupted so that we cannot remember certain experiences we have had, so that a kind of discontinuity of memory occurs, then we fall into a serious mental illness, because we feel, as it were, the thread of the self that otherwise runs through our life being torn away. This memory — you can also read about this in my “Theosophy” — is closely connected to the ego. Therefore, we must not lose what is expressed in memory when we follow the path I described yesterday. We must, in a sense, take the power in our soul that equips us with memory with us into the world of inspiration.
But just as everything in nature changes, just as the plant transforms its green leaves into red petals as it grows, just as everything in nature is based on metamorphosis, so too is everything that human life goes through. When, under the influence of full self-consciousness, we truly carry the power of memory out into the world of inspiration, it transforms, it undergoes metamorphosis. This is why, on the one hand, we experience that at those moments in our lives when we are in inspiration as spiritual researchers, we do not have our ordinary memory at our disposal. This ordinary memory is only available to us in healthy life within the body; in life outside the body, we do not have this memory at our disposal.
This gives rise to a peculiar fact which, when I present it to you for the first time, may seem paradoxical, but which is nevertheless based on reality. Those who have truly become spiritual researchers, who therefore penetrate through inspiration into true spiritual reality as described in my books, must experience it anew every time they want to be conscious of it. Therefore, when someone speaks about the spiritual world out of inspiration, not from mere notes or from memory, but when they directly express what is revealed to them in the spiritual world, they must perform the work of spiritual perception anew each time. The power of memory has been transformed. One has only retained the power to bring forth the same thing again and again. This is why the spiritual researcher does not have it as easy as the mere memory-man. He cannot simply repeat some communication from memory, but must produce anew each time what presents itself to him within inspiration. And this is basically no different from ordinary physical-sensory perception. If you really want to perceive in the physical-sensory world, you cannot walk away from the things you perceive and have the same perception in another place. You have to return to the things. In the same way, the spiritual researcher must return to the same spiritual contents of consciousness in the spiritual realm. And just as in physical perception one must learn to move in space in order to perceive one thing or another in turn, so the spiritual researcher who comes to inspiration must learn to move freely in the element of time. He must, so to speak, if I may use the paradoxical expression, be able to swim in the element of time. He must learn to go along with time itself. And when he learns this, he finds that the power of memory has been transformed into something else, that a metamorphosis has taken place with the power of memory. What memory has accomplished in the ordinary physical-sensory world must now be replaced by spiritual perception. But what memory has transformed into gives him the perception of a more comprehensive self. Now the fact of repeated earthly lives becomes a fact of knowledge. Now the self is recognized in its expansion. Now, when memory, which holds together the power of the self between birth and death, now that this memory has been transformed, now the content of the ego bursts out of the shell that encompasses only one life, now the knowledge of repeated earthly lives, between which a purely spiritual existence is completed between death and a new birth, now this knowledge appears as something that is actually recognized.
On the other hand, on the side of consciousness, something else arises when one tries to avoid what an old view of the spiritual, which I have already characterized for you as that of the Vedanta philosophies, for example, did not yet know. We in the West feel, on the one hand, the height of spiritual perception when we immerse ourselves in ancient Eastern wisdom. We feel how the soul was carried up in Vedanta philosophy into spiritual regions where it could move, just as Westerners with their ordinary consciousness can only move within mathematical, geometric, analytical-mechanical thinking. But when we descend into the broad regions that were accessible to ordinary consciousness in the East, we find something that we Westerners, with our more advanced stage of human development, can no longer tolerate: we find extensive symbolism, allegorization of external nature. This symbolizing, this allegorizing, this thinking of external nature in images, is what we are clearly aware of; it leads us away from true reality, from true insight into nature. It has passed into certain religious creeds. Certain religious creeds no longer know what to do with this art of symbolization, which has fallen into decadence, with this art of mythologizing. For us in the West, what the Easterners applied directly to external nature in an illusory world, believing that they could thereby recognize something in external nature, has become for us something that can only have value if we use it as an inner exercise for further spiritual research. We must acquire the soul power that the Easterners used for symbolization and anthropomorphization. We must exercise this power inwardly and remain fully conscious that we fall into superstition, we fall into nature worship, if we use this power for anything other than forming our own soul. I will speak to you about the details, which you will also find in my book “How to Know Higher Worlds,” on another occasion.
But by applying this power, which the Easterners turn outward, inwardly as a power of practice, by first developing pictorial mental images in oneself in this way, one really does arrive at developing knowledge on the other side, on the side of consciousness. Gradually, one transforms abstract, purely conceptual thinking into pictorial thinking. And then something occurs that I can only call experiential thinking. One experiences pictorial thinking. Why does one experience it? Yes, one experiences nothing other than what is at work in the body itself in the first years of childhood, as I have described to you. One does not experience the human organism, which is quietly formed in space and does not change its form, but experiences what lives and weaves within the human being. One experiences it in images. One gradually struggles one's way to a view of the real life of the soul. On the other hand, what is inside consciousness develops into knowledge, imaginative thinking, life in imaginations. And without advancing into this life of imaginations, modern psychology cannot progress. Only by advancing to imagination will a psychology that goes beyond mere word-quibbling be able to emerge again, a psychology that truly looks into the human being.
And just as the time has now come for human beings to live themselves out of their physical bodies through general cultural conditions, to strive toward inspiration, as we have seen in the example of Nietzsche, so too has the time now come for human beings, if they want to know themselves, to feel themselves drawn toward imagination. Human beings must go deeper into themselves than they needed to in previous cultural developments. If development is not to descend into barbarism, human beings must come to a true self-contemplation. And they can only do this by receiving knowledge through imagination. That human beings strive in this way into their inner being, that they want to dive deeper into their inner being than has been the case in the course of culture up to now, is shown to us again in what has only recently been described as emerging pathological disease patterns in a special modern form by those who are able to study such things from the point of view of psychiatry or medicine in general. This is shown above all by the appearance of agoraphobia, astraphobia, claustrophobia, forms of illness that occur particularly frequently in our time. And although they are usually only observed in their psychiatric state, the more sensitive observer sees something quite different. He sees agoraphobia, astraphobia, and so on emerging in the pure soul in the development of humanity, just as he saw inspiration emerging in a pathological way in Friedrich Nietzsche. Above all, he sees emerging in states of mind that are often still considered normal in outward appearance, that which appears in agoraphobia, in the fear of open spaces, in the fear of enclosed spaces. He sees emerging what emerges in astraphobia, when people feel something inside and do not quite know how to deal with it, when this inner feeling goes so far that, for example, their digestive organs are affected and their digestion is disturbed as a result. He learns to recognize what might be called fear of loneliness, claustrophobia, when people cannot be alone, when they can only be in a pathological way, always and everywhere, when they have company around them and the like. These things come to the surface. These things show how humanity is currently striving toward imagination, and how an evil that would otherwise become a cultural evil can only be combated through imagination. Agoraphobia—it is indeed an evil that manifests itself in a frightening way in some people. These people grow up. From a certain point in their lives, strange conditions appear in them. When they step out of a house door onto a square that is perhaps deserted, they are seized by a fear that is unfathomable to them. They are afraid of something, they do not dare to take another step on the empty square, and if they do take another step, they may sink to their knees or even fall over, overcome by faintness. The moment a child comes along, the person grabs the child's arm or simply holds their hand against the child's body, and in that moment they feel invigorated again and the agoraphobia recedes. A case described in medical literature is particularly interesting. A young man who felt strong enough to become an officer is struck by agoraphobia during a maneuver when he is sent out to map an area. His fingers tremble, he cannot draw; where he has emptiness around him, or at least something he perceives as emptiness, he is seized by a fear that he immediately recognizes as something pathological. He is near a mill. In order to be able to do his duty at all, he has to stand a small child next to him, and just the fact that the child is standing there enables him to draw again. We ask ourselves: Where do such phenomena come from? Where, for example, do other phenomena come from, such as the fact that there are people who, if they have somehow forgotten at night what may already be a long-standing habit of theirs, namely to open the door to their bedroom, wake up drenched in sweat and cannot help but jump up and open the door, because they cannot bear to be in a room that is locked? There are people who feel compelled to keep all windows and doors open, who even have to leave the gate open if the house is in a courtyard, so that they are aware that they are free to leave the room at any time. This claustrophobia is something that can already be seen emerging, even if it does not often occur in this radical form, something that can be seen emerging when one is able to observe people's states of mind more closely.
And then there are people who feel something inexplicable in their bodies, even to the point of physical symptoms. What is it? It is an approaching thunderstorm, or other atmospheric conditions. There are otherwise very intelligent people today who have to draw the curtains when there is lightning or thunder; they have to be in a dark room, because that is the only way they can protect themselves from what they experience from the atmospheric forces. This is astraphobia. Where do these conditions come from, which we notice very clearly in today's soul life, especially in those people who have long devoted themselves to a certain dogmatism, who have devoted themselves to faith? In them, even if it has not yet crossed over into the physical, one notices these conditions very clearly in the soul. They are in their early stages. They appear disruptive to a calm, serene understanding of life, and they also cause all kinds of pathological conditions which, because the physical symptoms of claustrophobia, agoraphobia, or astraphobia are not immediately apparent, are attributed to all sorts of things, when in reality they are attributable to the particular configuration of the soul life that is breaking into the human being.
Where do such conditions come from? They come from the fact that we must not only learn to perceive our soul life as body-free, but we must also carry this body-free soul life back into the physical organism; we must consciously allow it to submerge. Just as between birth and the change of teeth, that which I have already characterized for you in the course of these lectures peels away from the body, so between the change of teeth and sexual maturity, that which is experienced externally, which we can call astral experience, submerges again into the human physical organism. And what happens during puberty is nothing other than this submerging between the ages of about seven and about fourteen. What the human being has independently as soul and spirit must submerge again into the organism. And what then appears as physical love, as sexual desire, is nothing other than the result of this submerging that I have described to you. It is essential to understand this submerging precisely. Through such instructions as I will speak about here on another occasion, this must be able to bring about, in a fully conscious, healthy state, those who want to attain true knowledge on the side of consciousness, that is, they must learn to submerge themselves into the body. Then one will experience what presents itself there, at first as an imaginative mental image of the inner life. And it is not enough to have an external, plastic-spatial form of imagination; for this exercise, it is only sufficient when one has a moving form of imagination, when one can gradually overcome everything spatial in this imagination and can immerse oneself in the mental image of something intense, something acting out of itself. In short, one must submerge oneself so that one can still distinguish oneself precisely from one's body while submerged. For one can only recognize what becomes an object. What remains connected to the subjective cannot be recognized. If one can keep what one experiences outside the body free from an unconscious immersion into the body, then one descends into this body and experiences in the body what the essence of this body is up to the level of consciousness, in imagination, in images. But those who allow these images to slip into the body, so to speak, who do not keep them free, for whom the body does not become an object but remains the subject, take the sense of space into the body with them. As a result, the astral grows together with the body to an extent that should not be allowed. As a result, the experience of the outer world grows together with the inner world of the human being, and because the human being thus makes what should have become objective into something subjective, he can no longer experience space in the normal way. The fear of empty space, the fear of lonely places, the fear of the astral spread out in space, of thunderstorms, perhaps even of the moon and stars, arises in a person. They live too strongly within themselves. It is therefore necessary that all exercises leading to imaginative life prevent such excessive immersion in the body, so that one does not now dive down into the body in such a way that the ego is immersed. Just as one must take the ego out into the world of inspiration, so one must not take it into the world of imagination. Then, even though one has prepared oneself through symbolization and pictorial mental images, all fantasy images cease. But objective images appear. Only that which actually lives in the human form ceases to present itself as an object before the human being. One loses the outer human form, and there appears the manifold, which in a sense lives out of the etheric of the human being. The human being now sees not his unified human form, but the manifold of all those animal forms whose synthetic confusion and fusion constitute the human form. He learns to recognize in an inner way what lives in the plant kingdom and in the mineral kingdom. He now learns to recognize what he can never recognize through atomism and molecularism, what really lives within the animal, plant, and mineral kingdoms. He learns to recognize this through inner self-contemplation. And what does it mean that we do not carry our ego into this physical body when we strive for imagination? It is solely because we develop within ourselves in a higher way than in ordinary life, where it is guided by the physical forces of the senses, the power of love; that we acquire the selfless power of love, freedom from egoism even toward the realm of nature, not just toward the realm of humanity; that we bring ourselves to let everything that leads us to imagination be carried by the power of love; that the power of love is never outside an object of knowledge that we seek in this way.Once again, we have two diverging directions: the healthy way of extending the power of love into the imagination, or the unhealthy way of burdening ourselves with fear of what is outside, because we experience what is outside in our ego and then carry it into the body without holding back our ego, which gives rise to agoraphobia, claustrophobia, and astraphobia. But we can again look forward to the highest knowledge if we develop in a healthy way that which threatens human civilization in a pathological way and would lead it into barbarism.
And in this way, one gains a real knowledge of the human being. One goes beyond all that anatomy, physiology, and biology can know, and one enters into a real knowledge of the human being by truly understanding his organization. © This human self-knowledge is different from what many nebulous mystics believe, who think that when they immerse themselves in it, some abstract divine being will reveal itself to them. Oh no, what is revealed is a rich concreteness that provides insight into the human organization, into the lungs, the liver, and so on, and that alone can be the basis for a real anatomy, for a real physiology, that alone can be the basis for a real knowledge of the human being and also for real medicine. Two forces have developed in human nature: one is the force of inspiration toward the material side, in which one gradually discovers the spiritual world in the material world, which expands into the tableau that Mr. Arenson has described to you here; the other force by discovering within ourselves those worlds that had to be laid down as a foundation, as I already explained here in the spring to almost forty doctors, experts in medicine, when I spoke about how we must truly understand the human being if we want to establish a true medical science.
But these two forces, inspiration and imagination, can unite. One can become part of the other. But this must happen in full consciousness and in a grasping of the cosmos in love. Then a third arises, a confluence of imagination and inspiration in true, spiritual intuition. We then rise to that which allows us to recognize the outer material world as a spiritual one, the inner spiritual-soul world with its material foundations, which teaches us to recognize the extension of human life beyond earthly life, as has also been presented to you here in other lectures. In this way, on the one hand, we learn to recognize the plant kingdom, the animal kingdom, and the mineral kingdom according to their inner essences, according to their spiritual contents through inspiration, and we establish a real organology by getting to know the human organs through imagination. And by then summarizing in intuition what one has learned about plants, animals, and minerals with what emerges through imagination about the human organs, one obtains for the first time a true therapy, a teaching about remedies that can apply the external to the internal in a real sense. The real physician must recognize remedies cosmologically; he must recognize the inner human organology anthropologically, or actually anthroposophically. He must understand the outer world through inspiration and the inner world through imagination, and he must rise to therapy through true intuition.
You can see the perspective that opens up before us when we are able to grasp spiritual science in its true form. Of the spiritual science that is now emerging, however, much of its outer shell must still be stripped away, much of what still clings to it today in the minds of many who believe they can cultivate it, in all kinds of fantasies and dilettantism. Spiritual science must develop a method of research that can be justified before the strict mathematician or analytical mechanic. On the other hand, spiritual science must become completely free of all superstition. Spiritual science must be able to develop love in clear light, which otherwise only comes to people when they can develop it out of their instincts. Then, however, spiritual science is a seed that will develop and send out its forces into all sciences and thus also into human life.
Let me therefore conclude what I had to say in these lectures with a very brief reflection. First, I would like to say that there is, of course, much more to be read between the lines of what I have said. I will bring some of this to light by giving two more lectures this evening and tomorrow as a supplement to what could only be hinted at in the short time available for this course. But what a person gains by bringing themselves to inspiration on the one hand and imagination on the other, and then uniting inspiration and imagination in intuition, is what gives them the inner freedom and inner strength that allows them to grasp concepts that can be applied to social human life. And only those who live through the present with a sleeping soul can pass by all that is bubbling up in a terrible way, threateningly looming before the future.p>
What is the spiritual basis for this? The spiritual basis for this is what can be clearly perceived through careful study of the latest developments in human beings in outstanding personalities. How did people strive in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century to gain clear concepts, to gain correct inner, clear impulses for three concepts that are of the highest importance in social life: the concept of capital, the concept of work, and the concept of commodities? Just look at the relevant literature of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century to see how people strove to understand what capital actually means in the social process; how what people then sought in concepts turned into terrible struggles in the outer world. Look at how closely connected is what people can feel and think about the function and meaning of work in the social organism with the special feelings that have arisen in recent times, and then look at the, I would say, bottomless definition of the concept of commodities. People sought to clarify three practical concepts. Today we see life in the civilized world unfolding in such a way that everywhere there is confusion about the triad of capital, labor, and commodities. And it is impossible to rise to the level of answering the question of what function capital has in the social organism. This will only be possible when, through true spiritual science, through the combined forces of imagination and inspiration, we recognize in intuition that the right impulse for the effectiveness of capital can only be derived from the spiritual life as an independently existing member of the social organism. Only true imagination can lead us to a correct understanding of this member of the social organism. And we will recognize something else. One will recognize that one can only recognize work in its effectiveness for the social organism if one does not first grasp that which separates itself from the human being as work, that which points away from the human being, in the product, so that one describes the commodity product in a Marxist way as congealed labor or even congealed time, but by recognizing that what separates itself from the human being can only be understood if one enters into a mental image, into a free experience of that which can separate itself from the human being. The concept of work will only gain clarity through those who know what is revealed to humans through inspiration.
And that which lives in commodities is the most complicated concept that can initially be grasped. For no single human being is sufficient to grasp commodities in their reality in life. If one wants to define goods at all, then one does not know what knowledge is. Goods cannot be defined, because in this context one can only define or grasp in concepts that which concerns a human being alone, that which a human being alone can comprehend with his soul. Goods, however, always live in the exchange between several human beings and several types of human beings. Goods live in the exchange between producers, consumers, and those who mediate between the two. With the poor concepts of exchange and purchase that have been developed under a science that does not correctly see the limits of knowledge of nature, with these poor concepts, one will never grasp commodities. Commodities, the products of labor, live between several people, and when the individual person undertakes to recognize commodities as such, then that is wrong. Commodities must be understood in their social function by the organized majority of people, by the association. They must be grasped by the association; they must live in the association. Only when associations are formed that process within themselves what emanates from the producers, the actors, the consumers, only then will the social concept that must live as the concept of the commodity in the human group for a healthy economic life arise, not from the individual human being, but through the association, through the workers' associations.
If we are willing to ascend to what the spiritual researcher can bring from the world of higher knowledge, then we will gain concepts about what must arise in social life if we want to progress, if we want to transform decline into ascent once again. Therefore, what lives in everything that is to be done here in this room is not merely a theoretical interest, not merely a scientific need, but rather, in the broadest sense, the need that what is worked out here, what is researched here, should mature people so that they may leave this room and go out into the world. Sides of the world with such ideas, with such social impulses that can really help our declining times, that can lift up our world that is so clearly going downhill.