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Natural Science and the Historical Development of Humanity
GA 325

21 May 1921, Stuttgart

Translator Unknown

Lecture I

In these lectures I should like to bring forward some details about the connections existing between the spiritual life of nations and their destiny in history.

Natural Science is an especially important element in our civilization to-day because of the constitution of our present day souls, and I shall therefore select from the many different points of view from which the theme can be treated, the scientific element, and show that the entire historical development of nations is the deep basis for our present day inclination towards the scientific view. It will be necessary first to give an introduction and treat the theme itself on the basis of to-day's observations.

If we turn our attention to the historical development of nations—and for the moment we will remain within what is historic—we will see that by the side of external political and economic destinies, spiritual endow¬ments, acquisition and accomplishments are forced upon us. You know that to-day two modes of thought oppose each other strongly. I have pointed out these opposing tendencies of thought in an earlier lecture held here in Stuttgart. First there exists the view proceeding more from the Ideal, the supporters of which are of the opinion that a spiritual basis, merely in the form of an abstract idea, prevails in the evolution of a nation. Accord¬ing to this view external events are produced from out of such a spiritual basis. One can say that ideas prevail in history which express themselves from epoch to epoch, but usually one is not clear regarding the shadowy relation between the real spiritual basis and the sequence of ideas which are brought to expression in the course of history.

The other view, which at present exercises great sway, considers that all spiritual phenomena, including Morals, Rights, Science, Art, Religion, etc., are simply a result of material events, or rather, as a great portion of mankind would say to-day, of the economic life. It is thought, in this case, that certain dim forces which are not investi¬gated further, have brought about this or that economic system or method of co-operation in the time sequence of history ; and so, through purely material economic processes, what men regard as Ideas, Morals, Rights, etc., have arisen.

One can produce if desired convincing reasons for the one view as well as for the other. Both are capable of proof in the sense in which ' proofs' are often spoken of to-day. Whether a proof is regarded as decisive for the one or the other view depends on the way one is placed in the world with reference to one's ordinary interests or what one has experienced in life through mode of philosophic thought. Everything in this Wundt characterization is built up, is constructed. Some observations are made about the way in which modern uncivilized tribes show their way of thinking through their language. The hypothesis is continued and the primaeval population of the world is shown to have been like these primitive tribes which have remained in this earlier condition, only perhaps more decadent. From the ideas found here one can see how they have arisen. They are not gained from experience, but their originator who built them up uses the modern concepts of Causality, Cognition, Natural Causes, etc., and then he reflects how these would appear in more primitive conditions. Then he proceeds to carry over to primitive races what he has thus constructed.

There is but little possibility to-day for looking into the soul of another human being. There is absolutely nothing in Wundt's exposition of which one can say, one can recognize that it has arisen from insight into the soul conditions, even those of primitive races to-day. The renowned Wundt merely revolves about his own ideas which he simplifies and applies to the human creatures he is studying.

Because nothing correct exists to-day connecting primaeval races and the races with developed outlook upon the world, we see these things placed historically side by side without regard to the fact that it is, one might say, logically offensive to find highly developed views of the world supported by wonderful intuitions of the Hindus and Chinese placed immediately after such a description of primitive man as given by Wundt. What is so lacking to-day is this power of penetrating feelingly into other modes of thought. We go back with what we are accustomed to think in the 19th or 20th centuries to the 15th and 16th centuries and then to the middle ages. We do not feel allied to them and cannot understand them and so we say they were dark ages and that human civilization came to a certain pause. Then we go back to Greece and here one feels the necessity for close contact while retaining the same ideas one holds regarding the ordinary life of culture to-day. At best, men of fine feeling, like Hermann Grimm, speak differently. He has emphasized the fact that, with our modern ideas, we can only go as far back as the Romans. Generally speaking, we can understand them, we can grasp with modern ideas what transpires with the Romans. If we go back however to the Greeks we see that already Pericles, Alcibiades, even Socrates or Plato, Aeschylus or Sophocles are shadowy beside our modern understanding; there is something foreign about them, if we approach them with modern ideas. They speak to us as if from another world. They speak to us as if history itself starts with them as a fairy-tale world. Hermann Grimm has spoken in this way of facts. But one must add something if we proceed from another point of view, from the view existing in the world through the spirit of Natural Science (this was not the view of Hermann Grimm.) One cannot go back in thought even to the Romans so as to make them appear really objectively before us.

Grimm, who did not have an education in Natural Science but only received what existed as a continuation from the Roman epoch into modern times, is still able to enter into, the spirit of Roman times but not into the Greek. And if the concepts of Rights of the State which are copied from Rome were not known to us, if we possessed nothing of that singular feeling for Art which arose again in the Renaissance and into which Grimm entered deeply, but if instead of all this we lived in purely scientific ideas we should be as little at home in the Roman world or even in the medieval world as Grimm felt himself at home in the Greek world. This is one point that must be added, and the other is that Grimm paid no attention either to the World of the East. With his whole observation of the world he only traces back as far as the Greeks. Consequently he does not attain to what he would have attained according to his own suppositions if he had applied himself to, let us say, the Vedas, to Vedantic philosophy. He would then have said: If the Greeks meet us as shadows, those men whose special conditions have found expression in the Vedas, in Vedanta, meet us not even as shadows but as voices from out of a quite different world, a world which does not resemble ours even in its shadow-images. But this is only valid if we have so taken up the present mode of thought and condition of spirit that we are able to understand these as soul content.

Quite different is it if we adopt the methods which to-day are alone purposeful. Because of a certain entanglement in natural-scientific education, we are to-day imprisoned in a system of ideas which appear to be almost absolute. It is only through Spiritual science that one can to-day enter with one's feelings and one's life into past epochs of time. From the standpoint of Spiritual science the single epochs of human evolution appear absolutely different from each other; indeed, it is only in Spiritual Science that the possibility arises of entering into the spirit of what men in past epochs of historical development possessed as soul-constitution. How does this possibility arise? It is possible in the following way. I have often explained in lectures that Spiritual Science rests on a definite development of our soul powers. The cognition which we apply in Natural Science and in ordinary life and which in recent times we have carried over into History and into Social Science and even into the science of Religion, I have called in my books 'Objective Cognition.' This is namely what every human being who belongs to our modern civilized life is aware of. We observe the external world through the senses and combine sense impressions through the medium of the intellect. We thereby gain serviceable rules for life, a certain survey over life or over the laws of nature. In this consists what one calls objective cognition.

As characteristic of this we acquire a clear distinction between ourselves and the surrounding world. Ignoring for the moment the different theories of knowledge, the different psychological and physiological hypotheses, we know that we face sense-perception as an Ego. Through the intellect, in which we clearly know ourselves to be active, we gain a kind of synthesis of what is given through the senses. We thus distinguish active, intellectual activity from passive perception. We feel ourselves as an Ego in the environment which reveals itself through sense experience. In other words, man distinguishes himself as a thinking, feeling and willing being from the environment which imparts itself to him through sense revelation.

But I have continually pointed out that beyond this method of cognition other methods can be developed and I have shown in my books How to Attain Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and Occult Science how such methods are attained.

The first steps for such cognition—whether one calls it 'higher' or something else does not matter—is Imaginative Cognition. This is distinguished chiefly from objective cognition by its working, not with abstract ideas, but with pictures which are as pregnant and as evident as ordinarily perceived images but which are not transformed into abstract thoughts. In our rela-tion to these pictures, as I have often emphasized, we produce and dominate them just as one does mathematical ideas.

The method of raising oneself to Imaginative Cognition has a quite definite effect on the constitution of the soul. But this result—and I say this with emphasis—lasts only during the time given to Imaginative Cognition. For when the spiritual investigator finds himself once again in ordinary life he makes use of ordinary knowledge, or objective cognition, like anyone else. He is then in the same disposition of soul as another man who is not a spiritual investigator.

During spiritual investigation, within that condition of looking into the spiritual world, the investigator is actually in his imaginative world. But there imaginations are not dreams, they are experienced with as much presence of mind as are mathematical ideas.

With regard to this presence of mind the condition of soul is not changed during imaginative experiences, but with regard to ordinary working experience in the world it is changed. During imaginative experience the feeling is at first that of being one with all that runs its course in our own soul life in time apart from space. Space does not come into question here, only time. I have already explained how, with this entry into imaginative representations, our experiences since birth or since some definite time later stand before us as a tableau arranged in time, a time picture made perceptible. This is difficult for the ordinary intellect to conceive because we are dealing with a picture which is not spatial but must be thought of only in time in which, however, simultaneity is an inherent factor. In ordinary consciousness one has always to do with the single moment. From this one looks back into the past. During this moment the world is seen surrounding us in space and we see ourselves existing in a definite epoch in time distinct from this surrounding world.

In Imaginative Cognition this is different. Here there is no sense in saying: I am living in the definite moment now; for when I behold this picture of life I flow with my life, I am just as much in the time of 10 or 20 years ago as in the present. To a certain degree the Ego is absorbed in the state of 'becoming' which is here perceived. One is united with this perception in time to the state of 'becoming.' It is as if the Ego which usually is experienced in the present moment is spread out over the past. As you can imagine, a transformation of the whole soul life is thus involved during the moments of such experiences. We have to deal with a world of pictures in which we are living. We feel ourselves to a certain extent to be a picture among pictures.

Whoever understands this in the right frame of mind will no longer talk foolishly about the spiritual investigator being subject to some kind of suggestion or hypnosis; for he himself is absolutely clear about the picture and the character of his experience; clear that he is a picture among pictures. But just because of this he knows also that the pictures in his consciousness are just like other ordinary representations, they are copies of a reality; images which he does not yet perceive as reality but the pictures of which he beholds inwardly.

One is in the condition of suggestion or hypnosis only if one has pictures and believes them to be realities like the realities perceptible through the senses. As soon as we are clear regarding the character of our experiences in consciousness, then it is simply a question of an inner possession of the same faculties that one uses in mathematics.

The essential thing that I want especially to emphasize to-day is this merging into what is objective-temporal, into this 'becoming' so that one no longer clings to the 'Now' in time but feels alive in the stream of happenings.


The next stage obtained through exercises, which I have also described in the books named, is that of Inspiration. This is distinguished from the Imagination stage by the picture element almost vanishing. One must first have the pictures in order to obtain correct ideas of Spiritual Science, but one must also be able to extinguish them from consciousness, one must obliterate them arbitrarily. And then the possibility comes for a holding back of something and what is held back is actually a revelation from the spiritual world. In my books named above I speak of inspired ideas of the spiritual world. But even with such experiences one has not yet attained the spiritual world. At first one had pictures, now one has the revelation to a certain extent of the spiritual world, but one stands independent and facing it, recognizing its reality in that one stands outside it.

To-day I should like to consider especially the soul condition when, from out of one's own will, such Inspiration is evolved. The ordinary objective world is then renounced, one knows then what it means to have outside one's body a revelation of the spiritual world. In other words, we can now float in unison not only with time, but with all that is spiritually objective, external to man; we no longer feel the distinction between cosmic existence and Ego existence in the way pertaining to objective cognition, but we experience the Ego and in the Ego the Cosmos in its concrete variety and multiplicity. It is fundamentally the same, at this stage of knowledge whether I say 'I am in the world' or 'The world is in me.' Ordinary methods of expression cease to have validity. Prepositions such as 'in' or 'outside' can only be used when one connects them with another condition. One feels poured out in the whole world not only in the 'becoming' but in everything that appears anew in consciousness as spiritual. One no longer feels this 'outside you' and 'in you.' This is the soul condition which holds us during Inspiration. It is not as if the Ego were submerged, not as if the outpouring of the Ego were identical with a suppression of the Ego, but the Ego in all its activity feels that it has become one with the concrete, manifold varied world it now experiences.

We know ourselves apart from our ideas, our feelings and our will impulses in spite of the fact that these are one with ourselves. So also through Inspiration we feel the manifold nature of the world in spite of knowing that we are really merged together with this world.

In the present epoch of human evolution, these stages of cognition must be evoked by such energies as I have described in my books How to Attain Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and in the second part of my Occult Science. They have to be reached consciously. But we can distinguish what constitutes the feeling of the soul in these conditions from what we con-sciously evoke there as content. One can distinguish how one feels in the state of Imagination and Inspiration from what one gains there by working and from what one finally apprehends there.

I do not want to indicate this soul condition through abstract considerations; I would like to describe it concretely. You see, when Goethe learnt to know Herder he, together with Herder, buried himself deep in the work of Spinoza. Whoever knows anything of Herder's biography knows to what an enthusiastic degree Herder admired Spinoza. But if one reads again such a work by Herder as, for instance his 'God,' in which he records his feelings regarding Spinoza's works, one must realize that Herder speaks about Spinoza, from out of Spinoza, but quite differently from Spinoza the philosopher himself. In one point Herder is similar to Spinoza and that is in the soul condition from which he reads Spinoza. Herder's soul was very similar to the soul condition from which Spinoza's Ethics, for example, were written. This condition passed over to Herder and, in a certain way, passed over also to Goethe while he plunged into the study of Spinoza with Herder. But while Herder had a certain satisfaction in this soul condition, Goethe had none. Goethe felt deeply that passing over into the object, that merging together of the Ego into the outer world, so magnificently alluded-to by Spinoza when he speaks in absolute passionless contemplation, as if the Cosmic ALL itself spoke, as if he would forget himself and as if his words were merely the means through which the Cosmos itself were speaking. Goethe could experience what can thus be experienced in objectivity, and in this connexion he felt just as Herder felt: but he was not satisfied. He still felt a longing for something else and it seemed to him that in spite of the depth of feeling acquired, Spinoza's philosophy cannot by any means fill the whole of man's needs. Fundamentally, what Goethe felt in this way towards Spinoza is but another 'nuance' of his feeling towards the northern world. The civilization accessible at Weimar dissatisfied him, and, you know how he was driven south, to Italy through this feeling.

In Italy he at first saw only what the Italians created on the basis of Greek art, but something like a reconstruction of the Greek spirit and method in Art arose in his soul. One can feel deeply what is characteristic of Goethe at this period if one reads what he wrote to his Weimar friends while standing before those works of art which called up before his soul the creative art faculty of the Greeks. 'There is Necessity, there is God' (with reference to Herder's work' God' inspired by Spinoza). Goethe did not find in Spinoza that Necessity he wanted: he found it in what was presented to his soul during his Italian journey. Out of what fashioned itself then there arose in him the possibility of developing his own special outlook on Nature. One knows how he brought to expression his longing for an exposition of Nature in abstract, lyrical words in a 'Prose-Hymn,' before he travelled south. And one sees how what was poured out in abstract lyrical form in this prose hymn 'Nature' became in Italy concrete perception. How for example, the plant nature appeared before his soul as supersensible perceptible pictures and how he then discovered the 'primal plant archetype' among the manifold plant forms. This archetype is an ideal-real form which can only be seen spiritually, but in this spirit form it is real, lying at the base of all individual plants.

We can see how from now on the object of his search is to bring before his soul those archetypes for all nature which are one and many. We can see how his knowledge rests on the transforming pictures, from the single plant's leaf-sequence on to the blossom and the fruit. He wishes to hold fast in pictures what is in process of becoming. From Spinoza's ethics which he read with Herder there streamed something that seemed invisible, resounding from out of another world, a world in which man can immerse himself with his feelings if he attains a passionless contemplation. But with Spinoza this was not perceptible. The longing for vision lived in Goethe's soul and this longing was fulfilled in a certain way when he was stimulated by those pictures appearing like resurrected art creations of the Greeks. And it was also satisfied when he was able to conjure pictorially before his soul the primal archetypes of Nature.

What was it that Goethe thus experienced in sequences? It was that soul feeling—not soul content, not that which one can investigate—but the soul feeling which, on the one hand is Inspiration and on the other hand is Imagination. Neither Goethe nor Herder had the possibility in their time of looking into the spiritual world as can be done to-day through spiritual Science, but as a premonition of this spiritual science the feeling prevalent in them was the feeling which appears in special strength and intensity in Inspiration and Imagination. Herder and Goethe felt themselves in the mood of Inspiration while they read Spinoza and Goethe felt himself in the mood of Imagination when lie formulated an outlook on nature through the Italian works of Art. Out of this Inspiration mood of Spinoza Goethe experienced the longing for the Imaginative mood. What he discovered as the archetype of plant and animal, this was not yet real Imagination, for Goethe did not possess the method of acquiring real imagination. What he possessed was the mood for Imagination. He could kindle the mood in himself, not because lie strove towards real, pure imaginations freely created inwardly, but because he experienced in himself sensible supersensible pictures stimulated by what plants, animals and what the cloud world express. He could find himself in the mood which accompanies Imagination just as in reading Spinoza he found himself in the mood of Inspiration. He recognized the soul condition in which man experiences what he utters in such a way that he uses words so as to allow the secrets of the Cosmos to be uttered, to a certain extent, by the Cosmos itself.

Whoever has really felt the transition in the soul which can take place through reading Spinoza's Ethics as a mathematical treatise, becoming immersed in the ideas as mathematical ideas so as to rise to the Scientia Intuitiva which speaks in Spinoza as consciously as though the world were using him as its mouthpiece,—any one who has felt thus will realize what Goethe and Herder felt in Spinoza. How the one, Herder, was satisfied and how the other lived with longing more in a mood of Inspiration. And we can say that a certain soul mood proceeds from what spiritual scientific investigation offers to-day as methods to attain Imagination and Inspiration. We can follow historically how Goethe, without having Inspiration or Imagination, tends towards these moods.

Now if we go further we can regard Spinoza more exactly. When we study him historically (not as is often done to-day by the historians of philosophy) one is led from Spinoza to know who stimulated him. These were the adherents of Arabism, living in the South-west of Europe, adherents to the Arab-Semitic outlook on the world. He who understands such things will be able to experience once again that which flowed from the Kabbalah into the ideas of Spinoza. One is then led further back beyond Arabism to the East and one learns to know what comes forth in Spinoza is the conception of an ancient view of the world. In the old Eastern world what appears is the same as in Spinoza only not in intellectual form but as ancient Eastern inspiration. This inspiration was not acquired as ours is to-day, but it existed among certain oriental races as a natural gift and went through an especially profound development there.

If we go back to the Egypt from which Moses created his views, to the sources from whence the Greeks created, we find that what came to Egypt from the Asiatic east is developed to a very high degree. The Egyptians before the 8th pre-Christian century lived instinctively in their environment so that they felt themselves one with it, so that what they discerned of their environment they experienced in inner contemplation.

Now let us turn to the Imagination, to what Goethe longed for when he felt the mood of Inspiration. At first he recognized this to a certain degree in the art of Greece. He sensed in vision what Herder felt in concepts, in the world of perceptions as these appeared contemplatively with Spinoza. And what Goethe realized he deepened into a view of outer Nature so that later on he could utter, from out of his spirit, this deep saying:

'He to whom Nature reveals her manifest secret, yearns for Art, Nature's worthiest interpreter.'

In Art, Goethe saw through to the basis of Imagination, and by relying on evolution in Nature he sought that soul mood which a man enters if he become one with this evolution. This conquest of oneself, together with maintaining oneself in Imagination, was revealed to Goethe through the art of the Greeks, and he sought it not only in Art but as the basis for a view of Nature. And if we follow on to further consequences this special element which Goethe thus developed, we attain in a fully conscious manner Imaginative Perception.

If we follow this method of Goethe back to its origins, as we follow Spinoza's method, we are led to the Greeks, and from them further East. From the Greeks we come back to that view of the world which existed in the development of the so-called Chaldees, who again created from out of the Persian world and out of the entire Asiatic world. And just as we look back through the soul mood of Spinoza to ancient Egypt, so we look through the Goethe-Greek view of Art to that view of evolution which obtained in ancient Chaldea. One can follow, even into the details, this opposition of Chaldea and Egypt in Goethe and Spinoza.

We can thus go back in feeling to earlier epochs of time if we do not entangle ourselves in what alone is regarded to-day as absolutely correct and exact. If we attempt to press forward to other kinds of ideas, to Imagination, to Inspiration, if we know the moods of soul pertaining to Imagination and Inspiration, then we can go back in cognition to earlier epochs. Whoever reads Spinoza today merely with the intellect which has been so strongly developed with us, and as if everything previous were fundamentally but childish ideas, he cannot feel how in Spinoza there lived as a mood what was productive intuitively and creatively as the highest blossom in ancient Egyptian civilized life. He cannot feel how the soul mood of the ancient Chaldeans lived on in that which ensouled Goethe as he uttered the words: 'There is Necessity. There is God,' or 'He to whom Nature reveals her manifest secret yearns for Art, Nature's worthiest interpreter.' Whoever bases himself merely on the abstract thought content of to-day, does not come back to the earlier historical epochs. Therefore there results for him that abyss to which I pointed at the beginning of this lecture. Only he can come into ancient epochs of humanity who immerses himself in this basic mood as it appears in Spinoza and Goethe. No Egyptian Myth, least of all the Osiris-Isis Myth, can be really experienced in its import if one does not base oneself in this mood. People may be ever so clever and give ever so many allegorical, symbolical interpretations. This is not the point. It is a question of feeling with one's entire being what was felt in ancient times. One may think this or that about ancient ideas, one may choose clever or foolish symbols, it is not a question of choice but of experiencing a basic mood. Through this we can come to what lived in an earlier epoch. One cannot find what existed in ancient Chaldea by the present means of investigating, but only by being able really to immerse oneself in the mood of Imagination which actually appeared to a certain extent with the Chaldeans as a view of the world. They lived in a 'becoming.'

One understands what contrasts existed between the Chaldeans and Egyptians, for instance, as contemporary races. Trade relation went from Chaldea to Egypt and from Egypt to Chaldea. Their culture was so fashioned that they could write letters to each other. Everything consti-tuting external life stood in regulated interchange.

Their inner soul constitution was however quite different. An Imaginative element lived with the Chaldeans, an Inspirational one with the Egyptians. There was, with the Chaldeans, an external perception, such as reappeared, intensified, in Goethe. With the Egyptians, from what proceeded out of inner being, the soul, there was that which later on appeared at a higher stage from out of the inner being of Spinoza. One can follow this into minute details. I will give an instance and one will see how such details are to be understood on the basis of these general moods.

The Chaldeans had fundamentally a highly developed astronomy. They developed it by means of cleverly devised instruments, but above all by a quite definite kind of perception which was an instinctive Imagination. They came thereby to divide the course of time into Day and Night so that each was regarded as 12 hours long. But how did they divide the days and nights? They made the long summer day into 12 hours and they also made the short summer night into 12 hours. In winter they similarly divided the short day into 12 hours and the long night also into 12 hours, so that the winter hours by day were short and the summer day hours were long. Thus with the Chaldeans the hours in the different seasons had quite different lengths of time. This means that the Chaldeans so lived in the sense of 'becoming' that they carried this 'becoming' into Time. When they lived in the outer world in summer they could not let the hours run as they let them run in winter. In summer the course of time, the 'becoming' was drawn out. This "becoming was inwardly moveable, not rigid as it is with us. Time was elastic with them.

How was it with the Egyptians? The Egyptians reckoned 365 days to the year. Through this they were obliged to add supplementary days at definite times, but they could not decide to depart in any way from their 365 days to the year. In reality the year is longer than 365 days, but this length remained immoveable with them up to the third pre-Christian century, and thereby the perceptible outer world got beyond their control. Through this the Festivals changed. For instance, a festival of early autumn became a festival of late autumn, and so on. Thus the Egyptians so lived into the course of time that they had a conception of time which was not applicable to outer perception. Here we see an important contrast. The Chaldeans lived so intensely in the externally perceptible that they made time elastic. The Egyptians made time so rigid, experiencing what lives subjectively from within, that they could not even correct it through intercalary days in order to make the feasts of the year harmonize with the seasons; and so they let the external festivals fall on the wrong months while the whole external world thus became unsteady. They did not find themselves in the outer world, they remained in their own inner being. That is the mood of Inspiration which we must have in order to come to real cognition. The Egyptians had it as instinctive Inspiration.

As a man knowing the higher worlds one should be as mobile on the one hand as the Chaldeans and on the other hand be able to enter deeply to inner being as the Egyptians could. A rigid system of time was the basis of their whole life, even of their social and historical life. This contrast between the mood of naïve Inspiration and naïve Imagination thus comes to expression in History.

Goethe, as a complete being, re-experienced the experience of Spinoza as a continuation of Orientalism and Egypt. Goethe experienced his longing for a complete adaptation to the external world from out of his inner feeling where everything is invisible, from whence a man looks out into the world and does not recognize things because he judges them according to what the inner being offers, so that the things are beyond his control. While Goethe felt the mood of Egypt, he sought to experience in himself the mood of Chaldea, as that of the other pole. If a man re-create out of his own nature historical moods, one can then see the threads extend from a newer over to an earlier epoch, and one hopes to reunite the different epochs of time through this observation.

This now is essential, that one does not merely designate from documents what happened in this or that epoch, but that one learns as a complete human being to immerse oneself in these epochs, in what was felt and inwardly experienced by men and by races in the different epochs, in what mood of soul they existed. Their external fate was the result of this inner experience, of this peculiar soul constitution.

This is the way that will lead us above such ideas as 'Does the egg come first or the hen?' and can lead us into the deeper regions of reality. It is the way which shows us how each time we observe the reality we must press forward beyond what is given by external objective cognition.

And if it is often emphasized that one must learn from history about our activities to-day and in the future, then attention must be directed to the manner in which we should learn. We should so learn that what we experienced with our soils in past epochs should become living. The abyss of which I have spoken is bridged through this consideration. We are able to look hack into the metamorphosis of the soul constitution of men during the different epochs of time, and ardour and thoughtfulness will flow into our present soul constitution, so that we find the necessary thoughtfulness to build those ideas which are needed for the healing of the social relationships of to-day. But the necessary ardour must be kindled to have the force to attain full consciousness and to express in ideas that Imagination and Inspiration which formerly were developed instinctively.

Die Naturwissenschaft und die weltgeschichtliche Entwickelung der Menschheit seit dem Altertum I

Ich möchte in diesen Vorträgen einiges auseinandersetzen über Zusammenhänge des geistigen Lebens der Völker und der geschichtlichen Schicksale dieser Völker. Und da ja für den modernen Menschen, der ganzen Seelenverfassung nach, die ihn heute beherrscht, die Naturwissenschaft ein besonders wichtiges Element in der gesamten Zivilisation ist, so möchte ich aus den verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten, von denen aus sich das genannte Thema behandeln läßt, insbesondere den naturwissenschaftlichen herausheben und zeigen, inwiefern die Hinwendung der Menschheit zu naturwissenschaftlichen Anschauungen in der neueren Zeit auf tiefere Grundlagen im ganzen geschichtlichen Werdegang der Völker hinweist.

Dazu wird es notwendig sein, heute eine Einleitung zu geben und in den folgenden Vorträgen dann das eigentliche Thema auf Grundlage des heute Betrachteten zu behandeln.

Wenn wir den Seelenblick auf die geschichtlichen Entwickelungen der Völker lenken - wir wollen dabei zunächst bei den geschichtlichen stehenbleiben -, so drängen sich uns neben den äußeren politischen, wirtschaftlichen Schicksalen die geistigen Begabungen, geistigen Errungenschaften, geistigen Ergebnisse dieser Völker auf. Und Sie wissen, daß in der Gegenwart sich zwei Denkweisen schroff gegenüberstehen. Ich habe in einem früheren Vortrage, den ich hier in Stuttgart gehalten habe, schon auf diese einander gegenüberstehenden Denkrichtungen hingewiesen. Es gibt zunächst die Anschauung, welche mehr von dem Ideellen, so wie sie dies verstehen kann, ausgeht und deren Träger der Meinung sind, daß Geistig-Wesenhaftes, aber nur in der abstrakten Ideenform, in der Völkerentwickelung walte. In ihrem Sinne werden die äußeren Ereignisse hervorgerufen aus solchem innerlichen Geistig-Wesenhaften. Man spricht wohl auch davon, daf in der Geschichte Ideen walten, die sich von Epoche zu Epoche ausleben, wobei man gewöhnlich sich nicht klar darüber ist, in welch einem schattenhaften Verhältnis zum wirklich Geistig-Wesenhaften eine solche sich durch die Geschichte hinziehende Folge von wirksam sein sollenden Ideen ist.

Die andere Denkrichtung, welche in der Gegenwart eine große Wirkung ausübt, meint, daß alle geistigen Erscheinungen, einschließlich der Sitten, des Rechts, der Wissenschaft, der Kunst, der Religion und so weiter nur eine Folge der materiellen oder, wie wohl ein großer Teil der Menschheit heute sagt, der ökonomisch-wirtschaftlichen Tatsachen seien. Man stellt sich da vor, daß gewisse dunkle Kräfte, über die man sich nicht weiter ergeht, in den aufeinanderfolgenden geschichtlichen Zeitepochen dieses oder jenes besondere Wirtschaftssystem, diese oder jene Art des menschlichen Zusammenarbeitens hervorgerufen haben, und dann sei durch dieses Zusammenarbeiten, also durch rein ökonomisch-materielle Vorgänge, dasjenige entstanden, was die Menschen als Ideen anerkennen, was sie als Sitte, als Recht und so weiter ansehen.

Man kann, wenn man durchaus will, für die eine und für die andere Anschauung, man möchte sagen, zwingende Gründe vorbringen. Beweisen in dem Sinne, wie man heute vielfach von Beweisen spricht, läßt sich beides; und ob sich der eine oder der andere dann für die eine oder für die andere Denkart entscheidet, das hängt davon ab, wie er geartet ist nach seinen allgemeinen Instinkten, wie er hineingestellt ist in die Welt, was er durch dieses sein Hineingestelltsein in die Welt von dem Leben erfährt und so weiter.

Aber die beiden Behauptungen, die eine, das materielle Leben sei eine Folge des geistigen Lebens - ich will jetzt die allgemeinste Formel gebrauchen -, und die andere, alles Geistige sei eine Folge der materiell-ökonomischen Vorgänge, diese beiden Behauptungen verhalten sich so zueinander wie die: Zuerst ist das Fi gewesen, oder zuerst ist die Henne gewesen.

Es ist im ganzen Umkreise der zunächst gegebenen sinnenfälligen Welt durchaus so, daß man nicht entscheiden kann durch irgendwelche Lebensanschauungsgründe, ob zuerst das Ei oder die Henne gewesen ist, denn in dem einen Sinne ist ganz gewiß das erste als erstes notwendig, in dem anderen Sinne das zweite. Wenn man zunächst nur auf das rein Logische sieht, ist es so, daß man mit beiden Behauptungen, die ich ausgesprochen habe, so jonglieren kann wie mit den Begriffen von Ei und Henne. Das Entscheidende über solche Dinge liegt eben durchaus nicht in dem Gebiete, in dem gewöhnlich die Vorbedingungen für Weltanschauungsfragen in der neuesten Zeit gewonnen werden, sondern es liegt in tieferen Untergründen des Erkennens. Ehe man aber auf diese eingehen kann, ist es notwendig, sich einmal klarzumachen, was uns zunächst auf dem einen Gebiete, auf dem geistigen, in den aufeinanderfolgenden Epochen der Menschheit entgegentritt.

Der Mensch unserer Gegenwart ist durchaus geneigt, zwei auch für seine Anschauung sehr weit auseinanderliegende Weltepochen zusammenzudenken. Zunächst fühlt sich der Mensch in seiner Zeit darinnen mit seinen Anschauungen. Er versucht, möglichst seine eigene Anschauung nach der allgemeinen seiner menschlichen Umgebung zu formen. In dieser Beziehung ist ja ein allgemeines unbewußtes Bestreben, die Anschauungen der Menschen zu nivellieren, vorhanden. Man nennt dasjenige das Richtige, was getragen ist durch die allgemeinen, von außen anerkannten Autoritäten. Man sagt: Dies oder jenes ist wahr, - und man meint eigentlich, dies oder jenes wird durch die gangbaren Autoritäten als wahr anerkannt. Man fühlt dann das so Anerkannte als dasjenige, was eben eines aufgeklärten, eines wirklich zivilisierten Menschen würdig ist. Man sieht höchstens auf die geschichtlichen Epochen, die noch nicht diese Anschauungen gehabt haben, zurück als auf kindliche Vorspiele desjenigen, was heute bis zu einem gewissen Grade im wissenschaftlichen Erkennen und dergleichen vollkommen geworden ist. Aber man meint im allgemeinen, so wie man heute denken muß, hätten eigentlich die Menschen der geschichtlichen Zeit immer denken müssen. Sie seien nur eigentlich nicht gleich darauf gekommen; sie mußten sich erst durch allerlei Mythen und so weiter durcharbeiten bis zu demjenigen, was heute strenge wissenschaftliche Methode ist. Und dann knüpft man an dasjenige, was man so über das menschliche Denken sich vorstellt, nach vorne in der Entwickelung gehend, Vorstellungen über sehr primitive Kulturzustände an, in denen Menschen mehr wie, ich möchte sagen, höhere Tiere gelebt haben, bloß instinktiv und so weiter. Viele Skrupel macht man sich nicht darüber, wie der Übergang des einen in den anderen Zustand erfolgt ist. Über beide Zustände der Menschheitsentwickelung will man sich klar sein. Aber wenn man dann im einzelnen fragt, wie diese beiden Anschauungen, die über den primitiven Menschen und die über den Menschen, den man heute eben als solchen betrachtet, sich aneinanderfügen, dann können einem doch Bedenken kommen, denn es klafft wirklich zwischen diesen beiden vorausgesetzten Menschheits-Seelenverfassungen ein recht merkwürdiger Abgrund. Sie können zum Beispiel eine moderne Geschichte der Philosophie, die in einer großen Sammlung erschienen ist, in die Hand nehmen und darinnen als erstes Kapitel etwas über die Philosophie der Urvölker lesen, also derjenigen Völker, die heute der Zivilisationswelt nicht angehören, die man als Nachkommen derjenigen Menschen betrachtet, von denen ich eben ausgesprochen habe, daß man sich von ihnen vorstellt, sie seien so etwas wie höhere, sprechende, vorstellende Tiere gewesen, die vorzugsweise ein instinktives Dasein geführt hätten. Dieses Kapitel über die Philosophie der Urvölker, hübsch eingeteilt nach den heutigen Kategorien, die man dabei annimmt, nach Logik, Erkenntnistheorie, Naturphilosophie, Ethik, ist von dem bekannten und berühmten Wundt ausgearbeitet. Dann, nachdem dieses Kapitel geschlossen ist und eben auf eine Art instinktiver Weltanschauung primitivster Art hingewiesen ist, blättert man um, schlägt unmittelbar die folgenden Seiten auf und findet dann eine Auseinandersetzung über die Philosophie der Inder, über die Philosophie der Chinesen, und sieht da: Es ist wirklich ein Abgrund zwischen dieser Philosophie der Urvölker und der Philosophie der Inder, der Chinesen. Nichts Vermittelndes ist da über diesen Abgrund hinweg. Wir sehen schon bei den Indern eine hochausgebildete Weltanschauung, und manche Menschen sind ja in der Gegenwart der Meinung, daß man von dieser hochausgebildeten Weltanschauung vieles herübernehmen könnte in unsere Tage, weil es eigentlich viel bedeutsamer sei als dasjenige, was heute geleistet wird.

Derjenige, der sich nun das Kapitel ansieht, das Wilhelm Wundt über die Philosophie der Urvölker geschrieben hat, der fühlt sich wirklich in einem merkwürdigen Element, wenn er unbefangen genug ist, die Dinge nicht durch irgendeine Brille zu sehen, die ihm eben durch die philosophische Denkungsart der Gegenwart vor das Seelenauge gesetzt ist. Man kann das Gefühl bekommen, in diesen Wundtschen Auseinandersetzungen ist alles konstruiert. Da werden einige Aperçus gemacht über die Art, wie heute unzivilisierte Völker durch den Ausdruck ihrer Sprache ihre Denkweise kundgeben. Dann wird die Hypothese verfolgt, es sei die Urbevölkerung der Erde so gewesen wie diese Urvölker, die sich in diesem früheren Zustand, nur vielleicht etwas dekadent, erhalten haben. Man sieht es den Begriffen, die sich da finden, an, wie sie entstanden sind. Sie sind nicht aus einer Erfahrung gewonnen, sondern derjenige, der sie ausgestaltet hat, der denkt sich dasjenige, was man heute über Kausalität, über Erkenntnis, über Naturursache und so weiter als Begriffe hat, und dann sinnt er darüber nach, wie das in einem primitiveren Zustande sich ausnehmen könnte. Dann überträgt er das so Konstruierte auf die Urvölker.

Es ist ja im ganzen heute wenig Möglichkeit vorhanden, in das Seelengefüge eines anderen Menschen hineinzuschauen. Und es ist denn eigentlich durchaus auch in der Wundtschen Darstellung nichts von dem, was abgehandelt wird, so, daß man sagen könnte, man sehe ihm an, die Dinge sind aus dem Hineinfühlen in den Seelenzustand auch nur der heutigen Urvölker irgendwie entstanden! Nein, der berühmte Wundt dreht sich lediglich um seine eigenen Vorstellungen, die er nur etwas vereinfacht und dann den betrachteten Menschen zuschreibt.

Und weil es heute eigentlich nichts rechtes gibt zwischen diesen Urvölkern, die da übriggeblieben sein sollen, und den Völkern mit ausgebildeten Weltanschauungen, so treffen wir historisch die Dinge nebeneinandergestellt ohne Rücksicht darauf, daß es ja wirklich, ich möchte sagen, logisch beleidigend ist, nach einer solchen Schilderung der Urmenschheit, wie sie Wundt in jenem Buche gibt, nun unmittelbar die hochausgebildete, von wunderbaren Anschauungen getragene Weltanschauung der Inder oder der Chinesen zu finden. Dasjenige, was eben gar nicht vorhanden ist heute, das ist dieses Sicheinfühlen in andere Denkweisen. Man geht zunächst zurück, sagen wir, von dem, was man zu denken gewohnt worden ist im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, zu dem 15. und dem 16. Jahrhundert und dann in das Mittelalter. Dem fühlt man sich nicht verwandt, das kann man nicht verstehen; also sagt man, das ist eine dunkle, finstere Zeit; da hat die menschliche Zivilisation ausgesetzt in einer gewissen Weise. Dann geht man zurück zu dem Griechentum. Aber man hat diesem gegenüber das Gefühl, man müsse ihm beikommen, indem man dieselben Begriffe beibehält, die man innerhalb der heutigen Kulturgemeinschaft gewonnen hat. Höchstens feiner empfindende Menschen, wie Herman Grimm, reden anders. Herman Grimm hat betont, daß man eigentlich mit den heutigen Begriffen nur bis zu den Römern zurückgehen könne. Diese könne man im allgemeinen noch verstehen; man könne dasjenige, was bei den Römern vorgeht, mit den heutigen Begriffen verstehen. Will man aber zu den Griechen zurückgehen, dann würde man schon sehen: So ein Perikles, Alkibiades, gar ein Sokrates oder Plato oder Äschylos, Sophokles, die sind eigentlich dem modernen Auffassen gegenüber wie Schatten, wie etwas, das einem fremd gegenübersteht, wenn man mit modernen Begriffen an sie herangeht. Sie sprechen zu uns herüber wie aus einer anderen Welt. Sie sprechen so, wie wenn die Geschichte selbst bei ihnen schon anfinge eine Märchenwelt zu werden. Herman Grimm hat sich über diese Dinge so ausgesprochen. Man müßte hinzufügen - wenn man von einem andern Gesichtspunkte ausgehen würde als Herman Grimm - demjenigen, der sich nun ganz, was eben bei Herman Grimm nicht der Fall ist, in die moderne naturwissenschaftliche Weltanschauung eingelebt hat: Man kann auch zu den Römern nicht mehr gedanklich zurückgehen, so daß sie wirklich gegenständlich werden. Herman Grimm, der eine naturwissenschaftliche Bildung nicht hatte, der nur das hatte, was im Grunde genommen ja kontinuierlich von der Römerzeit bis in die moderne Zeit fortgelebt hat, er konnte sich noch in die römische Zeit einleben, nicht mehr in die griechische. Und jemand, der nun nichts wüßte von unseren Rechtsbegriffen, unseren Staatsbegriffen, die den römischen nachgebildet sind, der nichts wüßte von jenem eigentümlichen Kunstempfinden, das durch die Renaissance wieder heraufgekommen ist, in das sich Herman Grimm ganz eingelebt hat, sondern der lebte, abgesehen von all diesem, in rein naturwissenschaftlichem Vorstellen, der könnte sich wahrlich ebensowenig in die römische Welt hineinfinden, auch schon nicht in die mittelalterliche, wie Herman Grimm sich in die griechische hineinleben konnte. Das ist das eine, das man hinzufügen muß. Das andere ist, daß Herman Grimm auch nicht Rücksicht genommen hat auf die Welt des Orients. Er geht mit seiner ganzen Weltbetrachtung nur bis zu den Griechen zurück. Daher kommt er nicht bis zu dem, wozu er nach seinen Voraussetzungen hätte kommen müssen, wenn er sich, sagen wir, den Veden, der Vedanta-Philosophie zugewandt hätte. Da hätte er sagen müssen: Stehen uns die Griechen wie Schatten gegenüber, so stehen uns diejenigen Menschen, deren Geistesverfassung in den Veden, im Vedanta ihren Ausdruck gefunden hat, so gegenüber, daf3 wir sie nicht einmal mehr wie Schatten, sondern wie Stimmen aus einer ganz anderen Welt vernehmen müssen, aus einer Welt, die nicht einmal mit ihren Schattenbildern mehr der unsrigen ähnlich ist. - Aber es gilt das nur dann, wenn wir uns in die gegenwärtige Denkweise und Geistesverfassung so eingelebt haben, daß wir sie allein als Seeleninhalt verstehen können.

Anders ist es, wenn man zu demjenigen Mittel greift, welches heute allein zielvoll ist. Man ist gegenwärtig durch ein gewisses Eingesponnensein gerade in der naturwissenschaftlichen Bildung in einem schier absolut erscheinenden Begriffssystem befangen. In dieser Zeit ist es nur möglich, sich einzufühlen und einzuleben in vergangene Zeitepochen durch geisteswissenschaftliches Leben. Und vom geisteswissenschaftlichen Standpunkte aus erscheinen die einzelnen Epochen der Menschheitsentwickelung durchaus voneinander verschieden; ja, man holt sich erst aus den geisteswissenschaftlichen Anschauungen heraus die Möglichkeit, sich einzufühlen in dasjenige, was Menschen vergangener Zeitepochen im geschichtlichen Werden als ihre Seelenverfassung gehabt haben. Wodurch ist das möglich?

Nun, das ist in der folgenden Weise möglich. Ich habe es oftmals in Vorträgen auseinandergesetzt, daß Geisteswissenschaft auf einer gewissen Ausbildung der menschlichen Seelenfähigkeit beruht. Dasjenige Erkennen, das wir in der Naturwissenschaft und im gewöhnlichen Leben anwenden, das wir in der neuesten Zeit auch auf die Geschichte und Sozialwissenschaft, ja sogar auf die Religionswissenschaft übertragen haben, habe ich in meinen Büchern das gegenständliche Erkennen genannt. Es ist dasjenige, das ja jeder Mensch, der dem heutigen Zivilisationsleben angehört, kennt. Man betrachtet die äußere Welt durch die Sinne und kombiniert die Sinneswahrnehmung durch den Verstand. Dabei bekommt man entweder brauchbare Lebensregeln und Lebenszusammenfassungen oder Naturgesetze und so weiter. Darin besteht ja dasjenige, was man gegenständliches Erkennen nennt. Diesem ist es eigentümlich, daß man bei ihm ein deutliches Unterscheiden hat zwischen sich und der Umwelt. Man weiß - wir wollen jetzt absehen von den verschiedenen Erkenntnistheorien und von verschiedenen psychologischen und physiologischen Hypothesen -, daß man selber als «Ich» der sinnenfälligen Wahrnehmung gegenübersteht. Man bekommt durch seinen Verstand, von dem man genau weiß, man lebt aktiv in ihm, eine Art Zusammenfassung des sinnlich Gegebenen. Man unterscheidet dadurch die aktive Verstandestätigkeit von dem passiven Wahrnehmen. Man fühlt sich als ein Ich in der Umgebung, die durch die Sinneserfahrung sich offenbart. Mit anderen Worten, man unterscheidet sich als denkender, fühlender, wollender Mensch von der Umgebung, die sich durch die Sinnesoffenbarung dem Menschen mitteilt. Daß über diese Erkenntnisweise hinaus andere entwickelt werden können, darauf habe ich immer wieder hingewiesen; und ich habe auch zum Beispiel in meinem Buche «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?» und in meiner «Geheimwissenschaft» gesagt, wie zu solchen Erkenntnisweisen aufgestiegen wird.

Die erste Stufe einer solchen Erkenntnis, ob man sie nun «höhere» nennt oder wie immer, darauf kommt es nicht an, ist die imaginative Erkenntnis. Diese unterscheidet sich im wesentlichen von der gegenständlichen dadurch, daß sie nicht mit abstrakten Begriffen, sondern mit Bildern arbeitet, die ebenso gesättigt, so anschaulich sind wie die Vorstellungsbilder, die aber noch nicht in abstrakte Gedanken verwandelt sind. Zu diesen Bildern verhält man sich so, daß man sie, wie ich öfter betont habe, hervorbringt und beherrscht in einer ähnlichen Art wie die mathematischen Vorstellungen.

Diese Art und Weise, sich zur imaginativen Erkenntnis zu erheben, hat eine ganz bestimmte Folge für die Seelenverfassung des Menschen. Ich erwähne ausdrücklich, daß diese Folge nur vorhanden ist, während der Mensch sich in imaginativer Erkenntnis befindet. Denn wenn der Geistesforscher sich in dem gewöhnlichen Leben befindet, bedient er sich wie andere der gewöhnlichen Erkenntnis, der gegenständlichen Erkenntnis. Er ist da in derselben Seelenverfassung, in der der andere Mensch ist, der nicht Geistesforscher ist. Während des Geistesforschens, also innerhalb des Zustandes, durch den man hineinsieht in die geistige Welt, ist der Geistesforscher in seiner Welt der Imaginationen. Nur sind diese Imaginationen nicht Träume, sondern sie sind durchdrungen von einer ebensolchen Besonnenheit wie die mathematischen Vorstellungen. Also in bezug auf dieses Besonnensein ist der Seelenzustand zunächst nicht geändert, wohl aber ist er in bezug auf das Erleben der Welt während des imaginativen Erlebens ein anderer als während des gewöhnlichen Erlebens. Er ist während des imaginativen Erlebens so, daß sich der Mensch zuerst wie eins fühlt mit all dem, was abläuft als sein eigenes Seelenleben, nämlich in der Zeit, so daß der Raum nicht in Betracht kommt, sondern allein die Zeit. Ich habe daher früher schon gesagt, daß mit dem Eintreten in das imaginative Vorstellen die bisherigen Erlebnisse, zunächst seit der Geburt oder von einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt nach der Geburt an, wie ein zeitlich angeordnetes, aber auf einmal wahrnehmbares Tableau vor dem Betrachter stehen, wie ein zeitliches Gemälde. Nur wird für das gewöhnliche Vorstellen die Sache deshalb schwer denkbar, weil man es mit einem Gemälde zu tun hat, das nicht räumlich ist, das durchaus nur zeitlich vorgestellt wird und dem dennoch in gewisser Beziehung die Gleichzeitigkeit innewohnt. Im Bewußtsein des gewöhnlichen Lebens hat man es immer mit einem Augenblick zu tun. Von dem sieht man zurück in die Vergangenheit. Während dieses Augenblicks sieht man im Raume die Welt um sich herum, und man unterscheidet sich in einem bestimmten Zeitpunkte seiend von dieser Umwelt. Das wird anders bei dem imaginativen Vorstellen. Da hat es keinen Sinn zu sagen, ich lebe in dem bestimmten Zeitpunkte des Jetzt, sondern wenn ich zunächst das Gemälde des Lebens anschaue, fließe ich zusammen mit meinem Leben. Ich bin ebensogut in dem Zeitpunkte vor zehn, zwanzig Jahren wie in dem gegenwärtigen. Das Werden, das da überschaut wird, absorbiert gewissermaßen das Ich; man wächst zusammen mit seiner zeitlichen Anschauung, zusammen mit dem Werden. Es ist so, wie wenn sich das Ich, das sonst nur im gegenwärtigen Augenblick erfaßt und erlebt wird, ausdehnte über die Vergangenheit. Das ist natürlich, wie Sie sich denken können, verknüpft mit einer Änderung der ganzen Seelenverfassung für die Augenblicke, in denen man so erlebt. Man hat es mit einer Welt von Bildern zu tun, in denen man selbst darinnen lebt. Man fühlt sich gewissermaßen selbst Bild im Bilde. Derjenige, der mit gutem Willen das erfaßt, der wird nicht mehr davon faseln, daß der Geistesforscher irgendwie Suggestionen oder einer Hypnose unterliegen könne, denn er ist sich absolut klar über den Bildcharakter seines Erlebens, klar, daf3 er Bild unter Bildern wird. Aber gerade weil er das ist, weiß er auch, daß er zunächst im Bewußtsein zwar Bilder hat, daß diese Bilder aber, ebenso wie die gewöhnlichen Vorstellungen, Abbilder einer Wirklichkeit sind, die er zunächst noch nicht als Wirklichkeit wahrnimmt, deren Bilder er aber innerlich erschaut.

Nur dann ist man im Zustande einer Suggestion oder einer Hypnose, wenn man Bilder hat und glaubt, diese Bilder seien Wirklichkeiten wie die äußere, durch die Sinne wahrnehmbare Wirklichkeit. Sobald man sich über den Charakter desjenigen, was man in seinem Bewußtsein erlebt, klar ist, kann es sich um nichts anderes handeln als um das Innehaben solcher Vorstellungen, wie man sie auch im mathematischen Vorstellen hat. Das Wesentliche aber, das ich heute besonders hervorheben will, ist dieses Aufgehen in dem Zeitlich-Objektiven, indem Werden, dieses Einswerden mit dem Werden, so daß man sich nicht mehr, ich möchte sagen, festhält immer an dem Jetzt, sondern als im Strome des Geschehens selbst sich darinnen seiend fühlt.

Die nächste Stufe, welche durch Übungen erlangt wird, die ich auch in den genannten Büchern beschrieben habe, ist dann die Stufe der Inspiration. Diese unterscheidet sich von der vorhergehenden imaginativen dadurch, daß das Bildhafte, das man während des imaginativen Vorstellens vor sich hat, mehr oder weniger aufhört. Man muß es zuerst haben, wenn man zu regelrechten Vorstellungen der Geisteswissenschaft kommen will, aber man muß es auch wiederum aus dem Bewußtsein auslöschen können; man muß es willkürlich fallenlassen können. Dann aber muß man in der Lage sein, etwas zurückzubehalten, und das Zurückbleibende ist eben ein solches, das aus einer geistigen Welt sich herüber offenbart. Ich spreche in den genannten Schriften von dem inspirierten Vorstellen einer geistigen Welt. Man ist dadurch mit dem eigenen Erleben immer noch nicht in einer geistigen Welt. Vorher hatte man Bilder, jetzt gewissermaßen die Offenbarung der geistigen Welt, aber man steht diesem Geoffenbarten selbständig gegenüber und erkennt es, indem man außer ihm steht, in seiner Realität.

Für heute möchte ich insbesondere den Seelenzustand betrachten, in den man kommt, wenn man eine solche Inspiration willkürlich in sich hervorruft. Man kommt dann zu einem Aufgeben der gewöhnlichen gegenständlichen Welt. Man weiß dann, was es heißt, außerhalb seines Leibes die geistige Welt in ihren Offenbarungen haben, mit anderen Worten, man fließt zusammen jetzt nicht nur mit dem Zeitlichen, sondern mit all dem, was außerhalb des Menschen geistig objektiv ist. Man fühlt nicht mehr den Unterschied zwischen Welt-Dasein und Ich-Dasein in der Weise, wie man ihn beim gegenständlichen Erkennen fühlt, sondern man erlebt das Ich und in dem Ich die Welt, allerdings in ihrer konkreten Unterschiedlichkeit und Mannigfaltigkeit. Im Grunde ist es für diese Erkenntnisstufe einerlei, ob ich sage: ich bin in der Welt, oder: die Welt ist in mir. Die Ausdrucksweise des gewöhnlichen Darstellens der Welt hört auf, ihre Gültigkeit zu haben. Präpositionen wie «in» oder «außer» kann man nur noch gebrauchen, wenn man sich bewußt ist, daß man mit ihnen einen anderen Sinn verbinden muß. Man fühlt sich in die ganze Welt ausgegossen, nicht nur in das Werden, sondern in alles, was als Geistessein neu in das Bewußtsein eingetreten ist. Man fühlt nicht mehr dieses «außer dir» und «in dir». Das ist die Seelenverfassung, die während der Inspiration den Menschen erfaßt. Es ist nicht, als ob sein Ich untergegangen wäre, nicht, als ob ein Ausfließen des Ich identisch mit einem Unterdrücktsein des Ich wäre, sondern das Ich selbst in aller Aktivität fühlt sich eins geworden mit der konkreten, mannigfaltigen, vielfältigen Welt, die es jetzt erlebt.

Geradeso wie man sich sonst unterschieden von seinen Vorstellungen, von seinen Wollungen, seinen Fühlungen weiß, trotzdem diese in einem sind, so fühlt man die Welt als solche, in ihrer Mannigfaltigkeit durch die Inspiration, trotzdem man weiß, daß man eigentlich mit dieser Welt zusammengeflossen ist.

Nun, im gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt der Menschheitsentwickelung müssen durch solche Übungen, wie ich sie beschrieben habe in meinem Buche «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?» und im zweiten Teil meiner «Geheimwissenschaft», die gekennzeichneten Erkenntniszustände herbeigeführt werden. Der Mensch muß bewußt zu ihnen aufsteigen. Aber wir können von dem, was wir da als Inhalt bewußt hervorrufen, unterscheiden dasjenige, was Seelenempfindung ist in diesen Zuständen. Man kann von diesem, was man sich da erarbeitet, was man zuletzt erkennt, die Art unterscheiden, wie man sich fühlt im Imaginieren, im Inspiriertwerden.

Nun möchte ich nicht durch Charakteristiken abstrakter Art diese Seelenverfassung andeuten, sondern ich möchte sie aus dem Konkreten heraus schildern. Sehen Sie, Goethe, nachdem er Herder kennengelernt hatte, vertiefte sich mit diesem zusammen in die Werke Spinozas, und derjenige von Ihnen, der etwas von Herders Biographie kennengelernt hat, der weiß, wie Herder ungeheuer enthusiastisch sich verhalten hat zu Spinoza. Wenn man aber wiederum ein solches Werk wie Herders «Gott» zum Beispiel liest, worinnen er seine Art, wie er empfindet gegenüber Spinozas Werken, auseinandersetzt, da muß man sagen, Herder redet über den Spinozismus und aus dem Spinozismus heraus ganz anders als Spinoza, der Philosoph, selber. Aber eines hat Herder sehr ähnlich mit Spinoza: die Seelenverfassung, aus der heraus er den Spinoza liest. Die Herdersche Seelenverfassung hat etwas sehr Ähnliches mit der Seelenverfassung, aus der heraus Spinozas «Ethik» zum Beispiel geschrieben ist. Diese Seelenstimmung, diese Seelenverfassung, die ist tatsächlich etwas, was auf Herder übergegangen ist, und die in einer gewissen Beziehung auch auf Goethe überging, indem er mit Herder zusammen sich in das Studium des Spinoza vertiefte. Während aber Herder eine gewisse Befriedigung in dieser Seelenverfassung hat, hat sie Goethe nicht. Goethe empfand tief dieses Aufgehen in den Objekten, dieses Hinüberfließen des Ich in die Außenwelt, was ja bei Spinoza so grandios berührt, wenn er, man möchte sagen, in der völlig leidenschaftslosen Kontemplation so redet, wie wenn das Weltall selber reden würde, wie wenn er sich vergessen würde und seine Worte bloß das Mittel wären, durch welche das Weltall selber redet. Auch Goethe konnte dasjenige, was da der Mensch an Objektivität erleben kann, durchaus nacherleben, und er empfand in bezug auf das zunächst, was Herder empfand, gleich, durchaus gleich; aber er war nicht befriedigt, er fühlte eine Sehnsucht nach noch etwas anderem, und es erschien ihm trotz aller Tiefe der Empfindung, die er sich dadurch erworben hatte, der Spinozismus noch immer wie etwas, was den ganzen Menschen keineswegs ausfüllen kann. Im Grunde genommen ist dasjenige, was Goethe so fühlte gegenüber Spinoza, nur eine andere tiefere Nuance desjenigen, was er gegenüber dem ganzen Fühlen innerhalb der mehr nordischen Welt hatte. Er fühlte sich nicht befriedigt durch dasjenige, was die ihm zunächst durch Weimar zugängliche Zivilisation geben kann. Und Sie wissen ja, wie sich aus dieser Stimmung bei Goethe zuletzt dasjenige herausverdichtete, was ihn hinunter nach dem Süden, was ihn nach Italien trieb. Und in Italien sieht er zunächst nur dasjenige, was die Italiener auf Grundlage der griechischen Kunst geschaffen haben. Aber in seiner Seele entsteht etwas wie eine Rekonstruktion der griechischen Kunstrichtung und der griechischen Kunstweise, und man kann tief die ganze Goethesche Eigenart jener Zeit mitempfinden, wenn man die Worte liest, die er, stehend vor denjenigen Kunstwerken, die ihm das künstlerische Schaffen der Griechen vor die Seele zauberten, an seine weimarischen Freunde schreibt: «Da ist Notwendigkeit, da ist Gott.» «Ich habe die Vermutung», schreibt er, «daß die Griechen nach denselben Gesetzen verfuhren bei Schöpfung ihrer Kunstwerke, nach denen die Natur selbst verfährt, und denen ich auf der Spur bin. Da ist Notwendigkeit, da ist Gott.» -Mit Anspielung auf Herders aus Spinoza geschöpftes Werk «Gott».

Also gegenüber dem, was ihn aus Spinoza heraus anwehen konnte, empfand Goethe nicht diejenige Notwendigkeit, die er empfinden wollte; er empfand sie gegenüber dem, was wie eine Erneuerung des griechischen Kunstschaffens vor seiner Seele stand während seiner italienischen Reise. Aus dem, was sich da bildete, entstand in ihm dann die Möglichkeit, seine besondere Art des Naturschauens auszubilden. Man weiß, wie er seine Sehnsucht gegenüber dem Naturerkennen in abstrakt lyrischen Worten, in einem Prosahymnus zum Ausdruck gebracht hatte, bevor er nach dem Süden gegangen ist; und man sieht, wie das, was in abstrakt lyrischen Strömungen sich in diesen Prosahymnus «Die Natur» ergossen hatte, in Italien konkrete Anschauung wird, wie zum Beispiel das Pflanzenwesen in übersinnlich-sinnlichen Bildern vor seiner Seele steht, wie er die Urpflanze jetzt findet unter den mannigfaltigen Pflanzengestalten. Diese ist eine ideal-reale Gestalt, die man nur im Geiste anschauen kann, die aber in dieser Geistform als eine reale, allen einzelnen Pflanzen zugrundeliegende ist. Und man sieht, wie es von jetzt ab der Gegenstand seines Suchens wird, für die ganze Natur diese Urbilder, die zugleich eins und vieles sind, vor seine Seele zu rücken. Man sieht, daß sein Erkennen darauf geht, wie die einzelne Pflanze in der Aufeinanderfolge ihrer Blätter, bis zu den Blüten, bis zu der Frucht herauf als eine Stufenfolge von sich verwandelnden Bildern wird. Er will in Bildern das Werdende festhalten. Aus Spinozas «Ethik», in der er mit Herder las, strömte Goethe so etwas zu wie ein Unanschauliches, aber aus einer andern Welt heraus Tönendes, aus einer Welt, in die man sich mit seiner Gemütsstimmung versetzen kann, wenn man zum leidenschaftslosen Kontemplieren kommt. Aber es war bei Spinoza nicht anschaulich. Die Sehnsucht nach Anschaulichkeit lebte aber in seiner Seele, und sie wurde in einer gewissen Weise erfüllt, als er sich von jenen Bildern anregen ließ, die auftauchten wie das wiedererstandene griechische Kunstschaffen. Und sie wurde auch erfüllt, als er die Urgestalten der Natur bildhaft werdend vor seine Seele sich zaubern konnte.

Was war das, was Goethe da nacheinander erlebte? Es war das, was die Seelenstimmung - jetzt nicht der Seeleninhalt, nicht dasjenige, was man erforscht, sondern die Seelenstimmung - ist, auf der einen Seite bei der Inspiration, auf der andern Seite bei der Imagination. Weder Goethe noch Herder hatten in ihrer Zeit schon die Möglichkeit, hineinzuschauen in die geistige Welt, wie das heute durch Geisteswissenschaft geschehen soll; aber wie ein Vorahnen dieser Geisteswissenschaft war in ihnen die Stimmung vorhanden, die in besonderer Verstärkung, in besonderer Intensität beim Inspirieren und Imaginieren auftritt. Herder und Goethe fühlten sich in Inspirationsstimmung, indem sie Spinoza lasen, und Goethe fühlte sich in Imaginationsstimmung, als er sich durch die italienischen Kunstwerke zu einer Naturanschauung hindurcharbeitete. Goethe empfand aus der Inspirationsstimmung des Spinozismus heraus die Sehnsucht nach der Imaginationsstimmung, und was Goethe als Urbilder der Pflanze, des Tieres fand, es war noch nicht wirkliche Imagination. Die Methode, wirkliche Imagination zu erwerben, hatte Goethe nicht. Aber dasjenige, was er hatte, war die Stimmung, die man beim Imaginieren hat. Diese Stimmung konnte er in sich anfachen, indem er zwar nicht zu wirklichen, reinen, frei innerlich geschaffenen Imaginationen aufrückte, sondern indem er, sich anlehnend an dasjenige, was Pflanze, Tier, was die Wolkenwelt darleben, in sich sinnlich-übersinnliche Bilder erlebte. Er konnte sich in die beim Imaginieren verlaufende Stimmung finden, wie er sich beim Lesen des Spinoza gefunden hat in die Stimmung des Inspiriertwerdens. Er kannte den Seelenzustand, in dem der Mensch, was er ausspricht, so erlebt, daß er sich der Worte nur als Mitte] bedient, um gewissermaßen die Geheimnisse des Weltenalls von der Welt selber aussprechen zu lassen.

Wer jemals wirklich jenen Übergang empfunden hat, der in der Seele auftreten kann, wenn man anfängt zunächst Spinozas «Ethik» wie eine mathematische Abhandlung zu lesen und sich dann hineinfindet in die Begriffe wie in mathematische Begriffe, um dann immer weiter zu der Scientia intuitiva aufzusteigen, wer gegenüber Spinoza so redet, bewußt so redet, als wenn er in der Welt so darin stünde, daß diese sich durch ihn als durch ihr Mundstück zum Ausdruck brächte, der fühlt, was Goethe und Herder an Spinoza empfunden haben, der fühlt, wie diese, der eine mehr selbst befriedigt wie Herder, der andere mehr mit Sehnsucht, lebten in einer Inspirationsstimmung. Und man kann sagen, es geht von dem, was heute die geisteswissenschaftliche Forschung an Methoden bietet, um die Imagination und Inspiration zu erringen, eine gewisse Seelenstimmung hervor. Man kann aber auch geschichtlich verfolgen, wie zum Beispiel Goethe, ohne noch die Inspiration, ohne die Imagination zu haben, nach diesen Stimmungen hintendierte. Und nun gehe man weiter, man sehe sich Spinoza noch genauer an. Wenn man gegenüber Spinoza wirklich Geschichte treibt, nicht so, wie es vielfach heute von den Philosophiehistorikern gemacht wird, so wird man von Spinoza zu denjenigen geführt, die seine Anreger waren. Das waren die im Südwesten Europas lebenden Nachzügler des Arabismus, der arabisch-semitischen Weltanschauung. Derjenige, der solche Dinge versteht, wird noch dasjenige nacherleben können, was von der Kabbala in die Vorstellungen Spinozas eingeflossen ist. Man wird dann weiter zurückgeführt über den Arabismus nach dem Orient, und man lernt erkennen, wie das, was bei Spinoza auftritt, in Begriffe gebrachte Weltansicht der Vorzeit ist. In der Welt des alten Orients tritt dasselbe auf wie bei Spinoza, nur nicht in intellektualistischen Formen, sondern als alte orientalische Inspiration. Aber eine Inspiration, die nicht so erworben war wie die unsrige heute, sondern die wie eine Naturgabe bei gewissen orientalischen Völkern vorhanden war, dann herübergewandert ist nach Ägypten und da eine besonders tiefe Ausbildung erfahren hat. Gehen wir zurück in dasjenige Ägypten, aus dem Moses seine Anschauungen geschöpft hat, zu den Quellen, von denen die Griechen geschöpft haben, dann finden wir da schon auf einer hohen Stufe dasjenige ausgebildet, was aus dem asiatischen Orient nach Ägypten herübergekommen ist. Wir finden, was als Inspiration gelebt hat, nicht als bewußte Inspiration, sondern als unbewußte, atavistische, als Inspiration, die wie eine Naturgabe vorhanden war. Instinktiv haben die Ägypter vor dem 8. vorchristlichen Jahrhundert so gelebt in der Umwelt, daß sie sich mit dieser eins fühlten, daß sie dasjenige, was sie von dieser Umwelt erkannten, innerlich kontemplativ erlebten.

Und nun gehen wir an dasjenige heran, wonach Goethe sich sehnte, als er die Stimmung der Inspiration erlebt hatte, an das Imaginative. Er sah es gewissermaßen zuerst als eine bedeutsame Anregung in der Kunst der Griechen. Da empfand er in Anschauungen, was Herder in der Begriffs-, in der Vorstellungswelt empfunden hatte, wie sie kontemplativ bei Spinoza auftrat. Und was Goethe da empfunden hat, das vertiefte er bis zur Naturanschauung so, daß er später aus seinem Geiste heraus ein so tiefes Wort sprechen konnte: «Wem die Natur ihr offenbares Geheimnis zu enthüllen anfängt, der empfindet eine unwiderstehliche Sehnsucht nach ihrer würdigsten Auslegerin, der Kunst.» Durch die Kunst hindurch sah Goethe auf den Grund der Imagination, und er suchte, sich anlehnend an das Naturwerden, diejenige Seelenstimmung, die der Mensch hat, wenn er mit dem Werden eins wird. Dieses Sich-selber-Überwinden und doch Erhalten in der Imagination, es offenbarte sich Goethe durch die Kunst der Griechen, aber er suchte es nicht bloß in der Kunst, er suchte es als Grundlage für die Naturanschauung. Und verfolgen wir dieses besondere Element, das Goethe so bildete, bis in seine weiteren Konsequenzen, so erreichen wir in ganz bewußter Weise die imaginative Anschauung. Versuchen wir also das Goethische zurückzuverfolgen nach seinen Ursprüngen, wie wir den Spinozismus zurückverfolgt haben, so werden wir zu den Griechen geführt und von da weiter nach dem Orient. Wir kommen vom Griechentum aus hinüber nach der im Werden lebenden Weltanschauung der sogenannten Chaldäer, die wiederum aus der persischen Welt und aus der ganzen asiatischen Welt geschöpft haben. Gerade so, wie wir, ich möchte sagen, hindurchschauen durch die Seelenstimmung Spinozas auf das alte Ägyptertum, so schauen wir durch die Goethe-griechische Kunstanschauung hindurch auf die Werdeanschauung, die im alten Chaldäa gelebt hat. Bis in die Einzelheiten hinein kann man diesen Gegensatz des Chaldäertums und Ägyptertums an Goethe und Spinoza verfolgen.

Man kann also fühlend zurückgehen in frühere Zeitepochen, wenn man sich nicht einspinnt in dasjenige, was man heute wie ein absolut richtiges, einzig Exaktes ansieht, sondern wenn man versucht, zu anderen Vorstellungsarten, zu der Imagination, zu der Inspiration aufzurücken. Wenn man die Seelenstimmungen bei der Imagination und Inspiration erkennt, dann kann man erkennend zurückgehen in frühere Zeiten. Wer Spinoza heute liest nur mit der Vorstellung, wie wir es so herrlich weit gebracht haben und wie alles Frühere im Grunde genommen nur kindliche Vorstellungen sind, der empfindet nicht aus dem vollen Menschentum heraus, wie im Spinozismus als Stimmung fortlebt, was schöpferisch, instinktiv, produktiv war als höchste Blüte im alten ägyptischen Kulturleben. Der empfindet auch nicht, wie die Seelenstimmung der alten Chaldäer fortlebte in dem, was Goethe beseelte, als er die Worte aussprach: «Da ist Notwendigkeit, da ist Gott» oder: «Wem die Natur ihr offenbares Geheimnis zu enthüllen anfängt, der empfindet eine unwiderstehliche Sehnsucht nach ihrer würdigsten Auslegerin, der Kunst.» Wer nur den abstrakten Gedankeninhalt von heute zugrunde legt, der kommt nicht zurück in die früheren geschichtlichen Epochen. Daher ergibt sich ihm auch der Abgrund, auf den ich am Eingang meiner heutigen Betrachtungen hingewiesen hatte. Nur der kommt in alte Menschheitsepochen zurück, der in diese Grundstimmung sich hineinversetzen kann, wie sie bei Spinoza und Goethe auftrat. Kein ägyptischer Mythos, insbesondere nicht der Osiris-Isis--Mythos, wird irgendwie wirklich erlebt werden können in seinem Gehalte, wenn man nicht diese Stimmung zugrunde legt. Die Leute mögen noch so gescheit sein, noch so viele allegorische, symbolische Ausdeutungen geben. Darauf kommt es nicht an, sondern darauf, daß man als ganzer Mensch mitempfindet, wie in alten Zeiten empfunden worden ist. Dann mag man bei den alten Vorstellungen dies oder jenes denken, gescheite oder ungescheite Symbolik wählen, auf diese Wahl kommt es nicht an, sondern auf das Erleben der Grundstimmung. Dadurch kommt man hinein in dasjenige, was lebendig war in einer früheren Menschheitsepoche. Ebensowenig kann man dasjenige, was im alten Chaldäa gelebt hat, auf die heutige Art der Forschung finden, sondern allein dadurch, daß man wirklich sich in Imaginationsstimmung hineinversetzen kann, die bei den Chaldäern gewissermaßen als Weltanschauungsstimmung instinktiver Art, die in einem Werden lebte, auftrat. Und erst, wenn man an diese Stimmungen kommt, begreift man, welcher Gegensatz zum Beispiel zwischen den als Zeitgenossen lebenden Völkern, den Chaldäern und Ägyptern, vorhanden war. Die Handelsbeziehungen gingen von Ägypten nach Chaldäa, von Chaldäa nach Ägypten. Ihre Kulturverhältnisse waren so geartet, daß sie sich Briefe schreiben konnten. Alles dasjenige, was äußerliches Leben war, stand in einem regelmäßigen Wechselverhältnis. Die innere Seelenverfassung war bei ihnen ganz verschieden. Bei den Chaldäern lebte ein imaginatives Element, bei den Ägyptern ein inspiriertes. Bei den Chaldäern lebte äußerliche Anschauung, wie sie erhöht bei Goethe wieder erschien, bei den Ägyptern lebte etwas, das ganz aus dem Inneren, Seelischen hervorgeht, so wie es dann auf einer hohen Stufe aus dem Innern von Spinozas Seele hervorgegangen ist. Das kann man bis in die Einzelheiten verfolgen. Ich will eine solche Einzelheit angeben, und man wird sehen, wie solche Einzelheiten erst auf Grundlage solcher allgemeinen Stimmungen zu verstehen sind.

Die Chaldäer hatten im Grunde genommen eine weit ausgebildete Astronomie. Sie bildeten sie aus durch sinnvoll angelegte Werkzeuge, aber vor allen Dingen durch eine ganz bestimmte Art von Anschauung, die eben eine instinktive Imagination war. Dadurch kamen sie dazu, den Zeitenlauf in Tag und Nacht so zu teilen, daß sie beide zu je zwölf Stunden zählten. Aber wie teilten sie? Sie teilten den langen Tag im Sommer in zwölf Stunden, die kurze Nacht im Sommer auch in zwölf Stunden. Im Winter teilten sie den kurzen Tag ebenso in zwölf Stunden, die lange Nacht auch in zwölf Stunden, so daß die Stunden des Winters bei Tag kurz waren, die Stunden des Tages im Sommer lang. Also in den verschiedenen Jahreszeiten hatten bei den Chaldäern die Stunden ganz verschiedene Zeitlängen; das heißt, die Chaldäer lebten in der Anschauung des Werdens so, daß sie das Werden in die Zeit hineintrugen. Sie konnten nicht da, wo sie in der Außenwelt so lebten, wie man im Sommer lebt, die Stunden so verlaufen lassen, wie sie sie im Winter verlaufen ließen. Die Stunde des Tages war im Sommer lang, im Winter kurz, und in der Nacht war im Winter die Stunde lang und im Sommer kurz. Also sie trugen das Werden in den Zeitverlauf hinein. Es kam ihnen im Sommer der Zeitverlauf, das Werden selber auseinandergezogen vor. Das Werden war innerlich beweglich, nicht innerlich starr, wie es in unserer Zeit starr ist, sondern die Zeit war bei ihnen elastisch, die Stunden wurden bei ihnen einmal lang, einmal kurz während des Tages.

Wie war das bei den Ägyptern? Die Ägypter nahmen Jahre an zu 365 Tagen. Dadurch waren sie genötigt, immer FErgänzungstage zu bestimmten Zeiten einzufügen; aber sie konnten sich nicht entschließen, irgendwie von diesen 365 Tagen abzugehen. In Wirklichkeit ist das Jahr länger als 365 Tage. Die Ägypter hatten für jedes Jahr 365 Tage. Starr blieb diese Länge des Jahres bis in das 3. vorchristliche Jahrhundert bei ihnen, und dadurch wuchs ihnen die anschauliche Außenwelt über den Kopf. Dadurch veränderten sich die Feste. Zum Beispiel nach gewissen Zeiten war ein Fest, das im Spätherbste war, in den Frühherbst gewandert und so weiter. Also die Ägypter lebten sich in den Zeitenlauf so ein, daß sie eine Zeitvorstellung hatten, die in ihrem vollen Umfang gar nicht anwendbar war auf dasjenige, was äußerlich anschaulich ist. Das ist ein bedeutsamer Gegensatz. Die Chaldäer lebten sich so sehr in das äußerlich Anschauliche ein, daß sie für den Sommer und Winter die Zeit elastisch machten. Die Ägypter machten die Zeit so starr, erlebten dasjenige, was sich subjektiv, ganz von innen heraus erleben läßt, so, daß sie es nicht einmal korrigierten durch Schalttage, damit wiederum die Feste des Jahres übereinstimmten mit den Jahreszeiten, sondern sie ließen die äußeren Feste, also, sagen wir dasjenige, was Frühling war, in ganz andere Monatsdaten hineinfallen, indem das ganze Äußere schwankend wurde. Sie fanden sich nicht hinein in die äußere Welt, sie blieben bei ihrer inneren. Das ist die Stimmung der Inspiration, die man auch haben muß, wenn man zur wirklichen Erkenntnis kommen will. Die Ägypter hatten sie als instinktive Inspiration.

Man muß wirklich als die höhere Welt erkennender Mensch so beweglich sein können, wie auf der einen Seite die Chaldäer beweglich waren, und man muß auf der anderen Seite so tief in sein Inneres hineingehen können, wie es die Ägypter konnten dadurch, daß sie ein starres Zeitsystem ihrem ganzen Leben zugrunde gelegt haben, sogar ihrem sozialen, geschichtlichen Leben. Dieser Gegensatz der naiven Inspirations- und Imaginationsstimmung kommt so welthistorisch zur Offenbarung.

Und Goethe, als ein Vollmensch, hat zuerst das innerliche Erleben Spinozas wiedererlebt, ich möchte sagen, als Fortsetzung des Orientalismus und Ägyptertums. Und aus diesem innerlichen Fühlen, wo alles unanschaulich ist, wo man hinausschaut in die Welt und die Dinge nicht wiedererkennt, weil man sich nach dem richtet, was das Innere gibt, so daß die Dinge über den Kopf wachsen, erlebte Goethe seine Sehnsucht nach dem völligen Sich-Anpassen an die Außenwelt. Er wollte, indem er die Ägypterstimmung empfand, die Chaldäerstimmung als die des anderen Poles in sich erleben. Wenn nun solch ein Mensch die historischen Stimmungen aus seiner eigenen Natur heraus wieder erschafft, dann sieht man die Fäden sich ziehen von der neueren Zeit in die alte Zeit hin, und man fängt an, die verschiedenen Zeitepochen sich durch eine solche Betrachtung beleben zu lassen.

Und das ist es, worauf es ankommt: daß man nicht nur aus den Dokumenten ermittelt, was in dem einen oder anderen Zeitraum geschehen ist, sondern als ganzer Mensch sich hineinversetzen lernt in die verschiedenen Zeiträume, in dasjenige, was in den verschiedenen Zeiträumen Menschen und Völker gefühlt und innerlich erlebt haben, in welcher Seelenverfassung sie waren. Aus diesem innerlichen Erleben, aus dieser besonderen Art der Seelenverfassung gingen dann auch ihre äußeren Schicksale hervor.

Das wird der Weg sein, welcher uns über Fragen, die sind wie die: Ist das Ei zuerst oder die Henne zuerst? - hinweg- und hineinführen kann in die tieferen Gebiete der Wirklichkeit. Das wird der Weg sein, der uns aber zugleich zeigt, wie man jedesmal, wenn man die Wirklichkeit betrachtet, weiter vordringen muß gegenüber dem, was in der äußeren gegenständlichen Erkenntnis gegeben ist.

Und wenn oft betont wird, man soll von der Geschichte lernen für das Tun in der Gegenwart und Zukunft, dann muß heute schon sehr stark hingedeutet werden auf die Art, wie man wirklich lernen soll. So lernen, daß lebendig wird, worin der Mensch mit seiner Seele gestanden hat in abgelebten Epochen. Durch diese Betrachtung wird jener Abgrund, von dem ich gesprochen habe, ausgefüllt. Durch sie werden wir zurückblicken können in die Metamorphose der Seelenverfassungen der Menschen verschiedener Zeitepochen. Und dann wird zugleich Feuer und Besonnenheit ergossen werden können in unsere gegenwärtige Seelenverfassung, so daß wir die nötige Besonnenheit finden, um die Ideen auszubilden, die notwendig sind zu einer Gesundung der heutigen sozialen Verhältnisse. Aber es wird auch das nötige Feuer ausgebildet, das notwendig ist, um die Kräfte zu haben, die Imagination, die Inspiration, die einst instinktiv ausgebildet werden konnten, in voller Besonnenheit zu erreichen und durch Ideen auszudrücken.

Nach dieser Richtung soll in den folgenden Ausführungen ein Versuch der Darstellung unternommen werden.

Natural science and the historical development of humanity since ancient times I

In these lectures, I would like to examine some of the connections between the spiritual life of peoples and the historical destinies of these peoples. And since, for modern humans, given the whole state of mind that dominates them today, natural science is a particularly important element in the whole of civilization, I would like to highlight the natural scientific aspect in particular from the various points of view from which the above-mentioned topic can be approached, and show to what extent humanity's turn to natural scientific views in modern times points to deeper foundations in the entire historical development of peoples.

To this end, it will be necessary to give an introduction today and then, in the following lectures, to deal with the actual topic on the basis of what has been considered today.

When we turn our spiritual gaze to the historical development of peoples – let us remain with the historical for the moment – we are struck not only by their external political and economic fortunes, but also by their spiritual gifts, spiritual achievements, and spiritual results. And you know that in the present day, two ways of thinking stand in sharp contrast to one another. I have already pointed out these opposing ways of thinking in an earlier lecture I gave here in Stuttgart. First, there is the view that proceeds more from the ideal, as it understands it, and whose proponents believe that spiritual beings, but only in the abstract form of ideas, rule in the development of peoples. In their view, external events are brought about by such inner spiritual-essential forces. It is also said that ideas rule history, living out their lives from one epoch to the next, although it is usually not clear what kind of shadowy relationship such a sequence of ideas, which is supposed to be effective throughout history, has to the truly spiritual-essential.

The other school of thought, which is very influential today, believes that all spiritual phenomena, including customs, law, science, art, religion, and so on, are merely a consequence of material or, as a large part of humanity today would say, economic facts. One imagines that certain dark forces, about which one does not dwell further, have brought about this or that particular economic system, this or that type of human cooperation in successive historical epochs, and that through this cooperation, i.e., through purely economic and material processes, that which people recognize as ideas, which they regard as customs, as law, and so on, has come into being.

If one really wants to, one can put forward compelling reasons for one view or the other. Both can be proven in the sense in which we often speak of proof today; and whether one or the other then decides in favor of one or the other way of thinking depends on the nature of the individual, on his general instincts, on how he is placed in the world, on what he experiences of life through this placement in the world, and so on.

But the two assertions, one that material life is a consequence of spiritual life—I will now use the most general formula—and the other that everything spiritual is a consequence of material-economic processes, these two assertions relate to each other like this: First there was the egg, or first there was the hen.

In the whole realm of the initially given sensory world, it is absolutely true that one cannot decide on the basis of any view of life whether the egg or the hen came first, because in one sense the first is certainly necessary as the first, and in the other sense the second is necessary as the first. If one looks only at the purely logical, one can juggle with the two assertions I have made just as one can juggle with the concepts of egg and hen. The decisive factor in such matters does not lie in the realm in which the preconditions for questions of worldview are usually found in modern times, but in deeper foundations of knowledge. But before we can go into these, we need to figure out what we're dealing with in the spiritual realm in the different eras of human history.

People today are inclined to think of two world epochs that are very far apart, even from their own point of view. First of all, people feel at home in their own time with their own views. They try as much as possible to shape their own views according to the general views of their human environment. In this respect, there is a general unconscious striving to level people's views. What is supported by general, externally recognized authorities is called right. One says: This or that is true, and one actually means that this or that is recognized as true by the accepted authorities. One then feels that what is recognized in this way is what is worthy of an enlightened, truly civilized person. At most, one looks back on historical epochs that did not yet have these views as childish precursors of what has now, to a certain degree, become perfect in scientific knowledge and the like. But one generally believes that, as one must think today, people in historical times should always have thought this way. They just did not arrive at it immediately; they first had to work their way through all kinds of myths and so on until they reached what is today considered strict scientific method. And then, based on what one imagines about human thinking, one goes forward in development and forms mental images of very primitive cultural states in which people lived more like, I would say, higher animals, merely instinctively and so on. One does not give much thought to how the transition from one state to the other took place. One wants to be clear about both states of human development. But when one then asks in detail how these two views, the one about primitive humans and the one about humans as we understand them today, fit together, one may well have reservations, for there is indeed a very strange gulf between these two presupposed states of the human soul. For example, you can pick up a modern history of philosophy that has been published in a large collection and read in the first chapter something about the philosophy of primitive peoples, that is, those peoples who do not belong to the civilized world today, who are regarded as descendants of those human beings of whom I have just said that one imagines them to have been they were something like higher, talking, imagining animals who led a predominantly instinctive existence. This chapter on the philosophy of primitive peoples, nicely divided according to today's categories, which are assumed in this context, into logic, epistemology, natural philosophy, and ethics, was written by the well-known and famous Wundt. Then, after this chapter is closed and reference is made to a kind of instinctive worldview of the most primitive kind, one turns the page, opens the following pages and finds a discussion of the philosophy of the Indians, of the philosophy of the Chinese, and sees that there really is an abyss between this philosophy of primitive peoples and the philosophy of the Indians and the Chinese. There is nothing mediating across this abyss. We already see a highly developed worldview among the Indians, and some people today believe that much of this highly developed worldview could be adopted in our time because it is actually much more significant than what is being achieved today.

Anyone who reads the chapter that Wilhelm Wundt wrote on the philosophy of primitive peoples will feel truly in strange territory if they are unbiased enough not to view things through the lens of contemporary philosophical thinking. One can get the feeling that everything in Wundt's discussions is constructed. He makes a few observations about the way in which uncivilized peoples today express their way of thinking through their language. He then pursues the hypothesis that the original population of the earth was like these primitive peoples, who have preserved themselves in this earlier state, only perhaps somewhat decadent. You can see how the terms used here came about. They are not derived from experience, but rather from the person who developed them, who thinks about what we today have as concepts of causality, knowledge, natural causes, and so on, and then ponders how this might have appeared in a more primitive state. Then they transfer what they have constructed to primitive peoples.

Today, there is little opportunity to look into the soul of another person. And in fact, nothing in Wundt's account is such that one could say that one can see that the things he describes have somehow arisen from his empathy with the mental state of even today's primitive peoples! No, the famous Wundt merely revolves around his own mental images, which he simplifies somewhat and then attributes to the people he is observing.

And because there is actually nothing real today between these primitive peoples who are supposed to have remained and the peoples with developed worldviews, we encounter things historically juxtaposed without regard to the fact that it is really I would say, logically offensive to find, after such a description of primitive humanity as Wundt gives in that book, the highly educated worldview of the Indians or the Chinese, which is based on wonderful ideas. What is completely absent today is this ability to empathize with other ways of thinking. First, one goes back, let us say, from what one has been accustomed to thinking in the 19th and 20th centuries, to the 15th and 16th centuries, and then to the Middle Ages. One does not feel any affinity with that; one cannot understand it; so one says that it was a dark, gloomy time, when human civilization came to a standstill in a certain sense. Then you go back to Greek culture. But you feel that you have to approach it by retaining the same concepts that you have acquired within today's cultural community. At most, more sensitive people, such as Herman Grimm, speak differently. Herman Grimm emphasized that, using today's concepts, one can only go back as far as the Romans. These can still be understood in general; one can understand what is going on with the Romans using today's concepts. But if one wants to go back to the Greeks, then one would already see: Someone like Pericles, Alcibiades, or even Socrates, Plato, Aeschylus, or Sophocles are actually like shadows to the modern mind, like something alien when approached with modern concepts. They speak to us as if from another world. They speak as if history itself were already beginning to become a fairy tale world for them. Herman Grimm expressed himself in this way about these things. One would have to add – if one were to take a different point of view than Herman Grimm – that of someone who has now completely adapted to the modern scientific worldview, which is not the case with Herman Grimm: One can no longer go back to the Romans in one's mind in such a way that they become truly concrete. Herman Grimm, who had no scientific education, who had only what had basically lived on continuously from Roman times to modern times, could still settle into Roman times, but no longer into Greek times. And someone who knew nothing of our legal concepts, our concepts of the state, which are modeled on the Roman ones, who knew nothing of that peculiar sense of art that reemerged during the Renaissance, in which Herman Grimm had completely immersed himself, but who lived, apart from all this, in a purely scientific mental image, would truly be just as unable to find his way into the Roman world, or even into the medieval world, as Herman Grimm was able to live in the Greek world. That is one thing that must be added. The other thing is that Herman Grimm also did not take the world of the Orient into consideration. His entire worldview only goes back as far as the Greeks. That is why he does not arrive at what he should have arrived at according to his premises if he had turned, say, to the Vedas, to Vedanta philosophy. He should have said: If the Greeks stand before us like shadows, then those people whose spiritual constitution found expression in the Vedas, in Vedanta, stand before us in such a way that we must no longer perceive them even as shadows, but as voices from a completely different world, from a world that no longer even resembles ours in its shadow images. But this is only true if we have become so accustomed to the present way of thinking and state of mind that we can understand them solely as the content of the soul.

It is different when one resorts to the means that are the only effective ones today. At present, we are caught up in a seemingly absolute system of concepts, particularly in scientific education. In this age, it is only possible to empathize with and immerse ourselves in past epochs through spiritual scientific life. And from the spiritual scientific point of view, the individual epochs of human development appear quite different from one another; indeed, it is only from spiritual scientific insights that we gain the ability to empathize with what people of past epochs experienced as their soul constitution in the course of historical development. How is this possible?

Well, it is possible in the following way. I have often explained in lectures that spiritual science is based on a certain training of the human soul's abilities. The kind of knowledge we use in natural science and in everyday life, which we have recently also applied to history and social science, and even to religious studies, I have called objective knowledge in my books. It is the kind of knowledge that every person who belongs to today's civilized life is familiar with. One observes the external world through the senses and combines sensory perceptions through the intellect. In doing so, one obtains either useful rules for life and summaries of life or natural laws and so on. This is what is called objective knowledge. It is characteristic of this type of knowledge that there is a clear distinction between oneself and the environment. We know—leaving aside for now the various theories of knowledge and various psychological and physiological hypotheses—that we ourselves, as “I,” stand opposite sensory perception. Through our intellect, which we know precisely that we are actively living in, we obtain a kind of summary of what is given to the senses. We thereby distinguish between active intellectual activity and passive perception. One feels oneself as an I in the environment that is revealed through sensory experience. In other words, one distinguishes oneself as a thinking, feeling, willing human being from the environment that is communicated to the human being through sensory revelation. I have repeatedly pointed out that other ways of knowing can be developed beyond this one; and I have also explained, for example in my book How Does One Achieve Knowledge of the Higher Worlds? and in my Secret Science, how one ascends to such ways of knowing.

The first stage of such knowledge, whether you call it “higher” or whatever, is imaginative knowledge. This differs essentially from objective knowledge in that it does not work with abstract concepts, but with images that are as rich and vivid as the images of the imagination, but which have not yet been transformed into abstract thoughts. One relates to these images in such a way that, as I have often emphasized, one produces and controls them in a similar way to mathematical concepts.

This way of rising to imaginative knowledge has a very specific consequence for the human soul. I expressly mention that this consequence only exists while the human being is in imaginative knowledge.

For when the spiritual researcher is in ordinary life, he makes use, like others, of ordinary knowledge, of objective knowledge. He is then in the same state of mind as other people who are not spiritual researchers. During spiritual research, that is, within the state through which one looks into the spiritual world, the spiritual researcher is in his world of imaginations. Only these imaginations are not dreams, but are imbued with the same prudence as mathematical mental images. So in relation to this prudence, the state of the soul is not changed at first, but in relation to the experience of the world during imaginative experience it is different from that during ordinary experience. During imaginative experience, the human being first feels at one with everything that is happening as his own soul life, namely in time, so that space does not come into consideration, but only time. I have therefore said earlier that with the onset of imaginative thinking, previous experiences, initially from birth or from a certain point in time after birth, appear before the observer like a tableau arranged in time but perceptible all at once, like a temporal painting. However, this is difficult to conceive in ordinary imagination because we are dealing with a painting that is not spatial, that is imagined purely in time and yet, in a certain sense, has an inherent simultaneity. In ordinary consciousness, we always deal with a moment. From this moment, we look back into the past. During this moment, we see the world around us in space, and we distinguish ourselves from this environment as existing at a certain point in time. This is different with imaginative thinking. There, it makes no sense to say that I live at a specific point in time, but rather that when I first look at the painting of life, I flow together with my life. I am just as much in the moment ten or twenty years ago as I am in the present. The becoming that is overlooked absorbs the self, so to speak; one grows together with one's temporal perception, together with becoming. It is as if the self, which is otherwise only perceived and experienced in the present moment, expands into the past. This is, of course, as you can imagine, linked to a change in one's entire state of mind for the moments in which one experiences this. One is dealing with a world of images in which one lives. One feels, in a sense, that one is oneself an image within an image. Anyone who grasps this with good will will no longer babble about the possibility that the spiritual researcher might somehow be subject to suggestion or hypnosis, for he is absolutely clear about the pictorial character of his experience, clear that he becomes an image among images. But precisely because he is aware of this, he also knows that although he initially has images in his consciousness, these images, like ordinary mental images, are representations of a reality that he does not yet perceive as reality, but whose images he sees inwardly.

One is only in a state of suggestion or hypnosis when one has images and believes that these images are realities like the external reality perceptible through the senses. As soon as one is clear about the character of what one experiences in one's consciousness, it can be nothing other than the possession of such mental images as one also has in mathematical imagination. However, what I particularly want to emphasize today is this merging with the temporal-objective, with becoming, this becoming one with becoming, so that one no longer, I would say, clings to the present, but feels oneself to be in the flow of events themselves.

The next stage, which is attained through exercises that I have also described in the books mentioned above, is then the stage of inspiration. This differs from the previous imaginative stage in that the images that one has before one's eyes during imaginative thinking more or less cease. One must first have this if one wants to arrive at proper mental images of spiritual science, but one must also be able to erase it from consciousness; one must be able to let it fall away at will. But then one must be able to retain something, and what remains is precisely that which reveals itself from a spiritual world. In the writings mentioned above, I speak of the inspired mental image of a spiritual world. This does not mean that one is still in a spiritual world with one's own experience. Previously, one had images, now one has, in a sense, the revelation of the spiritual world, but one stands independently before this revealed world and recognizes it in its reality by standing outside it.

For today, I would like to consider in particular the state of mind one enters when one arbitrarily evokes such inspiration within oneself. One then comes to abandon the ordinary objective world. One then knows what it means to have the spiritual world in its revelations outside one's body, in other words, one now flows together not only with the temporal, but with everything that is spiritually objective outside of the human being. One no longer feels the difference between world existence and I-existence in the way one feels it in objective perception, but one experiences the I and, in the I, the world, albeit in its concrete diversity and multiplicity. Basically, at this level of knowledge, it makes no difference whether I say: I am in the world, or: the world is in me. The usual way of describing the world ceases to be valid. Prepositions such as “in” or “outside” can only be used if one is aware that they have to be given a different meaning. One feels poured out into the whole world, not only into becoming, but into everything that has newly entered consciousness as spirit. One no longer feels this “outside you” and “inside you.” This is the state of mind that seizes people during inspiration. It is not as if one's ego has disappeared, not as if an outflowing of the ego is identical with a suppression of the ego, but rather that the ego itself, in all its activity, feels itself to have become one with the concrete, manifold, diverse world that it is now experiencing.

Just as one otherwise knows oneself to be distinct from one's mental images, one's desires, one's feelings, even though these are within one, so one feels the world as such, in its manifold diversity, through inspiration, even though one knows that one has actually merged with this world.

Now, at the present stage of human development, the states of consciousness I have described in my book How to Know Higher Worlds and in the second part of my Secret Science must be brought about through exercises such as those I have described. Man must consciously ascend to them. But we can distinguish between what we consciously bring forth as content and what is soul feeling in these states. One can distinguish between what one works out there, what one ultimately recognizes, and the way one feels in imagination, in inspiration.

Now I do not wish to suggest this state of mind by means of abstract characteristics, but rather describe it from concrete examples. You see, after Goethe met Herder, he immersed himself in Spinoza's works together with him, and those of you who are familiar with Herder's biography know how enormously enthusiastic Herder was about Spinoza. But when you read a work such as Herder's “God,” for example, in which he discusses his feelings toward Spinoza's works, you have to say that Herder talks about Spinozism and from Spinozism in a completely different way than Spinoza, the philosopher, himself. But Herder has one thing very much in common with Spinoza: the state of mind from which he reads Spinoza. Herder's state of mind has something very similar to the state of mind from which Spinoza's “Ethics,” for example, was written. This mood of the soul, this state of mind, is indeed something that passed on to Herder, and in a certain sense also passed on to Goethe, who, together with Herder, immersed himself in the study of Spinoza. But while Herder finds a certain satisfaction in this state of mind, Goethe does not. Goethe felt deeply this immersion in objects, this flowing over of the ego into the outside world, which is so magnificently touching in Spinoza when he speaks, one might say, in completely dispassionate contemplation, as if the universe itself were speaking, as if he were forgetting himself and his words were merely the means through which the universe itself speaks. Goethe, too, was able to experience what man can experience in terms of objectivity, and he felt the same, absolutely the same, as Herder did at first; but he was not satisfied, he felt a longing for something else, and despite all the depth of feeling he had acquired through this, Spinozism still seemed to him to be something that could by no means fill the whole human being. Basically, what Goethe felt toward Spinoza was just a different, deeper nuance of what he felt toward the whole way of feeling in the more Nordic world. He wasn't satisfied with what the civilization he first encountered in Weimar could give him. And you know how this mood in Goethe ultimately crystallized into what drove him down south, to Italy. And in Italy, he initially sees only what the Italians have created on the basis of Greek art. But in his soul, something like a reconstruction of the Greek art movement and the Greek way of art emerges, and one can deeply empathize with Goethe's entire idiosyncrasy of that time when one reads the words he wrote to his friends in Weimar while standing in front of the works of art that conjured up the artistic creativity of the Greeks before his soul: “There is necessity, there is God.” “I have the suspicion,” he writes, “that the Greeks proceeded in the creation of their works of art according to the same laws that nature itself proceeds by, and which I am trying to trace. There is necessity, there is God.” - With reference to Herder's work “God,” inspired by Spinoza.

So Goethe did not feel the necessity he wanted to feel in relation to what Spinoza inspired in him; he felt it in relation to what stood before his soul during his Italian journey as a renewal of Greek art. From what was forming there, the possibility arose in him to develop his special way of looking at nature. We know how he expressed his longing for knowledge of nature in abstract lyrical words, in a prose hymn, before he went south; and one can see how what had poured out in abstract lyrical currents in this prose hymn “Nature” became concrete perception in Italy, how, for example, the plant world stands before his soul in supersensible-sensual images, how he now finds the primal plant among the manifold plant forms. This is an ideal-real form that can only be seen in the mind, but which in this spiritual form is real and underlying all individual plants. And one sees how, from now on, it becomes the object of his search to bring these archetypes, which are at once one and many, before his soul for the whole of nature. One sees that his recognition is directed toward how the individual plant, in the succession of its leaves, up to the flowers, up to the fruit, becomes a sequence of stages of transforming images. He wants to capture what is becoming in images. From Spinoza's “Ethics,” which he read with Herder, Goethe drew something intangible, but sounding from another world, from a world into which one can transport oneself with one's mood when one reaches a state of dispassionate contemplation. But with Spinoza it was not concrete. But the longing for concreteness lived in his soul, and it was fulfilled in a certain way when he was inspired by those images that emerged like the resurrected Greek art. And it was also fulfilled when he was able to conjure up the archetypes of nature before his soul in pictorial form.

What was it that Goethe experienced one after the other? It was what the mood of the soul is – not the content of the soul, not that which is explored, but the mood of the soul – on the one hand in inspiration, on the other in imagination. Neither Goethe nor Herder had the opportunity in their time to look into the spiritual world as we can do today through spiritual science; but as precursors of this spiritual science, they possessed the mood that arises with particular intensity during inspiration and imagination. Herder and Goethe felt themselves in a mood of inspiration when they read Spinoza, and Goethe felt himself in a mood of imagination when he worked his way through Italian works of art to a view of nature. Goethe felt a longing for imagination out of the inspirational mood of Spinozism, and what Goethe found as archetypes of plants and animals was not yet real imagination. Goethe did not have the method of acquiring real imagination. But what he did have was the mood that one has when imagining. He was able to stir up this mood within himself, not by advancing to real, pure, freely created imaginations, but by experiencing sensual-supersensory images within himself, drawing on what plants, animals, and the world of clouds reveal. He was able to find himself in the mood that arises during imagination, just as he found himself in the mood of inspiration when reading Spinoza. He knew the state of mind in which a person experiences what he expresses in such a way that he uses words only as a medium to let the secrets of the universe speak from the world itself, so to speak.

Anyone who has ever truly experienced that transition that can occur in the soul when one begins to read Spinoza's “Ethics” as a mathematical treatise and then finds oneself immersed in the concepts as if they were mathematical concepts, in order to then ascend ever higher to scientia intuitiva, who speaks of Spinoza in this way, consciously speaking as if he were standing in the world in such a way that it expressed itself through him as through its mouthpiece, feels what Goethe and Herder felt about Spinoza, feels how they, one more self-satisfied like Herder, the other more longing, lived in a mood of inspiration. And one can say that what the humanities offer today in terms of methods for achieving imagination and inspiration gives rise to a certain mood of the soul. But one can also trace historically how, for example, Goethe, without yet having inspiration or imagination, sought these moods. And now let us go further and take a closer look at Spinoza. If one really studies Spinoza's history, not as many philosophy historians do today, one is led from Spinoza to those who inspired him. These were the late followers of Arabism, the Arab-Semitic worldview, living in southwestern Europe. Those who understand such things will be able to relive what flowed from Kabbalah into Spinoza's mental images. One is then led further back via Arabism to the Orient, and one learns to recognize how what appears in Spinoza is the conceptualized worldview of ancient times. The same thing occurs in the world of the ancient Orient as with Spinoza, only not in intellectualistic forms, but as ancient Oriental inspiration. But this inspiration was not acquired as ours is today, but existed as a natural gift among certain Oriental peoples, then migrated to Egypt, where it underwent particularly profound development. If we go back to the Egypt from which Moses drew his views, to the sources from which the Greeks drew, we find there, already developed to a high degree, what came over to Egypt from the Asian Orient. We find what lived as inspiration, not as conscious inspiration, but as unconscious, atavistic inspiration, as inspiration that was present like a gift of nature. Instinctively, the Egyptians before the 8th century BC lived in such harmony with their environment that they felt at one with it, that they experienced what they recognized in this environment in a contemplative way.

And now we come to what Goethe longed for when he experienced the mood of inspiration: the imaginative. He saw it first, as it were, as a significant stimulus in Greek art. There he perceived in his perceptions what Herder had perceived in the world of concepts and ideas, as it appeared contemplatively in Spinoza. And what Goethe felt there, he deepened to the point of a view of nature, so that he was later able to speak such profound words from his spirit: “To whom nature begins to reveal her manifest secret, he feels an irresistible longing for her most worthy interpreter, art.” Through art, Goethe saw to the bottom of imagination, and, drawing on the becoming of nature, he sought the mood of the soul that humans have when they become one with becoming. This overcoming of oneself and yet preservation in the imagination was revealed to Goethe through Greek art, but he did not seek it merely in art; he sought it as the foundation for the perception of nature. And if we follow this particular element that Goethe formed so well to its further consequences, we arrive quite consciously at imaginative perception. If we try to trace Goethe back to his origins, as we traced Spinozism, we are led to the Greeks and from there further to the Orient. We come from Greek culture to the worldview of the so-called Chaldeans, who in turn drew from the Persian world and the entire Asian world. Just as we, I would say, look through Spinoza's soul mood to ancient Egypt, so we look through the Goethe-Greek view of art to the view of becoming that lived in ancient Chaldea. This contrast between Chaldeanism and Egyptism can be traced in detail in Goethe and Spinoza.

One can therefore go back to earlier epochs with feeling, if one does not become entangled in what one today regards as absolutely correct and uniquely exact, but instead attempts to rise to other modes of perception, to imagination, to inspiration. If one recognizes the moods of the soul in imagination and inspiration, then one can go back to earlier times with understanding. Anyone who reads Spinoza today with the mental image of how wonderfully far we have come and how everything that came before is basically just childish ideas does not feel, out of the fullness of humanity, how what was creative, instinctive, and productive as the highest flowering of ancient Egyptian cultural life lives on as a mood in Spinozism. Nor do they feel how the mood of the ancient Chaldeans lived on in what inspired Goethe when he uttered the words: “There is necessity, there is God,” or “To whom nature begins to reveal her manifest secret, there arises an irresistible longing for her most worthy interpreter, art.” Those who base their understanding solely on the abstract ideas of today cannot return to earlier historical epochs. This is why they encounter the abyss I referred to at the beginning of my remarks today. Only those who can put themselves in the basic mood of Spinoza and Goethe can return to the ancient epochs of humanity. No Egyptian myth, especially not the Osiris-Isis myth, can be truly experienced in its content unless one takes this mood as a basis. People may be as clever as they like, and offer as many allegorical and symbolic interpretations as they wish. That is not what matters. What matters is that one feels with one's whole being what was felt in ancient times. Then one may think this or that about the old mental images, choose clever or unclever symbolism; this choice is not important, but rather the experience of the basic mood. This is how one enters into what was alive in an earlier epoch of humanity. Nor can one find what lived in ancient Chaldea through modern research, but only by truly placing oneself in the imaginative mood that existed among the Chaldeans as a kind of instinctive worldview that lived in a process of becoming. And only when one reaches this mood does one understand the contrast that existed, for example, between the peoples living at that time, the Chaldeans and the Egyptians. Trade relations went from Egypt to Chaldea, from Chaldea to Egypt. Their cultural conditions were such that they could write letters to each other. Everything that was external life was in a regular interrelationship. Their inner soul state was completely different. The Chaldeans had an imaginative element, the Egyptians an inspired one. The Chaldeans had an external view of the world, as it reappeared in an elevated form in Goethe, while the Egyptians had something that came entirely from within, from the soul, as it then emerged at a high level from the inner soul of Spinoza. This can be traced in detail. I will give one such detail, and you will see how such details can only be understood on the basis of such general moods.

The Chaldeans had, in essence, a highly developed astronomy. They developed it through sensibly designed tools, but above all through a very specific way of seeing things, which was an instinctive imagination. This led them to divide the course of time into day and night, each lasting twelve hours. But how did they divide it? They divided the long day in summer into twelve hours and the short night in summer also into twelve hours. In winter, they divided the short day into twelve hours and the long night into twelve hours as well, so that the hours of winter were short during the day and the hours of summer were long during the day. Thus, in the different seasons, the hours had very different lengths for the Chaldeans; that is, the Chaldeans lived in the perception of becoming in such a way that they carried becoming into time. They could not, where they lived in the outer world as one lives in summer, let the hours pass as they did in winter. The hour of the day was long in summer and short in winter, and the hour of the night was long in winter and short in summer. Thus, they carried becoming into the passage of time. In summer, the passage of time, becoming itself, appeared to them as drawn out. Becoming was internally mobile, not internally rigid as it is in our time, but time was elastic for them, the hours became long at times and short at other times during the day.

How was it with the Egyptians? The Egyptians assumed years to be 365 days. This forced them to always insert additional days at certain times, but they could not bring themselves to deviate from these 365 days in any way. In reality, the year is longer than 365 days. The Egyptians had 365 days for each year. This length of the year remained rigid until the 3rd century BC, and as a result, the visible external world grew over their heads. This caused the festivals to change. For example, after a certain period of time, a festival that was in late autumn moved to early autumn, and so on. So the Egyptians lived in such a way that they had a concept of time that was not fully applicable to what was visible to them. This is a significant contrast. The Chaldeans were so attuned to the external world that they made time elastic for summer and winter. The Egyptians made time so rigid, experienced what can be experienced subjectively, entirely from within, that they did not even correct it with leap days so that the festivals of the year would correspond to the seasons, but instead they let the external festivals, that is, let us say, what was spring, fall into completely different months, by making the whole external world fluctuate. They did not find themselves in the external world; they remained in their inner world. This is the mood of inspiration that one must also have if one wants to arrive at real knowledge. The Egyptians had it as instinctive inspiration.

As a person who recognizes the higher world, one must be as flexible as the Chaldeans were on the one hand, and on the other hand, one must be able to go as deeply into one's inner self as the Egyptians were able to do by basing their entire lives, even their social and historical lives, on a rigid system of time. This contrast between the naive mood of inspiration and imagination is thus revealed in world history.

And Goethe, as a complete human being, first relived Spinoza's inner experience, I would say as a continuation of Orientalism and Egypticism. And from this inner feeling, where everything is invisible, where one looks out into the world and does not recognize things because one is guided by what is inside, so that things grow above one's head, Goethe experienced his longing for complete adaptation to the outside world. By feeling the Egyptian mood, he wanted to experience the Chaldean mood as the other pole within himself. When such a person recreates historical moods from his own nature, one sees the threads pulling from the newer times into the older times, and one begins to let the different eras come to life through such observation.

And that is what matters: that one does not merely determine from documents what happened in one period or another, but learns to put oneself as a whole human being into the different periods, into what people and peoples felt and experienced inwardly in the different periods, into the state of mind they were in. It was from this inner experience, from this special state of mind, that their external destinies emerged.

This will be the path that can lead us beyond questions such as “Which came first, the chicken or the egg?” and into the deeper realms of reality. This will be the path that also shows us how, every time we look at reality, we must go further than what is given in our external, objective knowledge.

And when it is often emphasized that we should learn from history for our actions in the present and future, then we must already point very strongly today to the way in which we should really learn. We must learn in such a way that what the human being has experienced with his soul in past epochs becomes alive. Through this contemplation, the abyss of which I have spoken is filled. Through it, we will be able to look back on the metamorphosis of the soul states of people in different epochs. And then, at the same time, fire and prudence will be poured into our present soul state, so that we will find the necessary prudence to develop the ideas that are necessary for a healing of today's social conditions. But the necessary fire will also be developed, which is necessary to have the strength, the imagination, the inspiration that could once be developed instinctively, to achieve full prudence and express it through ideas.

In the following remarks, an attempt will be made to present this idea.