Natural Science and the Historical Development of Humanity
GA 325
22 May 1921, Stuttgart
Translator Unknown
Lecture II
If we wish to be convinced of what, in the newer sense of the word, Natural Science signifies, we must look back to the sources of our present civilization. As can be seen even front the ordinary historical and scientific observation, these sources must be thought of as lying very far back in time, it is only if one keeps in mind the evolution of man and the gradual appearance of his special powers in more recent times that one can set-how these powers arose front the depths of the human soul, powers which lead to the present observation of nature and the affiliation of this to technique and to life.
There is a certain difficulty in placing more recent historical epochs in their essence before anyone who is wedded to the present day Science. In the previous lecture we attempted by way of introduction to proceed from the present—a present be it understood to which Herder and Goethe belong and to investigate certain streams which lead back to ancient times. We have seen how one of these two streams which existed so characteristically in Goethe led its hack to the Egyptian point of view, the other to the Chaldean. We went back to pre-Christian times and emphasized characteristic distinctions between the soul mood of the Chaldean people living in further Asia which can be traced back to about the beginning of the third pre-Christian millennium and that of Egypt, which can be studied still further back even in external history.
We have seen how a view existed among the Chaldeans belonging more to the external world in which the human mind so lost itself in the external world that even time became elastic. This soul mood made it necessary to regard the day hours in summer longer than in winter, whereas with the Egyptians the division of the year throughout the centuries was held rigidly by a method of calculating and not from any grasp of external events. They reckoned 365 days to the year and went on in stages of 365 days, not noticing that in reality they were no longer in harmony with the course of the year as it ran in the sense world externally. While they reckoned the year shorter than it is they encountered contradictions with what is really perceived in the outer world. This shows a significant distinction in the soul moods of two people who were connected with each other through trade relations and by spiritual intercourse, people who stood near to each other outwardly. One can only value such a distinction correctly by entering deeply into the origins of human civilization. This is rendered increasingly difficult because the civilizations which have developed one after the other in time exist to-day side by side in space arrested at different phases of evolution.
If to-day the European or the American who wishes to emerge from his materialism to more spiritual ideas about the human being, if he turn to the present Indian civilization, he finds within this a highly developed spirituality, a mysticism penetrated by acute intellectual concepts. He finds within its philosophy absolutely nothing of what he has learnt to know as the natural scientific view of Western or American civilization. If he feel a longing to experience something concerning humanity, something which modern science cannot give him, and if he do not allow himself to take into consideration what a newer spiritual science can give concerning man, then he will seek to absorb himself in the spiritual view of modern India or at least of what has been preserved from an epoch that is relatively not very ancient.
Whoever is armed with spiritual science, however, and approaches this Indian view of the world will find that from what exists in it to-day or what has been preserved historically from a more or less far distant past, there is expressed something which is no longer quite apparent but which seems to be a kind of lower stratum, as something springing up from dark depths. This plays even into the language and especially into the ideas and images. It must be conceived as something which has undergone many transformations before it has reached its present form. What exists in modern India has only received its form in most recent times but it carries elements in itself which are primaeval, which have required thousands of years in order to be what they have become.
If we turn to other civilizations, the Western Asiatic or the Chinese for instance, we find that something similar is the case; but we have the feeling that we need not go back so far in order to understand the present as we have to do in India. And if we observe Egyptian life as it transpired since about the beginning of the third pre-Christian millennium, we have the feeling that what is contained historically in documents is such that we are obliged to immerse ourselves into most ancient times, as we attempted to do, for example, in the last lecture. But we also find that the old has been preserved there with a kind of purity so that its fundamental depth is apparent even in later times, whereas in India it must be sought in the outset of its development.
In a similar way this is the case with the Greek and with our own civilization which, as we shall see, begins about the fifteenth century. The matter so appears that for a penetrating view, primeval elements have continued but are hardly noticeable to ordinary observation.
We will now see how the ancient elements within European and American civilizations are to be discussed.
One might say that the natural scientific element which has entered recent civilization appears to have so thoroughly cleared away what was old that this old element can only be substantiated by definite methods. It is however still there. There exist side by side on earth civilizations of different ages. One must go far back in time in order to understand modern Indian civilization, not so far back to understand the civilizations and literature of Western Asia, still less far back for the Egyptian and again still less to understand the Greco-Roman culture. One can remain almost entirely in the present in seeking to understand modern European and American civilization.
What has developed consecutively in the course of time stands side by side for us now and what stands side by side thus is in reality of varying ages, at least so far as regards external appearances. The temporal is mingled with the spacial and one must first find from a modern standpoint the methods which show from what present day civilizations one can go back into ancient times and from which one can find access to these old times by difficult and devious paths.
Now as you know, the observation of natural science, the so-called anthropological or geological observation, joins on to what history furnishes and we saw in the last lecture how superficially this is often done. We are led back into very early European times by superficial anthropological investigation. Of course there is less said about the people of Asia but as regards European evolution we are led back into ancient epochs. You know that geology, enriched by modern anthropology and history, says that, concerning certain trustworthy artistic remains which have been found in caves in Spain and France, very ancient races of Europe date back thousands of years; that in these extraordinary paintings revealed by the cave explorations we are told how in ancient times men must have lived in Europe in a certain degree of civilization even before that significant event spoken of by anthropology and geology as the European ice-age within which a great part of the European continent was covered with ice and thus made uninhabitable. Such regions as those in which the cave explorations of Southern France and Spain have been undertaken, must have been oases. Amid the wide ice fields men must have dwelt: a relatively rich nature must have existed and a civilization have evolved.
Thus are we led back even to-day into very ancient times of European life. And here, what external investigation can furnish joins on to what Spiritual Science has to say. Spiritual Science can indeed only proceed from what the developed soul powers of man can fathom, what can result from imagination and inspiration; it can speak of what can be consciously per-ceived inwardly. One can say in referring to what external history can investigate: Spiritual Science can in reality only fathom more or less the spiritual part of evolution, least of all that which has occurred in external nature. However, through spiritual investigation one can go back to those epochs which have seen man and his environment in quite different relations to those of the European ice-age.
It will be the task of these lectures to go back to those ancient times when man lived under quite different relationships and in quite different regions of the earth than later; but a feeling ought to be evoked regarding how justified it is to point to a supersensible cognition which traces back the history of human evolution into early times.
If anyone whose soul life, deepened through the view and feeling gained from spiritual science, approaches what outer history gives, he can have experience of the evolutionary path of civilized man. One can admit from the point of view of external anthropology and geology and history, that if one goes back ten to fifteen thousand years one finds quite another kind of life than that of modern civilized Europe. One can admit that in this epoch, during the last ten to fifteen thousand years, the evolution of European, Asiatic and eventually also of ancient American humanity takes place.
But what lies in documents must be illumined in a special manner by spiritual science. One must of course say that out of such considerations as I discussed by way of introduction, if one has acquired the possibility of going back from the present into earlier soul-moods one can then perceive correctly that which exists side by side.
In relation to antiquity, attention must be given first of all to the region of India. What is still there to-day as an extraordinary acute method of interpreting the world leads back to the times of the mighty Indian philosophy in which the Vedas had birth. But even if we let the Vedas, the Vedanta philosophy, the Yoga philosophy of India affect us we feel that in order to understand what, in its after effects, still exists beside us on Earth, we feel that we must go back into very early times indeed. If we compare it with, for example, our European method of thinking logically or with the Greek method of building up thoughts, we then find that the European culture of to-day, when compared with the Indian, appears like a descendant, like a grandchild, a child living beside his father and contemporary with him. Indian culture stands there reflecting very early times, but it has become old. In its old age condition one can still fathom what was revealed in ancient times as the highest spirituality, but one only sees it in decadence, in its old age. One sees it as one can see in the child certain early conditions of its father but these are changed because the conditions are experienced in a later date. Think of a man, for example, who was a child in the ninetieth year of the nineteenth century and then turn from him to his father or grandfather. The grandfather was a child in the fortieth or fiftieth year of the nineteenth century but he went through childhood in different conditions to those of the ninetieth year. The child of the latter time knows quite different things to what his grandfather knew with his naïve childhood in the fortieth year. If one acquire this kind of insight into the development of peoples, the present European civilization or even that of Greece appears, so far as we can penetrate into them, as if born late compared with what was born earlier in India or what to-day we find ancient in it. If we can sense this India which has grown old, which was already old at the time of the Vedas and Vedanta philosophy, if we can penetrate this in our mood of soul trained through spiritual science in order to see the earlier from out of the later just as one sees the childhood in a man who has become old, then we can arrive at a perception of primaeval India. But then we must realize that this primaeval India was without doubt a civilization fundamentally different from our own. It must have been absolutely permeated by the spirit and have comprehended man in a special, spiritual way. And if one observes the manifold character of what we find in India, the Veda poems with their imagery which remains however in a fluidic element, the acute Vedanta philosophy, the fervent Yoga philosophy, one must say that in the course of time civilization must have mingled with civilization there; that once upon a time a primaeval civilization of a thoroughly spiritual kind must have existed there.
Then something less spiritual was drawn over this, something which found its expression in the Vedas. What appears in the fervent Yoga philosophy was then founded. It was impossible that all these could have arisen out of one race. Different peoples with different capacities have intermingled. The one brought the teachings of Yoga, the other the Veda poems. These peoples already found a primeval India which they absorbed and from which they took what was ripe and old and had withered in man. The incoming race came with fresh blood; they fashioned that which men in decadence could develop no further. And so it went on.
In this way the present condition gradually arose and one is not far wrong in comparing this primaeval Indian culture with those remnants which exist in the regions where modern civilization has developed. We can compare with the men of primaeval India those who painted the extraordinary pictures in the west of Europe, the lines of which make such a deep impression on us. When we look at these pictures, if we can lose ourselves in what the human soul experienced while producing these pictures, we must say: certainly, something very primitive is contained here, often something like that which modern precocious children paint; but yet there is something else. We see from these pictures how men lived with a love for outer nature and we see that these pictures were painted from out of deep inner impulses. We see that they were painted by men who did not first analyse with the eye so as to decide how they should draw lines or place colours but who fashioned and painted from out of their inner experience what was deeply rooted in their love.
If one compares this with what was founded in the civilization of primeval India, one finds a relationship.
In Western Europe the development is primitive and it remains primitive; over in Southern Asia it evolves further and further because it is continually fructified by other races and it develops right on to the Vedanta philosophy. If I had brought these facts forward, as I have often done, in a spiritual scientific way you would then see that one can approach the matter concretely but quite differently. I now present them as they appear to the spiritual scientist when he takes external documents into consideration. But one cannot approach these matters, as customary to-day, with crude ideas acquired from a crude natural scientific observation. Our ideas must be pliable and plastic, as you will see from the considerations I will now place before you. Naturally one cannot show the connection between the cave civilization of Western Europe and the Indian as one proves the similarity of triangles, but the certainty we attain is not little if we only penetrate these things and if we adopt that soul-mood to which attention has been drawn.
He who deepens his soul life—from this point of view in the wonderful ideas of the Vedanta philosophy, sees these transformed into an abstract spirit in the draughtsmanship of those paintings in the caves of Spain and Southern France. It does not appear striking, therefore, even from external investigation, that spiritual science explains how a common primaeval race, which must be sought for in the eighth pre-Christian millennium, gradually spread over the inhabitable regions of Europe, Africa and Asia and developed according to the different relationships of life. This ancient civilization within which man lived united to outer nature, showed itself in its most gifted form in ancient India. Here was revealed what comes to expression otherwise in a primitive way only.
There was developed also farther that which has astounded people, for instance in the culture of Crete. This arose in the east of Europe. In India it developed as the primaeval Indian culture, and progressed further and further, remaining capable of life even in its old age. It passed through its blossom in that epoch when the Vedas, the Vedanta philosophy and other philosophical methods of thought arose. A great many things intermingled in this India which developed at different times but which are there to-day side by side.
If we attend particularly to primeval Indian civilization we must say that everything points to a humanity with a soul mood into which we cannot enter through external means.
I have said that one can press forward to Imaginative Cognition. If one does this consciously one gets an idea of what such men experienced, not consciously yet but instinctively like the ancient Chaldeans or the later Egyptians. Their mood of soul was absolutely different from that of modern men.
Through this advance in Imaginative Cognition man himself becomes a picture; he blends with this picture and thus lives into the 'becoming' (das Werden) of the world. Thus did the Chaldeans for example, live in the 'becoming.' But on the other hand one learns to know also when to rise to Inspiration, how to overcome the separation between the inwardly subjective and the outwardly objective; to feel at one with the cosmic all, to so feel one's being in the Cosmos that one can say: What announces itself through me is the voice, the speech of the Cosmos itself. I only give myself to it in order to be an organ in the Cosmos and to let the world reveal itself through me. We can reach this state consciously in Inspiration.
The Egyptian lived in it instinctively in a late stage. This leads us back to times from out of which a relatively good document obtains in Chinese civilization. What is usually described as such is a late product, but just as in India ancient stages, child stages reveal themselves so are revealed in China primaeval stages of civilization. We can feel how an instinctive Inspiration lives in the Chinese civilization. Through spiritual science we obtain to-day a conscious Inspiration, in China it was more or less instinctive; which means that its results exist as a background in what is imparted to-day in Chinese literature. We are led back to a view of man which presents him as a member of the entire Cosmos.
Just as we speak to-day of a three-fold man, the head man, the member man, and the rhythmic man, and fathom his being in its full depths through Inspiration, in the same way the ancestors of the Chinese civilization once lived in an inspired knowledge of something similar. This however did not relate itself to man because man was only a member of the entire Cosmos but it related itself directly to the Cosmos. Just as we feel conscious of our head, the Chinese felt what he called 'Yang.' If we wish to contemplate our head especially we cannot look at it, we can at most see the tip of our nose if we turn our eyes that way. As we can see the surface portions of our organism when we regard ourselves outwardly but are only conscious of our head to a certain extent in our mind, in the same way the Chinese was conscious of something which he called Yang. And by this Yang he conceived what was to be found above, what spread itself out spiritually; the heavenly, the shining, the producing, the active, the giving. And he did not distinguish himself from what he knew as his head, from this Yang.
Again, as we distinguish man from his environment when we feel the 'member-man' placing us in activity and connecting us with our environment, similarly the Chinese speak of 'Yin,' and in this he points to what is dark, what is earthy, receptive, and so on.
We say to-day that in our limb and digestive system we take up external substances, uniting these through this system with our own being, and we take up the senses-thought element through our head organization, but between these two stands everything which maintains rhythm of breath; the rhythm of blood brings this about. As we feel and cognize man, in the same way the Chinese once saw the whole Cosmos: above the creative, illumining, heavenly; below the earthy, dark, receptive; and the equilibrium between the two, that which forms a rhythm between heaven and earth, that he felt when the clouds appeared in the sky, when the rain fell and when it evaporated, when the plants grew out of the earth towards the heavens. In all this he felt the rhythm of above and below and he called this 'Tao.' Thus he had a view of that with which he grew. It presented itself to him in this three-fold way. But he did not distinguish himself from all this.
This view meets us transformed in Western Asia. What is transmitted to us as a primaeval civilization from the region of Persia, what shows itself in China, this must have once undergone a quite different development, metamorphosed into what is given as the opposition between Ahura Mazdao and Ahriman; Ahura Mazdao the illuminating, radiating God of Light and the dark, gloomy Ahriman, between whom the world is represented as running its course.
The early Indian could not yet distinguish the higher from the lower, heaven from earth, and this is the difference between what was early Indian and what in China was metamorphosed entirely and can be found as the basis for many civilizations in further Asia that I have named the early Persian in my book Occult Science. As yet no difference was spoken about between what was subjective and inward in men and what was outward and objective. In the outer world no distinction was made between what is light spiritually and what inclines to be more bodily dark, while in later times, in the early Persian epoch, the two were distinguished from each other. The interchange of activity between the two was thought of as being brought about through Tao or through some rhythmic equilibrium.
What is it that now took place? Why did men forsake the old standpoint so that they could no longer distinguish the spiritually light from the physically dark and for what reason did they go over to the conception of so opposite an idea as that of polarity or duality?
When we realize what is to be found in documents and when we let the feeling which lies in these documents and in their tradition act upon our souls, we come to the knowledge that in those olden times men played little part in the outer world. They lived mostly, from our own correct point of view, on a high spiritual plane, but on the other hand also, in animal innocence. For everything that they experienced in relation to the universe was instinctive. Later on this was thought of as being the out-breathing of Brahma.
All this was only possible to men who did not take part and work actively in outer nature, but who entered into nature, one might say, as does an animal, as a bird that takes what nature offers for nourishment without first working for it; fetching it merely by flight. These men therefore lived in full harmony with all the kingdoms of nature and extended their love over them all.
When with full human understanding we place ourselves within all existence we realize directly that what was love of animals and plants in the Indian-oriental view of life has arisen out of the great all-love' that does not harm any being and therefore has not yet attained to the fully awakened human consciousness in which men lived in later days. They lived in an atmosphere of spirituality which was instinctive but was higher than that of the Greeks or of the spirituality of today. They lived blameless in nature: they did not kill, they even regarded the plants on which they lived in such a way that they did not sow them but took only those that grew wild.
In such a way one looks back upon the peopling of the southern Asiatic regions thousands of centuries ago.
Later there awoke in men the consciousness of the radical difference between the higher and lower, a consciousness of the spiritual which man cannot alter, which is above the physical upon which he can work and to which he can devote himself.
About the beginning of the 6th or 5th millennium B.C. a change takes place—one can trace it in decadent remnants—in which what surrounded men and what they could alter is looked upon differently and as something over which they could exercise lordship. They begin to tame animals, they make domestic animals out of wild animals, and they become agriculturists.
From the 7th or 6th millennium B.C. is the time of great radical change when men begin to work upon Nature and thus distinguish Nature from that which is radiant and shines upon what they could affect and what can gain form through humanity. But it is not only men that can give form to things: men can make instruments, a primitive axe was the instrument that preceded the plough—probably it was woman who first pursued agriculture—they ploughed the ground by hand, and sowed. But just as man saw that the earth could gain form through him he saw also that it was not through him that in spring the earth is decked out with plants and that in autumn the plants disappear. And therefore as the earth can acquire form through man, form also comes from what illumines him from out of surrounding space, and he comes to the distinguishing of light and darkness, spirit and matter.
All this developed in such a way that men first learnt to distinguish themselves from the outer world through labouring on the land and being agriculturists and through breeding cattle. We can see in later Persian culture how everything depended on agriculture. We can see the connexion of this with what is expressed in the Avesta and we can recognize the progress from the early Indian civilization. But this develops in such a way that man does not as yet know himself as a Self. Humanity identifies itself with the external world. Men on the whole are entirely instinctively inspirational and they pass from instinctive inspiration to an understanding of the soul life which in after times, in the beginning of the third millennium, appears as the Chaldean imaginative civilization of which we can say that men have progressed so far that they not only distinguish the higher from the lower but that they occupy themselves with the stars; that they invent instruments, water-timepieces, etc. If however we study the Chaldeans we will find everywhere how strongly mankind lives in the outer world and that it is difficult for an inner life to be acquired.
In Egypt we see something different. We see the Chaldean arising later than the Egyptian. We can follow the Egyptian back to the time in which we can also set the early Persian civilization with its metamorphosing of the Chinese culture, to the time when the higher and the lower were differentiated. But we can see, just in the beginning of the third millennium B.C., a mighty and radical change within the culture of Egypt. Just as we saw a similar radical change when taming animals and agriculture began, so do we see in the third millennium a still more extensive change. We come upon it in this way. We see how in Egypt the building of pyramids developed in a later period. We can also follow Egyptian culture historically to-day further back than the pyramids. These begin in the third millennium. Egyptian civilization reaches back to the time of Menes before this century. The mighty pyramids were not built then. At the same time that the pyramids were built we see something arising in Egypt which points in a conspicuous way to the fact that the Egyptians experienced intensely an inward development of consciousness. In order to build these pyramids powerful instruments must without doubt have existed. Such instruments could have only arisen through some kind of metal work and this working with metals implies a certain knowledge of the inner nature of metal . We see what was later named chemical knowledge arising in a primitive form with the Egyptians, in other words, we see how men began to make their inner nature strongly active and how they did not yet know that this inner nature was there.
How mankind became aware of this inner nature and its strength can best be recognized by us when we examine from a definite point of view the highly developed Egyptian art of healing. It is quite different from our own medical science. For the illnesses existing in Egypt there were specialists, eye specialists in particular. The healers there made use of the so called Temple sleep. The sick were brought to the Temple and put into a kind of sleep during which they entered a sort of dream condition. What they then remembered was studied in its pictorial characteristics by priests who were versed in such things. These priests found out what taught them pathology through the inner dramatic course of the dreams, through the character of the pictures, whether they were dark on light or dark following light and so on. From another side they discovered indications for remedies in the particular configuration of the dreams. Through observation of what men experienced inwardly and what in dream pictures presented itself to the inner sight, the inward bodily condition of human beings was studied in Egypt.
We see this occurring parallel with what was developing in Chaldea. There men lived more in an external outlook. They invented instruments, their wonderful water clocks for instance evolved from the pictorial character of their souls. They were so immersed in the pictorial element that they looked upon time as transmutable pictures. This picture making element was like an outward one in which they lived. With the Egyptian this element was grasped inwardly, it was so taken that they studied it in dream form. We see here an epoch when men did not feel themselves merely as members of the universe but in which they raised themselves out of the world and individualized themselves in these two ways in the Chaldean and the Egyptian. And we see an evolution in the arising of the pictorial observation of instinctive imagination. In a twofold way this meets us, the one in Chaldea, the other in Egypt. And in the beginning of the building of the pyramid, which in its measurements and geometric relations rests on a perception of proportions in the development of man, on the development of inner forces and on the experiencing of these forces, we see a third epoch of culture in which instinctive imagination gives a definite tint to the evolution of man.
And we see how in this time the social conditions became the natural result of what arose as soul conditions. If we study the social conditions of primeval India we will find that men lived in peace together.
We see in primaeval Persia how a warlike element existed, since there it was that men took up the fight with Nature, and we see how this warlike instinct went over into their imagination. And since they were possessed inwardly, since this instinctive inward possession of men in relation to themselves can only be what is emotional and of the will, those impulses for power showed themselves in the grotesque and great pyramids which are resting places for the dead and at the same time serve as testimonies of the outer power of those who ruled. We see how consciousness of power wells up but also how other folk mix with them bringing new blood into what existed as imaginative, instinctive, in the social conditions also. We see how such stock come more from out of central Asia and mix with the others. What they bring belongs to what is a feeling of 'themselves-now-men,' distinct from their environment.
In Egypt there arose in a definite period what made the Egyptian realize himself as a godlike human being: he felt his self-consciousness so strongly that he looked upon all other people as barbarians and as human only those people who could live in inner pictures. One can see thus arising an intensified value of self-consciousness which runs parallel with an event belonging to this spiritual condition.
If we study the laws of Hammurabi we find that the horse is not yet included among the domesticated animals. It came into civilized life, however, very soon after. Hammurabi speaks of the ass and the ox and soon after his time the horse is named in documents the 'mountain ass.' It was so called because it was brought over from the mountainous East. Races that had penetrated into Chaldea brought the horse with them and with this a war-like element appeared. We see the war-like element, born in olden times, developed further when the horse is tamed and added to the other tamed animals. This also is connected with a certain condition of the soul. One can say that up to this period man had not mounted a horse and strengthened his individuality to a certain extent through fettering the horse to his own movement. The point of development in which he now was awake expressed itself as the pictorial perception of the Chaldean and as the inner dreamlike life of the Egyptian. In this way the external relations of human evolution are intimately connected with the metamorphosis of the soul in the succeeding epochs: on one side the building of the pyramids, on the other the taming of the horse. Regarded externally they express the third epoch of culture, the Chaldean-Egyptian; and these are intimately connected with the arising of the instinctive-imaginative life.
The highly developed civilisation of Egypt at the period in which the pyramids were built expressed itself in a dreamlike imagination. It came to a close relatively early.
We see the first dawn at the beginning of the third millennium. After it had begun to decline its soul mood lived on in Asia, progressing through Western Asia, Asia Minor and over to the European continent. It is clearly perceptible in what comes over from Asia Minor from the older Greek civilization and is still perceptible in the Homeric poems and in their outlook on the world. But in the approach to these Homeric poems we come upon a radical transformation. What lies at their base as a world outlook shows imaginative ideas throughout and also the perception of man which is pictorial.
In order to understand Homer's own peculiar method, one must see plastically with the inner eye of the soul when, apart from the fact that he speaks in pictures that can be seen outwardly of an Achilles or a Hector, he points out the pictorial element, as for example, 'the quick footed Achilles, Hector the hero with the waving crest.' In the whole nature of Homer we see something that is Chaldean.
This becomes different as the Greek civilisation develops which we find with Aeschylus and Sophocles and in the Greek sculpture. We can distinguish this from what is older because we realise how strong was the impulse in Greece to understand man in his own actual human nature.
If we look at the Chaldeans we see how the plastic perception appeared there in images and we see it especially in one of those races which were near to the Chaldeans locally, the Sumerians. We see how this race tends like the Egyptian towards the outward aspect of humanity. We find among the Greeks in drama and also where drama is led over into the domain of sculpture, how man is to be understood in his outward aspect. This was strongly felt by the man of the third epoch in his expression of deep, instinctive forces. This happened in Egypt during the building of the pyramids when, in their structure, men allowed their forces to grow into gigantic proportions; and in certain races of Asia who lived in an especially warlike way and placed themselves on horseback and felt themselves one with the horse.
The Greek then proceeded to say: 'I do not require external means, all human forces lie within my skin.' And he fashioned plastically those forms of men, perfect in themselves, which take everything into themselves which a previous epoch had to seek through an external embodiment. This entire immersion of oneself, this entire living in what is human and this seeking for the sublime in man, this we find expressed in the Greek spirit. And we meet it later in another form in Rome if we call to mind the passing through the Forum of the Emperor or some other figures in the Roman toga. We can see even to-day how in a much more abstract way than in Greece there was this fashioning of men with the highest forces felt within their bodies.
In the sixth pre-Christian century a new epoch begins; the Homeric age being still earlier. This age which now begins develops especially strong and powerful in Greece where it increases in splendour for about four centuries and then meets with a downfall.
Then Christianity arises. When the Greek had his Zeus statue before him he still felt something fully living there, but when the Roman regarded his statues he saw fundamentally only an abstract idea. This abstraction be came more and more pronounced and even in the fourth post-Christian century when the Senators entered the Roman Senate Hall each one threw a grain of incense into the glowing flame which burned in front of the statue of Victory, before he took his seat as Senator. We see how that which was felt in Greece as the fulness of life in the statues of Zeus, Athene and Apollo is still felt in the statue though in a merely abstract thought form, which was however real. There was still something like the magic weaving of divine forces themselves in the Zeus and Athene statues.
We then see how the Christian Emperor Constantine had this statue removed out of the Senate Hall because he thought it had lost all meaning in the sight of Christianity. And we see how Julian the Apostate once again absorbs himself in the fully human view of the fourth epoch, bringing back again the statue of Victory to the Senate Hall; how he causes the ancient ceremonies to be enacted again by the Senators but how he can no more renew the old and how he succumbs as a consequence. For the arrow which struck him down was the arrow of a murderer hired by his enemies.
And out of all this the epoch develops which I shall have to characterize further, the epoch in which men occupy themselves with inner spirituality, with intellectuality, with the power of understanding. This develops in its own special way through the Middle Ages where the intellect was thought about as we find it in Scholasticism where men fought over Nominalism and Realism.
In the 15th century a quite different spirit leads over to the age of Natural Science. In the beginning this spirit was specially strongly developed in Galileo and Copernicus who brought about the great progress in human consciousness which might be called 'interiorization' as compared with Greek consciousness. It may be so called in spite of having developed during the 18th century into that materialism which in the 19th century revealed so much with regard to external nature.
To-day we stand at a great turning point. I do not want to bring forward epoch fantasies like those of Spengler but I wish to say something different. In the beginning of the Egyptian age we see the first stage of human understanding arising, how the age of the pyramids began and how this stage was announced through other symptoms. We see how the next stage begins in the eighth pre-Christian century, how it develops in Greece and in Rome in the soul mood which understands 'man as man,' how this age comes to an end and the 'interiorization' of the intellect begins in the fifteenth century.
Thus we look back upon three great turning points: the point where the Egyptian-Chaldean epoch begins, we see how the Greek-Latin period begins and we see how that age arose which inaugurated Natural Science. In this last something again is introduced as was the case with the pyramids, something representing the special penetration of human evolution with what is new.
The Romans could not uphold what was to the Greeks full of life; they could only carry out that abstraction and intellectuality which died in the lifeless Latin language. We must take heed of all this to-day because we have more consciousness than the Greeks. And from out of our consciousness we must take heed that we prevent from within that destruction which came upon Greece and which stands as a fearful example before us. We must learn from history in such a way that it will not happen to us as it has happened to men who were weak because they depended upon what was outward. We must conquer what could not be conquered in earlier ages. And when it is said that one must learn from history, we must do this in such a way that we steel ourselves and become attentive to what ancient times can teach us so that we not only learn to avoid those mistakes made by individuals but also what should be named the necessary omissions in human evolution. What threatens to come upon humanity today as it happened in the past must be overcome. We have got to transcend a great crisis. And we can only understand the nature of this present crisis if we understand it in the light of a deep comprehension of human evolution. Together with this we will understand how a spiritual Science arises from out of Natural Science. This can only be understood through being able to grasp it from out of the entire spirit of human evolution.
Die Naturwissenschaft und die weltgeschichtliche Entwickelung der Menschheit seit dem Altertum II
Wenn man sich eine Überzeugung darüber verschaffen will, was Naturwissenschaft in dem neueren Sinn des Wortes für die ganze Menschheitsentwickelung bedeutet, muß man bis zu den Quellen der gegenwärtigen Zivilisation zurückgehen. Diese muß man, wie man wohl schon aus der gebräuchlichen geschichtlichen und naturwissenschaftlichen Betrachtung heraus ersehen kann, in der Zeit sehr weit zurückliegend denken. Aber erst dann, wenn man die Entwickelung des Menschen, das allmähliche Heraufkommen seiner besonderen Fähigkeiten in dem ganzen neueren Zeitalter ins Auge faßt, kann man sehen, wie die Fähigkeiten aus den Tiefen der menschlichen Seele sich heraufringen, die zur gegenwärtigen Naturbetrachtung und zur Anwendung dieser Naturbetrachtung in der Technik und im Leben führen.
Nun liegt, wenn man zunächst sich in die gegenwärtige Wissenschaftsart eingefühlt hat, eine gewisse Schwierigkeit vor, sich die ganze neuere weltgeschichtliche Epoche in ihrem Wesen vor die Seele zu führen.
Wir haben gestern versucht, einleitungsweise auszugehen von der Gegenwart - natürlich im weiteren Sinne, indem man Herder, Goethe zu dieser Gegenwart dazurechnet - und gewisse Strömungen aufzusuchen, welche in ältere Zeiten zurückführen. Wir haben gesehen, wie die eine der beiden Geistesströmungen, die in Goethe so charakteristisch vorhanden sind, zurückführte in die ägyptische, die andere in die chaldäische Anschauung. Wir haben uns zurückversetzt in vorchristliche Zeiten, und wir haben charakteristische Unterschiede hervorgehoben zwischen der ganzen Art der Seelenverfassung der in Vorderasien lebenden chaldäischen Völker, die man zurückverfolgen kann bis etwa in den Beginn des 3. vorchristlichen Jahrtausends, und derjenigen der Ägypter, die noch weiter zurück, auch äußerlich historisch, betrachtet werden können.
Wir haben gesehen, wie bei den Chaldäern eine Anschauung vorhanden ist, die mehr in der Außenwelt lebt, bei der sich der menschliche Sinn sozusagen an die Außenwelt so weit verliert, daß selbst die Zeit elastisch wird. Diese Seelenverfassung macht notwendig, die Tagesstunden im Sommer als länger anzusehen als im Winter, während bei den Ägyptern durch Jahrhunderte hindurch die Jahreseinteilung streng so festgehalten wird, wie es sich gewissermaßen aus einer Art von Rechnung heraus, nicht aus der Erfassung der äußeren Ereignisse, ergibt. Man nimmt das Jahr zu 365 Tagen an, setzt also stets zu 365 Tagen 365 weitere hinzu, und merkt nicht, daß man eigentlich dadurch nicht mehr zusammentrifft mit dem draußen in der Sinneswelt sich darstellenden Jahresverlauf, sondern indem man das Jahr kürzer nimmt, als es ist, und einfach rechnet, man in Widerspruch kommt mit demjenigen, was man eigentlich in der Außenwelt wahrnimmt.
Das zeigte einen bedeutsamen Unterschied in der Seelenverfassung zweier Völker, die miteinander in Handels- und geistigem Verkehr gestanden haben, also sich äußerlich nahestanden. Richtig würdigen wird man einen solchen Unterschied aber nur, wenn man sich weiter beobachtend auf die Ursprünge der menschlichen Zivilisation einläßt. Das wird dadurch erschwert, daß die Kulturen, die sich zeitlich nacheinander entwickelt haben, heute räumlich nebeneinander in verschiedenen Entwickelungsphasen durcheinandergemischt sind. Wenn heute der Europäer oder der Amerikaner, der aus seinem Materialismus heraus zu geistigeren Vorstellungen von dem Menschenwesen kommen will, sich zu der heutigen indischen Kultur hinwendet, so findet er innerhalb dieser indischen Kultur eine hochentwickelte Geistigkeit, einen von scharfsinnigen Verstandesbegriffen durchzogenen Mystizismus. Er findet innerhalb der Weltanschauung, die ihm da entgegentritt, durchaus nichts von dem, was er innerhalb der abendländischen oder amerikanischen Zivilisation als naturwissenschaftliche Weltanschauung kennengelernt hat. Wenn er die Sehnsucht empfindet, über den Menschen selbst etwas zu erfahren, was ihm die heutige Wissenschaft nicht geben kann, und wenn er sich nicht darauf einläßt, dasjenige in Berücksichtigung zu ziehen, was eine neuere Geisteswissenschaft über diesen Menschen zu geben weiß, so wird er sich vertiefen wollen in die geistige Weltanschauung des heutigen Indien oder wenigstens desjenigen, das aus verhältnismäßig nicht langvergangener Vorzeit sich erhalten hat.
Wer aber etwas ausgerüstet mit den Erkenntnissen der hier gemeinten Geisteswissenschaft ist und so an diese indische Weltanschauung herangeht, der wird finden, daß aus demjenigen, was in ihr heute vorhanden ist und das aus einer mehr oder weniger weit zurückliegenden Vergangenheit sich historisch erhalten hat, etwas spricht, was nicht mehr ganz offenbar ist, sondern wie ein Untergrund sich ausnimmt, wie etwas, das, aus dunklen Tiefen heraufkommend, darinnen spielt. Es spielt darinnen selbst in der Sprache, aber namentlich in der Vorstellungs- und Bilderwelt und muß als etwas beurteilt werden, das viele Umgestaltungen durchgemacht haben muß, bevor es die heutige Gestalt angenommen hat. Was im heutigen Indien vorhanden ist, hat erst in den allerletzten Zeiten seine Ausgestaltung erhalten, es trägt aber Elemente in sich, die uralt sind, die Jahrtausende gebraucht haben, um so zu dem zu erwachsen, zu dem sie ausgewachsen sind.
Geht man an andere Kulturen, sagen wir mehr vorderasiatische oder die chinesische heran, dann findet man, daß da ein Ähnliches der Fall ist, aber man bekommt das Gefühl, so weit brauche man da nicht zurückzugehen, um das Gegenwärtige zu verstehen, wie in Indien. Und betrachtet man das ägyptische Leben, wie es sich abspielt etwa seit dem Beginne des 3. vorchristlichen Jahrtausends, dann hat man das Gefühl, dasjenige, was historisch in den Dokumenten enthalten ist, das nimmt sich so aus, daß man nötig hat, sich gefühlsmäßig in älteste Zeiten hineinzuversetzen, wie wir das gestern zum Beispiel versucht haben; aber man findet auch, daß da mit einer Art von Treue sich das Alte erhalten hat, so daß sein Tiefgründigstes auch im Späteren sichtbar ist, während in Indien das Tiefste im Anfange seiner Entwickelung gesucht werden muß.
In einer ähnlichen Weise verhält es sich dann bei der griechischen und bei unserer eigenen Kultur, die, wie wir sehen werden, etwa mit dem 15. Jahrhundert beginnt. Da nimmt sich ja die Sache so aus, daß zwar für den Tieferblickenden durchaus uralte Elemente sich fortgepflanzt haben, daß diese aber für das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein kaum bemerkbar sind. Wir werden in den folgenden Betrachtungen sehen, wie innerhalb der europäischen und amerikanischen Kultur diese alten Elemente zu entdecken sind.
Man möchte sagen, das naturwissenschaftliche Element, das in die neuere Zivilisation eingezogen ist, hat scheinbar so gründlich aufgeräumt mit dem, was alt war, daß dieses Alte eben nur mehr durch ganz bestimmte Methoden zu ergründen ist. Es ist aber doch noch da. So sind auf der Erde nebeneinander Kulturen verschiedenen Alters vorhanden. Man muß sehr, sehr weit zurückgehen, wenn man die heutige indische Kultur verstehen will; man braucht nur weniger weit zurückzugehen, um die vorderasiatische Kultur und deren Literaturen zu verstehen, weniger weit, um die ägyptische, noch weniger, um die griechisch-römische Kultur und so weiter zu verstehen. Man kann fast ganz in der Gegenwart bleiben, will man die europäische und amerikanische Gegenwartskultur verstehen.
Dasjenige, was sich im Laufe der Zeiten nacheinander entwickelt hat, das steht nebeneinander für uns da; und dasjenige, was so nebeneinander dasteht, hat in Wirklichkeit verschiedenes Alter, wenigstens zunächst für den äußeren Anschein, so daß sich das Räumliche mit dem Zeitlichen vermischt und man erst, ich möchte sagen, vom Gegenwartsstandpunkte aus die Methoden finden muß, um zu sehen, von welchen gegenwärtigen Kulturen man in die uralten Zeiten zurückgehen kann, von welchen man den Zugang zu diesen schwer und höchstens auf Umwegen findet.
Nun schließt sich ja, wie Sie wissen - und wir haben gestern gesehen, in welch äußerlicher Weise das oftmals der Fall ist -, die naturwissenschaftliche Betrachtung, die sogenannte anthropologische oder geologische Betrachtung an dasjenige nach vorne an, was die Historie bietet. Wir werden heute schon von der äußeren anthropologischen Forschung zurückgeführt in sehr frühe europäische Zeiten. Allerdings, wie sich das für die asiatischen Menschen ausnimmt, davon ist noch wenig die Rede, aber für die europäische Entwickelung werden wir zurückgeführt in alte Zeiten. Sie wissen ja, daß die durch die Geologie bereicherte Anthropologie und Geschichte heute davon sprechen, daß die älteste Bevölkerung Europas, deren wahrhaft künstlerische Überreste sich in gewissen Höhlenfunden Spaniens und Südfrankreichs gefunden haben, um Jahrtausende zurückliegen muß; daß wir in den merkwürdigen Malereien, die sich durch diese Höhlenfunde gezeigt haben, darauf aufmerksam werden, wie in ururalten Zeiten Menschen in Europa mit einer gewissen Kultur schon gelebt haben müssen, sogar vor jenen bedeutsamen Ereignissen, von denen Anthropologie und Geologie sprechen als von der europäischen Eiszeit, innerhalb welcher ein großer Teil des europäischen Kontinents mit Eis bedeckt war, so daß er unbewohnbar war. Solche Gegenden wie diejenigen, in denen sich die Höhlenfunde Südfrankreichs und Spaniens gefunden haben, sie müssen Oasen gewesen sein. In der weiten Vereisung, da müssen Menschen gewohnt haben, da muß eine verhältnismäßig reiche Natur gewesen sein und sich eine Kultur entwickelt haben.
So werden wir heute schon zurückgeführt in sehr alte Zeiten des europäischen Zivilisationslebens. Und hier schließt sich gewissermaßen zusammen dasjenige, was äußere Forschung bieten kann, mit demjenigen, was Geisteswissenschaft zu sagen hat. Geisteswissenschaft kann ja nur ausgehen von demjenigen, was die entwickelten Seelenfähigkeiten des Menschen ergründen können, was sich durch Imagination, Inspiration ergeben kann; sie kann von demjenigen sprechen, was innerlich bewußt geschaut werden kann. Da kann man sagen, in bezug auf dasjenige, was durch die äußere Geschichte erforscht werden kann, kann eigentlich durch Geistesforschung nur der geistige Teil der Entwickelung mehr oder weniger ergründet werden, weniger dasjenige, was sich in der äußeren Natur zugetragen hat. Durch diese Geistesforschung aber kann zurückgegangen werden bis zu denjenigen Zeiten, welche den Menschen und seine Umwelt noch in ganz anderen Verhältnissen gesehen haben als denjenigen zur Zeit der europäischen Vereisung.
Es wird weniger die Aufgabe gerade dieser Vorträge sein, zurückzuweisen in solche alten Zeiten, in denen der Mensch unter ganz anderen Verhältnissen und in ganz anderen Erdgebieten gelebt hat als später; aber es soll ein Gefühl davon hervorgerufen werden, wie berechtigt es ist, auf solche übersinnlichen Erkenntnisse hinzuweisen, die auch das Historische der Menschheitsentwickelung bis in frühe Zeiten zurückverfolgen können.
Jedenfalls aber, wenn wir vertieft mit jenem Blick und mit jener Empfindung, die aus Geisteswissenschaft gewonnen werden können, herantreten an dasjenige, was die äußere Geschichte gibt, so können wir etwas erfahren über den Entwickelungsgang der zivilisierten Menschheit. Das kann man vom Gesichtspunkte der äußeren Anthropologie und äußeren Geologie und Geschichte zugeben, daß, wenn man etwa um zehn bis fünfzehn Jahrtausende zurückgeht, eben eine ganz andere Art von Leben bestand als im heutigen zivilisierten Europa. Man kann zugeben, daß in diese Zeit, etwa in die letzten zehn- bis fünfzehntausend Jahre, die Entwickelung der europäischen, der asiatischen und im wesentlichen auch der alten amerikanischen Menschheit fällt.
Aber dasjenige, was an Dokumenten vorliegt, es muß eben in einer ganz besonderen, durch die Geisteswissenschaft zu gewinnenden Weise beleuchtet werden. Da muß man allerdings sagen: Hat man sich aus solchen Betrachtungen, wie ich sie gestern einleitungsweise gemacht habe, die Möglichkeit angeeignet, zurückzugehen von der Gegenwart in frühere Seelenverfassungen, dann kann man in einer gewissen Weise dasjenige, was jetzt nebeneinander lebt, in der richtigen Art anschauen in bezug auf seine Vorzeitlichkeit. Dann wird allerdings der Blick zuerst auf die indischen Gebiete gelenkt.
Dasjenige, was heute da noch lebt in einer merkwürdig scharfsinnigen Art, die Welt zu interpretieren, das führt zurück in diejenigen Zeiten, in denen die große, gewaltige indische Philosophie und in denen die Vedendichtungen entstanden sind. Aber auch wenn man die Vedendichtungen, die Vedantaphilosophie, die Yogaphilosophie der Inder auf sich wirken läßt, so empfindet man, daf3 man dasjenige, was da in seinen Nachwirkungen noch neben uns auf der Erde ist, um es zu verstehen, in sehr frühe Zeiten zurückverfolgen muß. Und vergleicht man es dann mit demjenigen, was sonst an Kultur vorhanden ist, sagen wir zum Beispiel mit unserer europäischen Art, logisch zu denken, oder mit der griechischen Art, die Gedanken auszubilden, dann findet man überall, daß die europäische Zivilisation von heute sich gegenüber der indischen ausnimmt wie ein Urenkelkind, ein Enkelkind, ein Kind, die neben dem Vater gleichzeitig leben. Es steht da das Indische wie in sehr frühe Zeiten zurückweisend, aber alt geworden. In dem Zustand, wie es sich als alt geworden darstellt, ergründet man noch dasjenige, was einmal in alten Zeiten als höchste Geistigkeit sich geoffenbart hat. Aber man sieht es eben in seiner Dekadenz, in seiner Greisenhaftigkeit, man sieht es so, wie man an dem Kinde sieht, wie es gewisse Zustände des Vaters auf einer früheren Stufe dieses Vaters darstellt, aber anders, weil es diese Zustände in späterer Zeit durchlebt. Denken Sie zum Beispiel an einen Menschen, der Kind war in den neunziger Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts, und blicken Sie von ihm zum Vater oder gar zum Großvater auf. Gewiß, der Großvater war Kind in den vierziger, fünfziger Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts; aber er hat die Kindheit in anderen Verhältnissen durchgemacht, als das Kind der neunziger Jahre; das wußte im Grunde schon ganz andere Dinge als der Großvater mit seiner naiven Kindlichkeit in den vierziger Jahren. Eignet man sich für so etwas im Völkerwerden einen Blick an, dann erscheinen eben gegenwärtige europäische Zivilisationen oder auch die griechische Zivilisation, soweit wir sie durchdringen können, wie spät geboren gegenüber dem, was früh geboren ist als Indisches, was aber uns heute schon in Greisenhaftigkeit entgegentritt. Können wir uns hineinfühlen in dieses heute greisenhaft gewordene Indische, in das im Grunde schon alt gewesene zur Zeit der Vedendichtungen, der Vedantaphilosophie? Haben wir aber eine durch Geisteswissenschaft anerzogene Seelenverfassung, um aus dem Späteren das Frühere zu erschauen, wie man aus dem alt gewordenen Menschen, weil man dafür einen Blick hat, auf die Kindheit schauen kann, dann kommt man allerdings zu einer Anschauung auch über das Urindische. Aber man sagt sich dann auch, dieses Urindische, es ist ganz zweifellos eine Art von Kultur gewesen, welche grundverschieden von der unsrigen ist. Diese Kultur muß ganz durch und durch geistig gewesen sein und muß den Menschen ganz besonders als Geistiges aufgefaßt haben. Und man sagt sich dann, wenn man die Mannigfaltigkeit desjenigen betrachtet, was gerade im Indischen einem entgegentritt, gegenüber der Vedendichtung mit ihrer Bildlichkeit, die aber im lyrischen Element bleibt, der scharfsinnigen Vedantaphilosophie, der inbrünstigen Yogaphilosophie: Da muß sich im Laufe der Zeit Kultur mit Kultur gemischt haben; da muß einfach einmal eine Urkultur dagewesen sein ganz geistiger Art. Dann aber muß darüber dasjenige gezogen sein, was schon weniger geistig war, und was dann seinen Niederschlag in der Vedendichtung gefunden hat. Dann muß sich niedergeschlagen haben dasjenige, was in der inbrünstigen Yogaphilosophie aufgetaucht ist. Unmöglich kann das alles aus einem Volk herausgekommen sein. Da haben sich Völker durcheinandergeschoben mit verschiedenen Anlagen. Das eine hat die Yogalehre, das andere die Vedendichtung gebracht. Diese Völkerschaften haben ein Urindisches schon vorgefunden, mit dem sie sich dann durchdrungen haben, dem sie dasjenige entnommen haben, was reif und alt war, aber in den Menschen abgestorben. Die eindringenden Völker kamen mit frischem Blute dazu; sie gestalteten dasjenige, was die Menschen, die in der Dekadenz waren, nicht weiter ausbilden konnten. Und so ging es weiter. So kam allmählich der gegenwärtige Zustand zustande; und man wird dann nicht mehr sehr weit davon sein, die uralte indische Kultur mit dem zu vergleichen, was als Überreste vorhanden ist in den Gegenden, in denen sich die heutige Zivilisation entwickelt hat. Man wird mit den Menschen Urindiens diejenigen Menschen vergleichen, die die merkwürdigen Bilder gemalt haben könnten, die sich da zeigen in Westeuropa, diese eigentümlichen Bilder in ihrer, ich möchte sagen, tiefen Eindruck machenden Linienführung. Wenn man diese Bilder sieht, wenn man sich in dasjenige hineinversetzen kann, was eine Menschenseele durchlebt, indem sie gerade solche Bilder ausführt, dann kommt man dazu, sich zu sagen: Ja, gewiß, in diesen Bildern ist etwas sehr Primitives enthalten, manchmal etwas, wie es begabte heutige Kinder malen; aber doch noch etwas anderes. Man sieht diesen Bildern an, wie die Menschen in einer gewissen Liebe zur äußeren Natur, die sie umgibt, gelebt haben; und man sieht, daß diese Bilder aus tiefen inneren Impulsen heraus gemalt sind; man sieht, ich möchte sagen, daß sie von Menschen gemalt sind, die nicht erst mit den Augen austüftelten, wie sie Linien zu führen haben, Farben zu setzen haben, sondern die aus ihren inneren Erlebnissen heraus dasjenige bilden, malen, was tief, ich möchte sagen, in ihrem Leibe saß.
Vergleicht man dieses mit dem, was sich abgesetzt hat in der urindischen Kultur, dann findet man dennoch eine Verwandtschaft. Im Westen Europas tritt die Sache primitiv auf, und es bleibt beim Primitiven zunächst; drüben in Asien, in Südasien, entwickelt sich es weiter und weiter, weil es immer befruchtet wird von anderen Volksstämmen; und es entwickelt sich herauf bis zu der Vedantaphilosophie. Würde ich diese Dinge geisteswissenschaftlich, wie ich es öfters getan habe, vortragen, so würden Sie sehen, daß man da noch mit einer ganz anderen Konkretheit an die Sache herantreten kann. Ich will aber zunächst heute die Sache so fassen, wie sie sich dem Geisteswissenschafter ergibt, wenn er auch Rücksicht nimmt auf die äußeren Dokumente. Aber so, wie man heute gewohnt ist, mit weitmaschigen Begriffen, die man sich anerzogen hat an der groben, naturwissenschaftlichen Betrachtung, an diese Dinge heranzugehen, kommt man an sie nicht heran. Man muß, um das zu erreichen, ich möchte sagen, seine Begriffe so beweglich machen, so plastisch, wie Sie das sehen werden an den Betrachtungen, die ich heute vor Ihnen anstellen will. Man kann natürlich nicht, wie man die Ähnlichkeit von Dreiecken beweist, den Zusammenhang zwischen der Höhlenkultur Westeuropas und der indischen Kultur zeigen, aber die Gewißheit ist darum nicht eine kleinere, wenn man nur sich einlassen will auf diese Dinge und wenn man eben auf die Seelenverfassung zurückgeht, auf die gestern aufmerksam gemacht worden ist.
Derjenige, der von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus sich in die Begriffe, in die wunderbaren Begriffe der Vedantaphilosophie vertieft, der sieht in ihnen gewissermaßen, ganz ins Abstrakt-Geistige umgesetzt, durchaus die Linienführung der Malereien in den Höhlen von Spanien und Südfrankreich. Und nicht auffällig wird es ihm daher sein, selbst aus der äußeren Forschung heraus, daß ihm die Geisteswissenschaft vorträgt, wie eine gemeinsame Urbevölkerung, die etwa gesucht werden muß im Anfange des 8. vorchristlichen Jahrtausends, die sich allmählich ausgebreitet hat über die bewohnbaren Gegenden Europas, Afrikas und Asiens und die je nach den verschiedenen Lebensverhältnissen diese alte Kultur, innerhalb welcher man ganz in der äußeren Natur noch drinnen lebte, ausgebildet hat, sich als am begabtesten erwiesen hat im alten Indien. Dort offenbart sich dasjenige, was sonst nur primitiv zum Ausdruck kommt. Dort hat sich das dann weiterentwickelt, was zum Beispiel als die Kultur von Kreta die Leute in solches Erstaunen gebracht hat. Diese entstand im Süden Europas. Drüben in Asien aber hat es sich als urindische Kultur entwickelt, ist immer weiter und weiter geschritten, ist sozusagen lebensfähig geblieben bis ins höchste Alter, hat aber eine Blüte durchgemacht in der Zeit, als die Veden, die Vedantaphilosophie entstanden sind und dann die Yogaphilosophie und andere philosophische Denkarten. Es ist sehr viel in diesem Indischen durcheinandergemischt, was zu verschiedenen Zeiten sich ausgebildet hat und was heute nebeneinanderlebt.
Sieht man auf dasjenige, was sich in der urindischen Kultur ankündigt, genauer hin, dann muß man sagen, es weist das alles auf einen Menschen mit einer Seelenverfassung, auf die man nicht durch äußere Mittel heute kommt.
Ich habe gestern davon gesprochen, daß man vordringen kann zum imaginativen Vorstellen, und wenn man dies bewußt tut, dann bekommt man auch einen Begriff von dem, was noch nicht bewußt, aber instinktiv solche Menschen erlebt haben wie die alten Chaldäer oder wie die späteren Ägypter. Ihre Seelenverfassung war eben eine durch und durch andere, als die der heutigen Menschen ist.
Durch das Aufgehen in diesen imaginativen Vorstellungen wird man selber zum Bilde, man verschmilzt mit der Bildlichkeit, und man lebt sich in das Werden ein. So haben zum Beispiel die Chaldäer im Werden gelebt. Aber auf der anderen Seite lernt man auch erkennen, indem man sich zur Inspiration erhebt, die Trennung zwischen dem Subjektiv-Inneren und dem äußeren Objektiven zu überwinden; man fühlt sich gewissermaßen eins mit dem Weltenall, man fühlt sich im Weltenall so drinnen, daß man sich sagt: Dasjenige, was sich durch dich ankündigt, das ist die Stimme, die Sprache des Weltenalls selber; du gibst dich nur dazu her, ein Glied im Weltenall zu sein und die Welt durch dich sich offenbaren zu lassen. - Heute können wir das bewußt in der Inspiration erreichen. Instinktiv lebten es die Ägypter in einem Spätstadium dar. Aber das führt uns weiter in Zeiten zurück, aus denen ein verhältnismäßig gutes Dokument ist dasjenige, was uns als chinesische Kultur entgegentritt. Dasjenige allerdings, was uns gewöhnlich als solche geschildert wird, das ist schon Spätprodukt, aber geradeso wie sich im Indischen alte Stufen, Kindheitsstufen offenbaren, so offenbaren sich im Chinesischen uralte Stufen der Zivilisation. Und wenn wir auf eine Vorstellung namentlich zurückgehen, fühlen wir so recht, wie in diesem Chinesentum eine instinktive Inspiration lebt. Wir erlangen heute durch geisteswissenschaftliche Methode eine bewußte Inspiration. Im Chinesischen lebt sich eine mehr oder weniger iinstinktive Inspiration aus, das heißt, deren Ergebnisse sind als Untergrund vorhanden in dem, was heute als chinesische Literatur übermittelt ist. Da werden wir zurückgeführt allerdings in eine menschliche Anschauung, durch die sich der Mensch als ein Glied des ganzen Weltenalls fühlt. Wie wir heute vom dreigliedrigen Menschen, dem Kopfmenschen, dem Gliedmaßenmenschen und in der Mitte dem rhythmischen Menschen, sprechen und deren Wesen in ihrer vollen Tiefe durch Inspiration ergründen, so lebte der Vorfahre des heutigen Chinesentums einmal in einer instinktiven inspirierten Erkenntnis von etwas Ähnlichem. Diese bezog sich aber nicht auf den Menschen, sondern, weil der Mensch nur ein Glied des ganzen Weltenalls war, bezog sie sich auf das ganze Weltenall. Wie wir unser Haupt empfinden, so empfand der Chinese dasjenige, was er Yang nannte. Wenn wir nämlich unser Haupt beschauen wollen, können wir uns ja gewöhnlich nicht sehen, höchstens sehen wir ein wenig die Nasenspitze, wenn wir die Augen darauf wenden. Wie wir die anderen oberflächlichen Teile unseres Organismus sehen können, wenn wir unser Äußeres anblicken, das Haupt aber gewissermaßen nur geistig bewußt ist, so war dem Chinesen bewußt etwas, was er Yang nannte. Und unter diesem Yang dachte er das oben Befindliche, das geistig sich Ausbreitende, das Himmlische, das Leuchtende, das Zeugende, das Aktive, das Gebende. Und er unterschied sich selbst nicht in bezug auf dasjenige, was in seinem Haupte lebte, von diesem Yang. Wie wir, die wir den Menschen unterscheiden von der Umwelt, den Gliedmaßenmenschen empfinden, den Menschen, der uns in Tätigkeit versetzt, uns mit unserer Umgebung zusammenführt, so sprach der Chinese von Yin, und er deutete damit auf alles dasjenige, was finster ist, was erdig ist, was empfangend ist und so weiter. Wir sagen heute, in unseren Stoffwechsel-Gliedmaßenmenschen nehmen wir die äußeren Stoffe auf; wir verbinden die äußeren Stoffe durch unseren Gliedmaßen-Stoffwechselmenschen mit unserer eigenen Wesenheit, und wir nehmen das sinnenfällige gedankliche Element durch unsere Hauptesorganisation auf. Aber dazwischen steht alles dasjenige, was gewissermaßen diesen Rhythmus zwischen dem Haupte und dem Gliedmaßen-Stoffwechselmenschen herstellt. Der Atmungsrhythmus, der Blutzirkulationsrhythmus bewirkt das. Wie wir so den Menschen empfinden und erkennen, so sah der Chinese einstmals das ganze Weltenall: oben das Zeugende, Hell-Leuchtende, Himmlische, unten das Irdische, Finstere, Empfangende, und den Ausgleich zwischen den beiden, dasjenige, was einen Rhythmus bildet zwischen Himmel und Erde, das er empfand, wenn ihm die Wolken erschienen am Himmel, wenn der Regen herabträufelte, wenn das zur Erde Herabgekommene wieder verdunstete, wenn die Pflanzen aus der Erde heraus dem Himmel zuwuchsen und so weiter. In diesem allem empfand er den Rhythmus des Oberen und Unteren, und er nannte das Tao. Und so hatte er eine Anschauung von dem, womit er verwachsen war. Es stellte sich ihm das in dieser Dreigliederung dar. Aber er unterschied sich selbst nicht von alledem.
Diese Anschauung tritt uns dann verändert in Vorderasien entgegen. In allem, was wir namentlich aus der Gegend Persiens als uralte Kultur überliefert haben, das muß, was im Chinesischen sich zeigt, einstmals eine ganz andere Ausbildung gehabt haben, die sich dann zu dem metamorphosiert hat, was überliefert ist in dem Gegensatze zwischen Ahura Mazdao und Ahriman, dem hellen, dem leuchtenden, glänzenden Lichtgotte und dem dunklen, finsteren Ahriman, zwischen denen die Welt als im Rhythmus ablaufend dargestellt wird.
Der Unterschied zwischen dem, was einmal urindisch gewesen sein muß, und dem, was dann ganz metamorphosiert im Chinesentum entstanden ist, und was man als Untergrund auch in manchen vorderasiatischen Kulturen empfindet - ich nenne es das Urpersische in meinem Buche «Geheimwissenschaft im Umriß» -, ist der gewesen, daf3 das Urindische noch nicht unterschieden hat zwischen oben und unten, zwischen Himmel und Erde, daß es noch nicht von einem Subjektiven im Inneren des Menschen und einem Objektiven in der Außenwelt gesprochen hat, und daß es in der Außenwelt noch nicht unterschieden hat dasjenige, was mehr geistig-hell ist, von dem, was mehr finster-körperlich ist, während in einer späteren Zeit, im Urpersischen, die beiden unterschieden wurden, und die Wechselwirkungen der beiden durch Tao oder durch irgend etwas, was eben den rhythmischen Ausgleich bildet, vermittelt gedacht wurden.
Was ist da geschehen? Wodurch hat der Mensch jene alte Stufe verlassen, in der er das Geistig-Helle von dem Physisch-Finsteren noch nicht unterschieden hat,und wodurch ist er übergegangen zu der Auffassung eines solchen Gegensatzes, einer solchen Polarität oder Dualität?
Da kommen wir dann, wenn wir dasjenige ins Auge fassen, was in Dokumenten vorhanden ist, wenn wir die Gefühle, die in diesen Dokumenten und in den Überlieferungen leben, auf unsere eigene Seelenverfassung wirken lassen, dazu, zu erkennen: Es war der Mensch in jenen ältesten Zeiten durchaus in einem solchen Verhältnis zur Umwelt, daß er möglichst wenig Hand an diese Umwelt anzulegen hatte. Er lebte da zwar für unsere allerdings richtigen Anschauungen einerseits auf einer hohen geistigen Stufe, aber auf der anderen Seite doch wiederum in tierischer Unschuld. Denn es war ja alles instinktiv, was er da erlebte an Einheit mit dem Weltenall, was dann später ausgehaucht gedacht wird von Brahma.
Das alles war nur einem Menschen möglich, der nicht Hand anlegte an die äußere Natur, der sich in diese hineinstellte, ich möchte sagen, wie das Tier, wie der Vogel, der da nimmt, was ihm die Natur an Nahrung bietet, der seine Nahrung sich nicht erst erarbeitet, sondern sie sich höchstens holt, wie der Vogel sie sich erfliegt, der also in vollem Frieden mit allen Naturreichen lebt, der auch seine Liebe über alle Naturreiche ausdehnt.
Wenn man so mit vollmenschlicher Erkenntnis sich hineinvertieft in alles dieses, so kommt man unmittelbar dazu, dasjenige, was noch lebt in der indisch-orientalischen Weltanschauung als Tierliebe, als Liebe zu den Pflanzen, hervorgehen zu sehen aus der All-Liebe, die noch keinem Wesen etwas tut, die daher noch nicht zu jenem voll erwachten menschlichen Bewußtsein gekommen sein kann, in dem die Menschen später waren, sondern in einer Geistigkeit lebte, die instinktiv, aber als Geistigkeit eben höher in gewissem Sinne als die griechische und die unsrige heute war, die aber in unschuldigem Zustand gegenüber der Natur lebte, diese Natur liebte, nichts schlachtete, ja auch die Pflanzen, von denen die Menschen lebten, nur so zu sich nahm, daß sie sie nicht besonders säte, sondern dasjenige, was wild sich bot, zunächst hinnahm. Man blickt mit einer solchen Betrachtung zurück auf die etwa vor acht Jahrtausenden die südlichen asiatischen Gegenden bevölkernden Menschen. Später ist dann etwas aufgetreten, das im Menschen das Bewußtsein hervorgerufen hat des radikalen Unterschiedes des Oben und Unten, des Geistigen, das man nicht verändern kann, an das man nicht heran kann, das oben ist, und des Physischen, das man bearbeiten kann, mit dem man sich abgeben kann. Man kommt etwa in dem Beginn des 6. Jahrtausends an eine Veränderung - in den dekadenten Resten läßt sie sich verfolgen -, durch welche die Menschen dasjenige, mit dem sie umgehen können, das sie verändern können, als etwas anderes ansehen, das unter ihrer Herrschaft steht. Sie beginnen die Tiere zu zähmen, sie machen aus den wilden Tieren Haustiere und werden Ackerbauer.
Das ist offenbar der große, radikale Umschwung vom 7. ins 6. Jahrtausend der vorchristlichen Zeit, daß die Menschen anfangen, die Natur zu bearbeiten, und dadurch die Natur unterscheiden von dem, was sie nicht bearbeiten können, was nur als das Leuchtende, Glänzende herunterscheint auf das, was bearbeitbar ist und das seine Form empfangen kann vom Menschen. Es ist jedoch nicht nur der Mensch, was so formgebend wirkt; der Mensch macht Werkzeuge, nimmt seine primitive Hacke, das ist ja dasjenige Instrument, das dem Pflug voranging - wahrscheinlich waren es zuerst die Frauen, die den Ackerbau betrieben haben -; er pflügt damit den Boden durch Handarbeit und sät; aber er sieht auch, daß, wie die Erde von ihm Form empfangen kann, so aber auch, daß sie sich im Frühling, nicht durch ihn, mit Pflanzen bedeckt, daß die Pflanzen im Herbst wieder weggehen. Und so, wie die Erde von dem Menschen ihre Form empfangen kann, so auch von dem, was ihm herunterleuchtet aus dem Weltenraum; und er kommt auf den Unterschied zwischen Licht und Finsternis, zwischen Geist und Materie.
Alles das entwickelt sich in der Art, daß der Mensch sich zuerst von der Außenwelt unterscheiden gelernt hat, indem er die Natur bearbeitete, indem er Ackerbauer, Viehzüchter wurde. Man sieht es der persischen Kultur einer späteren Zeit noch an, wie alles auf den Ackerbau eingerichtet ist. Man sieht den Zusammenhang desjenigen, was sich im Avesta äußert, mit diesem Geschilderten, und man sieht den Fortschritt gegenüber der urindischen Kultur.
Das alles aber entwickelt sich so, daß der Mensch anfangs noch nichts von sich als Selbst weiß; er identifiziert sich mit dem Äußeren, er ist gewissermaßen ganz in instinktiver Inspiration; und er schreitet von dieser instinktiven Inspiration zu einer späteren Seelenverfassung in die Zeit hinüber, die in Vorderasien erscheint im Beginne des 3. Jahrtausends als die bildhafte Chaldäerkultur, von der wir sagen können, jetzt ist der Mensch schon so weit, daß er nicht nur das Obere und Untere unterscheidet, sondern auf die Sternbilder eingeht; daß er allerlei Instrumente erfindet, Wasseruhren und so weiter. Aber wenn wir innerhalb des Chaldäischen stehenbleiben, so finden wir überall, wie der Mensch stark in der Außenwelt lebt, wie er sozusagen schwer ein inneres Erleben gewinnt.
In Ägypten sehen wir ein anderes. Wir sehen das Chaldäische eigentlich später entstanden als das Ägyptische; das Ägyptische können wir weit zurückverfolgen, wir können es vor allen Dingen aber zurückverfolgen bis in diejenigen Zeiten, für die wir auch die urpersische Kultur mit ihrer Metamorphose des Chinesischen ansetzen müssen, wo das Obere und das Untere unterschieden worden sind. Aber wir sehen gerade im Beginne des 3. vorchristlichen Jahrtausends einen mächtigen, radikalen Umschwung gerade innerhalb der ägyptischen Kultur. Wie wir einen solchen radikalen Umschwung sahen in dem Auftauchen der Viehzähmung und des Ackerbaues, so sehen wir etwa im Beginne des 3. Jahrtausends einen weiteren radikalen Umschwung. Wir kommen auf denselben in der folgenden Art: Wir sehen, wie innerhalb Ägyptens sich in der späteren Zeit der Pyramidenbau entwickelt. Wir können die ägyptische Kultur heute auch historisch weiter zurückverfolgen, als der Pyramidenbau reicht. Der Pyramidenbau tritt gerade im Beginne des 3. Jahrtausends auf, aber wir können das Ägyptische weiter zurückverfolgen. Diese ägyptische Kultur reicht bis in die Meneszeit vor dem 3. Jahrtausend. Da werden nicht die mächtigen Pyramiden gebaut. Wir sehen gleichzeitig mit dem Pyramidenbau in Ägypten etwas entstehen, das in starker Weise darauf hindeutet, daß die Ägypter eine Verinnerlichung des ganzen Bewußtseinszustandes erlebten. Zweifellos mußten mächtige Werkzeuge zustande kommen, um die Pyramiden aufzubauen. Diese Werkzeuge konnten nur aus einer Art von Metallverarbeitung hervorgehen, und diese Metallverarbeitung wieder nur aus gewissen Kenntnissen des inneren Gefüges der Metalle.
Wir sehen dasjenige, was man später chemische Kenntnisse nennt, in primitiver Form bei den Ägyptern auftreten; wir sehen, mit anderen Worten, wie der Mensch anfängt, sein Inneres in eine starke Tätigkeit zu versetzen, und wie er sich doch noch nicht dessen bewußt ist, daß dieses Innere da ist. Wie der Mensch aber die Kraft dieses Inneren gewahr wird, das tritt uns insbesondere entgegen, wenn wir die von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus hochentwikkelte ägyptische Arzneikunst ins Auge fassen. Sie ist allerdings etwas ganz anderes als unsere Arzneikunst. Für diejenigen Krankheiten, die in Ägypten vorhanden waren, gab es eigentlich Spezialärzte schon im alten Ägypten, besonders Augenärzte. Die dortige Heilkunde nahm den sogenannten Tempelschlaf zu Hilfe. Die Kranken wurden in die Tempel gebracht und in eine Art Schlaf versetzt, in dem sie in traumähnliche Zustände verfielen. Dasjenige, an das sie sich da erinnerten, wurde in seiner charakteristischen Bildlichkeit von den in solchen Dingen unterrichteten Priestergelehrten studiert. Diese fanden zwischen dem Ablaufen der inneren Dramatik der Träume, zwischen der Art der Bilder, ob finstere Bilder auf helle, helle auf finstere folgten und so weiter, erstens etwas, was auf die Pathologie des Menschen hindeutete. Auf der anderen Seite fanden sie aus der besonderen Konfiguration der Träume eine Andeutung des Heilmittels, das zu verwenden war. Aus dieser Betrachtung dessen, was der Mensch innerlich erlebt und was in Traumbildern vor das innere Auge trat, studierten die Menschen in Ägypten den innerlich körperlichen Zustand des kranken Menschen.
Das sehen wir zeitlich parallel gehen mit demjenigen, was drüben in Chaldäa sich entwickelte. In Chaldäa lebten die Menschen mehr in einer äußerlichen Anschaulichkeit. Sie erfanden Werkzeuge wie ihre wunderbaren Wasseruhren, die aus der Bildlichkeit ihrer Seelenart kamen. Sie lebten so stark in der Bildlichkeit, daß sie die Zeit in wandelnden Bildern erblickten. Da war die Bildlichkeit mehr ein äußeres Element, in dem der Mensch lebte. Bei den Ägyptern war die Bildhaftigkeit etwas, was im Innersten des Menschen ergriffen wurde, was so erfaßt wurde, daß es sogar in seinen Traumgestalten studiert wurde, kurz, wir sehen da einen Zeitraum, in dem der Mensch nicht mehr sich bloß als ein Glied der ganzen Welt fühlte, sondern in dem der Mensch sich heraushob aus der Welt, herausindividualisierte, auf die zwei Weisen, auf die chaldäische und auf die ägyptische. Und wir sehen den Umschwung in dem Auftreten der bildhaften Anschauung des instinktiven Imaginativen, das in der zweifachen Weise uns entgegentritt: in der einen Art drüben in Chaldäa, anders dann in Ägypten herüben.
Und wir sehen, wie in dem Beginne des Pyramidenbaues, der ja in seinen Maßen und geometrischen Verhältnissen auf Anschauung der Maße in der Entwickelung des Menschen, auf der Entwickelung der inneren Kraft und auf dem Erfühlen dieser inneren Kraft beruht, wir sehen, wie da sich eine dritte Kulturepoche ergibt, eine Kulturepoche, in der das instinktive Imaginieren eine besondere Nuance für die Menschheitsentwickelung abgibt. Und wir sehen, wie in allen diesen Zeiten die sozialen Zustände sich als eine notwendige Folge desjenigen ergeben, was da als Seelenverfassung auftritt. Wenn wir die sozialen Zustände des Urindischen studieren, so werden wir finden, wie da die Menschen friedfertig zusammenleben.
Am Urpersischen sehen wir, wie der Mensch, indem er den Kampf mit der Natur aufnimmt, eine Art kriegerisches Element empfängt; und wir sehen, wie dieser Instinkt des Kriegerischen sich in seine Imaginationen hinüberlebt. Und weil der Mensch in seinem Innersten ergriffen wird, weil dieses instinktive Ergreifen des Menschen in bezug auf sich selbst nicht anders auftreten kann als im Emotionellen, im Willensartigen, erzeugen sich im Menschen jene Machtimpulse, die sich in den grotesk großen Pyramidenbauten ausleben, die Totenstätten sind und die zu gleicher Zeit Zeugnisse sein sollen für die äußere Macht derjenigen, die regieren. Wir sehen, wie das Machtbewußtsein auftaucht, aber auch, wie jetzt aus anderen Gegenden her sich fremde Völkerschaften einmischen, wie diese anderes Blut hineinbringen in dasjenige, was da als Imaginatives, Instinktives auch in den sozialen Zuständen sich auslebt; wir sehen, wie solche Völkerschaften mehr aus dem Inneren Asiens herkommen und sich unter die anderen mischen. Dasjenige, was sie hineinbringen, das hängt zusammen mit diesem Sich-mehr-nun-als-Mensch-Fühlen, abgesondert von der Umwelt sich als Mensch fühlen.
Bei dem Ägypter steigert sich das in einem bestimmten Zeitalter so, daß er sich als göttlichen Menschen ansah; er fühlte so stark sein Selbstbewußtsein, daß er die anderen alle als Barbaren anschaute und nur diejenigen, die in inneren Bildern leben konnten, als Menschen gelten ließ. Man sieht da heraufkommen ein intensives Geltungsbewußstsein, und diesem Entstehen des intensiven Geltungsbewußtseins des Menschen geht parallel ein Ereignis, das an diese Geistesverfassung gebunden ist.
Wenn wir die Gesetze des Hammurabi studieren, dann finden wir, daß er unter den gezähmten Haustieren noch nicht das Pferd anführt. Es trat im Kulturleben aber gleich nachher auf. Allerdings, Hammurabi führt an Esel und Rinder, und etwas nach seiner Zeit wird das Pferd zuerst in den Dokumenter: der «Esel des Berglandes» genannt. Das Pferd wird der Esel des Berglandes genannt, weil es von dem gebirgigen Osten herübergebracht worden ist. Völker, die aus Asien sich hineingeschoben haben in das Chaldäische, haben das Pferd mitgebracht, und damit ist dann das kriegerische Element aufgetreten. Wir sehen zuerst dieses kriegerische Element in einer älteren Zeit geboren; aber wir sehen es weiter ausgebildet, als zu den anderen Tieren auch das Pferd hinzu gezähmt wird. Und auch das hängt mit der Seelenverfassung des damaligen Menschen zusammen. Man kann sagen, der Mensch hat sich nicht früher auf das Pferd gesetzt und sich gewissermaßen verstärkt als Individualität dadurch, daß er ein Tier an sich kettete in seiner eigenen Bewegung, als bis er zu diesem Grade des Selbstbewußtseins erwacht war, wie es sich ausdrückte als das bildhafte Vorstellen der Chaldäer, wie es innerlich in dem traumhaften Leben der Ägypter ausgedrückt war. So innig hängen die äußeren Verhältnisse der Menschheitsentwickelung mit dem, was die Metamorphose der Seelenverfassung in den aufeinanderfolgenden Epochen ist, zusammen, daß man sagen kann: auf der einen Seite der Bau der Pyramiden und auf der anderen die Zähmung des Pferdes; sie drücken aus, äußerlich angesehen, die dritte Kulturepoche, die chaldäisch-ägyptische, und innerlich hängt diese zusammen mit dem Entstehen des instinktiven imaginativen Erlebens.
In Ägypten geht verhältnismäßig früh dasjenige zugrunde, was während der Pyramidenzeit als eine hohe Kultur auftritt, die sich aber ganz in einer traumhaften imaginativen Weise äußert. Diese Kultur dämmert herauf im Beginne des 3. Jahrtausends und ist eigentlich nach vier Jahrhunderten im Verfall. Die Seelenverfassung, die dieser Kultur zugrunde liegt, lebt, nachdem sie selbst zu verfallen beginnt, weiter von Asien herüber fortschreitend in Vorderasien, Kleinasien, kommt auf den europäischen Kontinent herüber und ist so, wie sie sich da auslebt, noch deutlich wahrnehmbar auch in dem, was aus Kleinasien, aus der älteren griechischen Kultur kommt. Sie ist noch bemerkbar in den Homerischen Gesängen und ihrer Weltanschauung. Aber wir nähern uns, indem wir an die Homerischen Gesänge herankommen, bereits einem radikalen Umschwung. Dasjenige, was als Weltanschauung den Homerischen Gesängen zugrunde liegt, zeigt noch durchaus das bildhafte, das imaginative Vorstellen, noch jene Anschauung des Menschen, die auf das Bildhafte geht. Indem Homer einen Achilles, einen Hektor schildert, zeigt er - abgesehen davon, daß er in Bildern, die äußerlich angesehen sind, das bildhafte Element andeutet, wenn er zum Beispiel sagt: «der schnellfüßige Achilles, Hektor, der Held mit dem wogenden Helmbusch» - das Dargestellte so, daß man mit dem inneren Seelenauge plastisch sehen muß, um seine Eigenart zu erfassen.
Wir sehen auch in der ganzen Gesinnung des Homer noch etwas von dem Chaldäischen. Das wird anders, als sich diejenige griechische Kultur heranbildete, die wir dann bei Äschylos und Sophokles und in der griechischen Plastik finden, und wir können sie von der älteren unterscheiden dadurch, daß wir gewahr werden, wie stark es im Griechen als Impuls lebte, den Menschen in seiner eigentlichen Menschlichkeit aufzufassen. Wenn wir dasjenige, was bei den Chaldäern bildhaft war, anschauen, so sehen wir schon, wie da plastisches Anschauen in Bildhaftigkeit aufgetreten ist, und wir sehen das namentlich bei einem derjenigen Völker, die wenigstens örtlich den Chaldäern nahe waren, bei den Sumerern. Wir sehen aber, wie dieses Volk, ebenso wie das ägyptische, erst auf dem Wege ist, den Menschen äußerlich darzustellen. Wir finden aber dann bei den Griechen, sowohl in der Dramatik wie auch da, wo die Dramatik übergeführt wird ins Gebiet der Plastik, wie da der Mensch in seiner Außenoffenbarung erfaßt werden soll. Es hat sich, ich möchte sagen, der Mensch des dritten Zeitraumes stark gefühlt, indem er seine tiefen, instinktiven Kräfte ausgelebt hat. In Ägypten geschah das, indem er die Pyramiden gebaut hat und da gewissermaßen seine Kraft im Pyramidenbau ins Riesenhafte hat wachsen lassen, und bei gewissen Stämmen Asiens, die als besonders kriegerische gelebt haben, zeigt es sich, indem er sich aufs Pferd gesetzt hat und sich so mit dem Pferde eins gefühlt hat. Der Grieche geht dann dazu über, zu sagen: Ich brauche äußere Mittel nicht; alle Kraft des Menschen liegt innerhalb meiner Haut selber. - Und er gestaltet plastisch jene in sich schon vollkommenen Menschen in einer Art, die alles dasjenige, was eine vorhergehende Epoche noch durch eine äußere Verkörperung gesucht hat, in den Menschen hineinnimmit. Dieses sich ganz Hineinversetzen, ganz Hineinleben in das Menschliche und alles Höchste im Menschen selber Suchen, das finden wir dann im griechischen Geiste ausgelebt, und es stellt sich dann später dar in einer anderen, mehr äußerlichen Weise, im Römertum ausgeprägt. Wir sehen gewissermaßen heute noch, wenn wir uns an den über das Forum gehenden Cäsar oder die anderen Gestalten in der römischen Toga erinnern, wie sich da in sehr viel abstrakteren Formen als in Griechenland dieses den Menschen ganz mit höchster Kraft Ausgestaltende, innerhalb der menschlichen Haut sich Erfühlende darstellte.
Im 6. vorchristlichen Jahrhundert etwa beginnt ein neues Zeitalter. Das homerische Zeitalter liegt noch vorher. Dieses Zeitalter, das da beginnt, sehen wir besonders stark und kräftig sich in Griechenland entwickeln, wo es etwa vier Jahrhunderte lang bis zur Großartigkeit sich steigert und nachher einem Niedergang entgegengeht.
Und nun greift das Christentum ein. Während der Grieche noch etwas voll Lebendiges empfand, wenn er seine Zeusstatue vor sich hatte, sah der Römer im Grunde genommen nur einen abstrakten Begriff, wenn er seine Statuen anblickte. Das wurde immer stärker in bezug auf seine Abstraktheit; und noch im 4. nachchristlichen Jahrhundert wird im römischen Senatssaal, wenn die Senatoren ihn betraten, von jedem in die leuchtende Flamme, welche vor der Bildsäule der Viktoria steht, ein Weihrauchkörnchen gestreut, bevor er sich auf seinen Sitz als Senator begibt. Wir sehen, wie da in abstrakter, bloßer Gedankenform, die aber Realität ist, in einer auch als abstrakt empfundenen Bildsäule dasjenige lebt, was in höchster Daseinsfülle in Griechenland noch bei der Zeus-, Athene-, Apollostatue empfunden worden ist, wo man noch etwas wie das magische Weben der Götterkräfte selber in dem Zeus, in der Athene gefühlt hat. In Rom ist alles zum abstrakten Begriff geworden.
Wir sehen dann, wie der das Christentum einführende Kaiser Konstantin diese Säule entfernen läßt aus dem Senatssaal, weil er glaubt, daß sie gegenüber der christlichen Anschauung allen Sinn verloren hat. Wir sehen, wie noch einmal in die vollmenschliche Anschauung des vierten Zeitraumes Julian Apostata sich vertieft, wie dieser noch einmal in den Senatssaal die Viktoriasäule hineintragen läßt, noch einmal die alten Zeremonien sich abspielen läßt mit den Senatoren, wie er aber das Alte nicht mehr erneuern kann, wie er darüber zugrunde geht. Denn der Pfeil, der ihn getroffen hat, war der Pfeil eines Mörders, der von seinen Gegnern gedungen war.
Und dann entwickelt sich aus dem allem dasjenige Zeitalter, das ich im weiteren näher zu charakterisieren haben werde, das Zeitalter, in dem der Mensch sich in innerer Geistigkeit, in Intellektualität, in Verstandesfähigkeiten befindet, das dann in seiner besonderen Eigenart das Mittelalter hindurch sich entwickelt, wo über den Verstand selber gedacht wird, wie es in der Scholastik geschehen ist, wo über Nominalismus und Realismus gestritten wurde. Dann kommt das 15. Jahrhundert heran, und in diesem ein ganz. anderer Geist, jener Geist, der dann in das Zeitalter der Naturwissenschaft hinübergeführt hat, jener Geist, der in den ersten Zeiten besonders stark entwickelt war in Galilei und Kopernikus, der uns die großen Fortschritte in dem Menschheitsbewußtsein gebracht hat, der gegenüber dem griechischen eine Verinnerlichung darstellt - wenn er auch dann in den Materialismus ausartet im 18. Jahrhundert -, der im 19. Jahrhundert dann so vieles aus dem Äußeren der Natur enthüllt hat.
Und heute stehen wir an einem wirklichen Wendepunkt. Ich will wahrhaftig nicht Spenglerische Epochenphantasien hinstellen. Aber es ist etwas anderes, was ich sagen will. Wir sehen zurück in den Beginn der ägyptischen Zeit, wie das Zeitalter des Pyramidenbaues beginnt, das sich auch durch andere Symptome ankündigt, wir sehen, wie da die erste Bewußtseinsetappe in der Erfassung des Menschlichen auftritt; wir sehen, wie die nächste Etappe im 8. vorchristlichen Jahrhundert beginnt, wie sich im Griechentum, im Römertum die Seelenverfassung der Menschen dieses Zeitalters ausbildet in dem Erfassen des «Menschen als solchem»; wie dieses Zeitalter zu Ende geht und das Verinnerlichen des Verstandes im Beginne des 15. Jahrhunderts beginnt.
Wir sehen also gewissermaßen auf drei starke Wendepunkte hin: auf einen Wendepunkt, da das ägyptisch-chaldäische Zeitalter beginnt, wir sehen, wie das vierte Zeitalter beginnt, das griechisch-lateinische, und wir sehen, wie dasjenige Zeitalter heraufkommt, das die Naturwissenschaft eingeführt hat, womit wiederum so etwas gegeben war wie der Pyramidenbau, so etwas, was eine besondere Durchkraftung mit etwas Neuem in der Menschheitsentwickelung darstellt.
Wir sehen vier Jahrhunderte Blüte des Pyramidenzeitalters, sehen das dann verglimmen, radikal verglimmen, und nur dasjenige fortgehen, was sich in der Bildlichkeit des Chaldäertums geltend gemacht
hat, das Sich-Hinüberleben in das Griechische. Wir sehen im 8. Jahrhundert ein neues Zeitalter herantreten, vier Jahrhunderte darnach verglimmen im Griechentum. Wir sehen es abstrakt werden im Römertum. Wir sehen, wie dann wieder ein neues Zeitalter beginnt im Beginne des 15. Jahrhunderts, dasjenige Zeitalter, das uns die naturwissenschaftliche Betrachtungsweise, die Intellektualität, die Verstandesmäßigkeit gebracht hat. Und wir sind heute ungefähr in der Zeit so weit nach diesem radikalen Umschwung, vierhundert bis fünfhundert Jahre, wie die ägyptische Verfallzeit nach dem Beginne des 3. Jahrtausends war, wie die griechische Verfallzeit nach dem Beginne des vierten Zeitalters war. Wir haben heute wachsam zu sein, damit es uns nicht ergehe als zivilisierten Menschen, wie es den Ägyptern gegangen ist vierhundert Jahre nach dem Anbruch des dritten geschichtlichen Zeitalters, den Griechen vierhundert bis fünfhundert Jahre nach dem Anbruch des vierten Zeitalters - damit es uns, die wir ebensoweit hinter dem Anbruch des fünften Zeitalters stehen, nicht ebenso ergehe.
Die Römer haben nicht weiterführen können, was noch bei den Griechen volles Leben war; sie haben nur die Abstraktheit und Intellektualität in das Leben hineintragen können, die dann aber erstarb in der toten lateinischen Sprache. Wir haben heute auf all das zu achten, weil wir bewußter geworden sind, als die Griechen waren; und aus unserer Bewußtheit haben wir darauf zu achten, daß wir von innen heraus verhindern den Verfall, der bei den Griechen eingetreten ist und der als ein furchtbares Exempel dasteht. So müssen wir von der Geschichte lernen, daß es uns nicht so ergehe, wie es den Menschen ergehen mußte, die schwach werden mußten, weil sie an dem Äußerlichen gehangen hatten. Wir müssen dasjenige überwinden, was in den älteren Epochen nicht überwunden werden konnte. Und wenn man sagt, man muß von der Geschichte lernen, dann muß dies so geschehen, daß wir unsere Kräfte so stählen, daß wir wachsam achtgeben auf dasjenige, was uns die älteren Zeiten lehren, daß wir nicht nur diejenigen Fehler zu vermeiden lernen, die gemacht worden sind von den einzelnen Menschen, sondern auch diejenigen, die ja im Grunde genommen gar nicht Fehler genannt werden dürfen, sondern notwendige Mängel der Menschheitsentwickelung. Es muß dasjenige überwunden werden, was droht, über die heutige Menschheit zu kommen, wie es über eine frühere gekommen ist. Man muß hinauskommen über eine große Krise. Und man kann überzeugt sein, daß man die Wesenheit unserer gegenwärtigen Krise nur verstehen kann, wenn man sie aus den Tiefen der geschichtlichen Entwickelung der Menschheit heraus versteht. Damit wird man aber auch verstehen, wie aus Naturwissenschaft Geisteswissenschaft werden soll. Denn das kann man nur verstehen, wenn man es aus dem ganzen Geiste der Menschheitsentwickelung zu erfassen vermag.
Natural science and the historical development of humanity since ancient times II
If one wants to gain a conviction about what natural science in the modern sense of the word means for the entire development of humanity, one must go back to the sources of our present civilization. As can be seen from the usual historical and scientific view, these must be thought of as lying far back in time. But only when one considers the development of man, the gradual emergence of his special abilities throughout the entire modern era, can one see how the abilities that lead to the present-day observation of nature and to the application of this observation of nature in technology and in life rise up from the depths of the human soul.
Now, once one has familiarized oneself with the current state of science, it is somewhat difficult to grasp the essence of the entire modern epoch of world history.
Yesterday we attempted, by way of introduction, to start from the present—in the broader sense, of course, including Herder and Goethe in this present—and to seek out certain currents that lead back to earlier times. We saw how one of the two spiritual currents so characteristic of Goethe led back to the Egyptian view, and the other to the Chaldean view. We have transported ourselves back to pre-Christian times and highlighted characteristic differences between the entire nature of the soul of the Chaldean peoples living in the Near East, which can be traced back to around the beginning of the third millennium BC, and that of the Egyptians, which can be traced back even further, also in external historical terms. We have seen how the Chaldeans have a view that is more oriented toward the external world, in which the human senses are so lost in the external world, so to speak, that even time becomes elastic. This state of mind makes it necessary to regard the hours of the day as longer in summer than in winter, whereas among the Egyptians, for centuries, the division of the year was strictly adhered to, as it resulted, so to speak, from a kind of calculation, not from the recording of external events. The year is assumed to have 365 days, so 365 days are always added to 365 days, and it is not noticed that this actually no longer corresponds to the course of the year as it appears in the sensory world outside, but that by taking the year to be shorter than it is and simply calculating, one comes into contradiction with what one actually perceives in the external world.This showed a significant difference in the mental constitution of two peoples who had been in trade and intellectual contact with each other, and were therefore close to each other outwardly. However, such a difference can only be properly appreciated if one continues to observe the origins of human civilization. This is made difficult by the fact that cultures that developed one after the other in time are now mixed together spatially in different stages of development. When Europeans or Americans today, out of their materialism, want to arrive at more spiritual mental images of human beings, they turn to contemporary Indian culture and find within it a highly developed spirituality, a mysticism permeated by astute intellectual concepts. Within the worldview that confronts him, he finds absolutely nothing of what he has come to know as the scientific worldview within Western or American civilization. If he feels a longing to learn something about human beings that modern science cannot give him, and if he does not allow himself to take into account what a newer spiritual science has to say about this human being, he will want to delve deeper into the spiritual worldview of present-day India, or at least into that which has been preserved from a relatively recent past.
But anyone who is equipped with the knowledge of the spiritual science referred to here and approaches this Indian worldview in this way will find that what is present in it today and has been preserved historically from a more or less distant past something speaks that is no longer entirely obvious, but appears like an undercurrent, like something rising up from dark depths and playing within. It plays within the language itself, but especially in the world of mental images and pictures, and must be judged as something that must have undergone many transformations before taking on its present form. What exists in India today has only taken shape in the very last times, but it carries within it elements that are ancient, that have taken millennia to grow into what they have become.
If we look at other cultures, say those of the Near East or China, we find that a similar situation exists, but we get the feeling that we do not need to go back as far as we do in India to understand the present. And if you look at Egyptian life as it has been since the beginning of the third millennium BC, you get the feeling that what is contained in the historical documents makes it necessary to put yourself emotionally into the most ancient times, as we tried to do yesterday, for example; but one also finds that the old has been preserved with a kind of fidelity, so that its deepest essence is also visible in later times, whereas in India the deepest must be sought at the beginning of its development.
The situation is similar with Greek culture and our own culture, which, as we shall see, began around the 15th century. The situation appears to be that, although the more discerning observer can see that ancient elements have been preserved, these are hardly noticeable to the ordinary consciousness. In the following considerations, we will see how these ancient elements can be discovered within European and American culture.
One might say that the scientific element that has entered modern civilization has apparently done such a thorough job of clearing away what was old that the old can now only be understood through very specific methods. But it is still there. Thus, cultures of different ages exist side by side on earth. One must go back very, very far to understand today's Indian culture; one need go back less far to understand the culture of the Near East and its literatures, less far to understand Egyptian culture, and even less to understand Greek-Roman culture, and so on. One can remain almost entirely in the present if one wants to understand contemporary European and American culture.That which has developed successively over time stands side by side for us; and that which stands side by side in this way is in reality of different ages, at least at first glance, so that the spatial mixes with the temporal and one must first, I would say, from the present point of view, find the methods to see from which present cultures one can go back to ancient times, from which one finds access to these difficult and at best indirect.
Now, as you know – and we saw yesterday how this is often the case in an external sense – scientific observation, the so-called anthropological or geological observation, follows on from what history offers us. Today, external anthropological research already takes us back to very early European times. However, there is little mention of how this applies to Asian peoples, but for European development we are taken back to ancient times. You know that anthropology and history, enriched by geology, now say that the oldest population of Europe, whose truly artistic remains have been found in certain cave finds in Spain and southern France, must date back thousands of years; that the remarkable paintings found in these caves show us how people in Europe must have lived with a certain culture in ancient times, even before those significant events that anthropology and geology refer to as the European Ice Age, during which a large part of the European continent was covered with ice, making it uninhabitable. Areas such as those in which the cave finds in southern France and Spain were discovered must have been oases. In the vast ice age, people must have lived there, there must have been a relatively rich natural environment, and a culture must have developed.
Thus, we are already taken back to very ancient times in the life of European civilization. And here, in a sense, what external research can offer is combined with what spiritual science has to say. Spiritual science can only proceed from what the developed soul faculties of human beings can fathom, what can be gained through imagination and inspiration; it can speak of what can be seen inwardly with consciousness. In relation to what can be researched through external history, it can be said that spiritual research can only explore the spiritual part of development to a greater or lesser extent, rather than what has taken place in external nature. Through spiritual research, however, we can go back to those times when human beings and their environment were still in completely different circumstances than those at the time of the European glaciation.
It will not be the task of these lectures to reject such ancient times, in which human beings lived under completely different conditions and in completely different regions of the earth than later; but they should give rise to a feeling of how justified it is to point to such supersensible insights, which can also trace the history of human development back to early times.
In any case, when we approach external history with the insight and feeling that can be gained from spiritual science, we can learn something about the course of the development of civilized humanity. From the point of view of external anthropology, external geology, and history, it can be admitted that, if we go back about ten to fifteen thousand years, there was a completely different kind of life than in today's civilized Europe. It can be admitted that the development of European, Asian, and essentially also ancient American humanity falls within this period, approximately the last ten to fifteen thousand years.
But the documents that are available must be illuminated in a very special way, which can be gained through spiritual science. It must be said, however, that if one has acquired the ability, through such considerations as I presented yesterday in my introduction, to go back from the present to earlier states of soul, then one can, in a certain sense, view what now exists side by side in the right light in relation to its past. Then, of course, one's gaze is first drawn to the Indian regions.
What still lives today in a strangely astute way of interpreting the world leads back to those times when the great, powerful Indian philosophy and the Vedic poems arose. But even when one allows the Vedic poems, the Vedanta philosophy, and the yoga philosophy of the Indians to sink in, one feels that in order to understand what is still with us on earth in its aftereffects, one must trace it back to very early times. And if one then compares it with what else exists in culture, say, for example, with our European way of thinking logically, or with the Greek way of forming thoughts, one finds everywhere that today's European civilization stands in relation to Indian civilization like a great-grandchild, a grandchild, or a child living alongside their father. Indian civilization stands there as if in very early times, rejecting everything, but grown old. In the state in which it presents itself as having grown old, one can still fathom what once revealed itself in ancient times as the highest spirituality. But one sees it in its decadence, in its senility; one sees it as one sees in a child certain conditions of the father at an earlier stage of his life, but differently, because the child is experiencing these conditions at a later stage. Think, for example, of a person who was a child in the 1890s, and look up to his father or even his grandfather. Certainly, the grandfather was a child in the 1840s or 1850s, but he went through childhood in different circumstances than the child of the 1890s; He knew fundamentally different things than his grandfather with his naive childishness in the 1840s. If we take a look at this in the context of the development of peoples, then contemporary European civilizations, or even Greek civilization, as far as we can understand it, appear late-born compared to what was born early as Indian civilization, which today appears to us as senile. Can we empathize with this Indian civilization that has become senile today, which was already old at the time of the Vedic poems and the Vedanta philosophy? But if we have a state of mind cultivated by spiritual science that enables us to see the earlier in the later, just as one can look at childhood in an old person because one has an eye for it, then we can indeed arrive at a view of the original Indian. But then one also says to oneself that this primordial Indian culture was undoubtedly a type of culture that was fundamentally different from our own. This culture must have been thoroughly spiritual and must have perceived human beings as essentially spiritual beings. And then you say to yourself, when you consider the diversity of what you encounter in India, in contrast to the Vedic poetry with its imagery, which however remains in the lyrical element, the astute Vedanta philosophy, the fervent yoga philosophy: culture must have mixed with culture over time; there must simply have been a primordial culture of a completely spiritual nature. But then something less spiritual must have been superimposed on this, which then found expression in Vedic poetry. Then what emerged in the fervent philosophy of yoga must have taken hold. It is impossible that all this could have come from one people. Peoples with different dispositions must have mixed together. One brought the teachings of yoga, the other the Vedic poetry. These peoples found something primal Indian already there, which they then absorbed, taking from it what was ripe and old but had died out in the people. The invading peoples added fresh blood; they shaped what the people who were in decadence could no longer develop. And so it continued. Gradually, the present state came about; and one will then not be very far from comparing the ancient Indian culture with what remains in the regions where today's civilization has developed. One will compare the people of ancient India with those who could have painted the strange pictures that appear in Western Europe, these peculiar pictures with their, I would say, deeply impressive lines. When one sees these pictures, when one can put oneself in the place of a human soul going through the experience of creating such pictures, then one comes to say to oneself: Yes, certainly, there is something very primitive in these pictures, sometimes something like what gifted children paint today; but there is something else as well. You can see in these pictures how people lived with a certain love for the external nature that surrounded them; and you can see that these pictures were painted out of deep inner impulses; one sees, I would say, that they were painted by people who did not first work out with their eyes how to draw lines or apply colors, but who formed and painted from their inner experiences what was deep, I would say, within their bodies.
If you compare this with what has emerged in the ancient Indian culture, you still find a similarity. In Western Europe, the matter appears primitive, and it remains primitive at first; over in Asia, in South Asia, it develops further and further because it is constantly being fertilized by other tribes; and it develops up to the Vedanta philosophy. If I were to present these things from a spiritual scientific perspective, as I have often done, you would see that it is possible to approach the matter with a completely different concreteness. But today I want to first grasp the matter as it appears to the spiritual scientist, even while taking external documents into consideration. But in the way we are accustomed to approaching these things today, with broad concepts that we have acquired through crude, scientific observation, we cannot get at them. In order to achieve this, I would say that we must make our concepts as flexible and plastic as you will see in the observations I am going to present to you today. Of course, one cannot prove the connection between the cave culture of Western Europe and Indian culture in the same way that one proves the similarity between triangles, but that does not make it any less certain, if one is willing to engage with these things and go back to the state of mind that was pointed out yesterday.
Those who, from this point of view, delve into the concepts, the wonderful concepts of Vedanta philosophy, will see in them, in a sense, translated entirely into the abstract-spiritual realm, the lines of the paintings in the caves of Spain and southern France. And it will not strike him as remarkable, even from external research, that spiritual science tells him how a common primitive population, which must be sought at the beginning of the 8th millennium BC, gradually spread over the inhabitable regions of Europe, Africa, and Asia, and, depending on the different living conditions, developed this ancient culture, within which people still lived completely immersed in the external nature, proving itself most gifted in ancient India. There, what is otherwise only expressed in a primitive form is revealed. There, what has amazed people, for example, as the culture of Crete, has developed further. This originated in southern Europe. Over in Asia, however, it developed as a primordial Indian culture, progressed further and further, remained viable, so to speak, into the highest age, but flourished during the time when the Vedas, the Vedanta philosophy, and then the yoga philosophy and other philosophical ways of thinking arose. There is a great deal of confusion in this Indian culture, which developed at different times and now coexists side by side.
If one looks more closely at what is emerging in the original Indian culture, one must say that it all points to a human being with a state of mind that cannot be achieved today by external means.
Yesterday I spoke of how one can advance to imaginative thinking, and if one does this consciously, one also gains a concept of what has not yet been consciously experienced, but which people such as the ancient Chaldeans or the later Egyptians experienced instinctively. Their state of mind was simply completely different from that of people today.
By immersing oneself in these imaginative ideas, one becomes an image oneself, one merges with the imagery, and one lives oneself into becoming. This is how the Chaldeans, for example, lived in becoming. But on the other hand, by rising to inspiration, one also learns to recognize the separation between the subjective inner and the objective outer; one feels, in a sense, at one with the universe, one feels so much a part of the universe that one says to oneself: That which announces itself through you is the voice, the language of the universe itself; you are merely allowing yourself to be a member of the universe and letting the world reveal itself through you. Today we can consciously achieve this in inspiration. The Egyptians lived it instinctively in a late stage. But that takes us further back in time, from which a relatively good document is what we encounter as Chinese culture. However, what is usually described to us as such is already a late product, but just as ancient stages, childhood stages, reveal themselves in India, so ancient stages of civilization reveal themselves in China. And when we go back to a mental image, we feel quite clearly how an instinctive inspiration lives in this Chinese culture. Today, we gain conscious inspiration through spiritual scientific methods. In Chinese culture, a more or less instinctive inspiration lives on, that is, its results are present as a foundation in what is transmitted today as Chinese literature. This takes us back to a human view of the world in which humans feel themselves to be part of the whole universe. Just as we speak today of the threefold human being, the head human being, the limb human being, and in the middle the rhythmic human being, and explore their nature in its full depth through inspiration, so the ancestors of today's Chinese once lived in an instinctive, inspired knowledge of something similar. However, this did not refer to human beings, but because human beings were only a member of the whole universe, it referred to the whole universe. Just as we perceive our head, the Chinese perceived what they called Yang. For when we want to look at our head, we cannot usually see ourselves, at most we can see a little of the tip of our nose when we turn our eyes toward it. Just as we can see the other superficial parts of our organism when we look at our exterior, but the head is, in a sense, only spiritually conscious, so the Chinese were conscious of something they called Yang. And by this Yang they meant that which is above, that which spreads spiritually, that which is heavenly, that which shines, that which begets, that which is active, that which gives. And they did not distinguish themselves from this Yang in terms of what lived in their heads. Just as we, who distinguish humans from their environment, perceive the limb-human, the human being who sets us in motion, who brings us together with our environment, so the Chinese spoke of Yin, and by this they meant everything that is dark, earthy, receptive, and so on. Today we say that in our metabolic limb-human beings we take in external substances; we connect the external substances with our own essence through our limb-metabolic human beings, and we take in the sense-perceptible mental element through our head organization. But in between stands everything that, in a sense, creates this rhythm between the head and the limb metabolism human being. The breathing rhythm and the blood circulation rhythm bring this about. Just as we perceive and recognize human beings, the Chinese once saw the entire universe: above, the creative, brightly shining, heavenly; below, the earthly, dark, receptive, and the balance between the two, that which forms a rhythm between heaven and earth, which he felt when the clouds appeared in the sky, when the rain dripped down, when what had fallen to the earth evaporated again, when the plants grew out of the earth toward the sky, and so on. In all this he felt the rhythm of the upper and lower, and he called it Tao. And so he had a view of what he had grown up with. It presented itself to him in this threefold division. But he did not distinguish himself from any of it.
This view then appears to us in a modified form in the Near East. In everything that has been handed down to us as ancient culture, particularly from the region of Persia, what is evident in Chinese culture must once have had a completely different development, which then metamorphosed into what has been handed down in the contrast between Ahura Mazdao and Ahriman, the bright, shining, radiant god of light and the dark, dark Ahriman, between whom the world is depicted as moving in rhythm.
The difference between what must once have been originally Indian and what then emerged completely transformed in Chinese culture, and what can also be sensed as an undercurrent in some Near Eastern cultures — I call it the original Persian in my book “Outline of Secret Science” —is that the original Indian did not yet distinguish between above and below, between heaven and earth, that it did not yet speak of a subjective within the human being and an objective in the external world, and that it did not yet distinguish in the outer world between that which is more spiritual and light and that which is more dark and physical, whereas in a later period, in the original Persian, the two were distinguished and the interactions between them were thought to be mediated by Tao or by something that forms a rhythmic balance.
What happened there? How did humans leave that old stage in which they did not yet distinguish between the spiritual-light and the physical-dark, and how did they come to understand such a contrast, such a polarity or duality?
When we consider what is available in documents, when we allow the feelings that live in these documents and in the traditions to affect our own state of mind, we come to recognize that in those most ancient times, human beings were in such a relationship with their environment that they had to interfere with it as little as possible. On the one hand, they lived on a high spiritual level, which is correct from our point of view, but on the other hand, they lived in animal innocence. For everything they experienced in unity with the universe was instinctive, which was later thought out by Brahma.
All this was only possible for a human being who did not interfere with external nature, who placed himself within it, I would say like an animal, like a bird that takes what nature offers it for food, that does not first work for its food, but at most fetches it, as the bird flies for it, that lives in complete peace with all the kingdoms of nature, that also extends its love over all the kingdoms of nature.When one delves into all this with fully human knowledge, one immediately comes to see that what still lives in the Indian-Oriental worldview as love for animals, as love for plants, emerges from universal love, which does not yet harm any being, which therefore cannot yet have reached that fully awakened human consciousness in which humans later found themselves, but lived in a spirituality that was instinctive, yet in a certain sense higher than the Greek spirituality and our own today, but which lived in an innocent state toward nature, loved this nature, slaughtered nothing, and even took the plants on which humans lived only in such a way that they did not sow them specially, but took what grew wild. With this in mind, we look back on the people who populated the southern Asian regions some eight thousand years ago. Later, something arose that brought about in humans an awareness of the radical difference between above and below, between the spiritual, which cannot be changed, which cannot be approached, which is above, and the physical, which can be worked on, which can be dealt with. At the beginning of the sixth millennium, a change occurred—traceable in the decadent remnants—through which humans began to regard that which they could deal with, that which they could change, as something else, something under their control. They began to tame animals, turning wild animals into domestic animals, and became farmers.
This is obviously the great, radical change from the 7th to the 6th millennium BC, when humans began to work on nature and thereby distinguish nature from what they could not work on, what only shone down as the luminous, the shining, onto what could be worked on and could receive its form from humans. However, it is not only humans who have such a formative influence; humans make tools, take up their primitive hoes, which are the instruments that preceded the plow—it was probably women who first practiced agriculture—and plow the soil by hand and sow seeds; but they also see that, just as the earth can take shape through their actions, so too does it return to its original state in the spring, not through their actions, but through the action of plants. they plow the soil by hand and sow seeds; but they also see that just as the earth can receive form from them, so too does it cover itself with plants in the spring, not through them, and that the plants disappear again in the fall. And just as the earth can receive its form from humans, so too can it receive it from what shines down on it from outer space; and he comes to understand the difference between light and darkness, between spirit and matter.
All this develops in such a way that man first learned to distinguish himself from the outside world by working on nature, by becoming a farmer and a cattle breeder. One can still see in the Persian culture of a later period how everything is geared towards agriculture. One can see the connection between what is expressed in the Avesta and what has been described, and one can see the progress made in comparison with the original Indian culture.
All this develops in such a way that at first man knows nothing of himself as an individual; he identifies with the external world, he is, so to speak, completely in instinctive inspiration; and he progresses from this instinctive inspiration to a later state of soul in time, which appears in the Near East at the beginning of the third millennium as the pictorial Chaldean culture, of which we can say that man has now progressed so far that he not only distinguishes between above and below, but also responds to the constellations; he invents all kinds of instruments, water clocks, and so on. But if we remain within the Chaldean culture, we find everywhere how strongly man lives in the outer world, how difficult it is for him to gain inner experience, so to speak.
In Egypt we see something different. We see the Chaldean culture as actually developing later than the Egyptian; we can trace the Egyptian culture far back, but above all we can trace it back to those times for which we must also place the original Persian culture with its metamorphosis of the Chinese, where the upper and lower worlds were distinguished. But we see a powerful, radical change within Egyptian culture at the beginning of the third millennium BC. Just as we saw such a radical change in the emergence of cattle domestication and agriculture, we see another radical change at the beginning of the third millennium. We come to the same conclusion in the following way: we see how pyramid construction developed within Egypt in the later period. Today, we can trace Egyptian culture back further in history than pyramid construction. Pyramid construction appeared at the beginning of the third millennium, but we can trace Egyptian culture back further. This Egyptian culture extends back to the Menes period before the third millennium. The mighty pyramids were not built then. At the same time as pyramid construction in Egypt, we see something emerging that strongly suggests that the Egyptians experienced an internalization of their entire state of consciousness. There is no doubt that powerful tools had to be developed in order to build the pyramids. These tools could only have been produced by a type of metalworking, and this metalworking in turn could only have been based on certain knowledge of the internal structure of metals.
We see what later came to be known as chemical knowledge appearing in primitive form among the Egyptians; in other words, we see how man begins to set his inner being in motion, yet is not yet aware that this inner being exists. How man becomes aware of the power of this inner being is particularly evident when we consider the highly developed Egyptian art of medicine from a certain point of view. It is, however, quite different from our art of healing. For the diseases that existed in Egypt, there were actually specialist doctors even in ancient Egypt, especially eye doctors. The medicine practiced there made use of what was known as temple sleep. The sick were brought to the temples and put into a kind of sleep in which they fell into dream-like states. What they remembered was studied in its characteristic imagery by priestly scholars trained in such matters. Between the unfolding of the inner drama of the dreams, between the nature of the images, whether dark images followed light ones, light ones followed dark ones, and so on, they first found something that pointed to the pathology of the person. On the other hand, they found in the special configuration of the dreams an indication of the remedy to be used. From this observation of what people experienced internally and what appeared before their inner eye in dream images, the people of Egypt studied the internal physical condition of the sick person.
We see this happening at the same time as what was developing over in Chaldea. In Chaldea, people lived more in an external visual world. They invented tools such as their wonderful water clocks, which came from the imagery of their soul nature. They lived so strongly in imagery that they saw time in changing images. There, imagery was more of an external element in which people lived. For the Egyptians, imagery was something that was grasped in the innermost part of the human being, something that was understood in such a way that it was even studied in dream figures. In short, we see a period in which people no longer felt themselves to be merely a member of the whole world, but in which they lifted themselves out of the world, individualized themselves, in two ways, the Chaldean and the Egyptian. And we see the reversal in the appearance of the pictorial perception of the instinctive imaginative, which confronts us in two ways: in one way over there in Chaldea, and then in another way over here in Egypt.
And we see how, at the beginning of pyramid construction, which in its dimensions and geometric proportions is based on the perception of dimensions in human development, on the development of inner strength and on the feeling of this inner strength, we see how a third cultural epoch emerges, a cultural epoch in which instinctive imagination gives a special nuance to human development. And we see how in all these times social conditions emerge as a necessary consequence of what appears there as a state of mind. If we study the social conditions of ancient India, we will find how people lived together peacefully.
In ancient Persia, we see how human beings, by taking up the struggle with nature, receive a kind of warlike element; and we see how this warlike instinct lives on in their imaginations. And because human beings are affected in their innermost being, because this instinctive affect on human beings in relation to themselves cannot occur other than in the emotional, in the volitional, those power impulses arise in human beings which find expression in the grotesquely large pyramid structures, which are burial places and at the same time are intended to be testimonies to the external power of those who rule. We see how the consciousness of power emerges, but also how foreign peoples now interfere from other regions, how they bring different blood into what is expressed as the imaginative, instinctive element in social conditions; we see how such peoples come more from the interior of Asia and mix with the others. What they bring with them is connected with this feeling of being more human now, of feeling human apart from the environment.
Among the Egyptians, this intensified at a certain point in time to such an extent that they regarded themselves as divine beings; their self-consciousness was so strong that they regarded all others as barbarians and only those who were able to live in inner images as human beings. We see an intense desire for recognition emerging, and this emergence of intense self-awareness in humans is accompanied by an event that is linked to this state of mind.
However, it appeared in cultural life immediately afterwards. Hammurabi does mention donkeys and cattle, and shortly after his time, the horse is mentioned for the first time in the documents: the “donkey of the mountain country.” The horse is called the donkey of the mountain country because it was brought over from the mountainous east. Peoples who migrated from Asia into Chaldea brought the horse with them, and with it the warlike element appeared. We see this warlike element first emerging in an earlier period, but we see it further developed when the horse is domesticated along with other animals. And this, too, is connected with the state of mind of the people of that time. One can say that human beings did not sit on horses earlier and thereby strengthen their individuality by chaining an animal to their own movement until they had awakened to this degree of self-consciousness, as expressed in the pictorial mental images of the Chaldeans and in the dreamlike life of the Egyptians. The external conditions of human development are so intimately connected with the metamorphosis of the soul constitution in successive epochs that one can say: on the one hand, the construction of the pyramids and, on the other, the taming of the horse; they express, when viewed externally, the third cultural epoch, the Chaldean-Egyptian, and internally this is connected with the emergence of instinctive imaginative experience.
In Egypt, what appears as a high culture during the pyramid age, but which expresses itself entirely in a dreamlike, imaginative way, comes to an end relatively early. This culture dawns at the beginning of the third millennium and is actually in decline after four centuries. The spiritual constitution underlying this culture lives on after it begins to decay, spreading from Asia to the Near East and Asia Minor, crossing over to the European continent, and, as it lives out its life there, is still clearly perceptible in what comes from Asia Minor and the older Greek culture. It is still noticeable in the Homeric songs and their worldview. But as we approach the Homeric songs, we are already approaching a radical change. The worldview underlying the Homeric songs still shows the pictorial, imaginative mental image, still that view of man which is based on the pictorial. In depicting Achilles and Hector, Homer shows – apart from the fact that he suggests the pictorial element in images that are viewed externally, for example when he says: “Achilles, swift-footed, Hector, the hero with the waving helmet,” he depicts his subjects in such a way that one must see them vividly with the inner eye of the soul in order to grasp their individual character.
We also see something of the Chaldean in Homer's whole attitude. This changes as the Greek culture that we then find in Aeschylus and Sophocles and in Greek sculpture develops, and we can distinguish it from the older culture by becoming aware of how strongly the impulse to understand man in his true humanity lived in the Greeks. When we look at what was pictorial in the Chaldeans, we already see how plastic perception appeared in pictorial form, and we see this particularly in one of the peoples who were at least geographically close to the Chaldeans, the Sumerians. But we see how this people, like the Egyptians, is only just beginning to represent human beings externally. But then we find in the Greeks, both in drama and where drama is transferred to the realm of sculpture, how human beings are to be grasped in their outer manifestation. I would say that human beings in the third epoch felt themselves strongly by living out their deep, instinctive forces. In Egypt, this happened when they built the pyramids and, in a sense, allowed their power to grow into something gigantic in the construction of the pyramids, and in certain tribes of Asia, which were particularly warlike, it manifested itself in the fact that they mounted horses and thus felt at one with them. The Greek then goes on to say: I do not need external means; all human power lies within my own skin. And he sculpturally shapes those human beings who are already perfect within themselves in such a way that everything that a previous epoch sought through external embodiment is taken up within the human being. This complete immersion, this complete living into the human and seeking everything highest in the human being itself, we find lived out in the Greek spirit, and it later appears in a different, more external way, pronounced in Roman culture. We can still see this today, in a sense, when we remember Caesar walking across the forum or the other figures in Roman togas, how this force that shapes human beings with the highest power, that feels itself within the human skin, was represented in much more abstract forms than in Greece.
In the 6th century BC, a new era began. The Homeric era preceded it. We see this new era developing particularly strongly and vigorously in Greece, where it rose to greatness over a period of about four centuries and then declined.
And now Christianity intervenes. While the Greeks still felt something full of life when they looked at their statue of Zeus, the Romans basically saw only an abstract concept when they looked at their statues. This became increasingly pronounced in terms of its abstract nature; and even in the 4th century AD, when the senators entered the Roman Senate chamber, each of them scattered a grain of incense into the bright flame in front of the statue of Victoria before taking his seat as a senator. We see how, in abstract, mere thought form, which is nevertheless reality, what was still felt in Greece in the highest fullness of existence in the statues of Zeus, Athena, and Apollo, where one still felt something like the magical weaving of the powers of the gods themselves in Zeus and Athena, lives on in an image that is also perceived as abstract. In Rome, everything has become an abstract concept.
We then see how Emperor Constantine, who introduced Christianity, has this column removed from the Senate hall because he believes that it has lost all meaning in relation to the Christian view. We see how Julian the Apostate once again delves into the fully human view of the fourth period, how he once again has the Column of Victoria carried into the Senate hall, how he once again has the old ceremonies performed with the senators, but how he can no longer renew the old, how he perishes because of it. For the arrow that struck him was the arrow of a murderer hired by his enemies.
And then, out of all this, there develops the age which I shall characterize in more detail later, the age in which man finds himself in inner spirituality, in intellectuality, in intellectual abilities, which then develops in its particular character throughout the Middle Ages, where the intellect itself is thought about, as happened in scholasticism, where nominalism and realism were disputed. Then came the 15th century, and with it a completely different spirit, the spirit that led to the age of natural science, the spirit that was particularly strongly developed in the early days in Galileo and Copernicus, which brought us great advances in human consciousness, which represents an internalization of the Greek spirit — even if it then degenerated into materialism in the 18th century — which in the 19th century revealed so much about the external nature of the world.
And today we stand at a real turning point. I truly do not want to present Spenglerian fantasies about epochs. But there is something else I want to say. We look back to the beginning of the Egyptian period, to the dawn of the age of pyramid building, which was heralded by other symptoms as well, and we see how the first stage of consciousness emerged in the grasping of the human condition. we see how the next stage begins in the 8th century BC, how in Greek and Roman culture the soul constitution of the people of that age develops in the grasping of “human beings as such”; how this age comes to an end and the internalization of the intellect begins at the beginning of the 15th century.
We thus see, as it were, three major turning points: a turning point at the beginning of the Egyptian-Chaldean age, we see the beginning of the fourth age, the Greek-Latin age, and we see the dawn of the age that introduced natural science, which in turn brought with it something like the building of the pyramids, something that represents a special breakthrough with something new in human development.
We see four centuries of the flowering of the pyramid age, then see it fade away, fade away radically, and only that which asserted itself in the imagery of Chaldeanism
survive, passing over into Greek culture. We see a new age dawning in the 8th century, followed by four centuries of decline in Greek culture. We see it becoming abstract in Roman culture. We see a new age beginning again at the start of the 15th century, the age that brought us the scientific approach, intellectuality, and rationality. And today, we are roughly at the same point in time after this radical upheaval, four hundred to five hundred years, as the Egyptian decline was after the beginning of the third millennium, as the Greek decline was after the beginning of the fourth age. We must be vigilant today so that we do not end up as civilized people as the Egyptians did four hundred years after the dawn of the third historical age, or the Greeks four hundred to five hundred years after the dawn of the fourth age—so that we, who are just as far behind the dawn of the fifth age, do not end up the same way.
The Romans were unable to continue what was still full of life among the Greeks; they were only able to bring abstraction and intellectualism into life, which then died out in the dead Latin language. We must pay attention to all this today because we have become more conscious than the Greeks were; and out of our consciousness we must take care to prevent from within the decay that occurred among the Greeks and stands as a terrible example. So we must learn from history that we do not suffer the same fate as those who became weak because they clung to outward appearances. We must overcome what could not be overcome in earlier epochs. And when we say that we must learn from history, this must be done in such a way that we steel our powers so that we pay close attention to what older times teach us, so that we learn not only to avoid the mistakes that have been made by individual people, but also those that, strictly speaking, cannot be called mistakes at all, but rather necessary shortcomings in the development of humanity. We must overcome what threatens to befall humanity today, as it befell humanity in the past. We must emerge from a great crisis. And we can be convinced that we can only understand the essence of our present crisis if we understand it from the depths of the historical development of humanity. But then we will also understand how natural science can become spiritual science. For this can only be understood if we are able to grasp it from the whole spirit of human development.