The Rudolf Steiner Archive

Yesterday I was speaking to you of how man is subject to what natural science generally calls heredity, and also of how he is subject to the influences of the external world and adaptation to it. I also said that everything relating to heredity is connected with the Ahrimanic forces, and adaptation, in the widest sense, with the Luciferic forces. But I also told you how in the realm of the spiritual Beings belonging to the Cosmos, provision has been made to enable the Luciferic and Ahrimanic forces to play a lawful part in human life. Something shall now be added to what has been said, recalling the content of the lecture given the day before yesterday.

We turned our minds then to how memory and everything akin to it give man his configuration as a being of soul. To a far greater extent than we imagine our configuration as beings of soul originates from our memories. Our soul has been shaped by the process whereby our experiences have become memories; we are the product of our life of memories to a greater extent than we think. Anyone who is capable of exercising even enough self-observation to enable him to penetrate into the store of memories, will realise how particularly important a part is played throughout earthly life by the impressions of childhood. The kind of life we spent in childhood—which really does not loom large in our consciousness—the period during which we learned to speak or walk, or got our first, inherited, teeth, the impressions made on us during these periods of development—all these play an important part in the fife of soul throughout our existence on Earth. All freely arising thoughts in which impressions from outside have played no part are connected with memories and are usually accompanied by faint nuances of joy or sadness—all this constitutes our memory and is carried with it by the astral body when we pass into the state of sleep. If with Imaginative vision we are able to observe man as a being of soul-and-spirit during sleep, the following picture presents itself. During sleep the etheric body and the physical body are still enclosed within the skin and the astral body is outside—I will speak of the Ego later on. This astral body is seen virtually to consist of the man’s memories. But these memories in the astral body now outside the physical body are seen to be swirling in and through one another in a kind of eddy. Experiences that were widely separated in time and space are now in juxtaposition; parts of the content of certain experiences are eliminated, so that the whole life of memory during sleep is transformed. Hence when a person dreams it is this transformed life of memory that is presented to his consciousness. And in the character and make-up of the dream he can be inwardly aware of the swirling eddy of memories which Imaginative clairvoyance can perceive from outside.

But there is another aspect as well. These memories, which from the time of going to sleep until waking form the main content of man’s astral life, unite during sleep with the forces behind the phenomena of Nature. It may therefore be said that the astral element in the memories enters into a connection with the forces which lie behind, or rather lie within, the minerals, within the plants, behind the clouds, and so on.

Those who can recognise this to be truth will be horrified to hear it said that material atoms are behind the phenomena of Nature. The fact is that our memories during sleep do not unite with material atoms but with the spiritual forces behind the phenomena of Nature. This is where our memories reside during sleep. We can therefore say with truth that during sleep our soul dips down with its memories into the inner being of Nature, and we say nothing untrue or unreal when we assert; When I go to sleep I give over my memories to the Powers that are spiritually active in the crystal, in the plants, in all the phenomena of Nature.

During a walk you may see by the wayside blue or yellow flowers, green grass, gleaming ears of corn, and say to them: When I pass by you during the day I see you only from outside. But while I sleep, I shall sink my memories into your own spiritual core of being. While I sleep you receive and harbour the memories into which I have transformed the experiences I had in life.—There is perhaps no more beautiful feeling for Nature than to have to a rose-tree not merely an external relation but to realise that you love it because a rose-tree harbours the first memories of childhood. Space plays no part at all. However far away the rose-tree may be, during sleep we find the way to it. The reason why people love roses—only they do not know it—is that roses receive and harbour the very first memories of childhood.

When we were children, the love shown us by other human beings made us happy. We may have forgotten all about it, but it remains within our soul, and during our sleep at night the rose-tree receives into and harbours within itself the memory we have ourselves forgotten. We are more closely united than we realise with the world of outer Nature, that is to say with the spirit reigning there. Memory of our earliest childhood is particularly remarkable in connection with sleep because up to the time of the change of teeth, up to about the seventh year, it is only the element of soul that is received and harboured during sleep. It is a fact in our life as human beings that the inner, spiritual core of Nature harbours the element of soul belonging to our childhood. There is, of course, another aspect: the element of soul we developed in childhood when, for example, we may have been cruel, that too remains in us; the thistles harbour it! All this is said by way of analogy but it points to a significant reality. The following will make it clear what it is that is not taken from childhood into the innermost core of Nature.

In the first seven years of life the child’s whole bodily make-up is inherited, including, therefore, the first teeth; all the material substance we have within us during this period is, in essence, inherited. But after approximately seven years all the material substance has been thrust out, has fallen away and is renewed. The human being himself remains as a spirit-form. His material components are thrown out and after seven or eight years everything that was previously there, has gone. And so when we have reached the age of nine our whole bodily make-up has been renewed. We then shape it in accordance with external impressions.

It is very important indeed that in the early epochs of life the child should be in a position to build his new body—not the inherited body, but the one developed from within himself—in accordance with good impressions from the environment and by a healthy process of adaptation. Whereas the body the child has when he comes into the world depends upon whether the forces of heredity are good or not so good, the later body he bears is very dependent indeed upon the impressions he receives from his environment. Invariably, however, after seven years the body is renewed.

Now it is the ‘I’, the Ego, that is responsible for this. Although it is true the Ego is not yet born in the seven-yearold child as far as the external world is concerned—for it is born at a later age—nevertheless it is at work, since it is naturally connected with the body and is responsible for its formation. It is the Ego that is responsible for the development of what then appears as physiognomy and gesture, as the outer, material manifestation of man’s soul-and-spirit. It is a fact that someone who takes an active share in affairs of the world, who has wide interests and assimilates their substance and content will reveal this in his gestures and his very facial expression. In the later life of such a man, every wrinkle on his face will be indicative of his inner activity and it will be possible to read a great deal here, because the Ego comes to expression in a man’s gestures and physiognomy. The countenance of someone whose attitude to the world is one of boredom and lack of interest will retain the same facial expression all through life. There have been no intimate experiences which might have imprinted themselves in his physiognomy and gestures. In many a countenance you can read a whole biography; in another there is not much more to read than that the individual was once a child—and that is of little account.

It is extremely significant that through the change of bodily substance after every seven or eight years, a man shapes his own outer appearance. And the result of this work on his outward appearance as revealed in physiognomy and gesture, is again something that is carried, while he sleeps, into the innermost being of Nature.

If, then, you look at a man with Imaginative clairvoyance, and observe the Ego as it appears while he is asleep, you will find that the Ego is fully expressed by physiognomy and gesture. Hence those human beings who are able to convey a great deal of their inner nature to their facial expression or to their gestures, have gleaming, radiant Egos. This activity in the shaping of gestures and physiognomy again unites with certain forces in Nature. If we had many opportunities in life of showing friendliness and kindness, Nature is inclined, as soon as this kindliness has been expressed in the countenance, to receive it into her own essential being. Nature takes our memories into her forces, our gestures into her very being. Man is so intimately connected with external Nature that there is immense significance for the latter in the memories he experiences in his soul and also in the way in which he expresses his inner life of soul in physiognomy and gesture.

As you know, I have often quoted words of Goethe which were really a criticism of a saying by Haller: ‘Into the inner being of Nature no created Spirit can enter. Happy he to whom she reveals only her outer shell.’ Goethe retorted: ‘O you Philistine! We are everywhere within her being: nothing is within, nothing without; what is within is without, what is without is within. Ask yourself first of all whether you are kernel or husk.’ Goethe said he had heard the remark in the sixties and had secretly cursed it. He felt—naturally he could not then know anything of Spiritual Science—that if a man whom he could only regard as a philistine, says: ‘Into the inner being of Nature no created Spirit can enter,’ he knows nothing of the fact that man, simply because he is a being of memories, a being of physiognomy and gestures, continually penetrates into the inmost essence of Nature. We are not creatures who stand at the door of Nature and knock in vain. Through our own core of being we are connected by intimate ties with the inmost essence of Nature. But because the child until his seventh year has a body that is wholly inherited, nothing of his Ego, nothing of his physiognomy and gestures, pass over into Nature. It is only at the time of the change of teeth that we begin to approach these realities. Hence it is only then—after the change of teeth— that we are mature enough gradually to begin to reflect about any phenomenon of Nature. Until that time it is only arbitrary thoughts that arise in a child, thoughts which really have not very much to do with Nature, and for that very reason are so full of charm. The best way to make contact with a child is to be poetical when we are talking to him, calling the stars the eyes of heaven and so on, when the things of which we speak are as remote as possible from the outer physical reality.

It is only after the change of teeth that the child gradually ‘grows into’ Nature in such a way that his thoughts can gradually comprehend thoughts of Nature. Fundamentally speaking, the child’s life from the seventh to the fourteenth year is a period during which he ‘grows into Nature’. During this period, in addition to his memories he also carries into the realm of Nature his gestures and physiognomy. And this then continues through the whole of life. It is not until the change of teeth that we have any relationship with the inner core of Nature as single human individuals.

For this reason the beings I have called Elementals— Gnomes and Undines—listen so eagerly when a man narrates something about childhood as it was before the age of seven. It is only at the time of the change of teeth that a man is really born as far as these elemental beings are concerned. This is an extremely interesting fact. Before that time man is to the Gnomes and Undines a being ‘on the other side’; it is for them something of an enigma that man should appear at this age almost as a completed being. It would be immensely stimulating for pedagogical imagination if, through imbibing spiritual knowledge, an individual could really participate in a dialogue with the Nature Spirits, if he could transport himself into the soul of the Nature Spirits in order to ascertain their views about what he can tell them about children. In this way the most beautiful fairy-tale imagination takes shape. And if in olden times fairy-tales were so wonderfully vivid and rich in content it was because the narrators could actually converse with Gnomes and Undines and not merely hear something from them. These Nature Spirits are sometimes very egoistic. They become silent if they are not told things about which they are curious. Their favourite stories are those which tell about the doings of babies. Then one learns from them many things that can create the atmosphere of a fairy story. What seems utterly fantastic to people today can be very important for the practical application of spiritual life. It is an actual fact that because of the circumstances of which I have told you, these dialogues with the Nature Spirits may be extremely instructive for both sides.

On the other hand, what I have said may give rise to a certain anxiety, for during sleep man is continually creating pictures of his inmost being. Behind the phenomena of Nature, behind the flowers of the field, and extending into the etheric world, there are reproductions of our memories, good and futile alike. The Earth teems with what is contained in human souls. Human life is intimately connected with these things.

First of all, then, we encounter Nature Spirits as beings into whom we can penetrate through our gestures. But we also find the world of the Angeloi, Archangeloi and Archai. We penetrate into those Beings too. Our memories carry us into the activities of the world of the Angeloi; our physiognomy and gestures—for which we ourselves are responsible—carry us into the Beings themselves of that world. This following sketch will give some indication of what happens when, during sleep, we penetrate into Nature. Let this (lowest) curve represent our skin; as we move outwards in the radial direction, we pass from the regions of the Angeloi into those of the Archangeloi and Archai. We are now in the sphere of the Third Hierarchy. And when, during sleep, we sink down with our memories and gestures into the flowing sea of Angeloi, Archangeloi and Archai, weaving and intertwining, then from one side there comes another stream of spiritual Beings. This is the Second Hierarchy: Exousiai, Kyriotetes and Dynamis. If we want to find something in the physical world to which this can be related, we can say that the daily course of the Sun from East to West expresses how the Second Hierarchy crosses the realm of the Third Hierarchy. The Third Hierarchy, the Angeloi, Archangeloi and Archai, glide upwards and downwards, handing to each other the ‘golden vessels’. According to this picture we think of the Second Hierarchy following the path taken by the Sun from East to West—not the apparent but the actual daily path of the Sun, for the Copernican theory does not hold good here. Provided a man has the necessary vision, he sees how during sleep he passes into the world of the Third Hierarchy. But this world of the Third Hierarchy is permeated ceaselessly by the Second Hierarchy. The Second Hierarchy also makes its influence felt in our life of soul.

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In the lecture the day before yesterday I pointed out to you the significance of vividly re-living experiences of youth. You may be deeply impressed if you turn again to the Mystery Plays and now, perhaps with greater understanding than before, read the passages about the appearance of the Spirit of Johannes’ Youth.¹ It is an indubitable fact that a man’s own inner being can become vividly perceptible to him if with an active effort of will he relives his younger days. I told you that you may, for instance, pick up old school textbooks and steep yourself in what you either learnt or failed to learn from them. It does not matter whether you learnt anything or not; what matters is that you should re-live what happened at the time. In my own case it was vitally important for me a year or two ago, when I needed to strengthen my powers of spiritual understanding, to re-live a situation of my youth. I was eleven years old at the time and had just been given a new school-book. The first thing that happened was that through carelessness, the ink pot upset and blotted two pages of the book so badly that they were illegible. A few years ago I relived the event many times—the textbook with the ruined pages and what I had to suffer in consequence. For the book had to be replaced by a family with very little money. One suffered dreadfully on account of this book with its enormous inkblot! As I said, it is not a matter of having behaved well in circumstances recalled in later years but of experiencing them with real intensity. If you recall such happenings as vividly as you possibly can, you will experience something else as well. More clearly than in a dream, in actual perception, you will experience a situation while you rest in bed, shut off from the day’s impressions. If during the day you have vividly recalled a scene once inwardly experienced, when everything around you is dark and you are all by yourself at night you will see, as though displayed in space, a scene in which you once participated. Suppose you have recalled a scene at which you were once present, let us say at eleven o’clock. Afterwards you went somewhere else and found yourself sitting among a number of people. You have now summoned up something you experienced inwardly. What was around you outwardly at that time was entirely a spatial spectacle. If attention is paid to circumstances such as this, very significant discoveries can be made. Let us suppose that as a youngster of seventeen, you were accustomed to have your midday meal at a Pension where the guests were continually changing. Now you recall some such scene which you had inwardly experienced; you recall it vividly. Then, in the night, you have this experience: you are sitting at a table with other people whom you saw only seldom because the guests in a Pension were perpetually changing. The face of one of these people makes you realise: that is something I actually lived through all those years ago. The external spatial element is added to the inner soul-experience when you activate memories in this way.

This means that you are actually living in the stream which flows from East to West (see diagram). More and more the feeling grows in you that you are not wholly absorbed by the spiritual world into which you pass in sleep, but that in this spiritual world something is happening that is reflected outwardly in the moment when again you see the people sitting around the table in the Pension. You had forgotten about the episode long ago but it is still there. You see it as things can often be seen inscribed in the Akasha Chronicle. The moment you have this before you, you have made contact with the stream that flows from East to West: the stream of the Second Hierarchy. In this stream of the Second Hierarchy there is contained something that is reflected outwardly as the day.

Now the day varies in length throughout the year. In spring it gets longer, in autumn, shorter; it is longest in summer, shortest in winter. During the course of the year the day undergoes metamorphosis. This is caused by a stream running from West to East, countering the East-West stream (diagram). It is the stream of the First Hierarchy, of the Seraphim, Cherubim and Thrones. Hence if you follow how the day changes in the course of the year, if you pass from the day to the year, you come into contact with the stream which flows in the opposite direction and meets you in sleep.

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It is really the case that in sleep we grow into the spiritual world, radially from West to East and from East to West. And when we recall some experience vividly the picture before our souls must be of Winter in the world of space.

And it is the same when we become conscious of our will. It is the effect of this that passes into the gestures and physiognomy. What I am now going to say will have a certain significance for Eurythmists, although naturally it is not the purpose of Eurythmy to vindicate what I am saying. It is a fact that when a man becomes increasingly able to shape his external form too from within himself, so that his Ego is expressed with greater and greater definition in his physiognomy and gestures, he does not receive an impression only of the day. An impression of the day results from passing over from a vivid, inner experience of memory to a perception of things in the external world of space. To take the example already given. Suppose you re-experience what happened to you at the age of seventeen, and see the human beings who sat at table with you in the Pension, in pictures, as in the Akasha Chronicle—that is the Day-experience.

But the Year can also be experienced. This is possible if we pay attention to the working of the will, if we notice that it is comparatively easy to assert the will when one is warm, whereas it is difficult to let the will stream through the body when one is very cold. Those who can inwardly experience a connection between the will and being warm or cold, will gradually be able, when this faculty develops, to speak of a Winter Will and a Summer Will in themselves.

We find that the best way to define this will is to relate it to the seasons. Let us observe, for example, the kind of will which seems to carry our thoughts out into the Cosmos and makes it easy to manipulate the body so that in its whole bearing and in its gestures the thoughts seem to be borne out into the Universe; they seem to glide away through the finger-tips. We feel that it is easy to activate the will. We may be standing in front of a tree and something at the top of it gladdens our eye. If our will is warm within us, our thoughts are carried to the treetop—indeed sometimes to the very stars of heaven when in summer nights we feel endowed with this warmth of will.

On the other hand, if the will is inwardly cold, it is as if all thoughts were being carried only in our head and could not make their way into our arms or legs. Everything goes to the head. The head endures the coldness of the will, and if the cold is not so overwhelming as to give rise to a feeling of iciness, the head will become warm as a result of its own inner reaction, and then it unfolds thoughts.

Hence we can say that Summer Will leads us out into the wide expanse of the Cosmos. Summer Will, Warm Will, carries our thoughts here, there and everywhere. Winter Will carries thoughts into our head. The will can indeed be differentiated in this way. And then we shall feel that the will which carried us out into the Cosmos is related to the course of the Summer and the Will which carries thoughts into the head, to the Winter. Through the will we experience the Year.

It is possible to experience as a reality what I am now going to write on the blackboard for you. Your experience of Winter through the medium of the will can be expressed in these words:

World-All pictures!
From widths of Space
Ye are alighting,
Tending towards me,
Entering bounteously
Into my Head,
Into its thinking powers.

These words have no merely abstract meaning. If you can feel your own will united with Nature you will also feel, when Winter comes, as though your own experiences, handed over to Nature, were being brought to you from the expanse of Space. You can be aware of your own experiences which had already been taken into Nature. This is the feeling of Winter Will.

But you can also feel the Summer Will which bears your thoughts out into the Cosmos:

Ye, of my Head
The formative forces, forming in soul,
Filling my inner life!

which means that the thoughts which are at first experienced in the head, pass over into and fill the whole body, but then stream forth from it:

Now reaching outward
Into World-distances,
Weld my own being
With World-creative powers.

These words express the nature of the Summer Will, the will in us which is related to Summer. And when we feel that we have called up from within the active memory of something experienced long ago, then the day with its following night bears it back to us again, supplemented by the spatial picture. This is connected with the stream flowing from East to West. Thus we may say: Winter Will changes in us into Summer Will, Summer Will into Winter Will. We find ourselves no longer related to the Day with its alternating light and darkness, but through our will we are related to the Year, and therewith to the stream flowing from West to East, the stream of the First Hierarchy: the Seraphim, Cherubim and Thrones.

As we proceed we shall see how man may be hindered or helped through heredity or adaptation to the external world through this association with the inmost life of Nature. What I have just been telling you refers to the fact that man, when hindered as little as possible by Ahrimanic and Luciferic forces, grows by means of ideation (Vorstellung) and will into the inmost life of Nature and is received by the Time-forces, the Day-forces and the Year-forces; Third Hierarchy, Second Hierarchy, First Hierarchy. But the Ahrimanic forces as they manifest themselves in heredity, and the Luciferic forces as they manifest themselves in adaptation, exert very deep influences. These great problems will occupy our minds in the next lecture.

Winter Will
World-All pictures,
From widths of Space
Ye are alighting,
Tending towards me,
Entering bounteously
Into my Head,
Into its thinking powers.

Summer Will
Ye, of my Head
The formative forces, forming in soul,
Filling my inner life.
Now reaching outward
Into World-distances,
Weld my own being With World-creative powers.

• 1. The Soul’s Awakening. Scene 2.

Continuation of the themes introduced in the last lecture leads us today to material that will serve as preparation for the two following lectures. It leads us to study the connection of man, the whole man, with our planet Earth. As I have often said, man is under an illusion if he ascribes to himself as a physical being an existence separate from the Earth. As a being of soul-and-spirit man is independent and individual; as physical man and to some extent also in respect of his etheric body, he belongs to the organic totality of the Earth.

I will begin today by describing how this connection between man and Earth-existence appears to supersensible vision. Let us suppose that someone with Imaginative Consciousness were to take a journey through the primeval Alps where the rocks consist of quartz, of silicious minerals and similar formations. These primeval mountains are composed of the hardest rocks on Earth, but as well as being the hardest, these rocks, when they appear in their original form, have an inherent purity about them, a quality untouched by the commonplace things of Earth. We can well understand it, when in a beautiful essay which has already been read here, Goethe speaks of his experiences among these primeval mountains, of the solitude he felt as he sat there, and the impressions made upon him by these granite rocks, towering up from the Earth. Goethe speaks of granite, composed as it is of silica, mica and felspar, as the ‘enduring son of Earth’.

When with ordinary consciousness a man approaches these primeval mountains he can of course admire them from outside; he is deeply impressed by their forms, by their wonderful moulding, primitive as it is, but extraordinarily eloquent. But if he approaches this hardest rock of the Earth with Imaginative Consciousness he penetrates beneath the surface of mineral nature and is then able with his thinking to grow together, as it were, with the rock. The soul reaches into the depths of the rock, and in spirit, man enters into a holy palace of the Gods. The interior is revealed to Imaginative vision as transparent, and the outer surface as the walls of this palace of the Gods. At the same time the knowledge comes that within this rock there is a reflection of the Cosmos outside the Earth. The world of stars is mirrored once again before the soul. Finally we get the impression that all quartz rocks are like eyes through which the Earth can see into the Cosmos. We are reminded of the many-faceted eyes of insects which divide into numbers of parts whatever comes towards them from outside. We should, and indeed must, picture innumerable quartz and similar formations on the surface of the Earth as being eyes enabling the Earth inwardly to reflect and indeed inwardly perceive the cosmic environment. And gradually the knowledge dawns in us that every crystal formation present in the Earth is a sense-organ for perceiving the Cosmos.

The majesty of the Earth’s snow-covering, but even more of the falling snowflakes, lies in the fact that in each single snowflake there is a reflection of part of the Cosmos; so that with this crystallised water, reflections of part of the starry heavens fall down upon the Earth.

I need not remind you that the starry firmament is there by day as well as at night, only it cannot be seen by day because the sunlight is too strong. If you ever have an opportunity of going into a deep cellar with a high tower above it open at the top, you can see the stars even in the daytime because you are looking out of the darkness and the sunlight does not obtrude. There is, for example, such a tower in Jena through which the stars can be seen in the daytime. I mention this in passing to make it clear to you that this reflection of the stars in the snowflakes and indeed in every crystal is of course there in the daytime too. It is not a physical reflection, it is a spiritual reflection, and the impression of it must be communicated inwardly.

That is not all. This spiritual sense-impression, if I may call it so, gives rise to an impression in the soul that if you enter imaginatively into the crystal covering of the Earth you yourself are able to share in all the experiences coming from the Cosmos to the Earth through the crystals. You thereby extend your own being into the Cosmos and feel yourself one with the Cosmos. And most important of all: it now becomes a deep truth to one possessed of Imaginative vision that our Earth, with everything belonging to it, has in the course of ages been born out of the Cosmos. The kinship between the Earth and the Cosmos comes vividly before the eyes of soul. And so this inner penetration into the millions of the Earth’s crystal eyes is a preparation for feeling and experiencing in soul the inner kinship of the Earth with the Cosmos.

Through this experience, however, you again feel that as Man you are closely united with the Earth. For this birth of the Earth out of the Cosmos took place when Man himself was still a very primitive being, not a physical but a spiritual being. But in his own being Man shared in the processes undergone by the Earth after its birth out of the Cosmos. In actual fact the same inner connection once existed between the Earth and the neighbouring Cosmos as that between an unborn child with the body of the mother. Later, however, the child begins to make itself independent. Similarly, the Earth gradually developed into independence after having been more completely one with the Cosmos during the earliest Saturn epoch. Man accompanied this process towards independence until he was finally able to say: My finger is a finger only as long as it is part of my organism; the moment I sever it from my organism it is no longer a finger and it perishes. And if man as a physical being can be thought of as separated by a few miles only from the conditions of the Earth-organism he would wither and decay like the amputated finger. Because he can move freely over the face of the Earth man deceives himself into thinking that as a physical being he has an existence of his own, independent of the Earth, whereas a finger cannot move over the organism. If it could do so, it would be succumbing to the same delusion to which man succumbs if he thinks of himself as a physical being independent of the Earth. It is precisely through higher knowledge that this integration of physical man into the Earth becomes clear.

Such is the acquaintance that can be made, through Imaginative Consciousness, with the hardest component of the Earth’s surface. Further acquaintance can be made by descending a little more deeply into the Earth, to the veins or lodes of metal ores, or any metallic substance in the Earth’s interior. Here you have penetrated below the surface of the Earth. But metals have a very special character, a character deviating from that of other earthly substance. Metals have a certain independence which can be experienced, and this experience is of very great significance for man.¹

Even someone who acquires certain higher knowledge through Imaginative vision has not yet reached the goal when, through experiencing the quartz and other primeval rocks as the million eyes of the Earth, he expands his being into the Cosmos. If however he penetrates further into the interior of the Earth, the first impulses for experience can arise from the wonderful stimuli that can be received in a metal mine. Once the impulses have been set in motion, however, all that is necessary to be able to experience the nature of metallic substance without going down the shaft of a mine, is spiritual vision. But the first feeling of the experience in question can be acquired with particular intensity in metal mines themselves. It is no longer the case today but it was still true a few decades ago, that miners who are inwardly wedded to their work display something of this profound sense of the spiritual reality in metals. For the metals do not only ‘see’ the surrounding Cosmos: they speak in a spiritual way, but nevertheless they do speak and tell their story. And the language they speak is similar to the impressions of language from a different domain.

When we succeed in establishing an inner connection of soul with human beings living between death and rebirth we shall need a special language to communicate with them. What the Spiritualists say is puerile, for the simple reason that the dead do not speak the language of earthly man. Spiritualists believe that the dead speak in such a way that their words can be written down, just as though a letter were being received from a contemporary living on the Earth. True, in most cases the messages heard in seances sound high-flown and pompous, but the same sort of thing is sometimes written even by living contemporaries. The fact of the matter is that we have first to find the right approach to the language which the dead speak and which bears no resemblance whatever to any earthly language—this is so, although it also has a vocal-consonantal character. But the same language which can be apprehended only by spiritual hearing is spoken by the metals in the interior of the Earth. And the same language by means of which we come near the souls of the dead living between death and a new birth, can also recount the memories of the Earth, the experiences undergone by the Earth in its course through the periods of Saturn, Sun, Moon, and so on. The metals can tell us of the past history of the Earth. The destinies of our whole planetary system, however, are to be learnt from what Saturn has to communicate. It is of what the Earth has undergone in the evolutionary process that the metals tell.

The language spoken by the metals of the Earth can also take two forms. In its usual form it will reveal what the Earth has undergone in the course of its evolution since the Saturn period. What is said about this evolution in the book Occult Science: An Outline originated in the way I have often described—by direct spiritual perception of the process concerned. That, however, is a rather different way of learning about the Earth’s history from the one I have in mind just now. The metals—if I may put it in this way, although naturally it seems to be rather strangely expressed—the metals tell us more of the ‘personal’ experiences of the Earth, of the Earth as a specific entity in the Cosmos. So if I wanted to lay particular emphasis upon the stories told by the metals, stories learnt by spiritual penetration into the interior of the Earth, I should have to give many details of the Saturn-, Sun-, Moon-periods, and so forth.

A first example would be that the conditions on Old Saturn described in the book Occult Science as consisting of differentiations of warmth, appear as mighty, gigantic beings-of-warmth, which even during the Saturn period had reached a certain degree of density. To put it crudely: if it were possible—which of course it is not—for a man of Earth to encounter these beings he could become aware of them and even touch them. Thus about the middle of the Saturn period these beings were not purely spiritual but displayed a certain physical quality. If you had tried to touch them your fingers would have blistered. It would be wrong to assume that they had a temperature of millions of degrees of warmth but their temperature was such that any contact would have caused blisters.

Then we should have to pass to the Sun period and to relate, as I did in Occult Science, how other beings appeared, manifesting wonderful transformations, metamorphoses. Gazing at these beings in process of metamorphosis we should get the impression that the metamorphoses described by classical authors such as Ovid have something to do, though of course not directly, with experience of the communications make by the metals. Ovid was certainly not himself capable of understanding the language of the metals directly, nor indeed does his work Metamorphoses wholly convey the impression one gets, but what he says is derived from this source, and the underlying process is very definitely indicated. Paracelsus, who lived at a much later time than the personality to whom I have just referred, did not go to college to learn what he regarded as of greatest importance. I do not imply that he did not actually go to college, for as a matter of fact he did, and I have no objections whatever to such a course. But for knowledge of the greatest importance he went where more significant information could be obtained. He went, for example, to men such as metal-miners and acquired a great deal of his knowledge in this way.

Anyone familiar with the technique of acquiring knowledge is aware of how extraordinarily illuminating the simple words of a peasant engaged on the business of sowing and reaping can be. You will say that he does not understand what he is talking about, but what matters is that you who are listening should understand. Certainly it will be only very rarely that the speaker himself understands what he has said—it is a matter of instinct. And even more fundamental knowledge can be acquired from creatures such as beetles and butterflies and birds, who understand nothing at all about what they say to us.

Pythagoras on his travels studied with great intensity what could be learnt by listening to the speech of the metals in the mines of Asia Minor, and a great deal of what he learnt made its way into what then became Greco-Roman culture. In a weakened form it appears in a work such as Ovid’s Metamorphoses. This is one form of the speech of the metals in the interior of the Earth.

The other form—grotesque as this seems, it is true—the other form is revealed when the speech of the metals becomes poetical, begins to be cosmic poetry. Cosmic phantasy comes to expression in the speech of the metals. And then this cosmic poetry tells of the most intimate relations existing between the metals and the being of man. These most intimate relations do indeed exist. The crude relations known to physiology involve only a few metals. It is known that iron plays an important role in human blood; but iron is really the only metal of this kind. A few others—potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium—also play a certain part. But a larger number of metals that are important for the structure and functioning of the Earth, seem to crude observation to play no part in the human organism. But that is only apparently the case. If you penetrate into the Earth and there learn to know the speech of the metals, you will also learn that the metals are truly not present only in the interior of the Earth but everywhere in its environment as well, although in exceedingly fine distribution, in a hyper-homeopathic solution, if I may so express it.

In the crude, material sense we cannot have lead within us; in the finer, more ethereal sense we cannot live without it. For what would become of man if lead from the Cosmos, from the atmosphere, did not have an effect upon him, if lead in an infinitely fine state of distribution did not penetrate with the rays of the sun through his eye into his skin, if lead did not penetrate into him through the breathing-process, and again in an infinitely fine state, into the foodstuffs? In short, what would man be if lead did not work in him?

Without lead he would indeed have sense-perceptions; he would be able to perceive colours and musical tones, but with every perception he would become slightly faint, slightly out of his body. He would never be able to stand back from his perceptions and reflect in thoughts and mental concepts about what he had perceived. If we did not absorb any lead in the infinitely fine homeopathic potencies of which I spoke, into our nervous system and, above all, into our brain, we should be entirely given over to all our sense-perceptions as if they were something outside us. We should be unable to form any mental picture of our sense-perceptions or retain any picture of them in our memory. It is the finely distributed lead in our brain that makes this possible.

If a considerable quantity of lead is introduced into the human organism the result is lead-poisoning—a dreadful condition. But those who are aware of the facts can realise from this power of lead to poison, that just because it has a disastrous effect if introduced into the human organism in any considerable quantity, if administered in extremely fine hyper-homeopathic dilution, it can at any moment bring about fading, dying processes to the extent necessary to enable a man to be a conscious being, not perpetually involved in processes of growth and formation—which cause faintness and loss of consciousness. For this is what happens if the growth-forces become overpowering.

Man has definite relationships to all metals, including those of which crude physiology says nothing. Knowledge of these relationships is the foundation for a true therapy. Intimate information about the relationships of the metals to the human being can be given only by the poetic speech of the metals of the Earth. So it may be said that the ordinary speech of the metals gives information about the actual destiny of the Earth; information about the curative relationships of the metals to the human being is given by the metals when their speech becomes poetic.

It is a remarkable thought that from the cosmic aspect, medicine is a kind of poetry. But many mysteries of existence lie in the fact that what at one level causes or leads to illness, is, at another level, something lofty, most perfect, most beautiful. This is what emerges when Inspired cognition finds access to the metallic veins and metals in the Earth.

Now still another relationship can be established with metals, namely, when they are subjected to natural forces, for example, to fire. Just think of the remarkable formation of antimony orc. It is composed of single spear-shaped structures, showing by this formation that it follows certain lines of force that are active in the Cosmos. If antimony is subjected to a process of combustion it becomes the ‘antimony mirror’. When it is spread on glass it develops a special power of reflection. It has other peculiarities, too, for example it readily explodes if it is deposited on the cathode. All these characteristics of antimony indicate how a metallic substance of this kind is related to the forces of the Earth, of the Earth’s environment. The same can be said of all metals. All of them can be studied when brought into the process of combustion and if the temperature rises higher and higher they pass over into the super-homeopathic condition of which I have spoken. It is at those temperatures that they assume a quite different form. In this connection the ideas of modern physicists are rigidly schematic. As the lead is being melted the physicists picture it getting softer and softer, and so it does, to begin with. The lead gets softer and softer as the temperature rises, and it also gets hotter and hotter, increasingly fluidic, until lead-fumes are produced. What the physicists do not know is that all the time something that does not reach beyond a certain temperature is being thrown off, separated off. This they do not know. Lead in this finest, ‘super-homeopathic’ state passes over continually into the universal invisible life and in that form works upon man.

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In the Earth itself there are metals of infinite kinds, but above the Earth these metals are everywhere present in the finest possible state of distribution; they have vaporised. Down in the Earth the metals have their sharp contours and definite structures; at a still greater depth they exist in a molten condition. But in the environment of the Earth, the metals in the finest possible state of distribution continually radiate out into cosmic space. Now in cosmic space there is inner elasticity. The forces do not radiate into infinity—as the physicists imagine to be the case with light-rays—but these forces radiate to a certain boundary and then return. These backward radiating forces may be pictured as returning in all directions from the periphery of the universe. And we become aware that these backward-streaming forces are at work where we witness one of the most wonderful, most beautiful of all sights in human life: when a child is learning in the first years of earthly life to walk, to speak and to think.

It is one of the most wonderful sights in the whole of life to observe how a child stops crawling and stands up in order to orientate himself in the world; to ‘come to himself’ as a human being. It is the backward-radiating forces of the metals that work inwardly in the forces which give the child the power of orientation. As the child learns to raise himself from his horizontal position in crawling, he is permeated by the backward-radiating force of the metals. This is the force that actually raises the child into the upright position. If this connection is recognised, another experience comes simultaneously. It is that in the deeds, in the essential nature of the human being living here on Earth, one recognises the connection with his earlier incarnation. The faculties for perceiving the workings of the metals in the Cosmos and the karmic connection between the successive lives on Earth, are the same. The one recognition comes with the other and neither is possible without the other. That is why I once said in an entirely different context that in this power of orientation, in the power which enables the child to rise from crawling to standing and walking, the faculty of learning to speak and think, lie the fruits coming from earlier lives on Earth. I said then that anyone with an eye for these things perceives in the way the child takes his first steps, whether in taking steps he tends to put toes or heels down first, whether he bends his knees sharply or only slightly—in all this, karmic disposition from an earlier incarnation can be perceived. It shows itself primarily in the gait. This is because together with the faculty which enables the backward-raying forces of the metals to be perceived comes the faculty to perceive the connection of a man’s present life with his earlier lives.

The assertion that Anthroposophy is not open to proof is entirely unjustified. Those who assert this are accustomed to bring forward sense-perception as proof. But that is tantamount to saying: Are you actually telling me that the Earth moves freely in space? It is simply not possible. Either there must be something to support it or it must fall!—In point of fact it does not fall because cosmic bodies mutually support each other. Support is necessary only in the conditions prevailing on the Earth. So it is only for truths recognised by the everyday consciousness that proofs can rightly be offered, if they are demanded. Truths relating to the spirit are mutually confirmatory—but this must also be felt as an inner conviction.

I have told you that from the way a child—or an adult—walks, whether he raises toes or heel first, treads firmly or lightly, bends his knees a great deal or is more prone to stand stiffly—from all this the fulfilment of his karma from the previous earthly life can be perceived. Today I have shown you how the backward-raying forces of the metals enable us to recognise the connection between earthly lives. Here you have two mutually confirmatory truths. But what happens all the time is that we hear a truth, then after some time we hear the same truth from a different angle and perhaps we hear it a third time. In this way the truths of Anthroposophy confirm one another— just as in the Cosmos the heavenly bodies uphold each other without needing extraneous supports. It must indeed be so when we ascend from truths that are valid for everyday consciousness only, to truths that are self-sustaining realities in the Cosmos. And what anthroposophical knowledge comprises is indeed self-sustaining reality. You must hold together in your mind statements made at different times, statements which mutually support, attract, or also resist each other, revealing thereby the inner life of anthroposophical knowledge. Other forms of knowledge, customary today, live by virtue of the supports on which they are based; Anthroposophical knowledge is self-sustaining.

• 1. See True and False Paths in Spiritual Investigation, Lectures 3 to 5. (Rudolf Steiner Press.)

On the basis of what I said yesterday it is possible to speak in greater detail of certain events in the course of the Earth’s evolution which have brought about its present form. As you will remember, I said that with clairvoyant consciousness a relationship can be established with the metallic substances in the Earth, with the essentially living quality inherent in the Earth by virtue of the veins of the different metals running through it. This relationship which can be established with the ‘metallity’ in the Earth enables one to look back over the Earth’s history.

It is particularly interesting to look back at what happened in the process of evolution in the times preceding the Atlantean epoch, during the period I have rather loosely called the Lemurian age and also in the epoch immediately before that, when the Earth was recapitulating the Sun-stage. It is interesting to look back at these happenings for they give one an impression of the great mutability of everything connected with the Earth’s existence.

We are accustomed today to regard the Earth as having always existed in the form in which it appears to us today. We inhabit a continent, we are surrounded by plants, by animals, by birds of the air. We are aware that we ourselves are living in a kind of atmospheric ocean surrounding the Earth, that we take oxygen out of this atmosphere into ourselves but that our relation to nitrogen has also a certain part to play. In general we simply think of the air around us as consisting of oxygen and nitrogen. Then we turn to look at the seas and oceans—further details need not be mentioned—and finally we have a picture of the planet we inhabit in the Universe. But the Earth has not always been as it is today; it has undergone tremendous changes, and if we go back to the epochs I have just mentioned—perhaps only to the Lemurian epoch or a little earlier—we shall find an Earth very different from that of today.

Let us begin by thinking of our present atmosphere which we regard as being devoid of life. Even this atmosphere proves to be quite different from anything to be found in early periods of the Earth’s evolution. Still further in the past something resembling the solid core of the Earth as we know it today is in evidence, surrounded by an atmosphere. But in those days there was nothing at all like the air we breathe today. In this air oxygen and nitrogen play the most prominent part, carbon and hydrogen a subsidiary role, sulphur and phosphorus a role of less importance still.

But it is really not possible to speak of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sulphur and the rest in those early times, simply because what the chemists call by these names today did not exist. If a spirit-being of those times were to have met a modern chemist who spoke to him about carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and the rest, he would have retorted that nothing of the kind exists. We can justifiably speak of carbon, oxygen or nitrogen today but this could not have been done in those early times. Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, as we speak of them today, became possible only when the Earth had reached a certain density and had developed forces such as it contains today. Neither oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, sodium nor any of the so-called fighter metals existed in those olden times. On the other hand, in the Earth’s environment that is filled today by our atmosphere there was something a little like albumen in consistency, a very fine fluid halfway between our present water and air. The Earth at that time was entirely surrounded by an albuminous atmosphere. The albumen we know in eggs today is very much coarser, but a comparison is possible.

When at a later time the Earth became denser, what we today call carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and so forth, were differentiated out of this atmosphere around the Earth. But it would be erroneous to say that the then albuminous atmosphere was composed of these elements which were not specific ingredients of it. Nowadays we think that everything is composite; but that is nonsense. Certain substances of a higher kind are not always composed of what comes to light when they are analysed. Carbon does not appear as carbon nor oxygen as oxygen in the higher kind of substance of which I am now speaking. As I said, it can be described as extremely fluid albumen. All this substance which surrounded the Earth in that age was permeated with the inpouring cosmic ether which imbued it with life; in addition, it was differentiated in a curious way. For instance, in one fairly wide area a man would have suffocated had he been present there, in another he could have been greatly invigorated. Chemical elements in the modern sense did not then exist but certain formations remind one of the effects of the chemical elements we know. The whole sphere teemed with gleaming reflections of light, with sparkling, luminous rays. And it was warmed through and through by the cosmic ether.

Such were the properties of the Earth-atmosphere—if I may use the modern expression—in that early epoch. The primeval mountains of which I spoke yesterday were the first formations to emerge from out of the Cosmos. The quartz to be found in those mountains, with its beautiful structure and relative transparency, was as it were poured into the Earth from the Cosmos. When a seer endowed with Imaginative vision observes those primeval rocks which, are the hardest substances on the Earth, they become the eyes through which he gazes out into the Universe—the same Universe which implanted these eyes into the Earth. It must be remembered that the quartz and silicious substances which permeated the whole atmosphere and were gradually deposited as primeval mountains were not as hard as they are today. They hardened into the state we know owing to the conditions that prevailed in later times. In the form in which they emerged from the Universe their consistency was scarcely more solid than wax.

A quartz crystal to be seen on mountains today is so hard that, as I said yesterday, if you were to hit your head against it, your skull—not the quartz—would crack. But in the far distant past, because of the all-pervading life, this primeval stone was as pliable as wax when it emerged from tire Cosmos. These drops of wax were transparent and their consistency can be pictured only by thinking of them in connection with the sense of touch. If one could have touched them, they would have felt like wax.

Silica came from the Cosmos into the Earth with a consistency similar to that of wax, and then it hardened. I described yesterday how pictures of the Cosmos arise in clairvoyant contemplation of this hard, rock-like substance. These pictures represent a more spiritual aspect of the phenomenon that was once concretely perceptible as a kind of plant-form in portions of this transparent, wax-like silica emerging from the Cosmos. Any observer of Nature will know that in the mineral kingdom today records of an earlier age are still to be found. When you look closely at certain stones you will see something like a plant-form within them. But in that distant past a quite usual phenomenon was that pictures were projected from the Cosmos into the albuminous atmosphere within the wax-like substance, where the pictures were not only seen but were reproduced, photographed, as it were, within this substance.

And then there was a noteworthy development: the fluid albumen filled these pictures and they became still denser and harder; and finally they were no longer merely pictures. The silicious element fell away from them, dispersed into the atmosphere, and in the earliest Lemurian age there appeared gigantic, floating plant-formations which remind one of the algae of today. They were not rooted in the soil—indeed there was as yet no soil in which they could have taken root; they floated in the fluid albumen, drawing their own substance from it, permeating themselves with it. And not only so—they lit up, glimmered and then faded out; reappeared and again vanished. Their mutability was so great that this was possible.

Try to picture this vividly. It is a panorama very different from anything to be seen in our environment today. If a modern man could project himself into that far-off time, set up a little observation-hut and look out on that ancient world, the spectacle before him would be something like this: he would see a gigantic plant-formation somewhat like present-day algae or palms. It would not appear to grow out of the Earth in springtime and die away in the autumn, but it would shoot up—in springtime, it is true, but the spring was then much shorter—and reach an enormous size; then it would vanish again in the fluid albuminous element. A clairvoyant observer would see the verdure appearing and then fading away. He would not speak of plants which cover the Earth but of plants appearing out of the Cosmos like airy clouds, condensing and then dissolving—it was a process of ‘greening’, taking place in the albuminous atmosphere. Of the period which would correspond more or less to our summer, an observer would say that it was the time when the environment of the Earth became ‘green’. But he would look upwards to the greening rather than downwards. In this way we can picture how the silicious element in the Earth’s atmosphere penetrates into the Earth and draws to itself the plant-force from the Cosmos, in other words, how the plant kingdom comes down to the Earth from the Cosmos. In the period of which I am speaking, however, we must say of the plant world: it is something that comes into being and passes away again in the atmosphere.

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And there is still something else to be said. If a human being of today, having established relationship with the metallic substance of the Earth, were to project himself into those past times, he would feel as if all this belonged to him, as if he himself had something to do with the process of greening and fading then taking place in the atmosphere. Now if you think back to your own childhood, this is simply a memory of a short span of time; on the other hand, if you recall a pain suffered in your childhood, this is something that really belongs to you. Similarly, in the cosmic memory of the past kindled through the metallity of the Earth, this process of greening and fading in the far past seems to be something that belongs to you. At that time man was already connected with the Earth which was surrounded by this watery-albuminous atmosphere; but he was then still wholly spiritual. It is correct to say, and it must also be realised, that these plant formations to be seen in the atmosphere at that time were something thrown off, ‘excreted’ by man. Man cast them out of his being which was still one with the whole Earth.

Now this same conception applies in the case of something quite different. Everything that I have so far described is the result of the fact that the silica had already, at an even earlier time, been precipitated in the atmosphere as the wax-like substance of which I have spoken. But apart from this there was the albuminous atmosphere upon which the infinitely diverse forces of the Cosmos were working, those forces which modern science sees fit to ignore. Hence our modern knowledge is no real knowledge at all, because a great many happenings on Earth simply would not take place if they were not brought about by cosmic forces and influences. Since the modern scientists do not speak of or do not recognise these cosmic forces, there is no reality in what they say. They take no account of what is essentially quick with life. Even in the tiniest particle looked at through a microscope, cosmic forces, not only earthly forces, are working. And if these cosmic forces are not taken into account, there can be no reality.

Thus cosmic forces were working in that remote time upon this fluid albumen in the Earth’s environment in such a way that it curdled or congealed. Albumen, congealed as a result of the working of cosmic forces, was everywhere to be seen in the sphere surrounding the Earth. But the forms assumed by this congealed albumen were not merely cloud-masses but living entities. These entities were in reality animals consisting of the congealed albumen which had solidified into a gelatinous state, into substance similar to gristle as it is today. Animal creatures of this kind were present in the fluid albuminous atmosphere. The forms of our present reptiles, lizards and the like, resemble, on a small scale, the forms of those earlier animals, but the latter were not so solid; they existed as gelatinous masses and were inherently mobile. At one moment their limbs were extended, at another withdrawn—comparable with what a snail does with its feelers today.

Now while all this was taking place, something else was being deposited into the Earth from the Cosmos. Another substance was being added to the silica; it is what you find today as the chalky constituents of the Earth. If you go—not necessarily into the oldest mountains but only into the Jura mountains, you will find limestone rock. It came to the Earth at a later stage than the silica but it too came from the Cosmos. Thus chalk is to be found as a second substance in the Earth.

This chalk deposit oozes constantly inwards and the actual effect is that in its core the Earth becomes denser and denser. Then in certain regions the silica combines with the chalk. But this chalk retains the cosmic forces and is altogether different from the crude substance which chemists consider it to be. Everywhere the chalk contains relatively latent formative forces.

Now in an epoch rather later than the period I described to you, when the greening became manifest and then faded away, we find that within this albuminous atmosphere there is a constant rising and falling of the chalk; chalk mist is followed by chalk rain. There was a period in the history of the Earth when what we know today as water-vapour and falling rain was a chalky substance, rising and falling. Then comes a strange development: the chalk is particularly attracted to the gelatinous, gristly masses; it permeates them, impregnates them with itself. And thanks to the Earth-forces which, as I told you, it contains, it dissolves the whole gelatinous mass which has formed as congealed albumen. The chalk takes from the heavens what the heavens have formed in the albuminous substance and carries it nearer to the Earth. And out of this the animals with calcareous bones came into being.

This is what develops in the later Lemurian epoch.

We must therefore think of plants in their earliest form as pure gifts from heaven and the animals, and all animal-like formations, we must regard as something which after the heavens had presented the Earth with chalk, the Earth has taken—literally filched—from the heavens and made into an earthly product.

Such things naturally seem paradoxical because they touch upon a reality of which modern man usually has no conception; nevertheless they are absolutely true. Now it corresponds with reality today if memory enables someone to say: ‘When I was nine years old I gave a friend many a sound thrashing.’ One may or may not feel gratified by such a memory, or it may pain one; but it does arise within one. Similarly, in human consciousness expanded through relationship with the metals into an Earth consciousness, this realisation arises: In the process of forming your whole being on Earth out of the heavens, during the descent you separated, cast off the plants from yourself. You also cast off the animal nature; your desire, to begin with, was that in the form of gelatinous coagulation or gristle it should be a product secreted by you. But then you were obliged to realise that pre-existent Earth-forces took this task over from you and reshaped the animal form into different structures which are products of the Earth. In this way, as it were in a cosmic memory, these happenings seem to be actual experiences of our own, just as the other incident I mentioned is an experience belonging to a brief earthly life. As man, we feel ourselves bound up with these happenings.

But all this is connected with many other processes—I am speaking briefly of only the most important ones. Many other things were happening. For example, during the period when what I have been describing was taking place, the whole atmosphere was also filled with sulphur in a highly rarefied state. This rarefied sulphur united with other substances and from this union there arose the ‘parents’ as it were of what is present in the ores today as pyrites, as galena, as native sulphide of zinc and so forth. All these substances developed at that time in an earlier form, in a soft, still wax-like consistency, and the body of the Earth was permeated with them. Then, when these metallic ores emerged from the universal albuminous substance and formed the solid crust of the Earth, there was really nothing much else for the metals to do, unless man made some use of them, than to reflect about the past. And indeed we find that they do conjure up for the inner vision, everything that has happened in the Earth’s history. A man in whom these things are cosmic, or at least terrestrial experience, will say to himself: Through having cast away from yourself the primeval plant-form—which has since developed into the later plant-formations—through having cast away from yourself the complicated processes of animal evolution, you have also rid yourself of everything that previously stood in the way of your having a will in your own being as man.

It was necessary for man to get rid of all this, just as today he must secrete sweat. In no other way could he cease to be a being in whom only gods willed, but become an individual with his own will, perhaps not yet free will, but nevertheless a will of his own. All this was necessary for the preparation of man’s earthly nature.

In the course of further development, during which there were many other happenings, everything changed. Naturally, when the metallic ores had separated and were now in the Earth, the whole atmosphere also changed. It became far less sulphurous. Oxygen gradually gained predominance over the sulphur whereas in ancient times sulphur was a very significant factor in the Earth’s atmosphere.

In this changed environment man was able to cast away other elements from himself and these are the successors of the earlier plants and animals. The later plant-forms now gradually developing were rooted in substance that was still very soft. Out of the earlier reptilian and lizard-like creatures, animals with a more complicated structure developed, the impressions of which modern geology can still discover. Nothing at all of the earliest animal creatures of which I have spoken can be found. It was not until the later epoch, when—for a second time as it were—man cast out more complicated structures, that the conditions I have been describing were present: cloud-masses continually forming and dissolving, viridescence (greening) appearing and then fading away, soft animal-like structures which, however, were real animals; at times they contracted and had a life of their own, and soon again lost identity in the general life of the Earth. All these developments resulted in greater solidification.

Among animals of this kind was one which at that time looked more or less like this (diagram): it had a very large eye-like organ surrounded by a sort of aura; adjoining this organ a kind of snout protruded further forwards; the body was lizard-like, with powerful fins. Such structures were already more solid in themselves. It would be equally correct to speak either of wings or fins in the case of these animals for they were not marine creatures—there was as yet no sea. There was only the soft Earth and the still soft elements in the surrounding atmosphere from which only the sulphur had been partially separated. In this atmosphere such animals flew or swam—it was something between flying and swimming.

If, starting from the present day, someone were to go back through time into the period between the Lemurian and Atlantean epochs, he would confront a strange spectacle: huge flying lizards with a kind of lantern-like formation on the head, radiating light and warmth; and down below, a soft, marshy Earth but with something very familiar about it because it would seem to a visitor of today to be emitting an odour, an odour between that of decaying substance and of green plants. The mud of this soft Earth would emit an odour partly seductive and partly extremely pleasant. And in it, moving about like creatures of the swamp, there would be these other animals, already with more limbs, rather like the lower species of mammals today but with powerful formations below—more powerful, naturally, than the webbed feet of ducks—by means of which they propelled themselves through the swamps.

Man was obliged to undergo this whole process in order that autonomous feeling might be prepared in him for his earthly existence.

Thus we have a primary plant-animal creation consisting of the products secreted by man and which made it possible for him to become a being on Earth possessed of will. If all these products had remained in him, they would have taken possession of his will which would have become a wholly physical manifestation. As a result of what he had cast off, the physical element had been eliminated and his will became a quality of the soul. Similarly, as a result of the second creation man’s feeling acquired the character of soul. Plants and mammals somewhat similar to those we know did not appear until the middle or later period of Atlantis. It was then that the Earth acquired a structure definitely resembling that of today. The substances known to modern chemists as carbon, oxygen, the heavy metals, and so on, had gradually developed, and it was possible for the third casting-off process to take place. Man separated from himself the plants and animals to be found in his environment today. And the fact that this environment came into existence around him has enabled him to live on Earth as a thinking being.

In those early times humanity was not split up as men are today, into single individuals; there was one universal humanity, still of the nature of spirit-and-soul, descending into the ether. For this universal humanity came out of the Cosmos together with the ether streaming thence to the Earth. The happenings I have described in the book Occult Science, then took place. Humanity came to the Earth, then departed to other planets and subsequently returned during the Atlantean epoch. This went on concurrently with other events; for whenever it was a matter of anything being cast off, humanity could not remain with the Earth but was obliged to depart from it in order that certain inner forces, now more of the nature of soul, might be strengthened. Humanity then came down again to the Earth. These happenings add details to what you can read in Occult Science. Man in truth belongs to the Cosmos, and it is he who prepares his earthly environment by casting off from himself the kingdoms of Nature and despatching them into the domain of the Earth where they form part of his environment. By sending these products of separation down to the Earth man was gradually able to equip himself with the faculties of thinking, feeling and willing. It was only in the course of time that he evolved into what he is today, an organic-physical being and able during his existence on Earth between birth and death to think and feel and will. He is connected with entities who, in order to further the evolution of humanity, have in the course of time separated from the human realm and in this separation have been metamorphosed into their present forms.

It is clear from what has been said that we do not speak in an abstract way about tire relationship that can be established with the metallic substances of the Earth. When relationship has been established with the metals with their memory of the Earth’s history, one can speak of what is remembered and discover for oneself what I have been describing to you today.

If we now go back to still earlier times, we shall find that everything is even more transient, even more evanescent. Think of the grandeur and majesty of the vista I described to you: those mobile, wax-like silica formations in which pictures of the plant-world appear, fill themselves with the soft albuminous substance and produce in the Earth’s environment the phenomena of ‘greening’ and fading. Think of all this and you will say to yourselves: In contrast to the plants growing out of the Earth today with their firmly formed roots and leaves or to our present trees with their strong trunks, this is as ephemeral as a cloud. How fleeting these earlier forms are if compared with an oak of today— the oak itself does not pride itself on its natural characteristic, it is usually the people living around such trees who are guilty of pride, for they mistake their frequent weakness for the hardiness of the oak! Compare this quality of our present oaks with those ancient, ethereal plant-formations, appearing and passing away like shadowy mists in the atmosphere, condensing and then vanishing away. Or to take cruder examples, compare a thick-skinned hippopotamus or elephant or a similar animal with those earlier creatures which emerged from the universal albumen, were laid hold of by the chalk and becoming rather more solid as a result developed the rudiments of bones and were drawn down into the animality of the Earth—I use this expression more as an adjective. Compare the Earth’s present density, shall I say the ‘elephantine’ density of the Earth today with the conditions that once existed, and you will no longer be able to doubt that the further back you go into the past the more fleeting and evanescent are the phenomena.

In even more remote times we come to conditions where there are only surging and weaving colour-formations, appearing and disappearing. And if you turn to the descriptions of Old Sun, or of Old Saturn given in the book Occult Science ¹ you will find that this is understandable when it is realised that these conditions belong to a far, far distant past. At that stage the evanescent plant-formations fill themselves with the albuminous substance and begin to look like clouds. At still earlier stages we can speak only of colour-formations such as I described in connection with Old Sun or Old Saturn.

If therefore we go back from physical conditions with the ‘elephantine’ quality they have today, through finer physical conditions, we finally reach the spiritual. In this way, by paying attention to actual realities we come to realise that everything belonging to the Earth has its origin in the spiritual. This is a matter of actual vision. And I think it is also a beautiful idea to be able to say to oneself: If you penetrate into the interior of the Earth and let the hard metals tell you their memories, they will say to you: Once upon a time we were so widely diffused over the cosmic expanse that we were not physical substances at all, but were simply colour, weaving, hovering, undulating in the spiritual Cosmos. The memories of the metals of the Earth go back to a condition when each metal was a cosmic colour permeating the others, when the Cosmos was a kind of spectrum, a rainbow which differentiated and only then became physical.

And it is at this point that the merely theoretical impression communicated to us by the metals of the Earth becomes a moral impression. For every metal says to us: I come from the cosmic expanse far away from the Earth, I come from the spheres of Heaven and have been compressed, enchanted into the interior of the Earth. But I await my redemption, for in time to come my essential being will again pervade the Universe.—When we learn to understand the speech of the metals in this way, gold tells us of the Sun, lead of Saturn, copper of Venus. And then these metals say to us: There was a time when we stretched far out into the Universe—copper to Venus, lead to Saturn—but now we have been enchanted into the Earth. We shall stretch far out again when the Earth’s mission is fulfilled through man having achieved on the Earth what can be achieved there and only there. We accepted this enchantment in order that man might become a free being on the Earth. When freedom has been won for man, release from our enchantment can also begin.

This release has been in process of preparation for a long time already. It is only a matter of understanding it and of understanding how the Earth, together with man, will evolve on into the future.

• 1. pp. 115-37 in the 1962/63 edition.

When man today speaks of the word, he means, as a rule, only the weak human word which has so little significance in comparison with the majesty of the Universe indicated at the beginning of St. John’s Gospel with the momentous words: In the beginning was the Word, the Logos, and the Word was with God, and a God was the Word. Anyone who meditates on this most significant opening of St. John’s Gospel must ask himself: What does it mean, when the Word is placed at the primal beginning of all things? What is meant by the Logos, the Word? And how is this connected with our trivial human words?

The name of John is also connected with the city of Ephesus, and Imaginative perception of the world’s history, the significant saying, Tn the primal beginning was the Logos, and the Logos was with God, and a God was the Logos’, will lead one again and again, by an inner path, back to the ancient Temple of Diana at Ephesus. For one who has attained a certain degree of Initiation, the enigma presented in the first verses of St. John’s Gospel points to the Mysteries of the Temple of Diana, at Ephesus. And so it must seem to him that knowledge of the Mysteries of Ephesus will help him to understand the beginning of St. John’s Gospel.

Prepared by what we have heard in the last two lectures, let us think of the Mysteries of the Temple of Diana at Ephesus as they were six or seven centuries before the birth of Christianity, or even earlier, and of what was done in this sanctuary that was held to be so holy by the men of that olden time. We find that the instruction given in the Mysteries at Ephesus was primarily concerned with the processes active in human speech. We can learn—not from any historical account, for the barbarism of humanity takes good care that such records are destroyed—we can learn from the Akashic Record, that thought-record in the ether and accessible to spiritual sight, where the events of world-history are inscribed, from this record we can learn of the teachings given in these Ephesian Mysteries. And the Akashic Record reveals again and again how the teacher directed the attention of the pupil to human speech. Again and again he was exhorted: Learn to feel in your own instrument of speech what it is that takes place there when you speak!

The processes at work in speech elude crude perception, for they are delicate and intimate. But let us consider first of all the external aspect of speech, for it was from this that the instruction given in these Mysteries took its start. The attention of the pupil was first directed to the way in which the word sounds forth from the mouth. He was told, over and over again: Mark well what you feel when the word sounds forth from your mouth! He was then taught to notice how something of the spoken word turns upwards in order to receive the thought in the head; while something from the same word takes its way downwards in man, in order that the feeling-content may be experienced inwardly.

Again and again the pupil was instructed to force his speech through the larynx, carrying it to its extreme limits, and thereby to perceive the ebb and flow manifest in the word as it is uttered. ‘I am, I am not’—a positive assertion and a negative assertion—these he had to utter as articulately as possible and then to observe how, in the words ‘I am’, the ascending upwards is felt, while in the ‘I am not’ there is rather the feeling of pressing downwards.

The attention of the pupil was then turned more towards the intimate, feelings and experiences connected with the word. He became aware that from the word something like warmth mounts up towards the head; and this warmth, this fire, grasps the thought. And there is also a flowing downwards as it were of a watery element, pouring itself out downwards, like a glandular secretion in the human organism. Thus it was made clear to the pupil in the Ephesian Mysteries: this is how man makes use of the air in order to let the word sound forth; but in the act of speaking the air transforms itself, into the next element, into fire, into warmth, draws down the thought from the heights of the head, and embodies it in itself. And again, another change ensues: not only is there a sending upwards of fire, but a sending downwards of the fluid element contained in the word: the air trickles down as it were like a glandular secretion, as water, as a fluidic element. By means of this latter process the word becomes inwardly perceptible; it can be felt inwardly.

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The pupil was then led into the real secret of speech. But this secret is connected with the secret of Man. This secret of Man is today hidden from the scientists, inasmuch as science places at the summit of all thought the incredible caricature of a truth, namely, the so-called law of the conservation of energy and of matter. In man, matter is continually being transformed. It does not endure. For instance, the air that forces its way out of the throat is transformed in the process into the next higher element, fire; and again also into the water-element—Fire, Water; Fire, Water.

The pupil at Ephesus came to understand how, when he spoke, a wave went forth from his mouth: Fire, Water; Fire, Water. This was nothing more or less than the striving upward of the word towards thought, and the trickling downward of the word towards feeling. Thus are thought and feeling interwoven in man’s speech, inasmuch as the living wave of speech, beginning as air, first rarefies to fire, then densifies to water, and so on, again and again.

Fire => Thought, Water => Feeling, Fire, Water

The great truth relating to his own speaking was brought home to the pupil in the Mysteries of Ephesus, in these words:

Speak, O Man, and thou
revealest through thyself
the Becoming of Worlds.¹

When the pupil came to the portal leading into the Mysteries, these were the words addressed to him:

Speak, O Man, and thou
revealest through thyself
the Becoming of Worlds.

And when he left the Mysteries, the words resounded to him in a different form:

World-Becoming reveals itself
through thee, O Man,
when thou speakest.

Then the pupil began to feel that he himself enveloped with his own body, as with a sheath, the Cosmic Secret which sounded from his breast and was contained in his speech.

All this was brought to the pupil as preparation for the really deeper secret. For this preparation enabled him to know how his own human nature is inwardly connected with the secret of the Cosmos. The saying ‘Know thyself!’ acquired a holy significance inasmuch as it was not uttered as theory but inwardly and solemnly felt and experienced.

Then, after the pupil had ennobled his being in this way, and was able to feel his manhood as a vessel enveloping the Cosmic Secret of the Cosmos, he could be led still further and come to know the power which spread the Secret over the wide spaces of the Cosmos.

Let me remind you here of what was said in the last lecture. I described a condition in the evolution of the Earth when the following occurred. We know that during this ancient period there was present in the Earth even then, as a substance essential for that stage of evolution, what we now know as opaque chalk such as is found, for instance, in the Jura mountains. In the chalk mountains, in the chalk of the Earth today, we have what is to be observed in that ancient period when the Earth was surrounded by what I called the ‘fluid albumen’. Cosmic forces worked into this fluid albumen, causing it to coagulate into certain definite forms; and while the Earth was in this condition a process took place resembling in a higher degree and in a denser substance what we know today as the rising of the mist and falling of the rain. The chalky element rose upwards and permeated what had hardened in the fluid albumen, so that these forms acquired a bony content. The result was that the animal came into being in the course of Earth-evolution. Through the spirituality contained in the chalk the animals were drawn down, as it were, out of the still albuminous atmosphere.

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I also said that if a man unites his being with the metallic element, the ‘metallity’ of the Earth, he can inwardly feel and experience; everything that happened in that remote past, he can feel it in his own being, as a memory. At that stage of evolution man did not yet feel himself to be a little human being enclosed in his skin; he felt that he embraced the whole earthly sphere. To put it rather grotesquely, I should say: man felt that his head embraced the whole Earth-planet.

The processes described in the last lecture were felt by man to be taking place in himself. But how? Everything I have described to you here as the rising of the chalk, the uniting of this chalk with the coagulated albumen and then the descent of the animal-nature on to the Earth—all this was experienced by man at that time in such a way that he heard it. You must try to imagine this. He experienced it inwardly, and in so doing he heard it. The forms that arose when the chalk filled out the coagulated albumen and made it bony and gristly—all that then took shape, was ‘felt’ in the ear, it was audible. The Cosmic Mystery was heard.

And it is the same today, when man learns in memory about the past of the Earth the memory that is kindled by the metals. It is as if he hears it. And in the sound the stream of cosmic happenings fives and weaves.

What is it that man hears? What is revealed, what is disclosed to him? The stream of cosmic happenings reveals itself as the Word of the World, as the Logos. It is the Logos, the Word of the World, that resounds in the arising and falling of the chalk. And when man is able to perceive and understand this language, he learns something else besides.

What modern anatomy says about a human or an animal skeleton is dreadfully external. But when, with inner mindfulness of the reality of Nature and of Spirit we look at a skeleton, what do we feel? We say to ourselves: Do not merely look at it. It is terrible merely to look at it as it stands there with its forms: the spinal column with its wonderfully shaped, intersecting vertebrae, with the ribs bending and curving forwards with all the wonderful articulation as the vertebrae are metamorphosed into the bones of tire skull; and that even more mysterious articulation where the ribs, bending to embrace the breast from either side, then with a sharp turn form themselves again to the bones of the arm and the bones of the leg! Confronted with this mystery of the skeleton, we can do no other than say to ourselves: Do not merely look, but listen. Listen how one bone transforms itself into another. Listen—for it speaks!

At this point let me make a personal remark. When with a feeling for these things we go into a natural history Museum, we are confronted by something really miraculous. For there we have a collection of what are really musical instruments forming a mighty orchestra and resounding in the most wonderful way. I experienced this very deeply when I once visited the Museum in Trieste. There, owing to a particular arrangement—made quite instinctively—of the animal skeletons, one could hear resound, one after the other, at one end of the animal the secrets of the Moon and at the other end the secrets of the Sun. The whole room was as though filled with the tones of Sun and planets. One could feel the connection between the skeleton—the bony-system living in the chalk—and that which once upon a time spoke to man out of the weaving Cosmos, when he himself was one with this Cosmos, with the secret of the Universe, which is at the same time the secret of Man himself.

The beings which came into existence at that time—the animal beings to begin with—spoke forth what they are; for the animal-nature lived in the Logos, in the sounding Mystery of the World. There were not two separate phenomena to be perceived. One did not perceive the animals, and then in some way or other the inner nature of the animals. The animals themselves, living and moving in their own essential being—that was what spoke.

The pupil of the Ephesian Mysteries could take into his soul, into his heart, in the right way for that ancient time, what could then be revealed to him concerning the primal Beginning, when the Word, the Logos, was moving and weaving as the living essence of all things. The pupil could receive it because he had been prepared by having ennobled and sublimated his human nature, in that he felt himself to be a vessel for the faint reflection of the Cosmic Mystery which lay in the sounding of his own speech.

And now let us consider how the evolutionary process has passed, as it were from one level to another. In the chalk element there was still something perfectly fluid. It rose as vapour, fell again as drops of rain. It was fluid. As it rose it was transmuted into Air. When it descended it was changed into Earth, and so we have, firstly Water, then Air and Earth. Now this is one level deeper than in the human copy of it: Air, Warmth, Water. In those primeval times the still fluid chalk rarefied to Air and condensed to Earth; just as in our larynx today the Air rarefies to Warmth and condenses to Water. And thereby it is possible for human beings to encompass this Cosmic Mystery in miniature. When it was still the mighty Maya of the Cosmos it was at a deeper level. The Earth densified everything. The chalk became denser, and so on. We human beings would not have been able to receive the Cosmic Mystery in this form, we could not have held it even in miniature. This was possible for us only because it rose one stage higher, from Water to Air; and therewith it begins to surge upwards into Warmth and downwards into Water—which is now the denser element.

Thus did the great Macrocosmic Mystery become the Microcosmic Mystery of human speech. It is this Macrocosmic Mystery, to which the beginning of St. John’s Gospel points. Tn the primal, beginning was the Word, the Logos, and the Word was with God, and a God was the Word.’ For that was still a living tradition in Ephesus, at the time when the Evangelist, the writer of St. John’s Gospel, could read there in the Akashic Record that for which his heart yearned namely, the right wording in which to clothe what he had to say to mankind concerning the secret of Cosmic Evolution.

But we can go a stage further. We can remind ourselves of what was said in the last lecture, namely that preceding the chalk there was the silica, which appears today in quartz. In this there appeared the plant-forms as I have described them—those great cloud-forms greening and fading away. And if, as I said, a man had been able at that time to look out into the wide spaces of the Cosmos, he would have seen this evolution of the animal nature, he would have seen, too, those primeval plants greening and passing away. All this was an inner experience in man. He perceived it as belonging to his own being. Nor was this all. For while he heard as a living inner experience the ‘sounding’ of the animal-nature coming into being, he could also in a certain sense accompany inwardly what he heard; as in his own head, in his breast, in his heart, he ascended with the words through the Warmth to grasp the element of Thought, so he could accompany what he heard resounding from the creation of the animals and follow what was experienced in the evolution of the plants.

This was the strange thing, my dear friends. Man could experience the weaving and working of the creation of the animals in the rarefying and descending chalk. And when, going further, knowledge came of what was in the silica, the plant-beings becoming green and again losing colour, then the Cosmic Word became Cosmic Thought; through the plant living in the silicious element Thought was added to the resounding Word.

We take a step upwards and Cosmic Thought is added to the sounding Logos, just as today, when speech goes out on a wave of Fire, Water, Fire Water, in the element of Fire the Thought is grasped by the resounding word.

Even today, if you study how to deal with certain pathological conditions connected with the sense-organs of the head, or with the sense-organs in general, you will learn of the healing effects of silica. Silica then appears to you as the Thought-element among the secrets of the Cosmos and you behold it as such in the greening and fading of the original plant-forms. Was I not able to say that through it the Earth perceives the whole structure of the Cosmos? In a wonderful way there is expressed in present-day man, microcosmically, that which once was macrocosmic, that which once was the weaving and moving, the very coming-into-being, of the Cosmos.

Just think for a moment how man lived then, lived still at one with the Cosmos, in unity with the Cosmos. When a man thinks today he has to picture himself isolated in his head. Inside his head are his thoughts, and the words come forth from there. The Cosmos is outside; words can only point to the Cosmos, thoughts can only mirror the Cosmos. It was not so when man was still one with the Macrocosm. Then he experienced the Cosmos as though it were within himself. The Word was his environment; and Thought was that which permeated and streamed through this environment. Man listened; and what he heard was World, was Cosmos. He looked upwards from what he heard, but he looked upwards within himself. The Word was first Tone. The Word was first something which struggled, as it were, for the solution of its own riddle. In the creation of the animal something that struggled for a solution was revealed. The animal kingdom arose within the chalk as a question. Man turned to the silica; he looked into the silica, and there the plant-creation gave the answer; the silica gave the answer to the riddle set by the animal creation. It was the beings themselves who solved each other’s riddles. One being, in this case the animal, put the question. The other being, in this case the plant, gave the answer. The whole Cosmos became Speech.

This is the reality contained in the words at the beginning of the Gospel of St. John. We are pointed back to a primal beginning of everything we see all the time around us today. In this primal Beginning, in this Principle, was the Word, and the Word was with God, and a God was the Word, for it was the creative essence in everything.

It is really the case that in the teaching concerning the Primal Word given to the pupils of the Mysteries at Ephesus lies that which afterwards led to the beginning of St. John’s Gospel. And here let me say that the time is fully ripe for anthroposophists to turn their attention to these secrets which rest in the womb of the Ages. For you see, in a very particular and special sense, the Building that stood here on the Dornach hill, the Goetheanum, had become the central point of anthroposophical striving. The pain in us today must live on further as pain, and will do so in everyone who was able to feel what the Goetheanum was intended to be. But whatever takes place in the physical world around us, that, my dear friends, for one who is striving upwards in his knowledge towards the Spiritual, must be at the same time an external revelation, a picture of something deeper, something spiritual. If, on the one hand, we have to experience this pain, then we, as human beings striving for spiritual knowledge, must nevertheless be able to turn what has happened into an opportunity for looking into an ever-deepening revelation. This Goetheanum was truly a place in which one longed to speak, in which one did speak again and again, of the things that are connected with the beginning of St. John’s Gospel: In the beginning was the Word, the Logos, and the Word was with God and a God was the Word.

The Goetheanum went up in flames of fire; and this terrible picture of the burning Goetheanum stands before us. Out of the pain can be born the demand and the call to look ever more deeply into that which is always there if only our thought is strong enough to see it, the call to look ever more deeply into the burning Goetheanum as it stood there in the flames of that New Year’s Eve. Although this was such a painful event, it was nevertheless one which can lead us into greater and greater depths of knowledge. Something was to have been founded there, something that had a connection with the Gospel of St. John. In a certain sense we may say that this placed itself into the consuming, burning flames, it was borne upwards in the flames. And mighty indeed is the impulse that can lay hold of us, to let those flames prompt us to look through them to other flames, to the flames that once upon a time consumed the Temple at Ephesus. Let that be a challenge to us to seek a meaning, a significance, for what is contained in the beginning of St. John’s Gospel. Urged on by these painful but holy impulses, let us look back from that Gospel to the Temple at Ephesus which was also burnt down, long ago; and then the Goetheanum flames which speak so painfully and so eloquently, will serve to remind us of what streamed into the Akashic Records with the flames of the burning Ephesian Temple. When we turn our eyes to that tragic night, to the flames of the burning Goetheanum, did we not see, do we not still see, the molten metals of the musical instruments? And have we not within the flames these metals of the musical instruments uttering in clear tones their holy speech, enchanting into the flames the most marvellous colours, eloquent colours, colours that speak, colours that are akin to the metals? Through union with the metals there rises up within us something that is like memory in the earthly sphere. And this memory unites us with what was burned together with the Temple at Ephesus. Then, even as there is a connection between those two burnings, so the longing to learn the meaning of the opening words of St. John’s Gospel can link us to what was brought home again and again to the pupil at Ephesus: Study the mystery of Man in the little word, the Micrologos, in order to make yourself ripe to experience within yourself the mystery of the Macrologos!

Man is the Microcosm in relation to the world which is the Macrocosm, but he also bears within him the mysteries of the Cosmos. And we learn to understand the Cosmic Mystery contained in the first three verses of St. John’s Gospel when we bear in our hearts, in the right way, that which was spoken by the flames of the Goetheanum, densified as it were to a kind of script:

Behold the Logos
In the burning Fire;
Find the clue
In Diana’s House.

The Fire-Akasha of New Year’s Eve speaks these and many other words very clearly. And it demands of us that we understand the Micrologos in the Microcosmos, so that man may gain understanding for that from which his own being proceeds, for the Macrocosmos through the Macrologos.

• 1. For the German original see end of lecture.

In the last lecture I spoke to you about the Ephesian Mysteries of Artemis, in order to draw attention to certain connections between knowledge that has come to light during the course of evolution and the knowledge that can be acquired today through clairvoyant insight into the spiritual world.

In order to supplement themes we have already studied, I want to speak today of other Mysteries which can also be said to stand at the starting-point of modern spiritual life. Although these Mysteries had taken over a great deal from earlier spiritual Movements in which the primeval wisdom of humanity was still contained, they were nevertheless an effective impulse in the spiritual Movement of the modern age.

I propose to speak to you about the influential Mysteries once centred in the troubled island of Ireland to the West of England, and mentioned in my Mystery Plays.¹

Speaking comparatively, it is much more difficult than in other cases to approach these ancient Hibernian Mysteries in what I have called in many of my writings, the Akashic Record. It is much more difficult for later vision to find in that eternal Record the pictures of these Mysteries which have remained there, than those of other Mystery centres, for in trying to approach the Hibernian Mysteries the impression is that the pictures contain extraordinarily powerful forces which repel and thrust one back. Even if the pictures are approached with a certain courage of vision—a courage which in other cases meets with less resistance than is experienced here—the opposition is so intense that it may give rise to a kind of stupefaction. Knowledge of what I am about to describe to you is therefore fraught with hindrances, as you will realise during the next lectures.

Naturally, in the Hibernian Mysteries too there were Initiates who had preserved much of the ancient wisdom of mankind and who, stimulated and inspired by this wisdom, were able to achieve a degree of seership themselves. There were also pupils, candidates for Initiation, who by the special methods in vogue there, were to be prepared to approach the secrets of the Cosmic Word. Now the preparation given to those who were to be initiated in Hibernia, was twofold. Firstly, all the difficulties attendant upon the acquisition of knowledge were brought home to the pupils; they were made inwardly aware of everything that can be called anguish on the path of knowledge which does not yet penetrate into the depths of existence but which consists in exerting to the utmost possible extent all the powers of the soul belonging to ordinary-level consciousness. The pupils were compelled to experience every doubt, every torment, every inner struggle with its frequent aberrations, being deceived by no matter how excellent logic or dialectic—all this they had to endure and to experience the difficulties that make themselves felt when one has actually attained knowledge and then wishes to bring it to expression. It will be clear to you that there are two aspects here: to have struggled to attain a truth and then to bring it to expression, to formulate it in words. Indeed when the path of knowledge has been earnestly followed, there is always the feeling that what can be compressed into words is something that is no longer absolute truth, something that surrounds the truth with all kinds of stumbling-blocks and pitfalls.

The pupil was made acquainted with experience undergone only by one who has valiantly and genuinely struggled to attain knowledge.

Secondly, the pupil was led to experience in his life of soul how little everything that may become knowledge on the ordinary path of consciousness can, in the last resort, conduce to human happiness, how little human happiness can be promoted by logic, dialectic or rhetoric. On the other hand, it was also made clear to the pupil that if a man is to maintain his bearings in life, he must also approach those things which can in a certain way bring him joy or happiness. And so on the one side the pupil was driven to the verge of an abyss, and this always caused him to doubt: should he wait until a bridge was built by which he could cross it? He had already been so deeply initiated into the doubts and difficulties connected with the attainment of knowledge that when at last he was guided from these preparatory stages to the actual approach to the cosmic secrets, he had come to this resolution: if it needs must be I will forgo even knowledge; I will deny myself everything that cannot contribute to true human happiness.

In these ancient Mysteries, individual pupils were subjected to such severe tests that they came to the point where, in the most natural and elementary way, they developed feelings which ordinary pedantic reason regards as baseless. But it is easy to say: nobody would wish to forgo knowledge; it goes without saying that one wants to gain knowledge, however great the difficulties may be.—That, of course, is the attitude of people who do not know what the difficulties are and who have not been deliberately led to experience them, as was the case with the pupils in the Mysteries of Hibernia. On the other hand it is also easy to say: we will deny ourselves both inner and outer happiness and tread a path of knowledge only. But to one who knows the truth of these things, both declarations, so often made, appear utterly superficial.

When the pupils had been prepared to the appropriate degree, they were led before two gigantic statues, two enormous, majestic statues. One of them was majestic by reason of its external, spatial dimensions, while the other, of equal size, was impressive because of its special character. The former statue was a male figure, the other, a female figure. The intention was to make the pupils aware of the approach of the Cosmic Word. In a certain way the two statues were to be the letters by means of which the pupils were to begin to decipher the Cosmic Secret confronting humanity.

One pillar-statue, the male figure, was made of a substance that was elastic throughout. It could be indented anywhere by pressure. The pupils were exhorted to press and so make indents all over this statue. This revealed that it was inwardly hollow. It was really only the ‘skin’ of a statue, but made of an elastic material so that wherever it was indented the form was immediately restored. Above this statue, above its head, which seemed to be particularly characteristic of the whole figure, was something which seemed to resemble the Sun. The whole head was of such a nature that the pupils could see that it was meant to be something like an eye of the soul; as such it was intended to be a microcosmic representation of the whole Macrocosm. This manifestation of the Macrocosm was meant to be expressed in this colossal head by the Sun.

(Dr. Steiner here made sketches on the blackboard.) The immediate impression given by the male statue was this: the Macrocosm works through the Sun and fashions the human head which has knowledge of the impulses of the Macrocosm and forms itself inwardly and outwardly in accordance with these macrocosmic impulses.

[IMAGE REMOVED FROM PREVIEW]

In the case of the other statue, the pupil’s eyes fell, to begin with, upon something that seemed to be composed of luminous bodies radiating inwards, and in this framework the pupil saw a female form which was everywhere under the influence of these rays. And the feeling came to him that the head was produced out of the rays. The form of the head itself was somewhat indistinct. This statue was composed of a different material; it was plastic, not elastic, and extremely soft. The pupil was exhorted to press this statue too. Wherever he pressed it, the indent remained. Each time the pupil was tested before these statues, the pressure marks he had made were repaired before the next test. So that whenever the pupils were taken to the ceremony in front of this statue, it was again intact. The statue made of elastic substance always returned of itself to its original form.

With the second statue the impression was received that it was entirely under the influence of the Moon-forces which permeate the organism and enable the head to emerge. These experiences made a most profound impression upon the pupils. As I said, the form of the female statue was always restored. From time to time, at not very long intervals, a group of pupils would be led to this statue, and to begin with absolute silence reigned. The pupils were led to the statue by those who were already initiated, and were left there. The door of the Temple was closed and the pupils were left in isolation.

Then came a time when each pupil was taken in separately and exhorted first of all to touch the one statue and feel its elasticity and then the other in order to feel its plasticity in which the indentation remained. He was then left quite alone with the impressions which, as I have said, worked with such suggestive power upon him. Through everything he had previously undergone along the path I have described to you, he experienced all the difficulties of knowledge, the difficulties also of bliss—as I must call it. Such experiences mean far more than can be expressed in the mere words in which I am describing them—such experiences meant that the pupil passed through a whole gamut of feelings. And as a result, when he was led before the two statues he was filled with the most intense longing to penetrate what appeared to him as a tremendous riddle; he longed intensely that his soul might in some way solve this riddle, might discover what this enigma meant. On the one hand the enigma itself lay in the fact that he was being compelled to undergo such experiences; and on the other hand there was the enigma of what was contained in the statues themselves, and in the question of his attitude towards them. All this made a deep impression upon the pupils. And as they confronted these statues, in their souls they faced something like a tremendous question. In their souls they appeared to themselves as a colossal question. Their reason questioned, their hearts questioned, their will questioned, their whole being questioned.

The man of today can still learn from these experiences which in earlier times were presented visually; nowadays they cannot and need not be so presented for the purpose of Initiation. He can learn how wide a gamut of feelings must be passed through in order to come near the truth which then leads to the Cosmic Mysteries. For although it is right for the pupil of today to develop along an inner path that is not dependent upon visual perception, nevertheless he must still pass through the same gamut of feelings, must experience them through intense meditative effort. So the scale of feelings to be lived through today can be ascertained from knowledge of the experiences undergone in the ancient rites by those who were to be initiated.

The Hibernian pupils then lived through a certain period of probation during which their experiences on the path of ordinary knowledge and of happiness were to be combined with what had now arisen within them as a great question.

And now, when the effects of this were inwardly experienced by the pupils, cosmic secrets relating to the Microcosm and the Macrocosm were expounded to them as far as was possible in those days, also something of what had formed the content of the Artemis Mysteries of Ephesus and already touched upon in these lectures. Part of this was presented to the pupils during their time of probation. But now, in consequence of this, the great question that had arisen in their souls was still further intensified. The result of the stupendous inner deepening experienced and endured by the individual pupil was that he was led to the threshold of the spiritual world. He entered the region experienced by the soul when it feels: Now I am standing before the Power which guards the Threshold.

In ancient times there were many different kinds of Mysteries, and individuals were led in a variety of ways to the experience arising when the feelings are compressed into words such as these: Now I am standing at the Threshold of the spiritual world. I know why this spiritual world is guarded from everyday consciousness and I realise the essential nature of its Guardian Power, the Guardian of the Threshold.

When this time of probation was over, the pupils were again led to the statues. And then a most remarkable impression came to them, an impression that stirred the very depths of their being. I can only give you an idea of this impression by rendering in modern German the utterance that it was customary to make in the language of that ancient time.

When the pupils had reached the stage I have described, each one singly was again conducted to the statues. But now the initiating priest remained in the temple with him. And after the pupil had been able to listen in deep silence to what his own soul could tell him after all his preparations and trials—and this listening lasted for a considerable time—he saw the initiating priest rising as it were above the head of the one figure. The Sun seemed to have receded and in the space now intervening between the statue and the Sun, the head of the priest appeared, as though covering the Sun; [the other stood below]. The statues were of an enormous height, so that the priest appeared small in comparison; his head alone showed above the statue and covered the Sun. Then, as though resounding from musical harmony—for the ceremony began with music—the words of the Initiator rang out. In the state in which the pupil now found himself, it seemed to him as though the words which sounded from the lips of the Initiator were spoken by the statue itself. And the words were these:

I am the image of the World,
Behold, how I lack Being.
I live in thy Knowledge,
I now become in thee Avowal.

This too, as you may imagine, made a profound impression upon the pupil, for he had been prepared to experience the power confronting him in the figure of this statue, which said of itself:

I am the image of the World,
Behold, how I lack Being.
I live in thy Knowledge,
I now become in thee Avowal.

The difficulties accompanying the ordinary path of knowledge had prepared the pupil to see in this image something that released him from these difficulties, although he could not conquer his doubts in regard to knowledge itself. Indeed he had reached the point of feeling that he was incapable of conquering it. Because of all the experiences he had undergone, he was inwardly prepared to cling to this image with his whole soul, to live with the Cosmic Power symbolised by it, to surrender himself to it. He was ready to do this because what came from the lips of the priest made the statue seem to be the lettering which conveyed to him the meaning contained in these four lines.

When the priest had withdrawn the pupil was once again left alone in absolute silence, and after some time another Initiator entered. He then appeared above the second statue. And again, resounding as though in musical harmony, came the voice of this second Initiator, speaking the words I can render somewhat as follows:

I am the image of the World,
Behold, how I lack Truth.
If thou wilt dare to live with me,
I will be thy Comfort.

And now the pupil, who after all his preparation had been led to know inner happiness, inner fulfilment—instead of ‘happiness’ (Gluck) which does not give the right meaning in German, I should rather say ‘joyful inner fulfilment’— now that he had experienced all this, when he heard these words sounding from the second statue he felt inwardly urged to regard the Cosmic Power which spoke through the statue as the Power to which he would surrender his whole being.

Again the Initiator disappeared, and again the pupil was left alone. And during this lonely silence, each one—at least it seems to be so—each one felt something which may perhaps be expressed in the following words: I stand at the threshold of the spiritual world. Here, in the physical world, man speaks of something called ‘knowledge’, but it has no value in the spiritual world. And the fact that here, in the physical world, man has difficulties with it is only the physical reflection of the worthlessness of the knowledge that can be acquired in this world concerning the supersensible, spiritual world.—And in the same way the pupil felt: Many things tell us in the physical world that we must forgo inner fulness of joy and take an ascetic path in order to come into the spiritual world. But that is illusion, deception. For that which appears in this statue expressly says of itself: Behold, how I lack Truth.

Thus on the threshold of the spiritual world the pupil almost came to the point of feeling that joy and happiness of soul must be achieved by excluding what here, in the physical world, is longed for as Truth by feeble human striving fettered to the physical body. The pupil was already aware that the world on yonder side of the Threshold must be very different from the world on this side and that many things of value on this side are worthless over yonder; that even Knowledge and Truth have altogether different appearances beyond the Threshold.

All such feelings and perceptions to some extent awakened consciousness in the pupil that he had left behind him many of the deceptions and disenchantments of the physical world. But there were also feelings that from time to time had the effect of burning flames. The pupil felt as though he were being consumed by inner fire, were being inwardly destroyed. His soul vacillated from one feeling to the other and back again. He was tested on the scales of knowledge and of joy. And during these experiences it seemed to him as though the statues themselves were speaking. He had now himself achieved something like perception of the inner Word, and hence the statues themselves seemed to be speaking. The first statue said:

I am Knowledge.
But what I am is not real being.

And then the pupil had a feeling that rayed out sheer fright. The feeling was that ideas are only ideas and that there is no real being in them. The pupil felt that if the human head is strenuously exerted, ideas will certainly come, but nowhere is there any real being. Ideas are only appearance, they have no being.

And then the other statue seemed to speak. It said:

I am Phantasy,
But what I am has no Truth.

Thus the two statues stood before the pupil, the one impressing upon him what ideas are without being, and the other, what the pictures of phantasy are without truth.

I beg you to take these things as they should be taken, for there is no question of dogma here or of formulating sentences to express items of knowledge in a particular way; it is a matter of describing the experiences undergone by the pupils in the sacred sanctuaries of Hibernia. It is not the actual content of these sentences that should be taken as the announcement of a truth but the object is to place on record what the pupils of Hibernian Mysteries experienced in the process of their Initiation.

All these experiences were lived through by each individual pupil in absolute isolation. The experiences became so intense that his power of sight ceased to function and after a time he no longer saw the statues. But at the place to which his gaze had been directed he read as though written in flames, something that was not physically there but that he nevertheless perceived with utmost clarity. Where he had previously seen the head of the statue of Knowledge, he read the word ‘SCIENCE’ and where he had seen the head of the other statue, he read the word ‘ART’.

After this he was led out of the temple and again beside the exit stood the two Initiators. One of them took the pupil’s head in his hands and turned it towards something to which the other Initiator was pointing: this was the Figure of Christ. The priest who directed his gaze to this Figure then spoke these words of admonition:

Take the Word and the Power of this Being
Into your heart

And the other priest said:

And receive from Him
What the two statues wished to give you:
Science and Art.

Such were the first two acts in the Hibernian Initiation and in this way the pupils in Hibernia were guided to perception of the essence and nature of Christianity. The experience impressed itself deeply into the souls and hearts of the pupils and now they could start on their future path of development. What can be said about this we shall be studying in connection with other matters during the next few days.

• 1. See The Portal of Initiation. Scene 7.

It will be clear to you from the description of Initiation in the Hibernian Mysteries that the goal was to achieve insight into secrets of cosmic and human existence, for the experiences of which I told you were of very far-reaching importance for a man’s life of soul. Everything that is to lead him into the spiritual world depends upon conquests achieved as the result of crucial inner experiences and upon such a radical strengthening of his powers that in one way or another he succeeds in penetrating into that world.

We heard that in the process of Initiation in Hibernia, the pupil was led before two symbolical statues—but the word ‘symbolical’ must not be misunderstood. I described to you how these statues were constructed and also what feelings and inner experiences were undergone by the pupil while contemplating them.

You will realise, of course, that the direct impression made by such majestic statues under the conditions I described had an infinitely more powerful inner effect than one received from mere descriptions. Hence after the pupil had lived through everything of which I spoke yesterday, the Initiators were able to produce in him echoes, lasting for a considerable time, of what he had experienced from each of the statues. The echoes of his experiences from the female and from the male statues continued to resound for weeks, or periods differing according to the karma of the individual concerned. The pupils were exhorted in the first place to feel in themselves the after-effects of the male statue. The tests of which I spoke yesterday were made in front of both the statues, for their effects were intended to flow together and work on in the pupil’s life of soul. Now, however, the pupil was first instructed to allow the impression from the male statue to echo powerfully within him. I will describe this to you, but naturally one has to use words that are not really suitable for depicting experiences of Initiation and the inner meaning of many things will have to be felt intuitively.

What the pupil experienced to begin with when he gave himself up to the impressions of the male statue, was a kind of numbness, a rigid numbness of the soul which set in with greater and greater intensity the more often he was bidden to let the echo persist; it was a numbness of soul which felt like a bodily numbness as well. In the intervening periods he was able to attend to all the necessities of life; but ever and again Iris soul experienced the echo and the numbness. This numbness caused a change in his consciousness, for it was an actual Initiation which, though not altogether the same as in the older, primeval Mysteries, was nevertheless strongly reminiscent of them. One could not exactly say that the consciousness was dulled, but the pupil had a sensation of which he might have said: This state of consciousness in which I find myself is totally unfamiliar to me. I do not know how to deal with it; I cannot control it.—The pupil felt that in this state his consciousness was entirely filled with the sensation of numbness. Then he felt that what was numb and frozen—namely, he himself—was being taken up into the Cosmic All. He felt as if he were being transported into the wide spaces of the Cosmos. And he could say to himself: The Cosmos is taking me into itself!

And then came a remarkable experience—his consciousness was not extinguished but transformed. When this experience of frozen numbness and of being taken up into the Cosmic All had lasted for a sufficient length of time— and this was ensured by the Initiators—the pupil could say to himself something to this effect: The rays of the Sun and the Stars are drawing me out into the Cosmic All, but nevertheless I remain here, within my own being ... When tins experience had lasted for the necessary length of time, a remarkable vista came before the pupil. Now for the first time he realised the purpose of this state of consciousness which had set in during the numbness. For now, through his various experiences and their echoes, manifold impressions of winter landscapes came to him. Winter landscapes were there in the spirit before him, landscapes in which he saw whirling snowflakes filling the air—as I said, it was all seen in the spirit—or landscapes in which he gazed at forests with snow weighing down the branches of the trees, or similar sights, always reminiscent of what he had seen here or there in his everyday life, and always giving the impression of reality. After he had been transported into the Cosmic All he felt as if his own consciousness was conjuring before him long wanderings in Time through winter landscapes. And during this experience he felt as though he were not actually in his body, but certainly in his sense-organs; he felt that he was living with the whole of his being in his eyes, in his ears, also on the surface of his skin. And then, when his whole sense of feeling and of touch seemed to be spread over his skin, he also felt: I have become like the elastic, but hollow, statue.—He felt an intimate union between his eyes, for instance, and these landscapes. He felt as though in each eye the whole landscape at which he gazed was working, as though his eyes were an inner mirror reflecting everything outside him.

And further, he did not feel himself as a unity, but he felt his Ego, multiplied to the number of his senses, to be twelvefold. And from the feeling that his Ego had become twelvefold, a remarkable experience caused him to say to himself: There is an Ego which looks through my eyes, there is an Ego which works in my sense of thought, in my sense of speech, in my sense of touch, in my sense of life. I am really scattered over the world.—And from this experience there arose an intense longing for union with a Being from the Hierarchy of the Angeloi, in order that from this union, strength and power might be acquired for mastering the splitting of the Ego into the single sense-experiences. And out of all this, the question arose in the Ego itself: Why have I these senses?

The result of these strange experiences was that the pupil now felt that everything connected with the senses and with their continuations inwards towards the inner organism, was related to the actual environment around him on the Earth. The senses belong to the Winter—that is what the pupil felt. This whole life through which he was passing, in which the changing winter landscapes tallied, as I said, with what he had seen in everyday life, but which now appeared before him in great beauty out of the spirit—all these experiences the pupil now gathered together into a fundamental attunement and tenor of his soul—a condition which may be indicated as follows: In my Mystery-winter-wanderings I have experienced what is Past in the Cosmos. The snow and ice in my enchanted winter have revealed to me deathbringing forces and impulses of destruction in the Cosmos. And my numbness on the way to these Mystery-winterwanderings was the intimation that I was to behold those forces in the Cosmos which come over from the Past into the Present but in the Present are dead cosmic forces.

This realisation was what the echo of his experiences with the male statue conveyed to the pupil.

Then he was brought to the point where his experiences with the plastic—not the elastic—statue could echo within him. And now he was not overwhelmed by inner numbness but by inner heat, by a feverish condition of the soul, accompanied at first by bodily symptoms. The pupil was aware of great inner pressure; he felt as though both breath and blood were exerting too great a pressure and he became aware of a deep, inner need. And in this state the second experience he must undergo became clear to him. Born from the need felt by his soul, the realisation that came to him and of which he was intensely conscious, might be clothed in the following words: I bear within me something that my bodily nature demands in ordinary earthly life. This must be overcome. My Earth-Ego must be overcome!

Then, when the experience of this inner fever, this need of soul, this feeling that the earthly Ego must be overcome, had lasted for the necessary length of time, something arose in the pupil of which he knew that it was not the previous, unfamiliar state of consciousness but that it was a state well known to him, namely, the dream consciousness. Whereas from the earlier numbness had come the distinct feeling that he was in a state of consciousness unknown to him in ordinary life, he knew now that his consciousness was a kind of dreaming. He dreamed; but in contrast with his earlier consciousness—although again in harmony with what he had experienced—he had dreams of the most wonderful summer landscapes. But he now knew that these were dreams, dreams which filled him with intense joy or with intense suffering, depending upon whether what came to him from the summer was sad or joyful, but in either case with the intensity of feeling accompanying dreams.

You need only remind yourselves of how a dream can affect you. It first takes the form of pictures but you may wake up from it with a palpitating heart, in heat and fear. The Hibernian pupil interpreted this experience in an elementary, quite natural way, saying to himself: my inner being has brought the summer to my consciousness as a dream; the summer has come to me as a dream.

At the same time the pupil knew that what was in his consciousness, in a state of continual transformation like an enchanted summer, was indicative of impulses leading over to the Future of the Cosmos. But now he did not feel as though he were scattered into his senses and multiplied. On the contrary, he felt inwardly gathered into a unity; he felt held together in his heart. And the culmination, the supreme climax of what he was experiencing was this sense of being held together in his heart, this feeling of inner union with the dream of the summer—not with the summer as outwardly seen. And rightly the pupil said to himself: In what the dream of summer reveals and I experience in my own being, therein lies the Future.

The next experience arising in the pupil was of two conditions the one following the other. He was looking, shall we say, into a landscape of meadows and ponds, and little lakes. Then came a vista of ice and snow which changed into whirling, falling snow, into a mist of falling snowflakes. This mist became more and more evanescent and finally faded into nothingness. And the moment this happened, when he felt himself as it were in empty space, at that moment the summer dreams replaced the winter scenes, and he realised in full consciousness: now Past and Future meet in my own life of soul.

From then onwards the pupil had learnt to say of this outer world as a truth which was to remain with him for all future time: In this world that surrounds us, in this world from which we derive our corporeality, something is perpetually dying. And the snow-crystals of winter are the outer signs of the spirit that is perpetually dying in matter. As human beings we are not yet capable of feeling in all intensity this dying spirit which in external Nature is rightly symbolised in snow and ice, unless Initiation has been achieved. But through Initiation we know that the spirit is all the time dying in matter, announcing this in freezing, benumbed Nature. A void is continually being produced. And out of this void something is born, something resembling, to begin with, the dreams of Nature. And the dreams of Nature contain the seeds of the Cosmic Future. But Cosmic Death and Cosmic Birth would not meet if Man were not there in the middle. For if Man were not there—as I said, I am simply relating to you the experience inwardly undergone by the pupil during the Hibernian Initiation—if Man were not there, the processes revealed through the consciousness born from the feeling of frozen numbness would be an actual Cosmic Death, and no dream would follow, no Future would arise. Saturn, Sun and Moon would be there, but no Jupiter, Venus or Vulcan. In order that the Future of the Cosmos may be joined to the Past, Man must stand between the Past and the Future. This became known to the pupil through the experiences he had undergone.

All these experiences were then summarised by the Initiators. The first condition, that of the state of numbness, when the pupil had felt himself transported into the Cosmic All, was summarised for him by the Initiators in words which I can render to you as follows:

Thou shalt learn in widths of Space,
How in the blue of Ether-distances
World-Existence vanishes
And finds itself again in thee.

These words summarised the feelings that had been experienced.

Then the feelings accompanying the condition brought about by the second statue were summarised as follows:

In the Depths thou shalt unriddle
Out of burning-fevered Evil,
How the Truth itself doth kindle
And through thee its Being foundeth.

You will remember that at the stage of which I spoke at the end of the lecture yesterday, as the pupil was being realised, the words SCIENCE and ART appeared in the place of the two statues. The word Science appeared in the place of the statue which had said: I am Knowledge, but what I am is not real Being. And the word Art stood there in the place of the statue which had said: I am Phantasy, but what I am has no Truth. The pupil had known the terrible heaviness of heart resulting from his soul’s allegiance to something that was not truly Knowledge. For it had become clear to him that the knowledge acquired on Earth consists of ideas only, of pictures only, and lacks real Being. Now he lived through the reverberations of this experience and had come to realise that man himself must find Being for the content of his knowledge by losing himself in Cosmic Space.

Thou shalt learn in widths of Space,
How in the blue of Ether-distances
World-Existence vanishes
And finds itself again in thee.

For this was indeed the feeling. He had stormed into Ether-distances which are bounded by the blue of the infinite expanse and had united himself at last with this expanse. But then it seemed to the pupil that the Earth had become so dissipated in the infinite expanse that it was as though transformed into Nothingness. He had learnt to experience Nothingness by beholding the enchanted winter landscape. And he knew now that it is only Man who can stand firm in the infinite expanse leading to the blue of the Ether-distances.

Through the second experience a man realises that he finds in the depths of his own being what he must overcome, what he must face as the Evil that is rooted and surging within him, the Evil that must be overcome by the impulse of the Good in human nature in order that the world may have a future.

In the Depths thou shalt unriddle
Out of burning-fevered Evil,
How the Truth itself doth kindle
And through thee its Being foundeth.

The pupil had come to know that the tendency of Phantasy is to avoid Truth, to be satisfied with a relation to the world consisting of arbitrary, subjective pictures. But now, from the dreamlike, enchanted summer-experience he had acquired insight which enabled him to say: Whatever rises up in me as creative phantasy I can carry out into the world. Out of my inner being, like the pictures of phantasy, grow the Imaginations of the plants. If I have the pictures of phantasy only, then I am a stranger to what is around me. But if I have Imaginations, there grows out of my own inner self everything that I can then find in this plant, in that plant, in this animal, in that animal, in this man, in that man. Whatever I find in my own being is to be found in something that is outside me. And for everything that confronts me in the external world I can find something that rises up out of the depths of my own life of soul and is connected with it.

This sense of twofold union with the world was an experience which, accompanied by a feeling of inner triumph, came to the pupil as an echo of the experiences connected with the two statues. In this way he had learnt to expand his soul spiritually on the one side into the Cosmos and also to penetrate deeply into a region of his inner being where the forces are not working with the monotony customary in everyday consciousness but where they work as if they were only partly real, pervaded through and through with magical dreams. The pupil had now learnt to balance this intensity of inner impulses with the intensity of external impulses. Out of his experience of the winter landscape and his experience of the summer landscape, enlightenment had come to him concerning external Nature and his own essential Self. And he had become deeply and intimately related to both.

He was then prepared for a recapitulation of all his experiences. In this recapitulation his Initiators put very clearly to him what he must do: You must make a deliberate pause when recapitulating the numbness your soul experienced. You must pause while recapitulating the flight into Cosmic distances and again while recapitulating the experience of feeling dispersed into your senses and multiplied. You must be inwardly clear about each of these conditions and be able to distinguish exactly between them; you must have an etheric, inner experience of each of the three conditions.—And when the pupil, now with full consciousness, called up again before his soul the state of numbness, there appeared before him the experiences he had had before he came down to the Earth out of spiritual worlds, before the earthly conception of his body, when he was drawing together out of the Cosmos the etheric impulses and forces in order to clothe himself with an etheric body. In this way the pupil of the Hibernian Mysteries was led to experience the final stage preceding his descent into a physical body.

He had then to recapitulate and add emphasis to the inner experience of being transported into the Cosmos. This time, in the recapitulation, he no longer felt as though he were being drawn up by the rays of the Sun and Stars but he felt as though something were coming towards him, as though from all sides of the Cosmos the Hierarchies were coming towards him; and he had other experiences as well. And then he became aware of conditions still further back in his pre-earthly life. Next, he had consciously to recapitulate the experience of being poured out into his senses and dispersed in fragments in the world of the senses. This brought him to the middle point of his existence between death and a new birth.

You can see from these indications that the powers enabling the Initiate to penetrate into these hidden worlds—to which, nevertheless, man really belongs—can be attained in the most diverse ways. And from the indications given yesterday and on many occasions you will realise too that vision of the supersensible world was achieved by methods differing widely in the several Mysteries. In later lectures we shall speak of why it was that such differences were considered appropriate, and why a uniform spiritual path was not adopted in all the Mysteries. Today I will merely mention the fact. But the purpose of all these different paths was to unveil the hidden aspects of world-existence and human existence which have been indicated again and again in our present studies as well as in other lectures and writings.

It was made clear to the pupil of the Hibernian Mysteries that he must also recapitulate inwardly and in his life of feeling the other conditions he had experienced as aftereffects of the second statue; each condition was to be evoked in full consciousness. He carried out these instructions, and in recapitulating the state I described yesterday as a kind of need of soul, he felt what would be the soul’s experience after death.

Then came the vision of outer Nature as revealed in summer landscapes, but this was a dream. When he recapitulated this experience and now consciously distinguished it from the other, knowledge came to him of the further course of his life after death. And when he was able to make the experience of being held together in his heart vividly alive in his consciousness, his vision extended back as far as the middle point of existence between death and rebirth. Then the Initiator could say to him:

Learn to perceive in spirit
Winter-existence,
And thou shalt behold
he pre-earthly life.

Learn to dream in spirit
Summer-existence,
And thou shalt experience
The post-earthly life.

Please notice carefully the words I have used, for in the relation between ‘beholding’ the pre-earthly and ‘experiencing’ the post-earthly lies the difference between the two experiences undergone by the candidate for Initiation in the Mysteries of Hibernia.

The place of this Initiation in the whole historical setting of human evolution, its significance in the evolutionary process and in what way a deeper meaning was indicated when at that stage of Initiation which I described yesterday, something like a vision of the Christ came to the pupil of the Hibernian Mysteries—of these things I shall speak tomorrow.

I have told you certain things about the Hibernian Mysteries and you heard yesterday that through the remarkable development which it was possible for individuals to achieve in Ireland, insight came to them into what the human soul can experience as a result of its own inner activity. All the preparations undergone by the candidate for Initiation made it possible for pictures of landscapes to be conjured up as though by magic before his senses—landscapes which in other circumstances were seen in the ordinary way. The impressions received in the Mysteries were not fantastic or hallucinatory but what the pupil had been accustomed to see now seemed to have been like a veil which he knew well was concealing something behind it. And the same applied when the pupil had directed his gaze into his own inner being, when the enchanted vision of the dreamlike summer landscape was conjured up before him. He was now made ready to have Imaginations which, to begin with, were linked with what in other circumstances he perceived with his outer senses. But he knew that these Imaginations would lead him to something altogether different.

I have told you how the pupil reached the stage where he was able to have a vision of the time before his earthly existence, and also of the time after that existence, to the point midway between death and rebirth; he also had a vision of the time immediately preceding the descent to Earth, and again to the point midway between death and rebirth. But something else happened as well. In that the pupil was led to intensify and deepen his consciousness of the experiences he had undergone, his soul was strengthened by the vision of pre-earthly and post-earthly life and of the perpetual dying and rebirth of Nature. Then with even stronger inner force and energy he was able to intensify his experience of the numbness and of being taken up into the Cosmos, as it were winging his way out into the blue Ether-distances; and again the experience was intensified of having felt himself to be a personality only in his senses, when he was unconscious of all the rest of his being, aware only of existence in the eye, in the whole tract of hearing or of feeling, and so on—when he was as it were nothing but sense-organ.

With strong inner efforts the pupil had learnt to intensify Iris experience of these conditions and then to face what was to lead to a further stage. When he had undergone the experiences I have described, he was exhorted to recapitulate the condition of inner numbness deliberately, with the result that he felt his own organism as a kind of mineral, as something quite foreign to him, and his soul as though it were merely hovering over and surrounding this mineral structure. Then, in the resulting state of consciousness, he had a clear vision of the Old Moon-existence preceding the Earth embodiment.

At this point you will remember how I have described this Old Moon-existence in the book Occult Science ¹ and in numbers of lectures. What is there described came to life in the pupil’s consciousness and was actual reality to him. The Old Moon-existence appeared to him as a planetary body in a watery, fluid state—a state not similar to that of water as it is today, but gelatinous, congealed. He felt himself to be an organism within this semi-soft mass. And he felt the structure of the whole planet streaming out, as it were, from his own organism.

You must realise how greatly experiences at that time differed from those familiar today. Today we feel bounded by, enclosed within, our skin. To assert this is, of course, a tremendous error, for directly we consider the volume of air in a human being it is obviously nonsensical to feel enclosed within the skin. As I have often said, the air I now have inside me was, a short while ago, not inside but outside me and the air that will soon be inside me is at the moment outside. In respect of the air, therefore, we cannot rightly think of ourselves as cut off from the external world. We are wherever tire external air is present. Fundamentally speaking there is no difference if at one moment you have a piece of sugar in your mouth and the next moment it is in your stomach—for it has taken a certain path; the same is true if at one moment a certain volume of air is outside and the next moment is in your lungs. The piece of sugar goes one way, the air goes another, through the organs of respiration. And anyone who thinks otherwise should not maintain that his mouth is part of himself but insist that his body begins with his stomach! Therefore it is nonsense, even in this modern age, for a man to imagine himself enclosed within his skin.

During the Old Moon period it was utterly impossible to imagine any such limitation. Objects such as the pieces of furniture here which can be touched and taken hold of did not then exist; everything was a Nature-product. And when one stretched out the organ which can be compared in a certain respect with fingers today, this organ could be drawn in again and disappeared; the arm could be drawn in, one could make oneself thin, and so on. Today, if you touch the blackboard here you do not feel that it belongs to you; but at that time, you felt that whatever you touched actually belonged to you, in the sense that the inbreathed air is part of you today. So that one’s own structure was felt to be a part of the whole structure of the Old Moon planet.

All this came into the consciousness of the pupil of the Hibernian Mysteries. He also had the impression that the gelatinous fluidity was a temporary condition of the Old Moon-existence, that there were certain epochs when in this gelatinous fluidity something appeared which, physically, was much harder than our solids today. It was not ‘mineral’ in the sense in which emerald, corundum or diamond are mineral today but it was hard and horny. There was no crystalline mineral substance as we ourselves know it but the forms taken by the horny, mineral-like substance were quite obviously the product of organic secretion, in the sense that we do not speak today of the crystalline structure of a cow’s horn, knowing that the horn can be where it is only because it has been projected from an organism; and the same is true of a deer’s antlers or similar formations. Fundamentally, the same is true of bones—but they are mineral. And so at the time of the Old Moon evolution a mineral-like substance was produced out of organic material.

The Beings who at that time had already passed through their human stage and who had only part of their fully human nature to complete during Earth-existence, are the Individualities of whom I have spoken as the great and wise primeval Teachers of humanity on the Earth and who now have their abode in the Moon-sphere.

All this became known to the pupil during the condition of frozen numbness. And when he had passed through these experiences in the way that satisfied his Initiators, it was impressed upon him that he must advance still further, to the stage where he could let his benumbed being stream out to the Ether-distances, to the point where he could feel: the paths to the Heights bring me out into the far distances of the blue Ether, to the very boundaries of Space.

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And then, when this experience was repeated, the pupil felt that everything was in a certain way moving outwards towards the far distances of the Ether. But as he himself moved towards the Ether-distances, after the Heights had uplifted him and carried him thither, he felt as though at the very end of the world of space something penetrated into and vitalised him. It was what we today should call Astrality. It was an element that was experienced inwardly and at that time united with the human being far more forcefully than is the case today, although it could not then be experienced with equal intensity. It united with the human soul, but even more forcefully than, for example, a feeling that might arise within a man today if he were to expose himself to the instreaming, revivifying light of the Sun to the point where he becomes sensitively aware of each of His organs. By paying only a little attention you will be able to feel, if you expose yourself freely to the Sun, allowing it to stream through you but not to the point of inner discomfort—if you expose yourselves to the Sun in such a way that you let its instreaming light and warmth bring comfort to your body, then you will become aware of each organ much more vividly than before. You come unmistakably into a condition where you can describe the very make-up of your organism.

The fact that there is so little knowledge of such things today is due only to a lack in the capacity of modern man to be genuinely attentive. If this capacity were not lacking people would be able at least to give dreamlike indications of what is revealed to them in the instreaming sunlight. In earlier times, of course, the pupil was instructed about the inner constitution of the human organism quite differently from the methods current today. Corpses are now dissected and anatomical diagrams made. This does not require much attentiveness and it must be admitted that even this is not forthcoming from many students. But at all events, not much attention is required! Once upon a time the pupil of the Mysteries was taught by being exposed to the Sun and then trained to become sensitively aware of his inner constitution while reacting to the pleasant, instreaming sunlight; and after this experience he was well able to describe his liver, his stomach, and so on. This inner connection of man with the Macrocosm can become a reality provided only that the right conditions are established. It is quite possible to be blind and yet to feel the form of an object by touching it. And so too, when one of your organs is made sensitive to another by attentiveness to the effects of the light, you can describe such organs, at any rate so that at least you can have a shadowy picture of them in your consciousness.

At an advanced stage in the Hibernian Mysteries, when the pupil was transported as it were into the blue distances of the Ether, and when the Astral light streamed into him, his predominant experience was that he did not feel his own identity but he felt in his consciousness the existence of a great and mighty World—a World of which he said: I am living in an element together with other Beings; this element is pure, innate Nature-goodness. For out of this element in which I am swimming—forgive me for using an expression possible only in a much later terminology—out of this planetary element in which I am swimming like a fish in water although it consists of light, volatile components, I feel comfort streaming into me from every side.—The pupil felt the astral light pouring into him everywhere, forming him, building him. ‘This Element is pure Nature-goodness,’ he could have said, ‘for everywhere it bestows something upon me. I am surrounded by pure Goodness. Goodness is everywhere, but it is a Nature-goodness that envelops me. This Nature-goodness is also creative, for its forces enable me to exist, give me my form and sustain me as I hover and move in this Element.’—And so the impressions received were those of innate, Nature-born morality.

A modern comparison for this experience might be expressed as follows.—Suppose a person had a rose in front of him and in smelling its scent were able to say with inner sincerity: ‘Divine goodness spread through the whole Earth-planet is also streaming into this rose; and when the rose communicates its own essence to my organ of smell I become aware of that Divine goodness.’ Anyone saying this honestly and sincerely today would be experiencing something like a faint shadow of what in those ancient times was felt inwardly as the very life-element of the individual human being. And that, my dear friends, was the experience of the Old Sun-existence which preceded our Earth. Thus the pupil of the Hibernian Mysteries could experience the Old Sun-existence and Old Moon-existence—the predecessors of the Earth.

And further, when the pupil had been led to be aware of himself in his senses only, had experienced something like a discarding of his whole organism, leaving nothing but the experiences of his senses so that he was living only in his eyes, in the auditory tract, in the whole range of his feeling, then he became aware of what I have called in the book Occult Science, the Saturn-existence—an existence ² where man lived in the element of warmth, hovering and moving among the differentiations of the warmth. He felt himself then not as a being of flesh and blood, not as having bones and nerves, but solely as an organism of warmth—the planetary warmth of Saturn; he was aware of warmth when the outer warmth differed in degree from the inner warmth. Weaving in warmth, living through warmth, a feeling of inner warmth in contact with outer warmth—such, in effect, was the Saturn-existence.

This was experienced by the pupil when his whole being seemed to be living in his senses. The senses themselves were not so highly differentiated as they are today. This awareness of warmth, this life in and through warmth was the all-important experience. But there were moments when the pupil, aware of himself as an organism of warmth, approached a different degree of warmth and felt something in himself like a burst of flames; he now seemed to be living in an element not merely of streaming, weaving and billowing warmth but at a certain moment he seemed to be aflame. There was also something like a sensation of taste, not taste as felt on the tongue, for naturally it could not have been so at that time, but taste which the pupil felt was kindled in him by contact with another being ... and so on. Thus the Saturn-existence became living reality in the pupil’s consciousness.

So you see that in these Hibernian Mysteries the pupil was actually led into the past of the Earth’s planetary existence. He came to know the Saturn-, Old Sun- and Old Moon-existence as the successive metamorphoses of the Earth.

Then he was also exhorted to recapitulate experience which guided him into his inner being and which I described to you as a feeling of inner oppression, as though the air inside him was densifying; the corresponding condition experienced by a man of today would be the feeling of incapacity to exhale, the feeling of the breath pressing from every side.

This was the first condition which the pupil had now to call up in his soul by exerting his own will. And when he did this, in the dreamlike state in which Nature was revealed to him in summer landscapes—when he had induced this condition, then suddenly, at a particular moment, he had a remarkable experience. In order to give you any idea at all of this experience I must describe it in the following way.—Imagine that as a human being living on the Earth you come into a warm room. You feel the warmth; then you go outside where the temperature is perhaps several degrees below zero and you feel the cold intensely. You feel the difference between warmth and cold, but it is a bodily experience, having little or no connection with your life of soul. And as an earthly human being you certainly do not feel when you come into a warm room that it is filled with something around you like a great Spirit is enveloping you with love. This warmth is comforting to the body but you do not feel that it is of the nature of soul. In the same way you shiver in the cold, you feel cold in your body, but you have no feeling that out there, on account of the prevailing climatic conditions, demons are approaching you, bringing such bitter frost that your very soul feels cold. Physical warmth is not at the same time an experience of your soul because as an earthly man you do not, in your ordinary-level consciousness, feel the element of soul with any intensity. An earthly man can feel warmed by the friendship or love of another; he can feel chilled by his coldness, perhaps also by his philistinism, and that is understood to be a quality of the soul. But just think how little a man of today, when he goes out in the summer into the warm atmosphere is prone to say: Now the Gods arc loving me! Or how little he is prone to say when he goes out into the wintry cold: Now only diose Sylphs who arc the pedants in their world are flying through the air.—Such expressions arc never heard at the present time!

This awareness which I have tried to characterise from another side was something that came naturally to the pupil after he had experienced the feeling of oppression. He felt warmth as a physical quality and simultaneously as a quality of soul, and this was possible because his consciousness was projected into the Jupiter-existence that will follow the Earth. For we shall become Jupiter-men in that we unite physical warmth with soul-warmth. As Jupiter-men, in caressing another person or a child lovingly we shall at the same time actually transmit warmth; love and outstreaming warmth will not be separate as is now the case. A man will be able to pour warmth into his surroundings as a quality of soul as well.

The pupil of the Hibernian Mysteries was brought to the point of experiencing this—not, of course, in the physical world but while he was transported to another world—and thus the Jupiter-existence was revealed to him, not in physical reality but in a picture.

The next intensification of consciousness was that the pupil was to feel deeply the inner need of which I spoke yesterday, for he now realised the stern necessity to overcome his own ‘I’ which would otherwise become the source of evil. When he had brought about this inner mood of soul, something arose in his consciousness with the result that he not only felt soul-warmth and physical warmth as a unity but this unity began to shine. The secret of the radiance of soul-light dawned upon him and thereby he was transported into that future time when the Earth will be metamorphosed into the Venus embodiment.

And when the pupil felt all that he had hitherto experienced streaming together in his heart, as I described yesterday, everything that his soul had experienced was revealed to him as being at the same time the experience of the whole planet. The picture that arose in the pupil was this.—Man has a thought; this thought does not remain inside his skin but begins to sound', the thought becomes Word. What man thinks forms itself into Word. The Word expands throughout the Vulcan-planet. Everything in the Vulcan-planet is articulate, living reality. Word resounds to Word; Word is clarified by Word; Word speaks to Word; Word learns to comprehend Word. Man feels himself to be the World-comprehending Word, as the Word which comprehends the Cosmic Word. When this experience arose as a picture before the candidate for the Hibernian Initiation he knew himself to be transported to the Vulcan-existence, the last metamorphosis of the Earth-planet.

It will be clear to you that the Hibernian Mysteries belong to what Spiritual Science calls the Great Mysteries. For the Initiation achieved by the pupils gave them a vista of man’s pre-earthly and post-earthly life. At the same time it gave them a vista of the cosmic life with which man is interwoven and out of which he is born in the course of the ages. Thus the pupil learnt to know the Microcosm, that is to say, himself as a being of spirit, soul and body in relation to the Macrocosm. But he also learnt to know how the Macrocosm itself evolves, how it arises, undergoes metamorphoses and ultimately passes away. The Hibernian Mysteries were verily the Great Mysteries.

They were in their prime during the era preceding the Mystery of Golgotha. But the essential feature of the Great Mysteries was that in them the Christ of the Future was spoken of, just as men spoke later on of the Christ as One was connected with events already past. And when, after the first Initiation the image of Christ had been shown to the pupil as he was leaving the Temple, the purpose was to bring home to him that the whole evolutionary course of the Earth in cosmic existence is orientated to the Event of Golgotha which at that time lay in the future.

On the island which later endured so many sore trials there was a centre of the Great Mysteries, a centre of ‘Christian’ Mysteries before the Event of Golgotha—a centre where the spiritual gaze of human beings living before the Mystery of Golgotha was directed in the right and true way towards it.

And when eventually that Mystery actually happened, when in Palestine those remarkable occurrences took place which we describe when speaking of Christ Jesus on Golgotha and of His environment—at that very time solemn Festivals were celebrated within the Hibernian Mysteries themselves and the community associated with them, that is to say by people who belonged in some way to the Mysteries. And what was actually happening in Palestine was revealed in Hibernia in pictures that were not memories of anything in the past. On the island of Hibernia men experienced the Mystery of Golgotha in pictures, simultaneously with the historical occurrence in Palestine. And when, later on, the Mystery of Golgotha was presented in pictures in the various temples and churches and was experienced in this way by the people, the pictures were reminders of something that already belonged to the past and was therefore an historical fact which ordinary consciousness could recollect. But these pictures were seen on the island of Hibernia at a time when they could not have been memories of past history but were a direct revelation from the spiritual world. The events that took place in Palestine at the beginning of our era and were visible there to physical eyes, were beheld spiritually in Hibernia. Men experienced the Mystery of Golgotha in the spirit. And this was the basis of the greatness inherent in everything that subsequently went out from Hibernia into the rest of the civilised world but disappeared as time went on.

I beg you now to pay attention to the following.—Anyone who studies purely external history can find much that is splendid and beautiful, much that is uplifting and enlightening when he looks back to the ancient East or to ancient Greece or Rome. Again, he can learn many things when he comes, let us say, to the time of Charles the Great and on through the Middle Ages. But just think how scanty the historical accounts become in the period which begins a few centuries after the birth of Christianity and ends approximately in the ninth or tenth centuries of the Christian era. If you examine the records that exist, in all the earlier and more honest historical works you will find only very few and very meagre accounts of events in these centuries. It is only after that period that records begin to be more detailed.

Admittedly, later historians feel a certain professional shame at having to deal with the available material so unsatisfactorily. They cannot describe matters of which they have no knowledge and so they think out all kinds of fantastic interpretations which are inserted into the history of these centuries. But it is all so much nonsense. If external history is presented honestly, accounts of the period during which the downfall of Rome took place are very meagre, and the same applies to the migrations of the peoples— which as a matter of fact were outwardly not nearly so striking as people today suppose but were striking only because of their contrast with the previous and subsequent periods of tranquillity. If you were to calculate quite simply today—or rather, if you had calculated in the pre-War period—how many people let us say, leave Russia for Switzerland every year, you would find that the numbers would be greater than they were during the time of the migrations over the same area of Europe. All these things are relative. So that if one were to continue talking in the style adopted when trying to describe the migrations of the people, one would have to say that up to the beginning of the War, migrations were taking place all over Europe and also across to America. And the emigrations to America were more numerous than the streams of folk-migrations. But this is not realised.

It is nevertheless a fact that records of the period described as that of the folk-migrations and their aftermath are very scanty. Little is known about what was actually happening; little is said, for example, about what was going on in this neighbourhood, or in France, or in Germany. But it was precisely in these regions that faint echoes of what had been revealed in the Hibernian Mysteries streamed over Europe; it was here that the effects and impulses of the Great Mysteries of Hibernia penetrated into civilisation, even if only in faint echoes.

But then two great streams met. What I am now saying must not be taken as casting even the faintest shade of sympathy or antipathy upon anything, but merely to describe the historical fact. Two streams met. The one that came over from the East by way of Greece and Rome reckoned with the increasingly prevalent faculty connected with intellect and the senses and worked on the basis of historical remembrance of outwardly visible, outwardly experienced events. From Palestine, through Greece and Rome, came the tidings which spread abroad and were received by men into their religious life—the tidings of something that had taken place in Palestine in the physical world through Christ, the God.

These tidings were accessible to man’s faculty of understanding which was now entirely dependent upon what we know today as the ordinary-level consciousness, based upon reason and the senses. The tidings spread far and wide and finally superseded what came over from Hibernia, from the West, and as a last echo of the ancient, instinctive wisdom took account of the fact that the traditional wisdom of humanity was now shedding its light into a new kind of consciousness. From Hibernia there spread across Europe an impulse which in the matter of spiritual illumination did not depend upon physical vision or upon ‘proof’ based upon evidence of any actual historical event. This impulse spread in the form of cult, in the form of Hibernian cult and wisdom. It was concerned with illumination that comes to man from the spiritual world, even in the case of an event which, like the Mystery of Golgotha, had taken place simultaneously in physical reality in another part of the world. In Hibernia, the physical reality of the event in Palestine was seen spiritually.

But the mentality that could grasp only physical reality overshadowed the impulse which relied upon the spiritual upliftment, the spiritual deepening and enrichment of man’s life of soul. And gradually, because of an inevitable necessity of which we have spoken in other connections, the impulse connected exclusively with physical existence gained the upper hand over the impulse connected with purely spiritual vision. The tidings of the Redeemer who had been present in a physical body on the Earth obscured the wonderful Imaginations that came over from Hibernia and could be presented in cult and ritual—these tidings gained the upper hand over the majestic Imaginations which portrayed the Redeemer as a spiritual Being and took no account, either in the corresponding rituals or descriptions, of the fact that what had come to pass was also an historical event. Still less could this aspect have been taken into account before the actual event, for the cults had been instituted in the pre-Christian era.

So the time drew on when men became immune to everything that was not physically perceptible, when they came to the point of no longer accepting as truth anything that was not physically perceptible. Hence the substance of the wisdom that came over from Hibernia was no longer understood; nor was the art which came from there felt to be an expression of cosmic truth. The consequence was the ever-increasing growth of a science which was not a Hibernian science but one concerned only with what the senses perceive, and also of a form of art which was not Hibernian art but one—including even the art of Raphael—using sense-perceptible objects as models, whereas Hibernian art set out to give a direct presentation of spiritual reality itself.

And so the time came when a certain darkness fell over the spiritual life, when men sought only to develop reason and the life of the senses, and founded philosophies which were intended to show that in some way or other the senses were able to discover the secret of Being, or actually to reach Truth.

Finally there came the remarkable phase when human consciousness was no longer accessible to spiritual influences. And where can one see this more precisely than in what was given to humanity in a work such as The Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreuz ³ I have written about it recently in the journal Das Reich. I called attention there to the strange circumstances connected with this work. Valentin Andreae was the physical author; he wrote it down immediately before the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War. But nobody who has read the biography of Valentin Andreae will believe for a moment that the man who afterwards became a pedantic cleric and wrote several unctuous treatises, was the real author. Just compare the Chymical Wedding, or The Organisation of the World, or certain other writings of Valentin Andreae—he was naturally the same physical personality—with the sanctimonious stuff written by Pastor Valentin Andreae in his later life. It is a really remarkable phenomenon. Here is a youth, hardly out of school, writing works such as The Organisation of the World or The Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreuz, and we have to make strenuous efforts to find any meaning in them at all. The young writer himself understood nothing of their real content as he showed in his later life, for he became a sanctimonious, unctuous parson. And yet it is the same man!

This fact alone makes it reasonable to state, as I did in my article, that the Chymical Wedding was not written in the ordinary sense by a human being, or at least only in the sense in which, for instance, Napoleon’s ever nervous, undercover secretary wrote his letters for him. But after all, Napoleon was a man who stood firmly on the ground, who was a very physical personality. The one who wrote the Chymical Wedding was not a physical personality and he simply made use of his ‘secretary’ who subsequently became the unctuous Pastor Valentin Andreae.

Picture to yourselves this extraordinary occurrence immediately preceding the Thirty Years’ War. A young man lends his hand to a spiritual Being who writes down, through him, a work such as the Chymical Wedding! This was only a specially striking example of what was often wont to happen in those days but was not recognised or preserved. Something of great importance for humanity at that time was given in such a way that the intellect was incapable of grasping it. The onward flowing spirituality was still revealing itself but men were no longer capable of experiencing it within themselves.

And so it is the case that in regard to this period, in history books—however voluminous they might be—there would inevitably be many blank pages, for men were living at that time in two currents: the one current was taking its course in the physical world below, where people were becoming more and more prone to believe only in what their reason and their senses told them; but above there was an onflowing spiritual revelation which could be announced through human beings but which they could not themselves experience. And one of the most characteristic examples of this spiritual revelation is a work such as The Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreuz.

What was revealed passed through men’s heads even though it was not understood; it passed through men’s heads, became weaker and also distorted. Magnificent, truly poetical material degenerated into the kind of gibberish of which verses in the Chymical Wedding are sometimes examples. And yet they are revelations of something truly great: imposing, macrocosmic pictures, majestic experiences. If with the vision that is possible today we read the Chymical Wedding, we learn to understand its imagery. The meaning of the pictures becomes evident. They are coloured by the brain through which they have passed but glorious realities are apparent behind them.

Such things are a proof that what humanity once experienced had lived on in the subconscious. In the earlier period of the devastating Thirty Years’ War, it had all been dissipated. Then, in the first half of the seventeenth century there was an inflow of what had once been glorious spiritual truth. The Mystics alone preserved its impress in their souls, but the real substance, the spiritual substance, was lost. Reason began to conquer, and to prepare the epoch of freedom.

And today we look back at these things and find our gaze directed to the Hibernian Mysteries with an intensified activity of soul, for they are, fundamentally speaking, the last of the Great Mysteries, the last Great Mysteries through which the secrets of human and cosmic life could be revealed. Today, when we penetrate into them again, the Hibernian Mysteries are revealed in all their grandeur, but our vision cannot really penetrate into their depths if we have not first fathomed them by dint of our own, independent efforts. And even when this has been achieved, a strange thing happens. When one approaches the pictures of the Hibernian Mysteries in the Akashic Record, one feels that something is repelling one. It is as though one were being held back by some force, as though the soul could not pierce its way through. The nearer one approaches, the darker the goal becomes and a kind of stupefaction comes upon the soul. One has to work one’s way through this stupefaction and the only possibility of doing so is to rekindle one’s own, independently acquired knowledge of similar matters. And then one understands why it is so difficult to approach the Hibernian Mysteries. It becomes evident that they were the final echo of an age-old gift to humanity from the divine-spiritual Powers, but that when these Mysteries withdrew into a shadowy existence they were at the same time surrounded by an impenetrable wall, so that a man cannot fathom or have vision of them if he maintains a passive attitude of soul; he can approach these Mysteries only by kindling spiritual activity, in other words when he has become a modern man in the true sense. Access to the Hibernian Mysteries was closed in order to make it impossible for men to draw near them in the old way; they were to be compelled to experience with the full activity of consciousness that which must be discovered inwardly in this age of freedom. Neither by a scrutiny of history nor by clairvoyant vision of ancient, great and wonderful secrets can these Mysteries be discovered, but only by the exercise of a man’s own inner, conscious activity.

The Great Mysteries of Hibernia thus provide the very strongest indication of the fact that a new Age begins at the time when they faded into the land of shadows. But they can be seen again today in all their glory and majesty by a soul sustained by inner freedom; for through true inner activity they can indeed be approached and the menace of stupefaction overcome. The soul has nevertheless to confront obstacles standing before the revelations that were once accessible to those who were to be initiated— revelations of the ancient secrets of the spiritual wisdom, instinctive it is true, but none the less sublime, which once poured over men on the Earth as a primeval power of the soul. The most beautiful and significant memorials in later time to the primeval wisdom of men, to the grace of divine-spiritual Beings manifesting in the earliest stage of human life on Earth, the most beautiful tokens of that Age are the pictures which can be revealed to us when we direct our spiritual gaze to the Mysteries of Hibernia.

• 1. pp. 137-61 in the 1962/63 edition of Occult Science: an Outline.
• 2. pp. 115-28 in the 1962/63 edition.
• 3. A translation in English by Carlo Pietzner is contained in the volume entitled A Christian Rosenkreuz Anthology, compiled and edited by Paul M. Allen. (Rudolf Steiner Publications, Blauvelt, New York.) Andreae’s work appeared in the year 1616.

Let us once again recall the deeply significant fact that the knowledge and truths contained in the Mysteries of Hibernia gradually lost force and influence as they moved from the West towards Central Europe and the East; and in place of a knowledge of the Spiritual—even in matters pertaining to religion—physical perception, or at any rate a tradition based upon physical perception, made its appearance.

You will remember the picture to which we came at the end of the last lecture. We spoke of the time when the Mystery of Golgotha took place. Over in Hibernia were the Initiates with their pupils; and there, without any means for physical perception of the Mystery of Golgotha and without any possibility of receiving information of the Event, the Mystery was none the less celebrated with all solemnity, because the Initiates knew from their own insight that the Mystery of Golgotha was happening—externally—at that very time.

These Initiates and their pupils in the Mysteries of Hibernia were thus under the necessity of experiencing an actual physical reality, an event in the world of the senses, in a spiritual way. But for their peculiar disposition of soul and for the orientation of knowledge then customary in Hibernia, there was no need to have anything more in the physical world than the Spiritual alone. In Hibernia the Spiritual was always predominant.

By all manner of secret streams in the spiritual life, what had been begun in Hibernia was carried over to the British Isles and to Brittany, to the lands that are now Holland and Belgium, and finally by way of the present Alsace to Central Europe. Though not recognisable in the general civilisation of the first centuries of Christian evolution it can nevertheless be discovered in all these regions; here and there we find single individuals who are able to understand what had come over from the Mysteries of Hibernia. In order to find these individuals we must set out with a deep and intimate longing for knowledge. In the first Christian centuries they are still fairly numerous, but later on, from the eighth and ninth to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, they become very rare. Yet in these centuries too, individuals are still to be found who gather around them, in silent places far removed from the great world and its civilisation, little groups of pupils through whom what had been begun in Hibernia in the West of Europe could be fostered and continued.

In general, we find instead all over Europe that for which spiritual perception is not required; people receive readily the historical tradition of the physical events which took place in Palestine at the beginning of our era. From this stream proceeded that element in human history which takes account only of what happens in physical life. Humanity in general was less and less able to perceive the contradiction which lies in the fact that the Mystery of Golgotha, an Event that is comprehensible only by means of the deepest spiritual activity, should be referred to an external phenomenon, perceptible to the physical senses. This line of development became necessary for a time. Fundamentally speaking, it had been gradually prepared over a long period, but it could be realised only because a very great deal of the old Mystery knowledge, even such as still existed in Greece, had been forgotten.

Now these Mysteries of Greece were divided into two kinds. One kind was engaged in directing man’s senses towards the spiritual world, towards the actual guidance and ordering of the world in the spirit; while the other investigated the secrets of Nature, all that rules in Nature, and especially the forces and beings connected with the powers of the Earth. Many of the candidates for the Mysteries were initiated into both kinds. Of these candidates it was said that they had knowledge on the one hand of the Mysteries of the Father, the Mysteries of Zeus, and had been initiated into them, and that on the other hand they had also been admitted into the Mysteries of the Mother, the Mysteries of Demeter. When we look back into those times we find a spiritual perception which though somewhat abstract can extend into the highest regions, and side by side with this, a conception of Nature capable of descending into the depths. And as has been said, we also find what is of special significance—the union of the two.

Now in this union of the heights and the depths a fact was perceived that today is but little noticed. It is the fact that man has certain external substances of Nature within him, but not certain others. This fact was observed and studied in its deepest meaning in the Chthonic Mysteries in ancient Greece. You know that iron is part of man’s make-up. There are also other metals in him, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and so on; but there are many more metals which are not in him. If we were to try to find these other metals in man by the use of ordinary scientific methods, that is to say, by analysing the substances in him, then by means of this external investigation we should find in him no lead, no quicksilver, no tin, no silver and no gold.

That was the great riddle which occupied the Initiates in the Greek Mysteries, eventually finding expression in the question: How does it come about that man carries iron in him, that he carries sodium, magnesium and other substances which can also be found in outer Nature, but does not, for instance, carry lead or tin in him? They were deeply convinced that man is a ‘little world’, a microcosm, and yet it would appear that man does not carry in his make-up these other metals—lead, tin, copper and so on.

Now we may truly say that the older students and Initiates in Greece were of the opinion that this was only apparently the case; for they were steeped in the knowledge that man is a real microcosm, which means that everything which reveals itself in the Cosmos, man must also carry in himself.

Let us consider for a moment the mood of a man about to be initiated in Greece. He would be instructed somewhat as follows—and here I must, of course, gather together into a few sentences an instruction that extended over long periods. He would be told the following.—Observe how the Earth today carries everywhere in it the iron which is also in man. Once upon a time, when the Earth had not yet become Earth, when it existed in a previous planetary condition, when it was Moon, or perhaps even Sun, and also contained in itself lead, tin, and so on, all the Beings who partook in this earlier form of the Earth shared in these metals and their forces, even as man today shares in the forces of iron. But after the various changes which the ancient form of the Earth underwent, the iron alone persisted in such strength and density that man could permeate his being with it. The other metals named are also still contained in the Earth, but they are no longer of such a nature that man can directly permeate himself with them. They are however also to be found, in an infinitely rarefied condition, in the whole cosmic space which surrounds man.—

If I examine a small piece of lead, I see before me the well-known greyish-white metal, which has a definite density. I can take hold of it. But this same lead which appears in the lead ores of the Earth exists in infinitely fine rarity in the whole cosmic space surrounding man, and it has significance there. For it radiates its forces everywhere, even where there is apparently no lead, and man comes into contact with these forces of the lead, not through his physical body, but through his ether body; because outside the lead ores of the Earth lead exists in a rarefied, fine condition such as can work on the ether body of man. And so in this condition of rarity, and spread out over the whole of cosmic space, lead works upon man’s ether body.

The pupil of those ancient Chthonic Mysteries in Greece learned that, just as today the Earth is rich in iron—for it is a planet concerning which the inhabitants of another planet could say: that planet is rich in iron, the only other planet rich in iron being Mars—just as the Earth is rich in iron, so Saturn is rich in lead. What iron is for the Earth, lead is for Saturn; and we have to imagine that once upon a time, when Saturn separated from the common planetary body of the Earth (as described in my book, Occult Science), this fine division of lead took place. One can say that Saturn took the lead out with him, as it were, and through his own planetary life-force, through his own planetary warmth, retained it in such a condition that he is able to permeate the whole planetary system to which our Earth also belongs, with this finely divided lead.

You must therefore imagine the Earth and in the distance Saturn filling the whole planetary system with finely distributed lead; and then imagine this fine lead substance working in upon man. You can still find evidence that this was taught to those who were to be initiated in ancient Greece, and that they learned to understand how this lead worked. They knew that without it the sense organs, especially the eye, would claim the whole of man’s being, and not allow him to come to self-dependence. Man would be able only to see, and not to think about what he had seen. He would be unable to detach himself from what he saw and say: ‘I see’. He would, as it were, be overpowered with seeing, unless this lead influence were present in the Cosmos. It is this working of lead which makes it possible for man to be independent in himself, placing him as Ego over against that sensitiveness to the outer world which is in him. It is these lead forces which, entering first the ether body of man, and then from the ether body impregnating also, in a sense, the physical body, bestow upon him the faculty and power of memory.

It was a great moment for a pupil of the Chthonic Mysteries in Greece, when after having learned all this, he was led on to know what follows. With deep solemnity and ceremony he was shewn the substance of lead, and then his senses were directed towards Saturn. The relationship of Saturn with the lead of the Earth was brought before his soul, and he was told: ‘The lead which you see is concealed in the Earth, for in its present state the Earth is not in a condition to give the lead a form in which it can work in man; but Saturn, with his very different condition of warmth, with his inner life-forces, is able to scatter this lead out into the planetary spaces, and make you an independent human being, possessing the power of memory. For you are a human being only through the fact that today you can recollect what you knew ten or twenty years ago. Think how the human part of you would suffer if you did not carry within you what you experienced ten or twenty years ago. Your Ego-force would be shattered unless this power of memory were present in full measure. The power of memory is due to what streams to you from distant Saturn. It is the force which has come to rest in the Earth in lead, and in this state of rest cannot now work upon you. The Saturn lead-forces enable you to fix your thoughts, so that after a time these thoughts can arise again out of the depths of the soul and you can have continuity in your life in the external world, and not merely live in a transitory way. You owe it to the Saturn lead-forces that you do not merely look around you today and then forget the objects you behold, but retain the memory of them in your soul. You can retain in your soul what you experienced twenty years ago, and can cause this so to live again that your inner life is transformed and becomes again as it was at that time.

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It was a deep and powerful impression that the pupil received. With great and solemn ceremony this knowledge was brought before him. And now he learned also to understand that if these Saturn forces alone were active— giving him the power of the Ego, the power of memory—he would be completely estranged from the Cosmos. Inspired by Saturn with the power of memory, he would become, as it were, a hermit. And then he was told that over against the Saturn force another force must be placed—the force of the Moon. Let us suppose that these two forces act in such a way that the force of Saturn and the force of the Moon approach from opposite sides, and flowing into each other, descend to the Earth and to man upon the Earth. Then what Saturn takes from man, the Moon gives to him. And what Saturn gives to man, the Moon takes from him. And just as in iron the Earth has a force which man can inwardly transmute, and just as Saturn has a corresponding force in lead, so the same force is possessed by the Moon in silver.

Now silver, as it exists in the Earth, has arrived at a condition in which it cannot enter directly into man, but the whole sphere that is embraced by the Moon is actually permeated by finely divided silver; and the Moon, especially when its light comes from the direction of the constellation of Leo, works in such a way that man receives through these silver-forces of the Moon the opposite influence to the lead-forces from Saturn, and he is therefore not estranged from the Cosmos, in spite of the fact that he is endowed by the Cosmos with forces of memory. It was a deeply solemn moment when the Greek pupil was led to see this opposition of Saturn and the Moon. In the holy solemnity of night he was told: ‘Look up to Saturn surrounded by his rings. To him you owe the fact that you are an independent being. Look to the other side, to the Moon streaming out her rays of silver. To her you owe it that you are able to bear the Saturn forces without being cut off from the rest of the Cosmos.’

In this way, with direct reference to the connection between man and the Cosmos, teaching was given in Greece which we find caricatured later on in Astrology. In those days it was a true wisdom, for men saw in the stars not merely the points of specks of light above them in the sky; in the stars they beheld living spiritual Beings. And the human being of the Earth they saw to be in union with these living spiritual Beings. Thus they had a natural science which reached up into the heavens and extended right out into cosmic space. Then, when the pupil had received such an insight, when this vision of light had been deeply inscribed into Iris soul, he was led into the real Mysteries of Eleusinia. (You have heard how these things took place in my description of other Mysteries— for instance, the Mysteries of Hibernia.) The pupil was led before two statues. The first of these two statues represented to him a Father Godhead—the Father God surrounded by the signs of the planets and the Sun. It showed Saturn, for example, raying out in such a way that the pupil remembered: Yes, that is the lead radiation of the Cosmos; and the Moon so that he was reminded: Yes, that is the silver radiation of the Moon. And so on with each single planet. Thus in the statue which represented the Father nature, there appeared all the secrets which stream down to Earth from the planetary environment and are connected with the several metals of the Earth, of which man is now no longer able to make use in his inner make-up.

Then the pupil was told the following.—‘The Father of the whole World stands there before you. In Saturn He carries lead, in Jupiter tin, in Mars iron—iron which is closely connected also with the Earth, but in a quite different condition; in the Sun He carries radiant gold, in Venus the radiantly streaming copper, in Mercury the radiant quicksilver, and in the Moon the radiant silver. You yourself bear within you only so much of the metals as you were able to assimilate from the planetary conditions through which the the Earth passed in earlier times. In its present condition you can assimilate only the iron. But as an earthly human being you are not complete. The Father who stands before you shows you in the metals that which today cannot exist within you as coming from the Earth but which you have to receive from the Cosmos; and in this you have another part of your being. For only when you look upon yourself as a human being who has lived through the planetary transformations of the Earth—only then are you really a complete human being. You stand here on Earth as a part only of man. The other part of you the Father carries around His head and in His arms; he bears it for you. That which stands here on Earth together with that which He carries forms the real ‘you’. You stand on the Earth, but the Earth was not always as it is today. If the Earth had always been as it is today, you could not be on it as a human being. For the Earth today carries within it, even though in a dead condition, the lead of Saturn, the tin of Jupiter, the iron of Mars (in that other state), the gold of Sun, the silver of Moon, the copper of Venus, and the quicksilver of Mercury. It carries all these things within it. But the condition in which the Earth carries these metals within it today is no more than a memory of the condition in which, once upon a time, silver lived during the Old Moon-existence of the Earth, or gold during the Sun-existence of the Earth, or lead during the Saturn-existence of the Earth. That which you see today in the dense metallic ores of lead, tin, iron, copper, silver, quicksilver— with the exception of the iron as you know it, which is not essentially earthly but belongs to Mars—all these metals, which you now see in dense, concentrated form, once poured from the Cosmos into the Earth in quite different conditions. The metals, as you know them today on the Earth, are the corpses of what they once were; they have remained as the corpse of the metal substance and metal nature which played a part on the Earth in her ancient form—during the Old Saturn period, and later on in a different stage during the Old Moon period. Tin played a part, together with gold, during the Old Sun period of the Earth, in an altogether different condition. And when you behold this condition in the spirit, then this statue becomes for you, in what meets you today, a true “Father statue”.’

And in the spirit—as it were in a real vision—the Father statue of the true Mysteries of Eleusis became alive, and handed to the female figure standing beside it the metals in the state they then were. In the vision seen by the pupil, the female figure received this ancient form of the metals and surrounded it with what the Earth could give out of her own being, when she became Earth. This wonderful process the pupil now beheld. Once upon a time, what the pupil now saw in a symbolic way had actually happened. The mass of metal streamed or rayed forth from the hand of the Father statue; and the Earth, with its chalk and other stones, came to meet that which streamed in, and surrounded these instreaming metals with earthly substance. A hand outstretched in love from the Mother statue came to meet the metal forces coming from the Father statue. This made a deep and powerful impression upon the pupil, for he saw how the Cosmos worked together with the Earth in the course of the aeons; and what the Earth has to offer—that he learned to perceive and understand in the right way.

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Look at the metal substance in the Earth today in all its variety! You find it crystallised and surrounded with a kind of crust which is from the Earth. The metal is from the Cosmos; and that which is of the Earth receives with love what comes from the Cosmos. You may see this all around you if you walk about in those parts of the Earth where metals are found, and interest yourself in them. That which came to meet the metal was called ‘Mother’.¹ The most important of these Earthly substances which, as it were, placed themselves there before the Heavenly metals in order to receive them, were called the Mothers. And this is also one aspect of the ‘Mothers’ to whom Faust descends. He descends at the same time into those pre-earthly periods of the Earth, in order to see there how the mother-like Earth takes into herself what is given, father-like, by the Cosmos.

Through all this a deep inner feeling was aroused in the pupil of the Eleusinian Mysteries. He felt that he was indeed sharing in the life of the Cosmos; he began to know, with a knowledge that is of the heart, the products and processes of Nature upon the Earth.

When a man of today observes the products and processes of Nature, it is all dead for him, it is nothing but a corpse. And when we occupy ourselves with physics or chemistry, are we really doing anything else with Nature than what the anatomist does when he dissects the dead body? The anatomist has before him the dead remains of what is made and intended for life. In the same way we with our chemistry and physics dissect a living Nature! A very different natural science was given to the pupil in Greece—a science of what is living, which enabled him to see, for example, our present lead as the corpse of lead. He had to go back into the times when lead was alive. And he learned to understand the mysterious relation of man to the Cosmos, the mysterious relation of man to all that is around him on the Earth. And now, after the pupil had experienced all this and it had been deepened in his soul by contemplation of the Father-like statue and the Mother-like statue, which made present for him in his soul the two opposing forces, the forces of the Cosmos and the forces coming from the Earth—after this experience he was led into the very holiest place of all. There he had before him the picture of the female figure suckling at her breast the Child. And he was introduced to the meaning of the words: ‘That is the God Jacchos who will one day come.’

Thus did the Greek disciple learn to understand beforehand the Mystery of Christ. Those who sought Initiation in Eleusis also had the Christ placed before them; and it was again in a spiritual way. At that time however, men could only learn of the Christ as of One Who was to come in the future, as of One who was still a child, a Cosmic Child, who must first grow up in the Cosmos. Those who were to be initiated were called Tellists—that is to say, those who have to look towards the end and goal of Earth evolution.

And now came the great turning-point. Now came the great change which finds such clear and even historic expression in the transition from Plato to Aristotle. It was indeed a remarkable happening. As the fourth century approached in the evolution of Greek culture and civilisation, human thought underwent the first ‘turn’ in the direction of becoming abstract. And then, at a time when Plato was already an old man and near the end of his life’s course, the following scene took place between him and Aristotle.

Plato spoke to Aristotle somewhat as follows. (I have to clothe it in words, but of course the whole event took place in a much more complicated way.) ‘Many things that I have said in my lectures have not seemed to you quite correct. All that I have taught to you and the other pupils is however nothing else than an extract from the ancient and holy Mystery wisdom. But a time will come in the course of evolution when human beings will acquire a nature and an inner organisation which will gradually lead them to a stage that is in truth higher than what is now represented in man; at the same time it will become impossible for them to accept natural science as it is current among the Greeks.’ (I have explained to you what this means. ... All this Plato made clear to Aristotle.) He continued: ‘Therefore I intend to withdraw for a time and leave you to yourself. In the world of thought for which you are specially endowed, and which is destined to be the world of thought for humanity for many centuries—in this world of thought try to build up and develop in thoughts what you have received here in my School.’

Plato and Aristotle then remained apart, and in this way Plato fulfilled, through Aristotle, a high spiritual mission.

I am obliged, my dear friends, to describe the scene as I have done. If you look in the history books, you will find the same scene described, and I will tell you how it is given there. Aristotle, so runs the story, was in reality always a headstrong pupil of Plato. Plato once said that Aristotle was indeed a gifted pupil, but was like a horse that has been trained and then turns and kicks its trainer. As time went on, the trouble between them led at last to this result, that Plato withdrew from Aristotle, was annoyed, and never again went into the Academy to teach. That is the account given in history books.

The one story is in the history books; the other, which I have related to you, is the truth. And it bears within it an impulse of great significance. For the writings of Aristotle were of two kinds. One set of writings contained an important natural science, which was the natural science of Eleusis, and which came to Aristotle indirectly through Plato. The other writings contained the abstract thoughts which it was Aristotle’s task to develop in pursuance of Plato’s instructions—in fulfilment, that is, of the mission that Plato had in his turn received from the Eleusinian Mysteries.

Now what Aristotle had to give to mankind, besides being of two kinds, followed also a twofold path. There were his so-called logical writings, which owe their most productive thoughts to the ancient Eleusinian wisdom. These writings, which contained only little natural science, Aristotle entrusted to his pupil, Theophrastus, through whom, as well as through many other channels, they came over to Greece and Rome, and formed throughout the Middle Ages the whole wisdom and learning of the teachers of philosophy in Central Europe, who in those days also participated actively in the civilisation of their time.

The development which I described in the last lecture came about because men were destined to reject and turn away from the Mystery wisdom of Hibernia and there was left for them only the tradition of the Event that had taken place in the physical world of the senses at the beginning of our era. With this was now united what had become separated out from the wisdom of Plato, that wisdom which existed still in Aristotle, and which was in reality the wisdom of the Eleusinian Mysteries. The true natural science, bearing within it still the spirit of the Chthonic Mysteries which flowed over into the Eleusinian Mysteries, this natural science which, in order to find an explanation for the Earth, reached out to the Heavens and soared aloft into the wide spaces of the Cosmos—for this the time was past in Greece. Only so much of it was saved as could be saved by Aristotle becoming the teacher of Alexander, who made his campaigns into Asia and did everything possible to introduce Aristotelian natural science to the East. In this way it passed over into Jewish and Arabian schools, whence it came back and across through Africa to Spain, and there, in a diluted form, had a certain influence upon those isolated individuals in Central Europe who, as I explained to you in the last lecture, still carried—within a newer civilisation—something of the impulse of the Hibernian Mysteries. Theophrastus had given his Aristotle to the teachers and fathers of the Church in the Middle Ages. Alexander the Great had carried the other Aristotle over to Asia. The Eleusinian wisdom which in a very much weakened and diluted form had made its way through Africa into Spain, lights up here and there in the Middle Ages; notwithstanding the utterly different general character of the civilisation, it was studied and cultivated in certain monasteries—for example, by Basil Valentine, who is looked upon in our time almost as a mythical personality. It lived on—hidden as it were within the general civilisation, under the surface; while on the surface prevailed that culture of which I spoke in the last lecture, a culture that had no place for such truth as could still be taught in the time of Aristotle. For even then it was taught that the Christ must be known and recognised. The third picture, the female form who carried at her breast the Child, the Jacchos Child, had also to be understood; but it was said that what would bring the understanding of this third figure was still to come in the evolution of humanity. This truth Aristotle made clear again and again to Alexander the Great, although he was not able to write it down.

So we see how there lies in the bosom of time the demand to understand in its pristine reality what has been so beautifully put before the world by the Christian painters—the Mother with the Child at her breast. It has not yet been fully understood, neither in the Madonnas of Raphael, nor in the Eastern Ikons. It still awaits understanding.

Something of what is necessary to acquire such understanding will be spoken of in the lectures to be given here in the near future. In the next lecture I will describe the path along which many occult secrets travelled, on their way from Arabia into Europe. This will help to place before your souls a certain great historical event; and in the course of lectures ² which will be given to the delegates at Christmas and are intended to show the occult foundation of the historical evolution of humanity, I shall have occasion to explain to you the full significance of the journeys of Alexander the Great, in their connection with the teachings of Aristotle.

• 1. In English still called the ‘Matrix’. (Note by Translator.)
• 2. The title of these eight lectures is, World History in the light of Anthroposophy. (English translation by George and Mary Adams, 1950) Rudolf Steiner Press.

After what I told you yesterday, you will perhaps understand me when I say of Aristotle—who in the fourth century b.c. collected together the whole knowledge of ancient times—that although we find what was spread over Europe by his influence to be no more than a kind of system of logic, he nevertheless stood upon the ground of the Greek Mysteries, and indeed of all the Mysteries of his time. I can go further and say that anyone who is in a position to receive a world-conception not merely with his intellect, but with his heart and understanding, will be able to feel even in the logical and philosophical writings of Aristotle that they have implicit within them a close and intimate connection with the secrets of Nature.

To spread over Europe a system of logic was the destiny of Aristotle rather than, if I may so express it, his proper path of development. For after all—to give an illustration of this fact—it would be almost unthinkable that Plato should have been Alexander’s teacher, whereas Aristotle could be. Plato, it is true, continued the teachings of the old Mysteries. But he did so in his own way, in the form of ‘ideas’; and for this very reason he was the one who led man away from the secrets of Nature, whilst Aristotle led back to them—as you will have gathered from the short account of him given in my book, Riddles of Philosophy. We can come to realise this in more detail and completeness when we are able to form an idea of the content of the seven years’ instruction given by Aristotle to Alexander. Let me now summarise for you in brief the content of this teaching which was drawn from the ancient Mysteries.

In those times it was so that whenever one spoke in an authentic way about Nature, one did not understand by the word what the Natural Science of today understands— namely, the purely earthly phenomena, from which one then goes on to infer in an external manner the phenomena of the Heavens beyond the Earth. No, Man was thought of always as a member and part of Nature in the widest sense; and this necessitated looking also for the Spirit in Nature—for to regard man as devoid of soul or devoid of spirit was quite impossible in those olden times.

And so in the Mystery teaching about Nature, we find that Nature was thought of as extending far out into the Cosmos, as far indeed as the Cosmos was in any way accessible to man through his relationship with it.

Now you must understand that all teaching that was seriously undertaken in those olden times did not make appeal primarily to the intellect or to the faculty of observation. What we think of today as ‘knowledge’ was really of very little account in those ancient times, even as late as the days of Aristotle. And if a modern historian of some particular science wants to give an account of the progress of thought in that domain of knowledge, he should really begin with Copernicus or Galileo, for anything he may add to his account by going further back, is beside the point. And if he goes back as far as to the knowledge of Greek times, then what he tells is mere phantasy. It is a continuation of the present back into earlier times which is utterly unreal. For even in the time of Aristotle any education that was taken seriously involved a complete change in the very nature of the pupil, for it made appeal not merely to thought and observation but to the whole life of the human being. The essential thing in the Mysteries was that the human being should become through his education an altogether different being from what he was before. And in Aristotle’s time the endeavour was made to bring about this change by subjecting the soul to two diametrically opposite impressions.

In the first place the pupil who was to attain to knowledge step by step, was exhorted to feel his way as Man right into the Nature that was all around him. ‘Behold now,’ it was said to him, ‘you breathe the air. And in summer the air you breathe is warm, while in winter it is cold. In winter you can perceive your own breath in the form of vapour. Your breath is invisible when you breathe the warm air in summertime.’

A phenomenon like this was taken as a starting-point. The teacher of those olden times did not try to make the connection with Nature by saying: ‘Here is a body that has such and such a temperature. I warm it in a retort and it undergoes such and such a change.’ No, he brought Nature into direct contact with the human being himself, by making him attentive to the feeling he experienced in connection with the breathing process. And the pupil learned to develop a true feeling, on the one hand, of the warmed air. ‘Picture yourself,’ said the teacher, ‘what it really means—warmed air. It wants to rise; and you must feel, when the warmed air comes toward you, that something is trying to carry you out into the far spaces. And now feel, on the other hand, as a contrast, cold water in some form or other. You do not feel at home in the cold water. In the warm air you feel at home, you feel how it is trying to carry you out into the far spaces. In the cold water you feel strange. And you feel that if you go away from the cold water and let it do what it will away from you, then it will make the snow crystals that fall down upon the Earth. You feel yourself in your right place outside the snow crystals, watching them from without. The warm air you can only feel in you, and you would gladly let yourself be carried out into the far spaces of the worlds by the ascending warm air. The cold water you can only really feel outside you, and in order to have a relationship with it, you would rather observe it in its results by means of your senses.’

These were the two opposite experiences to which the pupil was brought. If we describe it as ‘learning to feel the difference between what is within man and what is outside him’— that is an empty expression! It really does not say very much. But ‘warm air’ and ‘cold water’ mean a great deal! Through these opposite experiences man is placed into the world with his whole inner being. ‘Outside’ begins to have meaning and reality when we think of it as damp and cold, and ‘inside’ when we think of it as warm and gaseous. The contrast was experienced as having a qualitative character; man learned to feel how he is placed qualitatively into the world. And then the teacher ceased speaking of things, and spoke of the human being himself. He told how the ‘warm air’ leads to the Gods in the Heights, while the ‘cold damp’ leads to the demons under the Earth.

With the journey to the sub-earthly demons is connected the knowledge of Nature. Only the pupil must bring with him into the lower regions the knowledge and experience he has gained through the warm air in the heights, lest the lower regions have evil designs upon him.

And when with this inner experience of the contrast between the warm air and the damp cold, the pupil afterwards approached Nature, he was able, through further experience of the things and processes of Nature, to look far into the real being of the whole world. Today, the chemist examines hydrogen and attributes to it certain properties. Then he observes the spaces of the worlds, finds there something which reveals the same properties as hydrogen does in the laboratory and draws the conclusion that hydrogen is present also out there in the far spaces. Such a method of instruction would have seemed sheer nonsense in Aristotle’s time. One went to work then in quite a different way.

When the inner experience of the pupil had been deepened in the way I have indicated, the teacher led him to observe what is living in the flower as it raises itself upwards and opens out into the far spaces; he had now to pass on to knowledge of the plants. ‘Look into the opening petals of the flower,’ he was told, ‘and observe the impression it makes upon you as it rays out into the World.’

And when the pupil, whose feelings had been deepened in the way I have explained, gazed out over the opening blossoms of the plants, an inward knowledge, an inward illumination, dawned within him. The flowers became for him the proclaimers upon Earth of the secrets of the Cosmos: they spoke to him of the far spaces of the Worlds. And with deep earnestness, though always only in the way of gentle hints and intimations, the teacher then led the pupil to find for himself the secret that streams from the wide spaces of the World into the being of the flower. The teacher put the question: ‘What do you really perceive when you look at the opening flower, when you gaze at the opening petals and see how the stamens push forth and out to meet you? What do you then really perceive?’ And by-and-by the pupil became able to say in answer: ‘The plants tell me that the heavy, cold Earth has compelled them to take up their abode on the Earth; they say that they really do not come from the Earth at all, but have only been placed there and made fast in the Earth. In truth they are water-born, and in a previous condition of Earth existence’—it is the condition I have described in Occult Science as the Old Moon condition of the Earth—‘they enjoyed their true and genuine existence as water-born beings in all their livingness.’

The pupil was led to perceive that in the flowers he can see a reflection of the secrets and Mysteries of the Moon, which has gone out of the Earth and still preserves something of the old, pre-Earthly Moon condition. For the flowers did not tell him the same thing every night! What the flowers said when the Moon stood before Leo was different from what they said when the Moon stood before Virgo or before Scorpio. The flowers on the Earth told what the Moon experienced as she passed round the whole circle of the Zodiac. The secrets and mysteries of the World-All— it was of these that the flowers on Earth told. It was really so that through what came to the pupil in this way he was able to say out of the depth of his heart:

I look into the flowers.
They reveal to me their kinship with the Moon.
Captives on Earth are they,
For they are Water-born.

The pupil was able to have this feeling, because he had previously experienced the impression made on him by the cold, chilling water. That experience enabled him now to come to this knowledge about the flowers.

And when the pupil was sufficiently familiar with the secret of the Moon as it was disclosed to him in this way by the plants that grow up out of the Earth, he was led a step further, and had to contemplate the metals of the Earth— the principal metals, lead, tin, iron, gold, copper, quicksilver, silver.² We spoke of them in another connection yesterday. And when he approached the metals, with his feeling and understanding deepened in the way I have indicated, then he gradually made himself familiar with the secrets that they spoke to him; and from the metals he learned the secrets of the whole planetary system. For the lead explained to him about Saturn, the tin about Jupiter, the iron about Mars, the gold about the Sun, the copper about Venus, the quicksilver about Mercury, and the silver again about the Moon—that is to say, the Moon not now in her relationship with the Earth but as a member of the WorldAll. Just as the pupil had discovered the secret of the flowers, so now he discovered for himself the secret of the metals. First he learned the flower secret, and then the metal secret.

This secret or mystery of the metals which was given expression in the male statue of the Eleusinian Mysteries by means of the great Planisphere that I described to you yesterday, still formed part of the education given in Aristotle’s time, and in this secret of the metals was revealed the secret of the planets. Man’s feeling and perception were not so coarse as they are today. When the pupil directed his eyes to a piece of lead, the lead did not merely show itself blue-grey in colour to his eye, but this blue-grey had a very remarkable effect upon his inner eye. In a sense this blue-grey of the fresh lead extinguished all other colours, and the pupil felt as if he were one with this blue-grey metallic nature, is if he were moving with it. He came into a state of consciousness where he had experience of something utterly and entirely different from the present. He came really into a condition of soul when it was as though the whole past of the Earth rose up before him, as though the present were blotted out by the blue-grey. Saturn stood revealed!

In the case of gold, people point to external analogies to account for the fact that the ancients saw in gold a representative of the Sun. It was by no means due to some mere external analogy, such as that the Sun is regarded as something precious and valuable on Earth. Really nothing is too stupid for modern man to ascribe to the ancients! When the man of olden times looked upon the gold with its brilliant yellow colour—a colour that is, so to say, complete in itself—and saw how plain and unpretending and at the same time how proud it is in its outward appearance, then he felt in very truth that here was something that was allied to the blood-circulation in himself. Of the very quality of gold man had the feeling that he himself was within it. And through this perception he was able to come to an understanding of the nature of the Sun and of all that belongs to the Sun. For he felt how the quality of gold is allied to something of the Sun that works in man’s blood.

And so, taking the metals one by one, the pupil of the ancient Mysteries came to a perception of the whole planetary system. And as he learned to apply his thought to these things—we arc not, of course, to imagine his thinking to be abstract as is the thinking of the present day—he came to think of the metals in the following way:

I ponder on the metals
They reveal to me their kinship with the Planets.
Captives on Earth are they,
or they are Air-born.

For it is a fact that the metals that we find in the Earth today came out of the Cosmos in the form of air, and only during the Moon-existence gradually became fluid. They came first in the form of air, when the Earth was in her Old Sun condition; they acquired fluid form during the Moon-existence, and during the time of Earth they were taken captive and bound into hard solid form. That was the second mystery that was disclosed to the pupil.

The third mystery had to be approached by the pupil learning to observe how different are the peoples of mankind all over the Earth. If one were to go to the hot country of Africa with its own peculiar climate, one would find there people who are quite different even in the colour of their skin from the people of Hellas. Or if one travelled across to Asia, there one would find people who were different again. The Greeks had a fine feeling for all these external differences in human beings.

One of the most interesting of all the writings of Aristotle that have come down to later times is his book on Physiognomy, by which we are to understand not merely the physiognomy of the human countenance, but the physiognomy of the whole man studied with a view to becoming familiar in this way with the true nature of the human being. He points out, for example, how man’s hair is curly or smooth according to the climate in which he lives, and how it is not only the colour of his skin that varies with the climate of the land where he is born, but the whole expression of the human form.

In the flowers the pupil learned to see a reflection of the mystery of the Moon, and in the metals a reflection of the Planets; and now by means of this third teaching he came to know the mystery of man himself on Earth. The Natural Science of those times made great progress in the study of the variety of man on Earth, and it went far towards obtaining an answer to the question: What is the true and original form of Man that lies behind the purposes of the Gods?

As the pupil was introduced in a living way to the physiognomy, to the various forms of man over the Earth, he felt rise up within him the secret of the Zodiac. For the Zodiac influences the elements on the Earth; in conjunction with the Planets and with the Moon it carries the winds in one direction at one time of year and in another direction at another—now wafting warm air over some region, now again sweeping it with storms of cold rain. All these conditions affect man, they enter deeply into his life. And the researches into Nature in Grecian times sought for the origin of these natural conditions in the influences that stream down upon the Earth from the stars of the Zodiac, modified by Planets, Sun and Moon.

The Natural History of those times looked with great interest on the fact that a man had black, curly hair, a ruddy countenance, a nose of such and such shape, and so on. It was said: ‘That is a man who refers me to the Sign of Leo—Leo with his forces weakened or strengthened by tire Planets according to their position. He is a man who in accordance with his karma has such and such qualities in his liver. If, for instance, he has a quality in his liver that brings a trait of melancholy to his life of soul, then it is due to the fact that at a certain point of time Venus stood in a particular relation to Jupiter, and that gave a special character to the Leo rays. In the particular nature of the temperament in connection with the nature of the liver, I can behold how the man has been determined from the Cosmos. I can extend this to all the qualities of the different peoples of the Earth. In what the human being experiences from the whole atmosphere around him, I can behold the mystery of the Zodiac.’

And when the pupil had been led to this point, once again he felt a clear knowledge arise in his heart which he now clothed somewhat in the following words:

I experience the mystery of the Zodiac in the variety of men;
There stands before my soul the kinship of this variety of Men
With the Fixed Stars.
As Captives on Earth live Men in their variety,
For they are Fire-born.

(Born, that is, from the warmth ether—from the warmth ether under the influence of the Zodiac.)

Thus did man feel himself in his physiognomy as born of the Fire or Warmth. He knew that he had undergone change during the Moon-existence, and again during the Earth-existence, but that what he attained to in the old Saturn time was his true and original condition. Just as he perceived the metals of the Earth to be Sun-born, Air-born, and the plants and flowers to be Moon-born, Water-born, so did he perceive man to be Warmth-born.

Man had been prepared for all this by the feelings and perceptions he had been able to experience with the warm air and the cold water.

In the time of Aristotle men were able to perceive when they observed a human being, the effect he had upon the warm-and-gaseous in its combination with the cold-and-watery. Owing to the development they had undergone in their souls they were able, by looking at the physiognomy of a human being, to answer the question: How much does this man give to the warm-and-gaseous, how much does he take from the cold-and-watery? Men learned to look at the human being in this way, and gradually, little by little, they learned to look upon the whole of Nature in this aspect. This prepared the way for the old and genuine Alchemy that afterwards came across Africa to Spain and spread over certain parts of Central Europe. Every thing in the world, every flower, every animal, every cloud, every rolling mist, sands and stones, seas and river, woodland and meadow,— all were viewed in the light of the impression they made of the warm-gaseous and cold-watery.

And so men came to acquire a fine faculty of perception for four qualities in Nature. When they perceived the warm-gaseous, they developed a perception for the warmth, and at the same time for the air; they felt what the warmth is for the gaseous. And in the cold they developed a perception for the damp and the dry. They acquired fine faculties of perception and feeling for these differentiations, for their power of perception enabled them to stand with their whole being right within what the world offered.

Having once adopted this standpoint, it was natural for Aristotle’s pupil, Alexander the Great, to regard the whole region in which they both lived from this point of view. And being permeated throughout with the impressions that came to him through this faculty of perception of which we have been speaking, Alexander felt in the whole Greek nature, in so far at any rate as it revealed itself in Macedonia, the qualities of damp and gaseous. And that determined and constituted the mood of his soul at a particular time in his life. This perception that he attained through what one may call a special kind of Initiation received through Aristotle, he took to be an indication of the fundamental character of the world immediately surrounding him, the world of his own experience. It can only be the half of the world—so he said to himself. You see, in those times, people were taught about Nature in such a way that they experienced her. And their experience could lead up to an instruction such as the following:

Here you have a wind blowing from the North-West (if Macedonia were in the centre) and here a South-Westerly direction of wind, here again a North-Easterly wind, and lastly here a South-Easterly.

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Now Aristotle’s pupil Alexander had learned from his own experience to feel, in what came from the climatic influences and the winds of the North-West, the damp and cold; and in what came from the South-West, the warm and damp. In this way he had a perception for only half of the world. In the instruction he received, this perception was completed for him, and he himself was able also to feel that what he was taught belonged to what he already knew by his own experience. He was taught how from the winds that blow from the North-East came the dry and cold, while the wind from the South-East brought the dry and warm. So now he had learned to have in the four directions of the four winds the perception of dry and cold, dry and warm, warm and moist and cold and moist. Being a true man of his time, he had the desire to reconcile these opposites. Here in Macedonia one’s experience was limited to the cold and damp and the warm and moist; these must be united with the cold and dry and the fiery and dry, must be united with what blows over from the North of Asia, and with what blows over from the South through Asia.

Here you have the source of the irresistible urge that lived in Alexander to make expeditions into Asia. And from this example you may see how different things were then from the conditions that prevail in more recent times. Think of the education a prince receives today! Think of what he is taught, and then think of the education he receives ‘on the march’ with the troops. Try to make a clear picture of what kind of relationship exists between the instruction in physics given to a prince by some tutor, and what that prince experiences later on in the campaigns of war! Among the things that come out of a retort one does not as a rule find deeds done in a campaign of war! Such an example may help you to see how very far removed today is the knowledge that it is thought fit to teach a child in order to form his inner being, from what the child has actually to be later in external life. In the case of Alexander you have an era when complete unity was still striven for in knowledge between what was given the human being to mould and form him inwardly and what was given him to enable him to take his right place in the world. In those olden times history began in the schoolroom. But the schoolroom was a place that had affinity with the Mysteries, and the Mysteries meant the World ... and the World was seen to be the result of the forces that were in the Mysteries. It was this kind of education that gave the impulse to carry across into Asia the Natural Science of those ancient times.

In a much sifted condition this Natural Science came across Spain into Europe. It can still be traced in the writings of Paracelsus, Jacob Boehme and Gichtl, and many more besides who later had connections with men like Basil Valentine and others.

For a time it was inevitable that whatever of the knowledge could be expressed in logical forms of thought won the day and the other part of Aristotle’s knowledge had to wait. But now the time has come when this other part has fulfilled its time of waiting and all this knowledge of Nature must be rediscovered. It was really so that Alexander had to bury these secrets of Nature over in Asia, for it was nothing but their corpses that were brought across to Europe. It is not our task to galvanise these corpses but to rediscover the original living truth. And we shall only really find the necessary enthusiasm for such a task when we can develop a warm feeling for what took place at that turning-point of time, when we can perceive and appreciate the real purpose of Alexander’s campaigns. For only to outward appearance were they campaigns of conquest; in reality their object was to find the other side of the compass, to open up the other half of the world. They were also a search for a personal experience. And the personal experience consisted in this, that a certain discomfort, a certain lack of satisfaction was felt in the milieu of the cold-and-damp and moist-and-warm alone, and this needed to be complemented and satisfied by the addition of the other perception.

Of the immense historical significance of this event in the evolution of the whole Western world, I shall have to speak in the lectures that are to be given in the near future at the Delegates’ Meeting, on the subject of the occult foundations of the history of Man on Earth.

• 2. ee Lectures III to V of the volume True and False Paths in spiritual Investigation. (Rudolf Steiner Press.)

During these last weeks I have lectured on many forms of the Mysteries. We have been trying to gain insight more especially into those Mysteries which, in a certain sense, were the last of the great Mysteries connecting man’s inner life directly with Nature, with the spirit of Nature-existence. These were the Mysteries of Hibernia. And on the other hand we have seen how, through insight into Man himself, through insight of an altogether intimate, spiritual kind, individual and personal, the Greek Mysteries penetrated into the inner being of Man. One may indeed say: Just as in external Nature various regions of the Earth bear various kinds of vegetation, so in the course of human development in the different regions of the Earth the most manifold influences upon Man appear from the side of the spiritual world.

If we were now to proceed Eastward—as we shall be doing in the course of the next few days in our study of historical connections—we should find there many other forms of the Mysteries. Today, however, since all our visitors are not yet here, rather than start on something new, I will add to what we have already been considering. Looking back on the evolution of man we may describe it as a threefold development, as it appears with all clarity to the Imaginative consciousness. I say the ‘Imaginative’ consciousness, for by extending the epochs of which I am about to speak further and further into the past, we should of course arrive at a greater number than the threefold; and it would be the same if we were to penetrate farther into the future. Today, however, we will take for our study those middle stages of human evolution which do not appear first to Inspiration, but quite clearly even to Imagination. We will consider these today from a particular standpoint.

As late as the Egyptian epoch mankind was still at the stage when for the European-African as well as for the Asiatic peoples there was for the consciousness of man no such thing as what we call matter. There was no external coarse substance of any kind for human consciousness, much less those abstractions which we now call carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, and so on. There were none of these things; everything in outer Nature was immediately seen as the embodiment of divine-spiritual Beings who manifest themselves throughout the whole of Nature. If today we go into the hills and pick up a stone, we look upon it as a substance like any other. Nothing at all comes into our consciousness such as came into the consciousness of the ancient Egyptian and Oriental.

If we today stand before a man and look, let us say, at his finger, we do not consider what we find there as human finger to be an object just like any other. We regard it as belonging to the human organism as a v/hole. If we were to look, for example, at the last joint of the index finger, we could not do otherwise than speak of it as a part of a whole organism. Thus it was for the consciousness of the ancient Egyptians; and thus too it was for the consciousness of the ancient Orientals. If they came upon a stone and took it up, it was not for them merely a stone as it would be for us today; it was not ordinary earthly substance at all; it was a part of the divine body which the Earth appeared to them to be. Men of old regard the outer surface of the Earth just as we in our consciousness regard the human skin. Again, we may meet a man, and become conscious that he reminds us of someone else we already know, who is perhaps not now present; and if it afterwards transpires that the person we met is the brother or sister of the other, then we see at once : these two arc of the same flesh and blood, they belong in a special physical way to one another. When the ancient Greek or Oriental raised his eyes to Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and then looked at the Earth, he saw in the Earth the divine body of the God of the Earth, but at the same time he saw also in the Earth the sister or brother of the planets—in short, he saw a family likeness to the planets which revolve out there in space around the Earth,—Jupiter, Mars, Saturn.

Thus, in their perception of the Cosmos as a whole, and in their perception of the Earth as part of the Cosmos, there was for these ancient people something of soul and spirit. You must picture to yourselves what an utterly different experience this was from the experience modern man has in his perception. It means something, indeed, to gaze at the divine body of the Earth, and to see in the Earth a member of the great family of the planets of the Universe! The people of old did indeed think of the Universe as God-enfilled. For them not only was the whole Earth filled with the Gods, but the great planetary world-bodies, each single planet—all were God-enfilled. In stone and tree, in river and rock, in cloud and lightning, some spiritual being was revealed. This consciousness was awake in wide circles of people on the Earth, and this consciousness was intensified in the various forms of the Mysteries to be found here and there on the Earth.

To turn now to the Greek nature, at the time when the external political greatness of Greece sank into a kind of chaos and the Macedonian power arose, we find a new current flowing into human knowledge. It is what we came to know last time as Aristotelianism, as that which Alexander the Great in a spiritual connection had made his task. When we look at the culmination of the greatness of Greece on the one hand, and on the other the fall of Greece and the rise of Macedonia, we are faced, first of all, with what external history tells us, which is in reality a mere legend. But we can also see something else. In the subconsciousness of the deeper thinkers we perceive an impulse which came from those Mysteries to which Aristotle was very near—despite the fact that he never spoke of them outwardly. They were those Mysteries which, in the deeper sense, awakened to full life in their hearers the consciousness that the whole world was a theogony, a divine process of being, and that we see the world in an altogether illusory way if we believe anything comes to being in the world other than Gods alone. It is Gods who are manifested in the beings and entities of the world. It is Gods who have experiences in the world, it is Gods who perform deeds. And what we see in clouds, what we hear in thunder, what we behold in lightning, what we see on the Earth in rivers and mountains, in the mineral formations—all are revelations, expressions of the coming-into-being of the destinies of the Gods hidden behind them. And what appears externally as cloud, lightning, thunder, trees or forest, mountains or stream, is nothing else than a revelation everywhere of Gods’ existence—-just as the skin of a man reveals his inner nature of soul. And if everywhere there are Gods, then, as the pupils of the Mysteries were taught in Northern Greece, one must differentiate between the lesser Gods who are in single Nature-beings and Nature-processes, and the greater Gods who manifest as Beings of the Sun, of Mars, of Mercury, and of a fourth who cannot be made externally visible in an image or a form.

Those were the great Gods, the great planetary Gods, who were presented to man in such a way that his gaze was led out into the cosmic expanse, to see with his eyes, to see too with his whole heart, what lives in Sun, Mars, Mercury—yes, and what lives not only out there in one little circle in cosmic space but what lives everywhere in cosmic space. This was what was first of all revealed to man.

And then, after what I may call a majestic impulse had been awakened in the pupil of the Mysteries of Northern Greece, in that his gaze was directed out to the planetary spheres—then this insight was deepened within him in such a way that the eye was, so to speak, taken hold of by the heart, so that he might see with the soul. Then the pupil understood why, on the altar facing him, three symbolically formed vessels had been placed.

Here in Dornach we once introduced a portrayal of these vessels in a Eurythmy performance of Faust. They were presented there exactly as they appeared in the Samothracian Mysteries of Northern Greece. The important fact is that with these vessels in their whole symbolic form there was associated an act of consecration, an act of sacrifice. A kind of incense was put into them and lighted, and as the smoke streamed up, three words (of which we shall speak tomorrow) were uttered with mantric power into this smoke by the Father who was celebrating; and there appeared the forms of the three Kabiri. It happened in the following way. The human breath, as it was exhaled, took shape through the mantric word that was spoken, and communicated its form to the ascending, evaporating substance that had been incorporated in the symbolic jars. When in this way the pupil learned to read in the stream his own breath, to read what the stream of his breath wrote in the smoke, he learned at the same time to read what the mysterious planets said to him from out the wide Universe. For now he knew: as the one Kabir was formed through the mantric word and its power, so in actuality was Mercury; as the second Kabir was formed, so in actuality was Mars; and as the third Kabir was formed, so in actuality was Apollo, the Sun.

When we look at those fashion plate figures—if you will forgive such plain speaking—such as we see only too often in the galleries, of the later Greek plastic art, and which are only so greatly admired because people have no idea of the majesty from which they have declined, when we direct our gaze to those figures of an Apollo, a Mars, a Mercury, we must look at them with the gaze with which Goethe looked, during his Italian journey; for then we may gain some idea of what Greek art really was in the productions that are now lost—lost and destroyed along with so much else in the first centuries of the Christian era, in the frightful devastation which befell those times. If we look penetratingly at those late Greek plastic figures, held to be so great (and rightly on the one hand), as pointing the way, but on the other hand wrongly because they are mere imitative reproductions of the earlier—if we look through them back to that from which they arose, we see how in the older Greek times it was nothing less than the revelations accompanying the sacrificial rites that were reproduced in art—revelations that in those earlier times were even more majestic and grand than later on in the Kabiri Mysteries of Samothrace. We look back into times when the mantric word was uttered into the incense smoke, and the true figures of Apollo, of Mars, and of Mercury appeared.

Those were times when man would not say, in the abstract: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was a God—for then he could say something quite different. He could say: In me the outgoing breath takes shape, and inasmuch as it shapes itself in an ordered way, it shows itself as an image of cosmic creating; for it creates for me, out of the sacrificial smoke, forms which are for me living fines of writing, telling me what the planetary worlds would say to me.

When the pupil of the Kabiri Mysteries at Samothrace approached the gates of the places of Initiation, then through the instruction he had received the feeling came to him: Now I am entering the place that holds for me the magic acts of the celebrating Father. (The Initiate who celebrated in these Mysteries was called the Father.) What did the magic power of this celebrating Father reveal to his pupil? Through what was laid within man by the Gods, through the power of speech, the priest-magician and sage wrote into the sacrificial smoke the writing which expressed the secrets of the Universe.

Thus it was that the pupil, as he approached the gate, said in his heart: I am entering that place within whose shelter dwells a powerful Spirit, within whose shelter dwell the greater Gods, who unveil on Earth the secrets of the Universe through the sacrificial acts of man.—There, my dear friends, words were spoken and a writing written that appealed not only to the intelligence but laid claim to the whole man. In the Samothracian Mysteries there was still present something of a knowledge that is today quite dimmed. Modern man is perfectly able to speak with truth something of what he feels a quartz crystal to be like, he can say what hair feels like, or the human skin, or the fur of an animal, he can say how silk or velvet feels to him. Modern man has the capacity of realising such things through his feeling. In the Samothracian Mysteries something still existed by means of which man could truly say how the Gods let themselves be felt. For the sense of feeling, the sense of touch, was still capable of that of which in ancient times it had always been capable; it was still able to feel the spiritual, to touch the Gods.

And now the wonderful thing is this. We must certainly go back to very ancient times even to speak of how man could say with truth: I know through my finger-tips what the Gods feel like. In the Samothracian Mysteries, however, man had another way of touching the Gods. It was as follows:

When the priest-magician spoke the words into the smoke rising from the incense, when he intoned the words into the exhaled breath, then in the outgoing breath he felt as man otherwise feels when he stretches out the hand to touch; and as one knows that one touches differently with the fingertips in passing them over different substances—in feeling velvet, or cat’s fur, or the human skin,—so did the Samothracian priest-magician perceive with the outgoing breath; he perceived the exhalation which he breathed out towards the incense smoke as an expression of something coming out of himself, he felt it as an organ of touch reaching towards the incense smoke. He felt the smoke, and in the smoke he felt the great Gods, the Kabiri coming to meet him. He felt how the smoke forced itself and how the forms there shaping themselves came into the exhaled breath, so that the exhaled breath felt: here is something spherical, there is angularity, there again something is catching hold of me. The whole divine figure of the Kabir was touched and felt by the breath clothed in the form of the word. With the speech issuing from the heart the Samothracian wise men ‘touched’ the Kabiri, that is, the greater Gods descending to them in the smoke of the incense; it was a living interchange between the word within man and the word without in cosmic space.

When the initiating Father led the pupil to the sacrificial altar, and, step by step, taught him how man can feel with speech, and when the pupil progressed further and achieved for himself this ‘feeling with speech’, he came at last to that stage of inner experience in which he first had clear consciousness of the form of Mercury or Hermes, of Apollo, and of Ares or Mars. It was as if the consciousness were wholly raised up out of the body, as if that which the pupil earlier knew as the content of his head, had gone up above his head, as if the heart were located in a new place, being thrust up out of the breast into the head. Then, in the one who had in this way really gone out beyond himself, there arose a knowledge that inwardly formed itself into the words: Thus do the Kabiri, the greater Gods, will thee! From that time the pupil knew how Mercury lived in his limbs, the Sun in his heart, Mars in his speech.

So you see it was not by any means only natural processes and beings in the outer world that were presented to the pupil in ancient times. What was presented to him was something neither one-sidedly naturalistic, nor one-sidedly moral, but he was given something wherein Morality and Nature flowed into one. That was the secret of the Samothracian world—that to the pupil it was granted to have the consciousness: Nature is Spirit, Spirit is Nature.

To those times which found their last echo in the cult of the Kabiri, is to be traced the insight which brings earthly substances into connection with the Heavens. In olden times, when one saw that red-brown mineral with the coppery sheen, which we call copper, one could not simply say as we say today: ‘That is copper, that is a constituent of the Earth.’ It could not be thought of in this way. For the ancients it was no constituent of the Earth. They said: ‘Wherever copper is manifest, there is manifest a deed of Venus on the Earth. The Earth has only suffered rocks and stones to appear, such as sandstone, or chalk, in order to take up in her lap what the Heavens have planted on to the Earth.’ As little as we now should venture to say of a seed that it had merely grown out of the Earth—-just as little in those times would one have been able to say that copper ore was a constituent of the Earth. One had to say: The Earth that is here with its sandstone, or any other stone, is the ground within which something of a metallic nature has been planted by some planet. The metal is a seed planted in the Earth by a planet. Everything within the Earth was viewed as proceeding from the influence of the Heavens upon the Earth. Today the Earth and its substances are described as you may see it done in any mineralogical or geological work, and as it would never have been in the science of the ancients. In those times when man let his gaze wander over the Earth, looking at a substance meant looking up to Heaven and there in the Heavens beholding the essence and reality of the substance.

Copper, tin, lead, only apparently lie in the Earth; they are seeds planted in the Earth-existence during the time of Old Sun and Old Moon. This was still the teaching of the Kabiri in the Samothracian Mysteries. And this it was ultimately that worked upon Aristotle and Alexander—if only as an atmosphere or mood of knowledge. And then a beginning was made for something quite different.

Man did not, with his insight, come right down at once on to the Earth; he went through an intermediary stage. Even in the echoes of those ancient times, in the Samothracian Mysteries, if men wished to describe the metals of the Earth or other earthly substances such as sulphur or phosphorus, it was in fact the Heavens they were describing, just as one describes a plant when one wants to know the nature of a seed.

If you have a seed of corn before you, you cannot recognise its nature and kind unless you know the plant. What would you do with a seed which looks like this, for example, if you did not know what the aniseed plant looks like? What then, the men of old would have asked, would you make of the copper appearing in the Earth, if you did not know what Venus looks like, in spirit, soul and body, up there in the Heavens?

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From the knowledge of the Heavens, gradually a knowledge of the environment of the Earth, a knowledge of the atmosphere, was gained. When man regarded what was of the Earth, instead of describing what the stars are, in their essence and nature, he looked to a being of Earth and said to himself; There lives in it first of all what we see in the firm soil; and there lives in it that also which we see as fluid with the tendency to form into drops, and there lives within it too what tends to spread out on all sides, the aeriform, which lives, for example, in human breath and speech. And then there lives in it the fiery element which decomposes the single being so that from the scattered, disintegrated parts a new being may arise. Thus did man behold the elements in every earthly formation.

And as in the ancient Mysteries men looked to the Salt—true, it is also cosmic in nature, but it is formed and moulded by the Earth—as they looked to everything of a salt-nature and saw in it that which Mother Earth has brought to meet the metals, so they looked on the other hand to Mercury, and they saw the Mercurial in that which comes from out of the Universe and is destined to become metal.

It is really so utterly childish to try to give descriptions, as modern man does, of what was thought of as Mercury in olden times! Persistently in the background is the idea that by Mercury, even in the Middle Ages, something like quicksilver, some single metal, could be intended. This is not the case; no single metal alone is denoted. Mercury means every metal in so far as it stands under the influence of the whole Cosmos. For what would copper look like if the Cosmos alone, in its periphery, worked upon it? Copper would be globular like quicksilver. If the Cosmos alone affected it, what would lead be like? Lead would be globular, like quicksilver. What of tin, if it were affected only by the Cosmos? Tin would be globular. Every metal if affected only by the Cosmos would be quicksilver. All metals are Mercury in so far as the Cosmos acts upon them. But what about Mercury, the actual present-day Mercury which still takes on a globular form on the Earth? What, then, is it?

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I will tell you. The other metals—let us say, lead, copper, tin, iron—have progressed beyond the globular form. If the whole Earth were still under the influence of the spherical Cosmos all metals would be mercurial. They have progressed beyond the mercurial form. Today they crystallise into other forms. Only the true quicksilver, in the present-day sense of the word, has remained at that stage. What did the ancients and even the mediaeval alchemists say of quicksilver? They said: copper, tin, iron, lead are the good metals which have progressed with Providence. Quicksilver is the Lucifer among the metals, for it has remained at an earlier form. Thus it was in earlier times; when the terrestrial was spoken of in this way, in truth men were really speaking of the celestial.

Thence could men come to speak of that which lies between the periphery and the Earth. Between the periphery and the Earth there lies first, below, the Earth itself, then the watery element, the aeriform, and the fiery.

Thus did the ancients see everything on the Earth in the aspect of the Heavens. And thus did the men of mediaeval times, which came to an end in the first third of the fourteenth century, see everything in the aspect of the surrounding atmosphere. Then, in the fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries came the great change. Man, in his outlook, fell down right on to the Earth. And now to his consciousness the elements of water, air, fire, split up; they split up into sulphur, carbon, hydrogen and so forth. Man sees everything in its terrestrial aspect.

Therewith begin the times which I indicated when describing the fading of the Hibernian Mysteries—the times when man comprehended the Earth with his knowledge, but the Heavens became for him a matter of mathematics. He calculated the size of the stars, their movements, their distance away, and so on. The Heavens became an abstraction to him.

Nor was it only the Heavens which became an abstraction. The reflection of the Heavens in the living human being is his head, and what man can learn of the Heavens is in his head. Since man has learnt to know only the mathematics of the Heavens, that is, the logical and abstract, therefore from this time onwards only the logical and abstract lived in his head—only that which is of the nature of concepts and ideas. Man lost all possibility to receive what is of soul and spirit into his life of concepts and ideas. Then, when the spirit was sought for, there began that great struggle between what man could attain with the idea-content of his head, with his brain-content, and what the Gods desired to reveal to him from the Heavens. This struggle was fought out at its fiercest, and in its grandest aspects, in Rosicrucianism—in the true forms of what are called the Rosicrucian Mysteries in the Middle Ages.¹ There the helplessness of modern man was perceived as a preparation for true knowledge. For, even then, in circles of true Rosicrucian Initiation something very powerful made itself felt. And it was this. The pupil became—not abstractly, but inwardly—livingly illumined to perceive: As modern man you can penetrate only to the world of ideas; thereby, however, you lose the very essence of your being as Man.

And the pupil felt that what the new age was giving him could not lead him on to that which was his own true being. He felt: Either you must despair of knowledge or you must go through a kind of death of the pride in abstraction.

The Rosicrucian, the true Rosicrucian pupil, felt as if the master had given him a blow on the cheek, to indicate to him that the abstractions of the modern brain are not suited to penetrate into the spiritual worlds, and that he must make a recantation of the merely abstract, if he would enter those worlds.

That was indeed a great moment of preparation for what we may call the Rosicrucian Initiation.

• 1. See Rosicrucianism and Modem Initiation. Six lectures given at Dornach, 6th to 13th January, 1924. (Rudolf Steiner Press.)